www-commits
[Top][All Lists]
Advanced

[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]

www/philosophy po/danger-of-software-patents.tr...


From: GNUN
Subject: www/philosophy po/danger-of-software-patents.tr...
Date: Sat, 26 Jun 2021 02:00:31 -0400 (EDT)

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     21/06/26 02:00:31

Modified files:
        philosophy/po  : danger-of-software-patents.translist 
                         danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.po 
Added files:
        philosophy     : danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html 
        philosophy/po  : danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: po/danger-of-software-patents.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- po/danger-of-software-patents.translist     15 Mar 2020 18:34:45 -0000      
1.12
+++ po/danger-of-software-patents.translist     26 Jun 2021 06:00:31 -0000      
1.13
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 <span dir="ltr">[es]&nbsp;<a lang="es" hreflang="es" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.es.html">español</a> &nbsp;</span>
 <span dir="ltr">[fr]&nbsp;<a lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html">français</a> 
&nbsp;</span>
 <span dir="ltr">[ru]&nbsp;<a lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html">русский</a> 
&nbsp;</span>
+<span dir="ltr">[zh-tw]&nbsp;<a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> 
&nbsp;</span>
 </p>
 </div>' -->
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html" hreflang="x-default" />
@@ -13,4 +14,5 @@
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="es" hreflang="es" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.es.html" title="español" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html" title="français" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html" title="русский" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw" 
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html" title="繁體中文" />
 <!-- end translist file -->

Index: po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.po      26 Jun 2021 05:37:51 -0000      
1.1
+++ po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.po      26 Jun 2021 06:00:31 -0000      
1.2
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
 "Project-Id-Version: danger-of-software-patents.html\n"
 "POT-Creation-Date: 2020-07-07 12:25+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2021-06-26 12:00+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Jeff Huang <s8321414@gmail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Traditional Chinese <www-zh-tw-translators@gnu.org>\n"
+"Language: zh_TW\n"
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "X-Generator: Lokalize 21.04.2\n"
-"Last-Translator: Jeff Huang <s8321414@gmail.com>\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
-"Language: zh_TW\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "The Danger of Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@
 "seemed very topical, very timely.  So thank you, Richard, for making that "
 "offer."
 msgstr ""
-"因此,我很高興歡迎你們參加
「軟體專利的風險」講座。Richard Stallman 提供了一系列的"
-"講座,在與 Brenda 討論後,我選擇這個主題,是因
為我們近期第一次在紐西蘭歷史"
-"上,實際地有一個儘管有點長,卻十分重要的,關於專利法改革的辯論,而ä½
 å€‘許多在這"
-"個房間中的人與此辯論有關。 因
此它似乎非常熱門,非常及時。 所以謝謝你,"
+"因此,我很高興歡迎你們參加
「軟體專利的風險」講座。Richard Stallman 提供了一系"
+"列的講座,在與 Brenda 討論後,我選擇這個主題,是因
為我們近期第一次在紐西蘭歷"
+"史上,實際地有一個儘管有點長,卻十分重要的,關於專利法改革的辯論,而ä½
 å€‘許多"
+"在這個房間中的人與此辯論有關。 因
此它似乎非常熱門,非常及時。 所以謝謝你,"
 "Richard,提供這個演講。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -99,7 +99,9 @@
 msgid ""
 "Good point.  I only recommend it for the point that I thought do you say "
 "G&nbsp;N&nbsp;U or GNU?"
-msgstr "很棒的想法,但我只是用來確定唸法是 G N 
U(分開念)或是 GNU(合在一起念,音近似革奴) ?"
+msgstr ""
+"很棒的想法,但我只是用來確定唸法是 G N 
U(分開念)或是 GNU(合在一起念,音近"
+"似革奴) ?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -118,8 +120,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "是的,但我能從 YouTube 上直接聽到你
唸。不提這個,重點是它並不是專有名詞。但最"
 "有趣的點是 Richard 
藉由他的的工作得到了很多榮譽。我最喜歡並提出的點,是武田基"
-"金會對於社會/經濟福祉頒發的獎項
,而我認為我們今晚將會聽到許多相關的內容,所以"
-"讓我們歡迎 Richard。"
+"金會對於社會/經濟福祉頒發的獎項
,而我認為我們今晚將會聽到許多相關的內容,所"
+"以讓我們歡迎 Richard。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -132,11 +134,11 @@
 "buy any drink product, look at the fine print and see if it's made by Coca-"
 "Cola Company."
 msgstr ""
-"首先,我想提å…
¶ä¸­ä¸€å€‹æˆ‘喝這個(一罐或一瓶可樂,但不是可口可樂)的原å›
 ï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸–界性對於可"
-"口可樂公司謀殺哥倫比亞工會成員的抵制。可以去看<a 
href=\"http://";
-"killercoke.org\">killercoke.org</a>的網站。但那不是在討論喝這種飲料(對身體)的"
-"影響(畢竟許多å…
¶ä»–飲料都相同)而是它的謀殺案。所以當你
買任何飲料的時候,記得查"
-"看詳細的標籤,確認是不是可口可樂公司的產品。"
+"首先,我想提å…
¶ä¸­ä¸€å€‹æˆ‘喝這個(一罐或一瓶可樂,但不是可口可樂)的原å›
 ï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸–ç•Œ"
+"性對於可口可樂å…
¬å¸è¬€æ®ºå“¥å€«æ¯”亞工會成員的抵制。可以去看<a href=\"http://";
+"killercoke.org\">killercoke.org</a>的網站。但那不是在討論喝這種飲料(對身體)"
+"的影響(畢竟許多å…
¶ä»–飲料都相同)而是它的謀殺案。所以當你
買任何飲料的時候,記"
+"得查看詳細的標籤,確認是不是可口可樂公司的產品。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -177,8 +179,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "因此,每當一個人發表關於「智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šã€çš„聲明時,就會造成混亂,因為它不僅將這"
 "兩項法律混為一談,而且至少還會將å…
¶ä»–十幾條法律混為一談。他們都是不同的,結果"
-"是任何聲稱是關於「智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šã€çš„聲明都是純粹的混淆——不論是陳述的人感到困惑,或"
-"是這個人試圖混淆他人。但無論哪種方式,無論是意外還是惡意,它都令人費解。"
+"是任何聲稱是關於「智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šã€çš„聲明都是純粹的混淆——不論是陳述的人感到困惑,"
+"或是這個人試圖混淆他人。但無論哪種方式,無論是意外還是惡意,它都令人費解。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -220,10 +222,10 @@
 "of it, and we may be prohibited from doing all of it in countries that have "
 "been foolish enough to have such a policy."
 msgstr ""
-"而專利通常持續20年,這是在我們é 
˜åŸŸä¸­ç›¸ç•¶é•·çš„時間。20年前,世界上還沒有全"
-"球資訊網 —— 電è…
¦çš„大量使用發生在20年前甚至不可能被提出的地方。因
此,當然,"
-"人們在它上所做的一切都是20年前以來的新事物 —— 
至少在某些方面它是新的。因此,"
-"如果專利已經申請,我們將被禁止做這一切的事情
,我們可能已經被愚蠢到有這樣的政策的國"
+"而專利通常持續20年,這是在我們é 
˜åŸŸä¸­ç›¸ç•¶é•·çš„時間。20年前,世界上還沒有全球資"
+"訊網 —— 電è…
¦çš„大量使用發生在20年前甚至不可能被提出的地方。因
此,當然,人們在"
+"它上所做的一切都是20年前以來的新事物 —— 
至少在某些方面它是新的。因此,如果專"
+"利已經申請,我們將被禁止做這一切的事情
,我們可能已經被愚蠢到有這樣的政策的國"
 "家禁止做這一切。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -234,8 +236,8 @@
 "megacorporation, so they want you to like the system."
 msgstr ""
 
"大多數時候,當人們描述專利制度的功能時,他們對專利制度有既得利益。他們可能是"
-"專利律師,或者他們可能在專利局工作,或者
他們可能在一家大型公司的專利部門工作,"
-"所以他們想讓你喜歡這個系統。"
+"專利律師,或者他們可能在專利局工作,或者
他們可能在一家大型公司的專利部門工"
+"作,所以他們想讓你喜歡這個系統。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -261,8 +263,8 @@
 "at somebody and say, &ldquo;Give me your money.&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
 
"這與專利制度的宣傳是同樣的方式:他們談論著帶著專利走在街上的感覺——或è€
…首先,"
-"獲得專利是什麼感覺,然後是擁有專利的感覺,而且你
可以經常把它拿出來,指"
-"著某人說:「把你的錢給我。」"
+"獲得專利是什麼感覺,然後是擁有專利的感覺,而且你
可以經常把它拿出來,指著某人"
+"說:「把你的錢給我。」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -272,17 +274,17 @@
 "walk up to you and point a patent at you and say, &ldquo;Give me your money."
 "&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
-"為了彌補他們的偏見,我要從另一面來看,以受害者
的角度 —— 對於那些想要開發、散佈"
-"或執行軟體的人來說是什麼感覺。你必é 
ˆæ“”心有一天,有人可能會走到你面"
-"前,指著一個專利,並說:「給我你的錢。」"
+"為了彌補他們的偏見,我要從另一面來看,以受害者
的角度 —— 對於那些想要開發、散"
+"佈或執行軟體的人來說是什麼感覺。你必é 
ˆæ“”心有一天,有人可能會走到你面前,指著"
+"一個專利,並說:「給我你的錢。」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "If you want to develop software in a country that allows software patents, "
 "and you want to work with patent law, what will you have to do?"
 msgstr ""
-"如果你想在一個允許軟體專利的國家開發軟體,並且你
想與專利法合作"
-",你該做些什麼?"
+"如果你想在一個允許軟體專利的國家開發軟體,並且你
想與專利法合作,你該做些什"
+"麼?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -306,8 +308,8 @@
 "those other ideas are.  But nonetheless they're implemented in your program, "
 "and those patents could prohibit your program, if those ideas are patented."
 msgstr ""
-"原因是……在你以一種特定的方式構思的過程中 —— 你
有一個心中的結構可以應用於你"
-"的設計。正因為如此,它會阻止你
看到別人可能用來理解同一程式的其他結構 —— 因為你"
+"原因是……在你以一種特定的方式構思的過程中 —— 你
有一個心中的結構可以應用於你的"
+"設計。正因為如此,它會阻止你
看到別人可能用來理解同一程式的其他結構 —— 因為你"
 "不會不斷的更新它:你
已經在心中設計了一個結構。第一次看到它的å…
¶ä»–人可能會看到"
 "不同的結構,它涉及到不同的想法,你很難看到å…
¶ä»–的想法是什麼。但是,它們還是在"
 "ä½ 
的程式中實作的,如果這些想法獲得專利,這些專利可能會禁止您的程式。"
@@ -331,7 +333,8 @@
 msgid ""
 "So you couldn't make a list of all the ideas which, if patented, could "
 "prohibit your program."
-msgstr "因此,您無法列出所有獲得專利的想法的清
單,這些想法可能會禁止你撰寫你的程式。"
+msgstr ""
+"因此,您無法列出所有獲得專利的想法的清
單,這些想法可能會禁止你撰寫你的程式。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -355,10 +358,10 @@
 "article in a journal.  That was when we thought that the purpose of computer "
 "science journals was to publish algorithms so people could use them."
 msgstr ""
-"舉例來說,Compress 程式在1984年被編寫出來,這是一個使用 
<abbr title=\"Lempel-Ziv-"
-"Welch\"> LZW</abbr> 
資料壓縮演算法壓縮檔案的程式,當時該演算法沒有用於壓縮檔案的"
-"專利。作者從期刊上的一篇文章
中獲得了演算法。那時我們認為電腦科學期刊的目的"
-"是發佈演算法,讓人們可以使用它們。"
+"舉例來說,Compress 程式在1984年被編寫出來,這是一個使用 
<abbr title=\"Lempel-"
+"Ziv-Welch\"> LZW</abbr> 
資料壓縮演算法壓縮檔案的程式,當時該演算法沒有用於壓"
+"縮檔案的專利。作者從期刊上的一篇文章
中獲得了演算法。那時我們認為電腦科學期刊"
+"的目的是發佈演算法,讓人們可以使用它們。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -370,8 +373,8 @@
 "asked for people to suggest other algorithms we could use for compressing "
 "files."
 msgstr ""
-"他編寫了這個程式並發佈了它,然後在1985年申請了該演算法的專利。但專利持有人"
-"很狡猾,沒有立即告訴人們停止使用它。專利持有人想:「我們可以讓每個人都陷得更"
+"他編寫了這個程式並發佈了它,然後在1985年申請了該演算法的專利。但專利持有人很"
+"狡猾,沒有立即告訴人們停止使用它。專利持有人想:「我們可以讓每個人都陷得更"
 "深。」幾年後,他們開始威脅
別人:很明顯,我們不能使用壓縮,所以我要求人們建議"
 "其他可以用於壓縮檔案的演算法。"
 
@@ -389,11 +392,11 @@
 "two years later, or three years later, or five years later."
 msgstr ""
 
"而有人寫道:「我開發了另一種效果更好的資料壓縮演算法,我寫了一個程式,我想把"
-"它給你。」因
此,我們準備發佈它。在它準備發佈前一周,我在<cite>《紐約時å
 ±ã€‹</cite>每周專利"
-"專欄中讀到,我很少看到 —— 也許一年有幾次 —— 
但幸運的是,我看到有人因為「發明了一"
-"種新的壓縮資料方法」而獲得了專利。所以我說,我們最好看看這個,並確認它涵蓋了"
-"我們即將發佈的程式。但情
況可能更糟:該專利可能在一年、兩年、三年或五年後頒"
-"發。"
+"它給你。」因
此,我們準備發佈它。在它準備發佈前一周,我在<cite>《紐約時å
 ±ã€‹</"
+"cite>每周專利專欄中讀到,我很少看到 —— 
也許一年有幾次 —— 但幸運的是,我看到有"
+"人因
為「發明了一種新的壓縮資料方法」而獲得了專利。所以我說,我們最好看看這"
+"個,並確認它涵蓋了我們即將發佈的程式。但情
況可能更糟:該專利可能在一年、兩"
+"年、三年或五年後頒發。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -446,14 +449,14 @@
 "could think of.  But I don't think it used the term &ldquo;topological "
 "sort&rdquo;."
 msgstr ""
-"例如,在80年代和90年代,試算表中有一項關於「自然é 
†åºé‡æ–°è¨ˆç®—」的專利。有人"
-"曾經向我要過一份,所以我在我們的電è…
¦æª”案中檢視了專利號碼。然後我打開抽"
-"屜拿出這個專利的紙質副本,然後影印並寄給他。當他拿到的時候,他說:「我認為ä½
 çµ¦äº†æˆ‘"
-"錯誤的專利。這是關於編譯器的。」所以我想也許我們的檔有錯誤的編號。我又看了一"
-"遍,果然上面寫著:「把å…
¬å¼ç·¨è­¯æˆç›®æ¨™ç¨‹å¼ç¢¼çš„方法。」所以我開始閱讀它,看看它是"
-"否確實是錯誤的專利。我閱讀了聲明,而這果然是自然é 
†åºé‡æ–°è¨ˆç®—專利,但它沒有使"
-"用這些術語。它沒有使用「試算表」一詞。 
事實上,專利所禁止的是幾十種不同實"
-"作拓撲排序的方法 —— 所有他們能想到的方法。 
但我不認為它使用了「拓撲排序」這個術"
+"例如,在80年代和90年代,試算表中有一項關於「自然é 
†åºé‡æ–°è¨ˆç®—」的專利。有人曾"
+"經向我要過一份,所以我在我們的電è…
¦æª”案中檢視了專利號碼。然後我打開抽屜拿出這"
+"個專利的紙質副本,然後影印並寄給他。當他拿到的時候,他說:「我認為ä½
 çµ¦äº†æˆ‘錯"
+"誤的專利。這是關於編譯器的。」所以我想也許我們的檔有錯誤的編號。我又看了一"
+"遍,果然上面寫著:「把å…
¬å¼ç·¨è­¯æˆç›®æ¨™ç¨‹å¼ç¢¼çš„方法。」所以我開始閱讀它,看看它"
+"是否確實是錯誤的專利。我閱讀了聲明,而這果然是自然é 
†åºé‡æ–°è¨ˆç®—專利,但它沒有"
+"使用這些術語。它沒有使用「試算表」一詞。 
事實上,專利所禁止的是幾十種不同實作"
+"拓撲排序的方法 —— 所有他們能想到的方法。 
但我不認為它使用了「拓撲排序」這個術"
 "語。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -465,9 +468,9 @@
 "companies that are making spreadsheets are getting sued?&rdquo; Then you "
 "would have found out."
 msgstr ""
-"因
此,如果您正在編寫試算表,並且試圖透過搜尋找到相關專利,您可能已經找到很"
-"多專利。但是,除非你
告訴別人:「哦,我正在製作試算表。」然後他說,「哦,ä½
 "
-"知道其他製作試算表的公司被起訴了嗎?」那時你
才會知道。"
+"因
此,如果您正在編寫試算表,並且試圖透過搜尋找到相關專利,您可能已經找到很多"
+"專利。但是,除非你
告訴別人:「哦,我正在製作試算表。」然後他說,「哦,ä½
 çŸ¥é“"
+"其他製作試算表的公司被起訴了嗎?」那時你才會知道。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -490,9 +493,9 @@
 "displaying a lot of data on a small screen, and based on a couple of the "
 "ideas in that program he got a couple of patents."
 msgstr ""
-"即使是專利持有人也常常不能認識到他們的專利意味著什麼。例如,"
-"有一個叫 Paul Heckel 的人發佈了一項
程式,在一個小螢幕上顯示大"
-"量資料,並以該計劃中的幾個想法為基礎取得了多項
專利。"
+"即使是專利持有人也常常不能認識到他們的專利意味著什麼。例如,有一個叫
 Paul "
+"Heckel 的人發佈了一項
程式,在一個小螢幕上顯示大量資料,並以該計劃中的幾個想法"
+"為基礎取得了多項專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -516,10 +519,10 @@
 "hard it is for anybody to understand what a patent does or doesn't prohibit."
 msgstr ""
 "就連 Heckel 也無法完全理解他的專利能做些什麼,因
為當他看到 HyperCard,他只會"
-"注意到這一點也不像他的程式。他沒有想到,他的專利的寫作方式可能會禁止
 HyperCard"
-";但他的律師有這個想法,所以他威脅 Apple。然後他威脅 
Apple 的客戶,最終 Apple 與"
-"他達成了一個秘密協定,所以我們不知道誰真正贏了。這只是說明任何人都很難理解"
-"專利到底禁止或不禁止什麼。"
+"注意到這一點也不像他的程式。他沒有想到,他的專利的寫作方式可能會禁止
 "
+"HyperCard;但他的律師有這個想法,所以他威脅 
Apple。然後他威脅 Apple 的客戶,"
+"最終 Apple 
與他達成了一個秘密協定,所以我們不知道誰真正贏了。這只是說明任何人"
+"都很難理解專利到底禁止或不禁止什麼。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -539,7 +542,8 @@
 msgid ""
 "Anyway, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, the lawyer will "
 "give you an answer like this:"
-msgstr 
"無論如何,在與律師進行了長時間且收費高昂的談話後,律師可能會給ä½
 é€™æ¨£çš„答案:"
+msgstr ""
+"無論如何,在與律師進行了長時間且收費高昂的談話後,律師可能會給ä½
 é€™æ¨£çš„答案:"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -607,11 +611,11 @@
 "going to be rare.  Most of the time that patent will to be easy to avoid."
 msgstr ""
 "例如,我看到了一個快速傅
立葉轉換的專利,而它的執行速度是原先的兩倍。那麼,如"
-"果普通的快速傅立葉轉換對於您的應用程式來說足夠
快,那麼這是一個簡單的避免方法"
-"。而且大多數時候,這會是有效的。偶爾,你
可能會嘗試做某些事,但僅僅運用快速傅"
-"立葉轉換而不使用更快的演算法的情況下,只是勉強夠
快。於是你無法避免它,雖然你"
-"也許可以等待幾年出現更快的電腦。但這種情
況很少見。大多數時候,專利是很容易避"
-"免的。"
+"果普通的快速傅立葉轉換對於您的應用程式來說足夠
快,那麼這是一個簡單的避免方"
+"法。而且大多數時候,這會是有效的。偶爾,你
可能會嘗試做某些事,但僅僅運用快速"
+"傅立葉轉換而不使用更快的演算法的情況下,只是勉強夠
快。於是你無法避免它,雖然"
+"你也許可以等待幾年出現更快的電腦。但這種情
況很少見。大多數時候,專利是很容易"
+"避免的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -641,8 +645,9 @@
 msgstr ""
 "但 LZW 還有其他用途:例如,PostScript 語言指定了 LZW 
壓縮和 LZW 解壓縮的運算"
 "程式。擁有另一種更好的演算法是沒有用的,因
為它會產生不同的資料格式。此時它們"
-"並沒有互操作性。如果您使用 gzip 
演算法壓縮它,則無法使用 LZW 解壓縮它。 因此,無論"
-"你的其他演算法有多好,無論它是什麼,它只是不能讓你æ 
¹æ“šè¦ç¯„實作 PostScript。"
+"並沒有互操作性。如果您使用 gzip 
演算法壓縮它,則無法使用 LZW 解壓縮它。 因"
+"此,無論你的å…
¶ä»–演算法有多好,無論它是什麼,它只是不能讓你æ 
¹æ“šè¦ç¯„實作 "
+"PostScript。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -662,8 +667,8 @@
 "印表機做的是解壓縮;我也注意到,LZW 演算法的兩項
專利都是以這樣的方式編寫的:"
 "如果你
的系統只能解壓縮,它不是被禁止的。這些專利的編寫,使他們涵蓋壓縮,他們"
 "有其他聲明,包
括壓縮和解壓縮;但沒有聲明只涵蓋解壓縮。所以我意識到,如果我們"
-"只對 LZW 實作解壓縮,我們會是安å…
¨çš„。雖然這無法滿足規範,但其足以讓使用者滿意"
-";可以做他們真正需要的。因此,我們幾乎可以避免兩項
專利。"
+"只對 LZW 實作解壓縮,我們會是安å…
¨çš„。雖然這無法滿足規範,但其足以讓使用者滿"
+"意;可以做他們真正需要的。因此,我們幾乎可以避免兩項
專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -677,10 +682,10 @@
 "much demand from users.&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
 "現在有 GIF 格式,用於圖片。這也使用 LZW 
演算法。沒過多久,人們就定義了另一種"
-"圖片格式,稱為 PNG,它代表「PNG 不是 GIF」。 
我認為它使用 gzip 演算法。我們開始"
-"對人們說:「不要使用 GIF 格式,這是很危險的。換成 PNG 
吧。」使用者說:「嗯,"
-"也許有一天我會,但瀏覽器還沒有實作它。」而瀏覽器開發è€
…說:「我們可能有一天"
-"會實作它,但目前使用者沒有太大的需求。」"
+"圖片格式,稱為 PNG,它代表「PNG 不是 GIF」。 
我認為它使用 gzip 演算法。我們開"
+"始對人們說:「不要使用 GIF 格式,這是很危險的。換成 
PNG 吧。」使用者說:"
+"「嗯,也許有一天我會,但瀏覽器還沒有實作它。」而瀏覽器開發è€
…說:「我們可能有"
+"一天會實作它,但目前使用者沒有太大的需求。」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -693,11 +698,11 @@
 "operators of web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could prove that "
 "all of the GIFs on the site were made with authorized, licensed software."
 msgstr ""
-"好吧,這很明顯是怎麼回事 —— GIF 
是事實上的標準。實際上,要求人們改用其他格式,而"
-"不是事實上的標準,就像要求紐西蘭的每個人說匈牙利語一樣。人們會說:「嗯,是"
-"的,我會在其他所有人都學會之後再說。」因
此,我們也從未成功地要求人們停止"
-"使用 GIF,即使å…
¶ä¸­ä¸€ä½å°ˆåˆ©æŒæœ‰äººå››è™•èµ°å‹•åˆ°ç¶²ç«™çš„經營者那裡,威脅
除非他們可以"
-"證明網站上的所有 GIF 
都是經授權的軟體製作的,否則就要起訴他們。"
+"好吧,這很明顯是怎麼回事 —— GIF 
是事實上的標準。實際上,要求人們改用其他格"
+"式,而不是事實上的標準,就像要求紐西蘭的每個人說匈牙利語一樣。人們會說:"
+"「嗯,是的,我會在其他所有人都學會之後再說。」因
此,我們也從未成功地要求人們"
+"停止使用 GIF,即使å…
¶ä¸­ä¸€ä½å°ˆåˆ©æŒæœ‰äººå››è™•èµ°å‹•åˆ°ç¶²ç«™çš„經營者那裡,威脅
除非他們"
+"可以證明網站上的所有 GIF 
都是經授權的軟體製作的,否則就要起訴他們。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -708,9 +713,9 @@
 "people&mdash;and he said, &ldquo;and I found that one of them covers JPEG "
 "format.&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
-"因此,GIF 
對我們社群的大部分人是一個危險的陷阱。我們以為我們可以用
 JPEG æ ¼"
-"式替代 
GIF,但有人說:「我只是在瀏覽我的專利組合。」—— 
我認為是有人購買了專利"
-"並用它們來威脅人們。他說:「我發現其中之一涵蓋了 JPEG 
格式。」"
+"因此,GIF 
對我們社群的大部分人是一個危險的陷阱。我們以為我們可以用
 JPEG 格式"
+"替代 
GIF,但有人說:「我只是在瀏覽我的專利組合。」—— 
我認為是有人購買了專利並"
+"用它們來威脅人們。他說:「我發現其中之一涵蓋了 JPEG æ 
¼å¼ã€‚」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -746,9 +751,9 @@
 msgstr ""
 "這些案例相當輕巧:一項是 JPEG 的專利,兩項是 GIF 
中使用的 LZW 演算法的專利。"
 "現在您可能想知道為什麼同一算法有兩項
專利?它不應該發生,但是確實發生了。原因"
-"是專利審查員不可能花時間研究他們可能需要ç 
”究和比較的每項事物,因為他們不被"
-"允許花費那麼多時間。而且由於演算法只是數學,所以你
無法縮小需要比較的申請和專"
-"利的範圍。"
+"是專利審查員不可能花時間研究他們可能需要ç 
”究和比較的每項事物,因為他們不被允"
+"許花費那麼多時間。而且由於演算法只是數學,所以你
無法縮小需要比較的申請和專利"
+"的範圍。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -764,10 +769,10 @@
 msgstr ""
 "您會看到,在物理工程領域,他們可以利用正在發生的事情
的物理性質來縮小範圍。例"
 "如,在化學工程中,他們可以說:「其中加å…
¥äº†ä»€éº¼ç‰©è³ªï¼Ÿæœ‰ä»€éº¼ç‰©è³ªç”¢ç”Ÿå‡ºä¾†ï¼Ÿã€å¦‚"
-"果å…
©å€‹ä¸åŒçš„(專利)應用以這種方式不同,則它們不是同樣的過程,å›
 æ­¤æ‚¨ä¸å¿…擔心"
-"。但是,相同的數學可以用看起來非常不同的方式來表示,並且除非您將它們一起ç
 ”究"
-",否則您不會意識到它們在談論同一件事。而且,因
此,經常會看到同一事物多次獲得"
-"(軟體)的專利權。"
+"果å…
©å€‹ä¸åŒçš„(專利)應用以這種方式不同,則它們不是同樣的過程,å›
 æ­¤æ‚¨ä¸å¿…æ“”"
+"心。但是,相同的數學可以用看起來非常不同的方式來表示,並且除非您將它們一起ç
 ”"
+"究,否則您不會意識到它們在談論同一件事。而且,因
此,經常會看到同一事物多次獲"
+"得(軟體)的專利權。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -776,9 +781,9 @@
 "seen it happen in two cases that we ran into&mdash;the same algorithm being "
 "patented twice.  Well, I think my explanation tells you why that happens."
 msgstr ""
-"還記得那個在我們發布之前被專利殺死的程式嗎?嗯,那個演算法也獲得了å
…©æ¬¡å°ˆåˆ©ä¿è­·ã€‚"
-"在一個較小的領域中,我們已經看到它在兩種情
況下都發生過 —— 相同的算法獲得了"
-"兩次專利。嗯,我想我剛剛的解釋告訴了你
們為什麼會發生這種情況。"
+"還記得那個在我們發布之前被專利殺死的程式嗎?嗯,那個演算法也獲得了å
…©æ¬¡å°ˆåˆ©ä¿"
+"護。在一個較小的領域中,我們已經看到它在兩種情
況下都發生過 —— 相同的算法獲得"
+"了兩次專利。嗯,我想我剛剛的解釋告訴了你
們為什麼會發生這種情況。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -806,9 +811,9 @@
 "experiment&rdquo;."
 msgstr ""
 "有時,它是一項已獲專利的功能,而避å…
è©²å°ˆåˆ©çš„唯一方法就是不實作該功能。例如,"
-"文字處理器 Xywrite 的使用者曾經在郵件被降級,移除了一項
功能。功能是您可以自"
-"訂縮寫列表。例如,如果將 \"exp\" 定義為 \"experiment\" 
的縮寫,則如果輸入"
-"\"exp-space\" 或 \"exp-comma\",則 \"exp\" 將自動更改為 
\"experiment\"。"
+"文字處理器 Xywrite 的使用者曾經在郵件被降級,移除了一項
功能。功能是您可以自訂"
+"縮寫列表。例如,如果將 \"exp\" 定義為 \"experiment\" 
的縮寫,則如果輸入\"exp-"
+"space\" 或 \"exp-comma\",則 \"exp\" 將自動更改為 \"experiment\"。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -829,7 +834,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "但是他們也聯繫了我,因為我的 Emacs 
編輯器從70年代後期就有類似的功能。其在 "
 "Emacs 手冊中進行了描述,因此他們認為我或許能夠
幫助他們使該專利無效。好吧,我"
-"很高興知道自己一生中至少有一個可申請專利的想法,但是我不高興有人為它申請了專利。"
+"很高興知道自己一生中至少有一個可申請專利的想法,但是我不高興有人為它申請了專"
+"利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -859,8 +865,8 @@
 "So that's the option of avoiding the patent&mdash;often possible, but "
 "sometimes not, and there's a limit to how many patents you can avoid."
 msgstr ""
-"所以這是避開專利的其中一個選擇 —— 
通常是可能的,但有時不是。"
-"而且可以避免的專利數量是有限的。"
+"所以這是避開專利的其中一個選擇 —— 
通常是可能的,但有時不是。而且可以避免的專"
+"利數量是有限的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid "What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the patent?"
@@ -879,9 +885,9 @@
 msgstr ""
 "嗯,專利持有人可能不會向您提供授權。這完å…
¨å–決於對方。他可能會說:「我只是想"
 "讓你
閉嘴。」我曾經收到某人的一封信,那個人的家族企業正在製作娛樂å
 ´éŠæˆ²ï¼Œé€™äº›"
-"遊戲當然是電腦化的,他被一位專利持有人威脅
,想讓他的業務關閉。他寄了專利給我"
-"。第一個聲明類似於:「具有多台電腦的網路,å…
¶ä¸­æ¯å°é›»è…¦éƒ½æ”¯æ´å¤šç¨®éŠæˆ²ï¼Œä¸¦å¯ä»¥"
-"同時進行多種遊戲。」"
+"遊戲當然是電腦化的,他被一位專利持有人威脅
,想讓他的業務關閉。他寄了專利給"
+"我。第一個聲明類似於:「具有多台電腦的網路,å…
¶ä¸­æ¯å°é›»è…¦éƒ½æ”¯æ´å¤šç¨®éŠæˆ²ï¼Œä¸¦å¯"
+"以同時進行多種遊戲。」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -913,8 +919,8 @@
 "following a system, and the system has rules, and the rules lead to this "
 "result."
 msgstr ""
-"這不是因為專利審查員愚蠢,而是因
為他們遵循某個系統,並且該系統具有規則,"
-"而規則導致了如此結果。"
+"這不是因為專利審查員愚蠢,而是因
為他們遵循某個系統,並且該系統具有規則,而規"
+"則導致了如此結果。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -930,12 +936,12 @@
 "them laughs."
 msgstr ""
 "你看,如果有人製造
的機器執行一次功能,而有人設計的機器執行相同的功能,但是執"
-"行 N 次,對我們來說這是一個 <code>for</code> 
迴圈,而對專利局來說就是一個發明"
-"。如果有可以執行 A 的機器,另外有可以執行 B 
的機器,然後有人設計了可以執行 A "
-"或 B 的機器,對我們來說,這是一個 <code>if-then-else</code> 
的陳述,而對於專利"
-"局來說,這就是一項發明。因
此它們的標準很低,並且遵循這些標準。結果是專利對我"
-"們來說顯得荒謬而瑣碎。我不能說它們是否合法。但是每個看到它們的程式設計師都笑"
-"了。"
+"行 N 次,對我們來說這是一個 <code>for</code> 
迴圈,而對專利局來說就是一個發"
+"明。如果有可以執行 A 的機器,另外有可以執行 B 
的機器,然後有人設計了可以執行 "
+"A 或 B 的機器,對我們來說,這是一個 <code>if-then-else</code> 
的陳述,而對於"
+"專利局來說,這就是一項發明。因
此它們的標準很低,並且遵循這些標準。結果是專利"
+"對我們來說顯得荒謬而瑣碎。我不能說它們是否合法。但是每個看到它們的程式設計師"
+"都笑了。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -955,10 +961,10 @@
 "really producing anything.  The result is that they end up painlessly with "
 "licenses for almost all the patents."
 msgstr ""
-"但是,有些軟體開發者在大多數情
況下發現獲得授權特別容易。這些是大型公司。在"
-"任何領域,大型å…
¬å¸é€šå¸¸éƒ½æ“æœ‰å¤§ç´„一半的專利,並且它們相互交叉授權,如果他確"
-"實在生產任何東西,它們可以讓任何å…
¶ä»–人交叉授權。結果是,他們可以輕鬆獲得幾"
-"乎所有專利的授權。"
+"但是,有些軟體開發者在大多數情
況下發現獲得授權特別容易。這些是大型公司。在任"
+"何領域,大型å…
¬å¸é€šå¸¸éƒ½æ“æœ‰å¤§ç´„一半的專利,並且它們相互交叉授權,如果他確實在"
+"生產任何東西,它們可以讓任何å…
¶ä»–人交叉授權。結果是,他們可以輕鬆獲得幾乎所有"
+"專利的授權。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -970,10 +976,10 @@
 "greater, was &ldquo;getting access to the patents of others,&rdquo; namely "
 "cross-licensing."
 msgstr ""
-"IBM 在其內部雜誌<cite>《Think》</cite>(我認為應該是1990年第 
5 期)上"
-"寫了一篇文章,內容是有關 IBM 當時從其近 9,000 項
美國專利中獲得的收益("
-"現在已達到 45,000 
或更多)。他們說,好處之一是他們可以收錢,但是他們說"
-"的主要好處也許是更大的,是「獲得他人的專利」,亦即交叉授權。"
+"IBM 在其內部雜誌<cite>《Think》</cite>(我認為應該是1990年第 
5 期)上寫了一篇"
+"文章,內容是有關 IBM 當時從其近 9,000 項
美國專利中獲得的收益(現在已達到 "
+"45,000 
或更多)。他們說,好處之一是他們可以收錢,但是他們說的主要好處也許是更"
+"大的,是「獲得他人的專利」,亦即交叉授權。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1015,10 +1021,10 @@
 "company] could threaten them and squeeze money out of them&mdash;never mind "
 "that those people didn't attack this company."
 msgstr ""
-"假設你有三項
專利。這裡一點,那裡一點,另外那裡又有一點,有人在那裡指向ä½
 çš„"
-"專利。 嗯,你的三項專利對你沒有任何幫助,因
為它們都沒有指向他。 另一方面,公"
-"司裡遲早會有人注意到,這項
專利實際上是在針對一些人,(公司)可能會威脅他們,"
-"從他們身上榨取錢財 —— 儘管這些人並沒有攻擊這家å…
¬å¸ã€‚"
+"假設你有三項
專利。這裡一點,那裡一點,另外那裡又有一點,有人在那裡指向ä½
 çš„å°ˆ"
+"利。 嗯,你的三項專利對你沒有任何幫助,因
為它們都沒有指向他。 另一方面,公司"
+"裡遲早會有人注意到,這項
專利實際上是在針對一些人,(公司)可能會威脅他們,從"
+"他們身上榨取錢財 —— 儘管這些人並沒有攻擊這家公司。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1042,8 +1048,8 @@
 "老闆,我相信你,而且我敢肯定你只會在å…
¬å¸å—到攻擊時使用這些專利來保護公司。但"
 "我不知道誰會在五年後成為這家å…
¬å¸çš„首席執行長。就我所知,它可能會被微軟收購。"
 "因此,除非我得到它的書面文件,否則我真的不能相信å…
¬å¸èªªï¼Œåªä½¿ç”¨é€™äº›å°ˆåˆ©é€²è¡Œé˜²"
-"禦。請書面聲明,我為公司提供的任何專利將僅
用於自衛和集體安全,而不能用於攻擊"
-",然後我將能夠憑清白的良心為公司獲得專利。"
+"禦。請書面聲明,我為公司提供的任何專利將僅
用於自衛和集體安全,而不能用於攻"
+"擊,然後我將能夠憑清白的良心為公司獲得專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1057,8 +1063,8 @@
 "assets could be auctioned off, including the patents; and the patents will "
 "be bought by someone who means to use them to do something nasty."
 msgstr ""
-"另一件可能會發生的事情是,公司可能會倒閉,å…
¶è³‡ç”¢å¯èƒ½æœƒè¢«æ‹è³£ï¼Œ"
-"包括專利;專利將由那些想用它們做一些討厭的事情
的人購買。"
+"另一件可能會發生的事情是,公司可能會倒閉,å…
¶è³‡ç”¢å¯èƒ½æœƒè¢«æ‹è³£ï¼ŒåŒ…括專利;專利"
+"將由那些想用它們做一些討厭的事情的人購買。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1067,9 +1073,8 @@
 "software patents are needed to protect the starving genius.  They give you a "
 "scenario which is a series of unlikelihoods."
 msgstr ""
-"理解這種交叉授權的作法非常重要,因為這足以戳ç 
´è»Ÿé«”專利擁護者"
-"的論點,他們說,保護飢餓的天才需要軟體專利。他們讓你
看見了一"
-"系列不可能的情況。"
+"理解這種交叉授權的作法非常重要,因為這足以戳ç 
´è»Ÿé«”專利擁護者的論點,他們說,"
+"保護飢餓的天才需要軟體專利。他們讓你
看見了一系列不可能的情況。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1085,8 +1090,8 @@
 "因此,讓我們來看一下。根據這種情
況,有一位才華洋溢的設計師,他在閣樓上獨自工"
 
"作了多年,提出了一種更好的方法來完成某件事。現在已經準備好了,他想開始做生意"
 "並量產這件東西。而且,由於他的想法非常好,他的å…
¬å¸å°‡å¹¾ä¹Žå¯ä»¥ç¢ºå®šç²å¾—成功 —— "
-"除了一件事:大公司將與他競爭並奪走他所有的市場。因
此,他的業務幾乎肯定會失敗"
-",然後他將挨餓。"
+"除了一件事:大公司將與他競爭並奪走他所有的市場。因
此,他的業務幾乎肯定會失"
+"敗,然後他將挨餓。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid "Well, let's look at all the unlikely assumptions here."
@@ -1111,10 +1116,9 @@
 "fail; more than 95 percent of them, I think, fail within a few years.  So "
 "that's probably what's going to happen to him, no matter what."
 msgstr ""
-"但是無論如何,下一個假設是他將要創業,並且將會成功。好吧,他"
-"是一位出色的工程師並不代表他擅
長經營業務。大多數的新創公司都"
-"很快就會倒閉;我認為,其中超過 95% 的公司會在幾年å…
§å¤±æ•—。所"
-"以這可能是他將會發生的事情,無論如何。"
+"但是無論如何,下一個假設是他將要創業,並且將會成功。好吧,他是一位出色的工程"
+"師並不代表他擅長經營業務。大多數的新創å…
¬å¸éƒ½å¾ˆå¿«å°±æœƒå€’閉;我認為,其中超過 "
+"95% 的公司會在幾年å…
§å¤±æ•—。所以這可能是他將會發生的事情,無論如何。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1132,17 +1136,17 @@
 
"好的,讓我們假設除了是一位出色的工程師,自己想出了一個偉大的想法,他還å
…·æœ‰ç¶“"
 "營業務的才能。如果他有經營生意的訣竅
,那麼也許他的生意不會失敗。畢竟,並非所"
 "有新業務都會失敗,仍有少數幾項
成功。好吧,如果他了解業務,那麼他可能不會嘗試"
-"與大型公司並駕齊驅,而是會嘗試做一些小型公司擅
長的事情,並且更有機會獲得成功"
-"。他可能會成功。但是讓我們假設它還是失敗了。如果他如此才華橫溢,並且有經營業"
-"務的訣竅,我相信他不會餓死,因
為有人會想要給他一份工作。"
+"與大型公司並駕齊驅,而是會嘗試做一些小型公司擅
長的事情,並且更有機會獲得成"
+"功。他可能會成功。但是讓我們假設它還是失敗了。如果他如此才華橫溢,並且有經營"
+"業務的訣竅,我相信他不會餓死,因
為有人會想要給他一份工作。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "So a series of unlikelihoods&mdash;it's not a very plausible scenario.  But "
 "let's look at it anyway."
 msgstr ""
-"因此,出現了一系列不太可能的情況 —— 
這不是一個很合理的情況。"
-"但是不管怎樣,還是讓我們看看它。"
+"因此,出現了一系列不太可能的情況 —— 
這不是一個很合理的情況。但是不管怎樣,還"
+"是讓我們看看它。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1153,8 +1157,8 @@
 "says, &ldquo;Oh, no, not again!&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
 "因為他們可以說專利制度將「保護」我們挨餓的天才,因
為他可以獲得這項技術的專"
-"利。然後,當 IBM 想與他競爭時,他說:「 IBM,你
不能跟我競爭,因為我已經獲得"
-"了這項專利。」而 IBM 說,「哦,不,又來了!」"
+"利。然後,當 IBM 想與他競爭時,他說:「 IBM,你
不能跟我競爭,因為我已經獲得了"
+"這項專利。」而 IBM 說,「哦,不,又來了!」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid "Well, here's what really happens."
@@ -1194,10 +1198,10 @@
 "competitors from them.  If it really were going to do that, they wouldn't be "
 "in favor of it.  But this explains why [software patents] won't do it."
 msgstr ""
-"該專利可能會「保護」他免受你或我的競爭,但不能å…
å—來自 IBM 的競爭 —— 不受該情景"
-"所稱對他構成威脅的大型公司的競爭。您已經事å…
ˆçŸ¥é“,當大型公司的遊說者推薦一項"
-"政策時,這種推理肯定有缺陷,因
為這將保護他們的小競爭對手免受其害。如果真的要"
-"這麼做,他們將不會贊成。但這解釋了為什麼(軟體專利)無法做到這一點。"
+"該專利可能會「保護」他免受你或我的競爭,但不能å…
å—來自 IBM 的競爭 —— 不受該情"
+"景所稱對他構成威脅的大型公司的競爭。您已經事å…
ˆçŸ¥é“,當大型公司的遊說者推薦一"
+"項政策時,這種推理肯定有缺陷,因
為這將保護他們的小競爭對手免受其害。如果真的"
+"要這麼做,他們將不會贊成。但這解釋了為什麼(軟體專利)無法做到這一點。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1205,9 +1209,8 @@
 "as patent trolls or patent parasites, and their only business is using "
 "patents to squeeze money out of people who really make something."
 msgstr ""
-"甚至 IBM 也不總是能夠做到這一點,因為有些å…
¬å¸è¢«æˆ‘們稱為"
-"專利流氓或專利寄生蟲,而他們唯一的業務就是利用專利從真"
-"正賺錢的人中榨取錢財。"
+"甚至 IBM 也不總是能夠做到這一點,因為有些å…
¬å¸è¢«æˆ‘們稱為專利流氓或專利寄生蟲,"
+"而他們唯一的業務就是利用專利從真正賺錢的人中榨取錢財。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1238,10 +1241,9 @@
 "copy.  But when software gives users the freedom to distribute and make more "
 "copies, we have no way to count the copies that exist."
 msgstr ""
-"也有某些軟體開發者
發現獲得專利授權特別困難,他們就是自由軟體的開發者。"
-"原因是一般專利授權有我們可能無法滿足的條件,因
為一般專利授權要求按副本"
-"付費。但是,當軟體為使用者
提供散佈與製作更多副本的自由時,我們就無法計"
-"算存在的副本。"
+"也有某些軟體開發者
發現獲得專利授權特別困難,他們就是自由軟體的開發者
。原因是"
+"一般專利授權有我們可能無法滿足的條件,因
為一般專利授權要求按副本付費。但是,"
+"當軟體為使用者
提供散佈與製作更多副本的自由時,我們就無法計算存在的副本。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1251,9 +1253,9 @@
 "49, or what, because there's no way I can count the copies that people have "
 "made."
 msgstr ""
-"如果有人向我提供了一份專利授權,以每份副本支付百萬分之一美å
…ƒçš„費用,那麼我"
-"現在所要支付的總金額可能就在我的口袋裡。也許是 50 美å…
ƒï¼Œä½†æˆ‘不知道是 50 美元"
-"還是 49 美元,或者其他的金額,因
為我無法計算別人製作的副本。"
+"如果有人向我提供了一份專利授權,以每份副本支付百萬分之一美å
…ƒçš„費用,那麼我現"
+"在所要支付的總金額可能就在我的口袋裡。也許是 50 美å…
ƒï¼Œä½†æˆ‘不知道是 50 美元還"
+"是 49 美元,或者其他的金額,因
為我無法計算別人製作的副本。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1261,8 +1263,8 @@
 "could offer you a license for a single lump sum, but those lump sums tend to "
 "be big, like US$100,000."
 msgstr ""
-"專利持有人不必
要求為每份副本付款;專利持有人可以為您提供一次性付款的授權"
-",但這些一次性款項往往很大,例如 100,000 美元。"
+"專利持有人不必
要求為每份副本付款;專利持有人可以為您提供一次性付款的授權,但"
+"這些一次性款項往往很大,例如 100,000 美元。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1310,8 +1312,8 @@
 "exception."
 msgstr ""
 
"審理此案可能會花費您很多錢,結果,如果您沒有很多錢,那麼可能無效的專利是一種"
-"非常令人恐懼的武器。有些人負
擔不起捍衛自己權利的權利——大部分人。負擔得起的"
-"人是例外。"
+"非常令人恐懼的武器。有些人負
擔不起捍衛自己權利的權利——大部分人。負擔得起的人"
+"是例外。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1320,9 +1322,9 @@
 "possible depends on different details of the circumstances, so some of the "
 "time, none of them is possible; and when that happens, your project is dead."
 msgstr ""
-"這是您可以對禁止程式中某些內容的每項
專利進行的三件事。"
-"問題是,是否每個都有可能則取決於實際情
況的不同細節,所以"
-"有些時候,三者都不可能。當這種情
況發生時,您的專案就死了。"
+"這是您可以對禁止程式中某些內容的每項
專利進行的三件事。問題是,是否每個都有可"
+"能則取決於實際情況的不同細節,所以有些時候,三者
都不可能。當這種情況發生時,"
+"您的專案就死了。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1332,10 +1334,9 @@
 "your eyes shut.  Don't try to find out about the patents, just go blindly "
 "taking your design decisions, and hope.&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
-"但是大多數國家/地區的律師告訴我們:「不要試圖提前"
-"找到專利。」原因是,如果您知道特定專利,則侵權的罰"
-"款會更多。因此,他們告訴您的是「不要試圖去了解專利"
-",而要盲目地做出設計決定並抱持希望。」"
+"但是大多數國家/地區的律師告訴我們:「不要試圖提前找到專利。」原å›
 æ˜¯ï¼Œå¦‚果您"
+"知道特定專利,則侵權的罰款會更多。因
此,他們告訴您的是「不要試圖去了解專利,"
+"而要盲目地做出設計決定並抱持希望。」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1345,9 +1346,9 @@
 "through safely.  And of course, the patent holders don't all show up at the "
 "same time, so you don't know how many there are going to be."
 msgstr ""
-"當然,每個設計決策也都可能與專利無關。也許什麼都不會發生。"
-"但是要穿越雷區需要採取許多步驟,因此您很難安å…
¨é€šéŽã€‚當然,"
-"專利持有者不會同時出現,因此您不知道會有多少人。"
+"當然,每個設計決策也都可能與專利無關。也許什麼都不會發生。但是要穿越雷區需要"
+"採取許多步驟,因此您很難安全通過。當然,專利持有者
不會同時出現,因此您不知道"
+"會有多少人。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1357,10 +1358,9 @@
 "along, and wants you to pay out the last remaining 5 percent? And then what "
 "happens when patent holder number 21 comes along?"
 msgstr ""
-"自然排序重新計算專利的專利持有者
要求每個試算表的總銷售額的 5%。"
-"您可以想像要為如此的授權付費,但是當第 20 
號專利持有人出現並希望"
-"您支付最後剩餘的 5% 時怎麼辦呢?然後,當第 21 
位專利持有人出現時"
-"怎麼辦呢?"
+"自然排序重新計算專利的專利持有者
要求每個試算表的總銷售額的 5%。您可以想像要"
+"為如此的授權付費,但是當第 20 
號專利持有人出現並希望您支付最後剩餘的 5% 時怎"
+"麼辦呢?然後,當第 21 位專利持有人出現時怎麼辦呢?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1370,10 +1370,9 @@
 "20.  They show up one by one, so you never know how many more there are "
 "going to be."
 msgstr ""
-"業界人士說,這種情況很有趣,但很荒謬,因為您的å…
¬å¸å¾ˆå¯èƒ½"
-"在您到這種程度之前就倒閉了。他們告訴我,å…
©ä¸‰å€‹é€™æ¨£çš„授權"
-"就會使您的公司倒閉。因此永遠都不會達到 20 
個。它們會一個"
-"接一個地出現,所以您永遠不會知道還會有多少。"
+"業界人士說,這種情況很有趣,但很荒謬,因為您的å…
¬å¸å¾ˆå¯èƒ½åœ¨æ‚¨åˆ°é€™ç¨®ç¨‹åº¦ä¹‹å‰å°±"
+"倒閉了。他們告訴我,兩三個這樣的授權就會使您的å…
¬å¸å€’閉。因此永遠都不會達到 "
+"20 個。它們會一個接一個地出現,所以您永遠
不會知道還會有多少。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1381,9 +1380,8 @@
 "addition they're a restriction on every computer user because software "
 "patents restrict what you can do on your computer."
 msgstr ""
-"軟體專利一團糟。它們對軟體開發人員來說是一團糟,但"
-"除此之外,它們也限制了每台電腦使用者,因為軟體專利"
-"限制了您可以在電腦上執行的動作。"
+"軟體專利一團糟。它們對軟體開發人員來說是一團糟,但除此之外,它們也限制了每台"
+"電腦使用者,因為軟體專利限制了您可以在電è…
¦ä¸ŠåŸ·è¡Œçš„動作。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1394,12 +1392,9 @@
 "judge this issue purely in economic terms.  There's something more important "
 "at stake."
 msgstr ""
-"這與像是汽車引擎之類的專利有很大不同。"
-"這些僅限制製造汽車的公司,並不會限制您"
-"與我。但是軟體專利確實限制了您與我,還"
-"有使用電腦的每個人。因此,我們不能只從"
-"經濟角度來考慮它們。我們不能僅僅從經濟"
-"角度判斷這個問題。還有一些更重要的事情"
+"這與像是汽車引擎之類的專利有很大不同。這些僅限制製造
汽車的公司,並不會限制您"
+"與我。但是軟體專利確實限制了您與我,還有使用電è…
¦çš„每個人。因此,我們不能只從"
+"經濟角度來考慮它們。我們不能僅僅
從經濟角度判斷這個問題。還有一些更重要的事情"
 "迫在眉睫。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1412,12 +1407,10 @@
 "ideas together in one program.  And software patents obstruct that, so "
 "they're economically self-defeating."
 msgstr ""
-"但即使從經濟角度來講,這個系統也是註定會失敗的,因
為它的"
-"目的應該是促進進步。據說,透過創造
一種人為激勵人們發表想"
-"法的動機,它將有助於該é 
˜åŸŸçš„發展。但是它所做的卻是完全相"
-"反的,因
為軟體的主要任務不是提出構想,而是在一個程式中一"
-"起實現數千個構想。軟體專利阻礙了這一點,因
此它們在經濟上"
-"是適得其反的。"
+"但即使從經濟角度來講,這個系統也是註定會失敗的,因
為它的目的應該是促進進步。"
+"據說,透過創造
一種人為激勵人們發表想法的動機,它將有助於該é 
˜åŸŸçš„發展。但是它"
+"所做的卻是完全相反的,因
為軟體的主要任務不是提出構想,而是在一個程式中一起實"
+"現數千個構想。軟體專利阻礙了這一點,因
此它們在經濟上是適得其反的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1428,12 +1421,9 @@
 "patents, even if we were to look at it in the narrow economic terms that are "
 "usually proposed, it's still harmful."
 msgstr ""
-"甚至有經濟研究表明這是事實 —— 專利制度"
-"是如何在具有大量創新的領域中,實際上減少"
-"研發投資的。當然,它還會阻礙其他方面的發"
-"展。因此,即使我們無視軟體專利的不公正,"
-"即使我們通常以狹義的經濟學術語來研究它,"
-"它也仍然是有害的。"
+"甚至有經濟研究表明這是事實 —— 專利制度是如何在å…
·æœ‰å¤§é‡å‰µæ–°çš„領域中,實際上減"
+"少研發投資的。當然,它還會阻礙其他方面的發展。因
此,即使我們無視軟體專利的不"
+"公正,即使我們通常以狹義的經濟學術語來ç 
”究它,它也仍然是有害的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1441,9 +1431,8 @@
 "been living with patents for decades, and they've gotten used to it, so why "
 "should you be an exception?&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
-"人們有時會說:「其他領域的人們已經與專利為伍"
-"幾十年了,他們已經習慣了,那你為什麼要例外呢"
-"?」"
+"人們有時會說:「其他é 
˜åŸŸçš„人們已經與專利為伍幾十年了,他們已經習慣了,那你
為"
+"什麼要例外呢?」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1453,11 +1442,9 @@
 "That question is absurd because of its presupposition that somehow we all "
 "have a duty to suffer the harm done by patents."
 msgstr ""
-"現在,這個問題有一個荒謬的假設。 這就像說:「其他人"
-"得了癌症,你為什麼不呢?」不管別人發生了什麼事,我"
-"想任何時候任何人沒有得癌症,都是很好的。這個問題是"
-"很荒謬的,因為它的前提是,我們都有責任以某種方式承"
-"受專利所造成的傷害。"
+"現在,這個問題有一個荒謬的假設。 這就像說:「å…
¶ä»–人得了癌症,你為什麼不呢?」"
+"不管別人發生了什麼事,我想任何時候任何人沒有得癌症,都是很好的。這個問題是很"
+"荒謬的,因
為它的前提是,我們都有責任以某種方式承受專利所造
成的傷害。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1465,16 +1452,15 @@
 "question is &ldquo;What differences are there between various fields that "
 "might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those fields?&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
-"但其中仍有一個值得深思的問題,這個問題是:「不同é 
˜åŸŸ"
-"之間有什麼區別,可能會影響這些é 
˜åŸŸçš„專利政策好壞?」"
+"但其中仍有一個值得深思的問題,這個問題是:「不同é 
˜åŸŸä¹‹é–“有什麼區別,可能會影"
+"響這些領域的專利政策好壞?」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "There is an important basic difference between fields in regard to how many "
 "patents are likely to prohibit or cover parts of any one product."
 msgstr ""
-"在多少專利能夠禁止或覆蓋任何一種產品的各部分,"
-"各個領域之間存在重要的差異。"
+"在多少專利能夠禁止或覆蓋任何一種產品的各部分,各個é 
˜åŸŸä¹‹é–“存在重要的差異。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1484,12 +1470,9 @@
 "you design a new product, it can't be patented already, and you will have an "
 "opportunity to get &ldquo;the patent&rdquo; on that product."
 msgstr ""
-"現在我們試圖擺脫的是一個天真的想法,"
-"因為它不是真實情況。亦即在任何一種產"
-"品上都有一項專利,能涵蓋該產品的整體"
-"設計。因此,如果您設計一個新產品,而"
-"該產品尚未獲得專利,因此您將有機會獲"
-"得該產品的「專利」。"
+"現在我們試圖擺脫的是一個天真的想法,因為它不是真實情
況。亦即在任何一種產品上"
+"都有一項專利,能涵蓋該產品的整體設計。因
此,如果您設計一個新產品,而該產品尚"
+"未獲得專利,因此您將有機會獲得該產品的「專利」。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1498,10 +1481,9 @@
 "product.  The beginning of the spectrum is one, but no field is like that "
 "today; fields are at various places on this spectrum."
 msgstr ""
-"事實不是這樣的。在1800年代,他們或許做得到,但現在可不行。"
-"事實上,每個產品領域涉及多少專利,不同é 
˜åŸŸçš„一個產品有多少"
-"專利會形成一個光譜。å…
‰è­œçš„起點是一個專利,但今天沒有這樣的"
-"領域。各個領域都在這個光譜上的不同地方。"
+"事實不是這樣的。在1800年代,他們或許做得到,但現在可不行。事實上,每個產品é
 ˜"
+"域涉及多少專利,不同é 
˜åŸŸçš„一個產品有多少專利會形成一個光譜。å…
‰è­œçš„起點是一個"
+"專利,但今天沒有這樣的領域。各個領域都在這個å…
‰è­œä¸Šçš„不同地方。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1512,13 +1494,9 @@
 "sure it wasn't already patented by somebody else and you could get the one "
 "patent on that drug."
 msgstr ""
-"與之最接近的領域是製藥。幾十年前,"
-"至少在某個時候,每種藥物實際上都擁"
-"有一項專利,因為該專利涵蓋了該特定"
-"物質的整個化學式。那時,如果您開發"
-"了一種新藥,則可以確定它尚未被其他"
-"人申請專利,並且可以獲得該藥的一項"
-"專利。"
+"與之最接近的é 
˜åŸŸæ˜¯è£½è—¥ã€‚幾十年前,至少在某個時候,每種藥物實際上都擁有一é
 …å°ˆ"
+"利,因
為該專利涵蓋了該特定物質的整個化學式。那時,如果您開發了一種新藥,則可"
+"以確定它尚未被其他人申請專利,並且可以獲得該藥的一項
專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1526,9 +1504,8 @@
 "could develop a new drug, and you're not allowed to make it because somebody "
 "has a broader patent which covers it already."
 msgstr ""
-"但現在這行不通。現在有更廣泛的專利,因
此現在您可以開發一種新藥,"
-"而且由於某人已經擁有涵蓋該專利的更廣泛專利,因
此您不被允許製造您"
-"所研發的新藥。"
+"但現在這行不通。現在有更廣泛的專利,因
此現在您可以開發一種新藥,而且由於某人"
+"已經擁有涵蓋該專利的更廣泛專利,因此您不被允許製造
您所研發的新藥。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1539,13 +1516,10 @@
 "a couple of them you're doing pretty well at our level of knowledge.  But "
 "other fields involve combining more ideas to make one thing."
 msgstr ""
-"甚至可能有幾個這樣的專利同時涵蓋您的新藥,"
-"但不會有數百個。原因是,我們進行生化工程的"
-"能力非常有限,導致沒人知道如何結合這麼多想"
-"法來製造出對醫學有用的東西。如果您可以將其"
-"中的幾個結合使用,那麼就我們的知識水準而言"
-",您做得很好。但是其他領域則涉及將更多的想"
-"法組合成一件事。"
+"甚至可能有幾個這樣的專利同時涵蓋您的新藥,但不會有數百個。原å›
 æ˜¯ï¼Œæˆ‘們進行生"
+"化工程的能力非常有限,導致沒人知道如何結合這麼多想法來製é€
 å‡ºå°é†«å­¸æœ‰ç”¨çš„東"
+"西。如果您可以將å…
¶ä¸­çš„幾個結合使用,那麼就我們的知識水準而言,您做得很好。但"
+"是其他領域則涉及將更多的想法組合成一件事。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1557,10 +1531,10 @@
 "that our field is fundamentally easier, because we're working with "
 "mathematics."
 msgstr ""
-"在光譜的另一端是軟體,因為我們的領域,比所有其他é 
˜åŸŸéƒ½å®¹æ˜“將更多"
-"的想法組合成一個可用的設計。我認為我們é 
˜åŸŸä¸­çš„人的智力與物理工程"
-"中的人的智力相同。並不是說我們本質上比他們更強。這是å›
 ç‚ºæˆ‘們在從"
-"事數學工作,因此從根本上來說,我們的領域更加簡單。"
+"在光譜的另一端是軟體,因為我們的領域,比所有其他é 
˜åŸŸéƒ½å®¹æ˜“將更多的想法組合成"
+"一個可用的設計。我認為我們é 
˜åŸŸä¸­çš„人的智力與物理工程中的人的智力相同。並不是"
+"說我們本質上比他們更強。這是因
為我們在從事數學工作,因此從根本上來說,我們的"
+"領域更加簡單。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1572,14 +1546,10 @@
 "fixed.  [Whereas] we [programmers] can make a castle that rests on a "
 "mathematically thin line, and it stays up because nothing weighs anything."
 msgstr ""
-"程式由具有定義的數學元件組成,是有定義的,"
-"而物理物件沒有定義。物質自有其運作方式,因"
-"此,透過物質的變化,您的設計可能無法按其「"
-"應有的」運作方式進行。這很難。您不能說這件"
-"事有問題,而宇宙應該被修復。(而)我們(程"
-"式設計師)可以製造一座位於數學的細線上的城"
-"堡,並且由於沒有任何實際的重量,所以它可以"
-"保持不動。"
+"程式由具有定義的數學å…
ƒä»¶çµ„成,是有定義的,而物理物件沒有定義。物質自有å…
¶é‹ä½œ"
+"方式,因此,透過物質的變化,您的設計可能無法按å…
¶ã€Œæ‡‰æœ‰çš„」運作方式進行。這很"
+"難。您不能說這件事有問題,而宇宙應該被修復。(而)我們(程式設計師)可以製é€
 "
+"一座位於數學的細線上的城å 
¡ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”由於沒有任何實際的重量,所以它可以保持不動。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1591,9 +1561,7 @@
 msgid ""
 "For instance, when I put an <code>if</code>-statement inside of a "
 "<code>while</code>-loop,"
-msgstr ""
-"例如,當我將 <code>if</code> 陳述放"
-"入 <code>while</code> 迴圈內時:"
+msgstr "例如,當我將 <code>if</code> 陳述放入 <code>while</code> 
迴圈內時:"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
 msgid ""
@@ -1601,9 +1569,8 @@
 "wrong rate, the <code>if</code>-statement might start to vibrate and it "
 "might resonate and crack;"
 msgstr ""
-"我不必擔心,如果這種 <code>while</code> 迴圈以"
-"錯誤的速率重複,<code>if</code> 陳述可能開始振"
-"動,並且可能引起共振與破裂;"
+"我不必擔心,如果這種 <code>while</code> 
迴圈以錯誤的速率重複,<code>if</"
+"code> 陳述可能開始振動,並且可能引起共振與破裂;"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
 msgid ""
@@ -1611,9 +1578,8 @@
 "millions of times per second&mdash;that it might generate radio frequency "
 "signals that might induce wrong values in other parts of the program;"
 msgstr ""
-"我不必擔心,如果它能以更快的速度共振(也許是"
-"每秒數百萬次)它可能會產生無線電波訊號,從而"
-"可能在程式的其他部分產生錯誤的數值;"
+"我不必擔心,如果它能以更快的速度å…
±æŒ¯ï¼ˆä¹Ÿè¨±æ˜¯æ¯ç§’數百萬次)它可能會產生無線電"
+"波訊號,從而可能在程式的其他部分產生錯誤的數值;"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
 msgid ""
@@ -1621,9 +1587,8 @@
 "in between the <code>if</code>-statement and the <code>while</code>-"
 "statement and start eating away at them until the signals don't pass anymore;"
 msgstr ""
-"我不必擔心環境中的腐蝕性流體可能會"
-"滲入 <code>if</code> 陳述與 <code>while</code> 陳述"
-"之間,並開始吞噬它們,導致訊號不再通過;"
+"我不必擔心環境中的腐蝕性流體可能會滲入 <code>if</code> 
陳述與 <code>while</"
+"code> 陳述之間,並開始吞噬它們,導致訊號不再通過;"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
 msgid ""
@@ -1631,9 +1596,8 @@
 "statement is going to get out through the <code>while</code>-statement so "
 "that it doesn't make the <code>if</code>-statement burn out; and"
 msgstr ""
-"我不必擔心 <code>if</code> 陳述產生的熱量"
-"如何透過 <code>while</code> 陳述散發出去"
-",從而不會使 <code>if</code> 陳述能量耗盡;以及"
+"我不必擔心 <code>if</code> 陳述產生的熱量如何透過 
<code>while</code> 陳述散發"
+"出去,從而不會使 <code>if</code> 陳述能量耗盡;以及"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
 msgid ""
@@ -1641,9 +1605,8 @@
 "statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and replace it with another "
 "<code>if</code>-statement to make the program run again."
 msgstr ""
-"我不必擔心如果其破裂、燃燒或腐蝕,我要如何"
-"取出損毀的 <code>if</code> 陳述,並用另一"
-"個 <code>if</code> 陳述替換以讓程式再度執行。"
+"我不必擔心如果其破裂、燃燒或è…
è•ï¼Œæˆ‘要如何取出損毀的 <code>if</code> 陳述,並"
+"用另一個 <code>if</code> 陳述替換以讓程式再度執行。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1653,9 +1616,8 @@
 "copies of my program, because there are various general commands that will "
 "make copies of anything."
 msgstr ""
-"對於這個問題,每次我製作程式副本時,我不必擔心如何"
-"將 <code>if</code> 陳述放入 <code>while</code> 中。"
-"我不需要設計一個工廠來複製我的程式,因為有各種一般"
+"對於這個問題,每次我製作程式副本時,我不必
擔心如何將 <code>if</code> 陳述放"
+"入 <code>while</code> 中。我不需要設計一個工廠
來複製我的程式,因為有各種一般"
 "的指令能夠複製任何東西。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1666,11 +1628,10 @@
 "they'll duplicate whatever I send them.  I don't have to design a different "
 "factory for each thing I want to duplicate."
 msgstr ""
-"如果我想在 CD 
上製作一份副本,我只需要編寫一份母片;而且"
-"有程式可以(用來)從任何東西中製作母片,寫å…
¥æˆ‘想要的任何"
-"資料。我可以製作一份母片 CD,將我的程式寫入,並將å…
¶å¯„送"
-"給工廠,然後他們就會複製我給他們的任何內容。我不必
為了我"
-"想複製的每樣東西設計不同的工廠。"
+"如果我想在 CD 
上製作一份副本,我只需要編寫一份母片;而且有程式可以(用來)從"
+"任何東西中製作母片,寫å…
¥æˆ‘想要的任何資料。我可以製作一份母片 CD,將我的程式寫"
+"入,並將其寄送給工廠
,然後他們就會複製我給他們的任何內容。我不必
為了我想複製"
+"的每樣東西設計不同的工廠。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1681,10 +1642,9 @@
 "to be able to put together so many different ideas in one product and have "
 "it work."
 msgstr ""
-"在物理工程中,很多時候您必須這樣做:您必é 
ˆè¨­è¨ˆæœ‰å¯è£½é€ æ€§"
-"的產品。設計工廠
甚至可能比設計產品更重要,然後您可能需要"
-"花費數百萬美元來建造工廠。 因此,面對這些所有麻ç…
©ï¼Œæ‚¨å°‡ç„¡"
-"法將這麼多不同的想法放在一個產品中,並讓它發揮作用。"
+"在物理工程中,很多時候您必須這樣做:您必é 
ˆè¨­è¨ˆæœ‰å¯è£½é€ æ€§çš„產品。設計工廠甚至"
+"可能比設計產品更重要,然後您可能需要花費數百萬美å…
ƒä¾†å»ºé€ å·¥å» ã€‚ 因此,面對這些"
+"所有麻ç…
©ï¼Œæ‚¨å°‡ç„¡æ³•å°‡é€™éº¼å¤šä¸åŒçš„想法放在一個產品中,並讓它發揮作用。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1696,12 +1656,10 @@
 "people in any other field who are being held back by the perversity of "
 "matter."
 msgstr ""
-"具有一百萬個不重複不同設計元素的物理設計是一個"
-"巨大的專案。但若是一個包含一百萬種不同設計元素"
-"的程式不算什麼。這只是幾十萬行程式碼,幾個人在"
-"幾年後就能寫出來,所以沒什麼大不了的。因此,結"
-"果導致專利制度對我們的影響比任何其他領域的人都"
-"重,這些人則是受到物質上的阻礙。"
+"具有一百萬個不重複不同設計元素
的物理設計是一個巨大的專案。但若是一個包含一百"
+"萬種不同設計元素
的程式不算什麼。這只是幾十萬行程式碼,幾個人在幾年後就能寫出"
+"來,所以沒什麼大不了的。因
此,結果導致專利制度對我們的影響比任何其他領域的人"
+"都重,這些人則是受到物質上的阻礙。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1716,14 +1674,12 @@
 "accurate information is available, since trying to figure it out would be a "
 "gigantic task."
 msgstr ""
-"一位律師對一個特定的大型程式進行了研究,亦即 Linux æ 
¸å¿ƒï¼Œ"
-"它與我推出的 GNU 作業系統一起使用。距今五年前;他發現"
-"了 283 項不同的美國專利,每項專利似乎都在某些地方禁"
-"止 Linux 程式碼進行某些運算。當時我看到一篇文章"
-"說 Linux 占整個系統的 0.25%。因此,透過計算將 300 乘"
-"以 400,我們可以估計專利的數量,整個系統將禁止的東西"
-"大約會有 10 萬項。這只是一個非常粗略的估計,沒有更準"
-"確的資訊可用,因為試圖找出答會將是艱鉅的任務。"
+"一位律師對一個特定的大型程式進行了研究,亦即 Linux æ 
¸å¿ƒï¼Œå®ƒèˆ‡æˆ‘推出的 GNU 作"
+"業系統一起使用。距今五年前;他發現了 283 項
不同的美國專利,每項專利似乎都在某"
+"些地方禁止 Linux 
程式碼進行某些運算。當時我看到一篇文章說 Linux 占
整個系統的 "
+"0.25%。因此,透過計算將 300 乘以 
400,我們可以估計專利的數量,整個系統將禁止"
+"的東西大約會有 10 萬項
。這只是一個非常粗略的估計,沒有更準確的資訊可用,因
為"
+"試圖找出答會將是艱鉅的任務。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1733,10 +1689,9 @@
 "hurt them; he wanted to demonstrate how bad this problem is, of patent "
 "gridlock."
 msgstr ""
-"現在,這位律師沒有公佈專利清單,因為這將"
-"危及 Linux 核心的開發者,讓他們處於如果被"
-"起訴將受到更嚴重懲罰的境地。他不想傷害他"
-"們;他想證明這個專利僵局的問題有多嚴重。"
+"現在,這位律師沒有公佈專利清單,因為這將危及 Linux æ 
¸å¿ƒçš„開發者,讓他們處於如"
+"果被起訴將受到更嚴重懲罰的境地。他不想傷害他們;他想證明這個專利僵局的問題有"
+"多嚴重。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1750,23 +1705,18 @@
 "false&mdash;so how do we give them a clue what patents would really do? What "
 "they really do in countries like the US?"
 msgstr ""
-"程式設計師可以立刻理解這一點,但政治人物通常對"
-"程式設計所知甚少;他們通常認為專利基本上很像著"
-"作權,只是在某種程度上更強大。他們想像,既然軟"
-"體開發者不會受到作品著作權的危害,他們也不會受"
-"到作品專利的危害。他們想像,因為當你寫出一個程"
-"式,你有著作權,(因此)如果你寫了一個程式,你"
-"也會擁有專利。這是錯誤的 —— 那麼,我們如何讓他"
-"們知道專利到底會做什麼呢?他們在像美國這樣的國"
-"家真正想做什麼?"
+"程式設計師可以立刻理解這一點,但政治人物通常對程式設計所知甚少;他們通常認為"
+"專利基本上很像著作權,只是在某種程度上更強大。他們想像,既然軟體開發è€
…不會受"
+"到作品著作權的危害,他們也不會受到作品專利的危害。他們想像,å›
 ç‚ºç•¶ä½ å¯«å‡ºä¸€å€‹"
+"程式,你有著作權,(因此)如果你寫了一個程式,你
也會擁有專利。這是錯誤的 —— "
+"那麼,我們如何讓他們知道專利到底會做什麼呢?他們在像美國這樣的國家真正想做什"
+"麼?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "I find it's useful to make an analogy between software and symphonies.  "
 "Here's why it's a good analogy."
-msgstr ""
-"我發現以交響樂來做軟體的類比很有用。"
-"這裡有一個不錯的類比。"
+msgstr 
"我發現以交響樂來做軟體的類比很有用。這裡有一個不錯的類比。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1778,12 +1728,10 @@
 "can't hear that [list].  You have to write notes which implement all these "
 "ideas together."
 msgstr ""
-"一個程式或交響樂結合了許多想法。交響樂融合了許多音樂"
-"想法。但是您不能只挑出一å 
†æƒ³æ³•èªªï¼šã€Œé€™æ˜¯æˆ‘的想法組合"
-",您喜歡嗎?」因為為了讓它們起作用,您必須å…
¨éƒ¨éƒ½å¯¦ç¾"
-"。你
不能只挑選一些音樂思想並列出它們,然後說:「嘿,"
-"你喜歡這個組合嗎?」您聽不到那個(清單)。 您必é 
ˆå¯«æ¨‚"
-"譜,將這些想法結合並實現。"
+"一個程式或交響樂結合了許多想法。交響樂融合了許多音樂想法。但是您不能只挑出一"
+"堆想法說:「這是我的想法組合,您喜歡嗎?」因
為為了讓它們起作用,您必須全部都"
+"實現。你
不能只挑選一些音樂思想並列出它們,然後說:「嘿,你
喜歡這個組合嗎?」"
+"您聽不到那個(清單)。 您必é 
ˆå¯«æ¨‚譜,將這些想法結合並實現。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1794,11 +1742,10 @@
 "talent.  That's the thing that limits you.  I could probably invent a few "
 "musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how to use them to any effect."
 msgstr ""
-"其中艱鉅的任務,我們大多數人不擅長的事情
,是編寫所有的"
-"樂譜,讓整體聽起來不錯。當然,我們很多人可以從清
單中挑"
-"選出音樂想法,但我們不知道如何寫好聽的交響樂來實現這些"
-"想法。只有我們中的一些人有這種天賦。這是限制你
的東西。"
-"我也許可以發明一些音樂創意,但我不知道如何使用它們。"
+"其中艱鉅的任務,我們大多數人不擅長的事情
,是編寫所有的樂譜,讓整體聽起來不"
+"錯。當然,我們很多人可以從清
單中挑選出音樂想法,但我們不知道如何寫好聽的交響"
+"樂來實現這些想法。只有我們中的一些人有這種天賦。這是限制ä½
 çš„東西。我也許可以"
+"發明一些音樂創意,但我不知道如何使用它們。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1807,9 +1754,8 @@
 "system of musical idea patents, so that any musical idea described in words "
 "could be patented."
 msgstr ""
-"試想一下,如果現在是1700年代,歐洲各國政府決定"
-"透過建立一個音樂理念專利制度來促進交響樂的進步"
-",以便任何用語言描述的音樂想法都能獲得專利。"
+"試想一下,如果現在是1700年代,歐洲各國政府決定透過建立一個音樂理念專利制度來"
+"促進交響樂的進步,以便任何用語言描述的音樂想法都能獲得專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1820,12 +1766,9 @@
 "sort of musical idea that could be described in words would have been "
 "patentable."
 msgstr ""
-"例如,使用特定的音符順序作為主題可以申請"
-"專利,或是和弦進行可以申請專利,或是有節"
-"奏的模式可以申請專利,或是使用某些樂器本"
-"身可以申請專利,或者可以在行動中重複的格"
-"式可以申請專利。任何可以用語言描述的音樂"
-"想法都是可以申請專利的。"
+"例如,使用特定的音符é 
†åºä½œç‚ºä¸»é¡Œå¯ä»¥ç”³è«‹å°ˆåˆ©ï¼Œæˆ–是和弦進行可以申請專利,或是"
+"有節奏的模式可以申請專利,或是使用某些樂器本身可以申請專利,或è€
…可以在行動中"
+"重複的æ 
¼å¼å¯ä»¥ç”³è«‹å°ˆåˆ©ã€‚任何可以用語言描述的音樂想法都是可以申請專利的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1837,12 +1780,10 @@
 "jealous because we had these ideas first.  Why don't you go and think of "
 "some ideas of your own?&rdquo;"
 msgstr ""
-"然後想像一下,現在是1800年,你是貝多芬,你想寫"
-"交響樂。你會發現寫一首你不會被起訴的交響樂比寫"
-"一首聽起來不錯的交響樂要困難得多,因為你必須繞"
-"開所有存在的專利。如果你抱怨這一點,專利持有人"
-"會說:「哦,貝多芬,你只是嫉妒,因為我們先有這"
-"些想法。你為什麼不去想一些你自己的想法呢?」"
+"然後想像一下,現在是1800年,你是貝多芬,你
想寫交響樂。你會發現寫一首你不會被"
+"起訴的交響樂比寫一首聽起來不錯的交響樂要困難得多,因
為你必須繞開所有存在的專"
+"利。如果你
抱怨這一點,專利持有人會說:「哦,貝多芬,你
只是嫉妒,因為我們先有"
+"這些想法。你為什麼不去想一些你自己的想法呢?」"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1854,12 +1795,10 @@
 "ideas.  And the result was a piece that was controversial, but not so much "
 "so that people couldn't get used to it."
 msgstr ""
-"那現在貝多芬有自己的想法。他之所以被認為是一位偉大的"
-"作曲家,是因
為他擁有的所有新想法,而且他實際上也使用"
-"了。他知道如何使用它們使之能實現,就是將他們與許多眾"
-"所周知的想法結合。他可以把一些新的想法與許多老的與沒"
-"有爭議的想法一起譜成一曲。結果卻是一部有爭議的作品,"
-"但並非讓人們無法接受它。"
+"那現在貝多芬有自己的想法。他之所以被認為是一位偉大的作曲家,是å›
 ç‚ºä»–擁有的所"
+"有新想法,而且他實際上也使用了。他知道如何使用它們使之能實現,就是將他們與許"
+"多眾所周知的想法結合。他可以把一些新的想法與許多老的與沒有爭議的想法一起譜成"
+"一曲。結果卻是一部有爭議的作品,但並非讓人們無法接受它。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1873,13 +1812,12 @@
 "from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that "
 "people want to use."
 msgstr ""
-"對我們來說,貝多芬的音樂聽起來沒有爭議;當它是新的時候,有人"
-"這樣告訴我。但是,由於他把他的新想法與許多已知的想法結合起來"
-",他能讓人們有機會在一定的程度上擴展。而人們確實可以,這就是"
-"為什麼這些想法聽起來很好。但是,沒有人,即使是貝多芬,是一個"
-"可以從零重塑音樂的天才,不使用任何眾所周知的想法,並作出人們"
-"會想聽的東西。同樣沒有人是可以從零重塑運算的天才,不使用任何"
-"眾所周知的想法,並產生人們會想要使用的東西。"
+"對我們來說,貝多芬的音樂聽起來沒有爭議;當它是新的時候,有人這樣告訴我。但"
+"是,由於他把他的新想法與許多已知的想法結合起來,他能讓人們有機會在一定的程度"
+"上擴展。而人們確實可以,這就是為什麼這些想法聽起來很好。但是,沒有人,即使是"
+"貝多芬,是一個可以從零重塑音樂的天才,不使用任何眾所周知的想法,並作出人們會"
+"想聽的東西。同樣沒有人是可以從零重塑運算的天才,不使用任何眾所周知的想法,並"
+"產生人們會想要使用的東西。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1892,12 +1830,10 @@
 "will continue to change, creating fresh opportunities for somebody to get "
 "patents that give the shaft to the whole field."
 msgstr ""
-"當技術環境如此é 
»ç¹åœ°è®ŠåŒ–時,您最終會遇到二十年前所做的事情"
-"完全不夠的狀況。二十年前沒有å…
¨çƒè³‡è¨Šç¶²ã€‚所以,當然,當時人"
-"們用電腦做了很多事情,但是他們今天想做的事情是能與å…
¨çƒè³‡è¨Š"
-"網一起使用的事情。你
不能只使用二十年前已知的想法。而我相信"
-"技術環境將繼續改變,為某人獲得新的創造
專利機會,為整個領域"
-"提供動力。"
+"當技術環境如此é 
»ç¹åœ°è®ŠåŒ–時,您最終會遇到二十年前所做的事情完全不夠
的狀況。二"
+"十年前沒有全球資訊網。所以,當然,當時人們用電è…
¦åšäº†å¾ˆå¤šäº‹æƒ…,但是他們今天想"
+"做的事情是能與全球資訊網一起使用的事情。你
不能只使用二十年前已知的想法。而我"
+"相信技術環境將繼續改變,為某人獲得新的創造
專利機會,為整個領域提供動力。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1915,19 +1851,14 @@
 "politicians what's really going on here.  We need to show them why this is "
 "bad."
 msgstr ""
-"大公司甚至可以自己做這件事。例如,幾年前,"
-"微軟決定對文件制定一個虛假的公開標準,並透"
-"過破壞國際標準組織來將其作為標準獲得批准。"
-"但是他們使用微軟已經申請專利的東西來設計它"
-"。微軟夠大,它可以從專利開始,設計一種格式"
-"或協定來使用專利的想法(無論其是否有助益)"
-",如此,除非你也使用同樣的想法,否則沒有辦"
-"法相容。然後微軟可以在有或沒有被破壞的標準"
-"機構幫助的情況下制定出事實上的標準。僅僅以"
-"其市占率,它可以推動人們使用這種格式,這基"
-"本上意味著他們得到對整個世界的箝制。因此,"
-"我們需要向政治家們展示這裡到底發生了什麼。"
-"我們需要告訴他們為什麼這是不好的。"
+"大å…
¬å¸ç”šè‡³å¯ä»¥è‡ªå·±åšé€™ä»¶äº‹ã€‚例如,幾年前,微軟決定對文件制定一個虛假的å
…¬é–‹æ¨™"
+"準,並透過破壞國際標準組織來將å…
¶ä½œç‚ºæ¨™æº–獲得批准。但是他們使用微軟已經申請專"
+"利的東西來設計它。微軟夠
大,它可以從專利開始,設計一種格式或協定來使用專利的"
+"想法(無論其是否有助益),如此,除非你
也使用同樣的想法,否則沒有辦法相容。然"
+"後微軟可以在有或沒有被破壞的標準機構幫助的情
況下制定出事實上的標準。僅僅以其"
+"市占率,它可以推動人們使用這種æ 
¼å¼ï¼Œé€™åŸºæœ¬ä¸Šæ„å‘³è‘—他們得到對整個世界的箝制。"
+"因
此,我們需要向政治家們展示這裡到底發生了什麼。我們需要告訴他們為什麼這是不"
+"好的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1936,10 +1867,8 @@
 "restrict everyone in the country so that one company will make more money is "
 "the absolute opposite of statesmanship."
 msgstr ""
-"現在我聽說紐西蘭考慮軟體專利的原因是,"
-"一家大公司希望獲得一些壟斷,限制國內的"
-"每個人,讓一家公司賺更多的錢。這與政治"
-"家精神完全相反。"
+"現在我聽說紐西蘭考慮軟體專利的原因是,一家大å…
¬å¸å¸Œæœ›ç²å¾—一些壟斷,限制國內的"
+"每個人,讓一家公司賺更多的錢。這與政治家精神完å…
¨ç›¸åã€‚"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid "So, at this point, I'd like to ask for questions."
@@ -1966,11 +1895,9 @@
 "Software patents don't solve a real problem, so we don't need to ask what "
 "other solution is there."
 msgstr ""
-"不要有軟體專利。我知道這樣仍能運作良好。我在這個é 
˜åŸŸæ™‚"
-"還沒有軟體專利。這代表了人們開發軟體,並以各種方式散佈"
-"軟體,而不必擔心被專利持有人起訴,所以他們是安å…
¨çš„。軟"
-"體專利無法解決真正的問題,所以我們不需要問還有什麼å…
¶ä»–"
-"解決方案。"
+"不要有軟體專利。我知道這樣仍能運作良好。我在這個é 
˜åŸŸæ™‚還沒有軟體專利。這代表"
+"了人們開發軟體,並以各種方式散佈軟體,而不必
擔心被專利持有人起訴,所以他們是"
+"安å…
¨çš„。軟體專利無法解決真正的問題,所以我們不需要問還有什麼å
…¶ä»–解決方案。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "How do the developers get rewarded?"
@@ -1982,9 +1909,8 @@
 "you're a software developer, software patents don't help you get whatever "
 "you want to get."
 msgstr ""
-"有很多方法。但軟體專利與此無關。請記住,如果"
-"您是軟體開發者,軟體專利無法協助您取得任何您"
-"想要取得的東西。"
+"有很多方法。但軟體專利與此無關。請記住,如果您是軟體開發è€
…,軟體專利無法協助"
+"您取得任何您想要取得的東西。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -1993,10 +1919,9 @@
 "using computers in freedom.  And I got that reward, although not totally, "
 "not everybody has freedom.  But software patents would only have stopped me."
 msgstr ""
-"不同的軟體開發者想要不同的東西。 我在1980年代開發了"
-"一些重要的軟體,我想要的回報是看到人們在自由地使用"
-"電腦。而我得到了這個回報,雖然不夠完整,不是每個人"
-"都有自由。但是軟體專利只會阻止我的目標。"
+"不同的軟體開發者想要不同的東西。 
我在1980年代開發了一些重要的軟體,我想要的回"
+"報是看到人們在自由地使用電腦。而我得到了這個回å 
±ï¼Œé›–然不夠完整,不是每個人都"
+"有自由。但是軟體專利只會阻止我的目標。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2005,10 +1930,8 @@
 "make any money if patent holders demand that you give it all to them, or if "
 "they make you shut down."
 msgstr ""
-"其他人開發程式是因為他們想要錢。軟體專利"
-"同樣威脅著他們,並且仍然威脅著他們,因為"
-"如果專利持有人要求你全部交給他們,或者如"
-"果他們要你關門,你就賺不到錢。"
+"其他人開發程式是因為他們想要錢。軟體專利同樣威脅
著他們,並且仍然威脅著他們,"
+"因為如果專利持有人要求你全部交給他們,或者
如果他們要你關門,你就賺不到錢。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "How do you prevent plagiarism and still&hellip;"
@@ -2026,9 +1949,8 @@
 "yourself.  But patents are not concerned with the text of any particular "
 "work.  They simply have nothing to do with this."
 msgstr ""
-"抄襲是指複製作品的文字,並聲稱是自己寫的。"
-"但是專利與任何特定作品的文字無關。它們根本"
-"與此事無關。"
+"抄襲是指複製作品的文字,並聲稱是自己寫的。但是專利與任何特定作品的文字無關。"
+"它們根本與此事無關。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2039,11 +1961,10 @@
 "even have to worry [about plagiarism]; long before you get to the point "
 "where somebody else might copy it, you're going to be getting the shaft."
 msgstr ""
-"如果你
寫一部作品,而這部作品體現了一些想法,而它總是這樣,"
-"那麼沒有理由認為涵蓋這些想法的專利將屬於你。å…
¶æ›´æœ‰å¯èƒ½å±¬æ–¼"
-"其他很多人,其中一半屬於大型å…
¬å¸ï¼Œç„¶å¾Œä»–們都可以起訴你。所"
-"以你甚至不用擔心(抄襲);早在你
到達別人可能複製它的地步之"
-"前,你就會受害。"
+"如果你
寫一部作品,而這部作品體現了一些想法,而它總是這樣,那麼沒有理由認為涵"
+"蓋這些想法的專利將屬於你。其更有可能屬於å…
¶ä»–很多人,其中一半屬於大型公司,然"
+"後他們都可以起訴你。所以你
甚至不用擔心(抄襲);早在你到達別人可能複製它的地"
+"步之前,你就會受害。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2056,14 +1977,11 @@
 "you; but if your code implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, "
 "those patents belong to others who could then sue you."
 msgstr ""
-"您大概把專利和著作權混淆了。它們沒有什麼共同點。"
-"我已經向您解釋了專利制度對軟體的影響,但我認為您"
-"不相信我,因為您聽說過著作權做了什麼,而您混淆了"
-"兩者。所以您有對於著作權的印象,您只是假設專利也"
-"作一樣的事 —— 但並非如此。如果您寫一些程式碼,"
-"該程式碼的著作權將屬於您;但是,如果您的程式碼實"
-"現的想法,其中有一些想法是屬於專利的,那麼這些專"
-"利屬於可以起訴您的人。"
+"您大概把專利和著作權混淆了。它們沒有什麼å…
±åŒé»žã€‚我已經向您解釋了專利制度對軟"
+"體的影響,但我認為您不相信我,因
為您聽說過著作權做了什麼,而您混淆了兩者。所"
+"以您有對於著作權的印象,您只是假設專利也作一樣的事 
—— 但並非如此。如果您寫一"
+"些程式碼,該程式碼的著作權將屬於您;但是,如果您的程式碼實現的想法,å
…¶ä¸­æœ‰ä¸€"
+"些想法是屬於專利的,那麼這些專利屬於可以起訴您的人。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2077,12 +1995,11 @@
 "so it has nothing in common with patent law in terms of what it deals with, "
 "and the effects are totally different."
 msgstr ""
-"如果是您自己寫的程式碼,你不必
害怕別人有著作權可以起訴你,"
-"因為著作權只限制複製。事實上,即使你
寫的東西與別人寫的一模"
-"一樣,如果你能證明你
沒有複製它,這就可以做為著作權法規的辯"
-"詞,因
為著作權法只涉及複製。但著作權法只涉及作品的創作細節"
-"(而不是它所體現的想法),因此就其所處理的å…
§å®¹è€Œè¨€ï¼Œå®ƒèˆ‡å°ˆ"
-"利法沒有任何共同之處,而且效果完全不同。"
+"如果是您自己寫的程式碼,你不必
害怕別人有著作權可以起訴你,因為著作權只限制複"
+"製。事實上,即使你寫的東西與別人寫的一模一樣,如果你
能證明你沒有複製它,這就"
+"可以做為著作權法規的辯詞,因
為著作權法只涉及複製。但著作權法只涉及作品的創作"
+"細節(而不是它所體現的想法),因此就其所處理的å…
§å®¹è€Œè¨€ï¼Œå®ƒèˆ‡å°ˆåˆ©æ³•æ²’有任何共"
+"同之處,而且效果完全不同。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2092,10 +2009,9 @@
 "software, it means that you have got a completely wrong picture of what "
 "patent law actually does."
 msgstr ""
-"目前我個人不贊成人們使用著作權法所做的一切,"
-"我已經批評過了。但這是一個完全不同的,無關的"
-"問題。如果您認為專利法對開發軟體的人有所幫助"
-",這代表了您已經完全理解錯了專利法的實際作用。"
+"目前我個人不贊成人們使用著作權法所做的一切,我已經批評過了。但這是一個完å
…¨ä¸"
+"同的,無關的問題。如果您認為專利法對開發軟體的人有所幫助,這代表了您已經完å
…¨"
+"理解錯了專利法的實際作用。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "Don't get me wrong.  I'm on your side."
@@ -2112,16 +2028,15 @@
 "If I'm writing software for commercial purposes, do I get good protection by "
 "treating it as a black box and keeping it secret?"
 msgstr ""
-"如果我正為商業目的編寫軟體,我是否可以透過將其視為"
-"黑盒子並將其保密來獲得良好的保護?"
+"如果我正為商業目的編寫軟體,我是否可以透過將å…
¶è¦–為黑盒子並將其保密來獲得良好"
+"的保護?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
 "I don't want to discuss that question because I'm not in favor of it, I "
 "think it's unethical to do that, but that's an unrelated issue."
 msgstr ""
-"我不想討論這個問題, 因為我不贊成,我認為"
-"這是不道德的,但這是一個無關的問題。"
+"我不想討論這個問題, 因
為我不贊成,我認為這是不道德的,但這是一個無關的問題。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "I understand that."
@@ -2132,8 +2047,8 @@
 "I don't want to change the subject and then praise something that I think is "
 "bad.  But because it's a change of subject I'd rather not get into that."
 msgstr ""
-"我不想轉移話題, 然後讚揚一些我認為不好的東西。"
-"但因為這是一個轉移話題,我寧願不談。"
+"我不想轉移話題, 然後讚揚一些我認為不好的東西。但因
為這是一個轉移話題,我寧願"
+"不談。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2143,10 +2058,9 @@
 "actively is that ideas that they have funded should be secured if possible "
 "by patents."
 msgstr ""
-"我們的研究、科學與技術基金會,我認為其可能相當於"
-"你們的國家科學基金會,為研究和發展提供資助,他們"
-"非常積極地提出一件事,亦即如果可能,他們資助的想"
-"法應該透過專利來保護。"
+"我們的研究、科學與技術基金會,我認為其可能相當於你
們的國家科學基金會,為研究"
+"和發展提供資助,他們非常積極地提出一件事,亦即如果可能,他們資助的想法應該透"
+"過專利來保護。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2157,11 +2071,10 @@
 "business, but when it becomes business above all, every aspect of life "
 "oriented towards business, that is dangerous."
 msgstr ""
-"對於軟體來說不該是如此,因
為軟體創意不應該被任何人申請專利。"
-"但更普遍的是,你在那裡看到的,是我們社會普遍è…
æ•—的一個例子,"
-"把商業目的置於一切之上。我並不是共產主義者
,我不想廢除商業,"
-"但是當它成為商業至上時,生活的方方面面都以商業為導向,這會相"
-"當危險。"
+"對於軟體來說不該是如此,因
為軟體創意不應該被任何人申請專利。但更普遍的是,你"
+"在那裡看到的,是我們社會普遍è…
æ•—的一個例子,把商業目的置於一切之上。我並不是"
+"共產主義者
,我不想廢除商業,但是當它成為商業至上時,生活的方方面面都以商業為"
+"導向,這會相當危險。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2169,24 +2082,22 @@
 "there are better ways for a small country like New Zealand to make money on "
 "software."
 msgstr ""
-"所以 Richard,如果您可以和基金會談談,也許你可以建議"
-"像紐西蘭這樣的小國有更好的方法透過軟體賺錢。"
+"所以 Richard,如果您可以和基金會談談,也許你
可以建議像紐西蘭這樣的小國有更好"
+"的方法透過軟體賺錢。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
 "Software patents don't help anybody make money out of software.  They mean "
 "that you're in danger of getting sued when you try."
 msgstr ""
-"軟體專利不能幫助任何人從軟體中賺錢。他們代表了,"
-"當您嘗試時,您有被起訴的危險。"
+"軟體專利不能幫助任何人從軟體中賺錢。他們代表了,當您嘗試時,您有被起訴的危"
+"險。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
 "Which makes it difficult for New Zealand as a country to build an economic "
 "base using software as part of that."
-msgstr ""
-"什麼讓紐西蘭很難以一個國家的身份使用軟體作為"
-"其經濟基礎的一部分?"
+msgstr "什麼讓紐西蘭很難以一個國家的身份使用軟體作為å…
¶ç¶“濟基礎的一部分?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2197,19 +2108,15 @@
 "of getting sued.  Software patents have nothing to do with developing a "
 "program and then putting it to some use."
 msgstr ""
-"抱歉,當您說「什麼」時,我不知道您指的是什麼。"
-"軟體專利會讓任何人都感到困難。如果紐西蘭允許軟"
-"體專利,那麼在紐西蘭任何人都將難以開發和分發程"
-"式,因為您將面臨被起訴的危險。軟體專利與開發程"
-"式然後投入使用無關。"
+"抱歉,當您說「什麼」時,我不知道您指的是什麼。軟體專利會讓任何人都感到困難。"
+"如果紐西蘭å…
è¨±è»Ÿé«”專利,那麼在紐西蘭任何人都將難以開發和分發程式,å›
 ç‚ºæ‚¨å°‡é¢"
+"臨被起訴的危險。軟體專利與開發程式然後投å…
¥ä½¿ç”¨ç„¡é—œã€‚"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
 "So New Zealand, in terms of its economic development, it would be better "
 "protected by having no software patents."
-msgstr ""
-"所以紐西蘭,在經濟發展方面,如果沒有"
-"軟體專利,會得到更好的保護。"
+msgstr 
"所以紐西蘭,在經濟發展方面,如果沒有軟體專利,會得到更好的保護。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2220,12 +2127,10 @@
 "for it over there.&rdquo; But other than that, each country has its own "
 "criteria for what can be patented and has its own set of patents."
 msgstr ""
-"是的。您看,每個國家都有自己的專利制度,都是獨立"
-"運作的,除非國家簽署了一個條約,上面寫著:「如果"
-"你在那個國家獲得了專利,你基本上可以把你的申請帶"
-"來這裡,我們會根據你在那邊申請的年份來判斷。」但"
-"除此之外,每個國家都有自己的專利標準,並擁有自己"
-"的專利組合。"
+"是的。您看,每個國家都有自己的專利制度,都是獨立運作的,除非國家簽署了一個條"
+"約,上面寫著:「如果你在那個國家獲得了專利,你
基本上可以把你的申請帶來這裡,"
+"我們會根據你
在那邊申請的年份來判斷。」但除此之外,每個國家都有自己的專利標"
+"準,並擁有自己的專利組合。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2238,14 +2143,11 @@
 "use them to basically kick any New Zealand software developers whenever they "
 "get the chance."
 msgstr ""
-"所以結果是,如果美國允許軟體專利而紐西蘭不允許,"
-"那就意味著世界上每個人,包括紐西蘭人,都可以取得"
-"美國的軟體專利,並在國內起訴我們這些可憐的美國人"
-"。但是,如果紐西蘭不允許軟體專利,那意味著您和我"
-"們都無法獲得紐西蘭軟體專利來起訴在國內的紐西蘭人"
-"。可以肯定的是,幾乎所有的軟體專利都屬於外國人,"
-"只要有機會,他們就會用它們基本上排除任何紐西蘭軟"
-"體開發者。"
+"所以結果是,如果美國允許軟體專利而紐西蘭不å…
è¨±ï¼Œé‚£å°±æ„å‘³è‘—世界上每個人,包括"
+"紐西蘭人,都可以取得美國的軟體專利,並在國å…
§èµ·è¨´æˆ‘們這些可憐的美國人。但是,"
+"如果紐西蘭不å…
è¨±è»Ÿé«”專利,那意味著您和我們都無法獲得紐西蘭軟體專利來起訴在國"
+"å…
§çš„紐西蘭人。可以肯定的是,幾乎所有的軟體專利都屬於外國人,只要有機會,他們"
+"就會用它們基本上排除任何紐西蘭軟體開發者。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s"
@@ -2260,8 +2162,8 @@
 "But basically New Zealand's had software patents.  It's not like we're going "
 "into a field where we don't already have them, we do."
 msgstr ""
-"但基本上紐西蘭目前擁有軟體專利。所以這並非我們要進å…
¥"
-"一個我們還沒有這些東西的領域,我們正處在其中。"
+"但基本上紐西蘭目前擁有軟體專利。所以這並非我們要進å…
¥ä¸€å€‹æˆ‘們還沒有這些東西的"
+"領域,我們正處在其中。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2269,9 +2171,8 @@
 "legislative level of whether to allow them.  But Patent Offices often "
 "respond to lobbying from megacorporations through WIPO."
 msgstr ""
-"我不知道,但有人告訴我,現在正在立法層面"
-"做出是否允許它們的決定。但專利局經常對大"
-"公司透過 WIPO 的遊說做出回應。"
+"我不知道,但有人告訴我,現在正在立法層面做出是否å…
è¨±å®ƒå€‘的決定。但專利局經常"
+"對大公司透過 WIPO 的遊說做出回應。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2282,11 +2183,10 @@
 "resort destinations for training.  What they train them to do is twist the "
 "law to allow patents in areas where they're not supposed to be allowed."
 msgstr ""
-"WIPO(World Intellectual Property Organization —— 世界智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šçµ„織)"
-",一事無成,因為任何使用該術語(譯者註:應是指智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šï¼‰çš„行為都會造"
-"成混淆。WIPO 從大å…
¬å¸è™•ç²å¾—大量資金,並利用這些資金將專利局的官員帶到"
-"田園詩般的度假勝地接受培訓。他們訓練他們做的是扭曲法律,å
…è¨±åœ¨ä¸æ‡‰è©²è¢«"
-"允許的領域獲得專利。"
+"WIPO(World Intellectual Property Organization —— 世界智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šçµ„織),一事"
+"無成,因為任何使用該術語(譯者註:應是指智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šï¼‰çš„行為都會造成混淆。WIPO "
+"從大å…
¬å¸è™•ç²å¾—大量資金,並利用這些資金將專利局的官員帶到田園詩般的度假勝地接"
+"受培訓。他們訓練他們做的是扭曲法律,允許在不應該被å…
è¨±çš„領域獲得專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2297,11 +2197,9 @@
 "criteria which if interpreted naturally would rule out software patents, but "
 "the patent offices twist the law to allow them anyway."
 msgstr ""
-"在許多地區,法律和法院判決規定,軟體本身不能獲得專利,"
-"演算法不能獲得專利,或者
「數學」演算法不能獲得專利(沒"
-"有人能完全確定演算法是不是數學),以及各種å…
¶ä»–標準,在"
-"自然解釋下將排除軟體專利,但專利局扭曲了法律,無論如何"
-"都允許它們。"
+"在許多地區,法律和法院判決規定,軟體本身不能獲得專利,演算法不能獲得專利,或"
+"者「數學」演算法不能獲得專利(沒有人能完å…
¨ç¢ºå®šæ¼”算法是不是數學),以及各種其"
+"他標準,在自然解釋下將排除軟體專利,但專利局扭曲了法律,無論如何都å
…è¨±å®ƒå€‘。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2314,14 +2212,11 @@
 "would like to patent&rdquo;, but really it's just patenting certain software "
 "on a computer.  There are many subterfuges that they've used."
 msgstr ""
-"例如,許多實際上是軟體專利的東西的形式是,"
-"它們描述了一個涉及 CPU、記憶體、輸入/輸出"
-"裝置、擷取指令的裝置,以及執行此特定計算方"
-"法的系統。實際上,他們已經明確地將一個普通"
-"電腦上的所有元件都寫入了專利,然後他們說:"
-"「嗯,這是一個我們想要申請專利的物理系統。」"
-"但實際上它只是為電腦上的某些軟體申請了專利"
-"。他們使用了許多詭計。"
+"例如,許多實際上是軟體專利的東西的形式是,它們描述了一個涉及
 CPU、記憶體、輸"
+"å…
¥ï¼è¼¸å‡ºè£ç½®ã€æ“·å–指令的裝置,以及執行此特定計算方法的系統。實際上,他們已經"
+"明確地將一個普通電腦上的所有元件都寫å…
¥äº†å°ˆåˆ©ï¼Œç„¶å¾Œä»–們說:「嗯,這是一個我們"
+"想要申請專利的物理系統。」但實際上它只是為電è…
¦ä¸Šçš„某些軟體申請了專利。他們使"
+"用了許多詭計。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2335,15 +2230,11 @@
 "Supreme Court reverses it.  The Supreme Court is now considering it, and "
 "within less than a year we should find out whether we've won or lost."
 msgstr ""
-"專利局通常會試圖扭曲法律以允許更多專利。"
-"在美國,軟體專利是由法院於1982年在審理所"
-"有專利案件的上訴法院中建立x的,該法院誤解"
-"了最高法院前一年的判決並誤用了該判決。現"
-"在看來,上訴法院終於改變主意了,得出的結"
-"論是他們一直都是錯的;看起來這個決定將取"
-"消所有軟體專利,除非最高法院撤銷它。最高"
-"法院現在正在考慮,不到一年的時間,我們應"
-"該會知道我們是贏了還是輸了。"
+"專利局通常會試圖扭曲法律以å…
è¨±æ›´å¤šå°ˆåˆ©ã€‚在美國,軟體專利是由法院於1982年在審"
+"理所有專利案件的上訴法院中建立x的,該法院誤解了最高法院前一年的判決並誤用了該"
+"判決。現在看來,上訴法院終於改變主意了,得出的結論是他們一直都是錯的;看起來"
+"這個決定將取消所有軟體專利,除非最高法院撤銷它。最高法院現在正在考æ
…®ï¼Œä¸åˆ°ä¸€"
+"年的時間,我們應該會知道我們是贏了還是輸了。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2356,8 +2247,8 @@
 "Yes, and I been promoting this for about 19 years now.  It's a battle that "
 "we fight over and over in various different countries."
 msgstr ""
-"是的,我已經推廣了大約十九年了。這是一å 
´æˆ‘們在不同國家"
-"打過一遍又一遍地的戰鬥。"
+"是的,我已經推廣了大約十九年了。這是一å 
´æˆ‘們在不同國家打過一遍又一遍地的戰"
+"鬥。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "Where in your universe do you put the in I4i case?"
@@ -2372,8 +2263,7 @@
 "It's where Microsoft has basically almost had to shut down on selling Word, "
 "because they were found to have infringed a Canadian patent."
 msgstr ""
-"這是讓微軟幾乎不得不停止銷售 Word 的案件,"
-"因為他們被發現侵犯了加拿大的專利。"
+"這是讓微軟幾乎不得不停止銷售 Word 的案件,因
為他們被發現侵犯了加拿大的專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2383,10 +2273,9 @@
 "sue a software developer and say &ldquo;I won't let you distribute such "
 "software&rdquo;."
 msgstr ""
-"哦,那個。這只是一個例子,說明軟體專利對所有軟體開發è€
…"
-"的危害有多大。我不喜歡微軟的做法,但這是一個與此目的無"
-"關的議題。有人可以起訴軟體開發者並說:「我不會讓你
散佈"
-"這樣的軟體」是不好的。"
+"哦,那個。這只是一個例子,說明軟體專利對所有軟體開發è€
…的危害有多大。我不喜歡"
+"微軟的做法,但這是一個與此目的無關的議題。有人可以起訴軟體開發è€
…並說:「我不"
+"會讓你散佈這樣的軟體」是不好的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2395,10 +2284,9 @@
 "researchers to get around patents in the same way that copyright law allows "
 "research on copyright material?"
 msgstr ""
-"顯然,我們生活在一個不完美的世界中,在某些情況下,"
-"我們會遇到軟體專利問題。您認為我們是否應該像著作權"
-"法允許對有著作權的素材進行研究一樣,讓研究人員享有"
-"繞過專利的特權?"
+"顯然,我們生活在一個不完美的世界中,在某些情
況下,我們會遇到軟體專利問題。您"
+"認為我們是否應該像著作權法允許對有著作權的素材進行ç 
”究一樣,讓研究人員享有繞"
+"過專利的特權?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2413,13 +2301,11 @@
 "up on that.  Let me propose a partial solution.&rdquo; But these partial "
 "solutions don't make it safe to develop software."
 msgstr ""
-"不,尋找部分解決方案是錯誤的,因
為我們有更好的機會建立"
-"完整的解決方案。所有參與軟體開發、散佈和使用的人,除了"
-"大å…
¬å¸çš„那些人以外,看到軟體專利有多麼危險時,他們都會"
-"支持完全拒絕軟體專利。而某些特殊情
況的例外只會贏得該特"
-"殊情
況下人們的支持。這些部分解決方案本質上是干擾。人們"
-"開始說:「哦,我確定我們不能真正解決問題,所以我放棄了"
-"。讓我提出一個部分解決方案。」但是這些部分解決方案並不"
+"不,尋找部分解決方案是錯誤的,因
為我們有更好的機會建立完整的解決方案。所有參"
+"與軟體開發、散佈和使用的人,除了大å…
¬å¸çš„那些人以外,看到軟體專利有多麼危險"
+"時,他們都會支持完全拒絕軟體專利。而某些特殊情
況的例外只會贏得該特殊情況下人"
+"們的支持。這些部分解決方案本質上是干擾。人們開始說:「哦,我確定我們不能真正"
+"解決問題,所以我放棄了。讓我提出一個部分解決方案。」但是這些部分解決方案並不"
 "能保證開發軟體的安全。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -2428,9 +2314,8 @@
 "directed at software patents, so you wouldn't oppose experimental use, which "
 "may be a good solution for the pharmaceutical patent."
 msgstr ""
-"但是,您不會反對不一定只針對軟體專利的部分"
-"解決方案,因此您不會反對實驗性使用,這對於"
-"藥物專利來說可能是一個很好的解決方案。"
+"但是,您不會反對不一定只針對軟體專利的部分解決方案,å›
 æ­¤æ‚¨ä¸æœƒåå°å¯¦é©—性使"
+"用,這對於藥物專利來說可能是一個很好的解決方案。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "I wouldn't oppose that."
@@ -2450,9 +2335,8 @@
 "the mines in the minefield.&rdquo; [That's an improvement] but that doesn't "
 "make it safe."
 msgstr ""
-"一些只拯救我們幾個人,或者只拯救某些活動,或者擺脫"
-"一半軟體專利的東西,這就像是說:「好吧,也許我們可"
-"以清除部分地雷區,或者我們可以摧毀一半的地雷區。」 "
+"一些只拯救我們幾個人,或者只拯救某些活動,或者
擺脫一半軟體專利的東西,這就像"
+"是說:「好吧,也許我們可以清除部分地雷區,或者
我們可以摧毀一半的地雷區。」 "
 "(這是進步)但這並不會使其變得安全。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -2461,8 +2345,7 @@
 "uptake has there been? Have governments changed, or not adopted software "
 "patents?"
 msgstr ""
-"所以你在世界各地都在說同樣的話。被吸收了"
-"多少?政府是否更改或未採用軟體專利?"
+"所以你
在世界各地都在說同樣的話。被吸收了多少?政府是否更改或未採用軟體專利?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2476,14 +2359,11 @@
 "dead; there are companies that have full-time staff looking for some way "
 "they can subvert some country or other."
 msgstr ""
-"有些有。幾年前,印度曾試圖修改專利法,明確允許"
-"軟體專利,但被放棄了。幾年前,美國提出了與拉丁"
-"美洲的貿易條約,即自由剝削條約。它被巴西總統阻"
-"止,他對軟體專利和其他與電腦有關令人討厭的事說"
-"不,這導致整個條約終止。這顯然是美國整個想要強"
-"加給非洲大陸其他地區的事情。但這些東西不會結束"
-";有些公司擁有全職員工,正在尋找可以顛覆某個國"
-"家或其他國家的方法。"
+"有些有。幾年前,印度曾試圖修改專利法,明確å…
è¨±è»Ÿé«”專利,但被放棄了。幾年前,"
+"美國提出了與拉丁美洲的貿易條約,即自由剝削條約。它被巴西總統阻止,他對軟體專"
+"利和其他與電è…
¦æœ‰é—œä»¤äººè¨ŽåŽ­çš„事說不,這導致整個條約終止。這顯然是美國整個想要"
+"強加給非洲大陸其他地區的事情
。但這些東西不會結束;有些公司擁有全職員工,正在"
+"尋找可以顛覆某個國家或其他國家的方法。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2491,9 +2371,8 @@
 "innovation communities in countries that have essentially no software "
 "patents?"
 msgstr ""
-"在基本上沒有軟體專利的國家的創新社群中,"
-"是否有任何關於經濟方面發生的真實可見的資"
-"料?"
+"在基本上沒有軟體專利的國家的創新社群中,是否有任何關於經濟方面發生的真實可見"
+"的資料?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2503,10 +2382,8 @@
 "world with a counterfactual world, and there's no way to be sure what would "
 "happen."
 msgstr ""
-"沒有。衡量這些東西幾乎是不可能的。實際上,"
-"我不應該說沒有。有一點。很難衡量專利制度的"
-"效果,因為您將現實世界與假設世界進行比較,"
-"並且無法確定會發生什麼。"
+"沒有。衡量這些東西幾乎是不可能的。實際上,我不應該說沒有。有一點。很難衡量專"
+"利制度的效果,因
為您將現實世界與假設世界進行比較,並且無法確定會發生什麼。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2514,9 +2391,8 @@
 "software development; not as much as there is now, because of course there "
 "were nowhere near as many computer users."
 msgstr ""
-"我能說的是,在有軟體專利之前,有很多軟體被開發;"
-"雖然沒有現在那麼多,因為當然沒有現在這麼多的電腦"
-"使用者。"
+"我能說的是,在有軟體專利之前,有很多軟體被開發;雖然沒有現在那麼多,å›
 ç‚ºç•¶ç„¶"
+"沒有現在這麼多的電腦使用者。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -2528,11 +2404,10 @@
 "resulted not in an increase in research, but [in] a shift of funds from "
 "research into patenting."
 msgstr ""
-"即便是在美國,1982年有多少電腦使用者
?只是大眾的一小部分。"
-"但是有軟體開發者
。他們並不是說:「我們非常想要專利。」他們"
-"在開發程式後,並沒有因
為專利侵權而被起訴。但是我看到一些("
-"經濟)研究表明,顯然軟體專利並沒有導致研究的增加
,而是導致"
-"資金從研究轉向專利。"
+"即便是在美國,1982年有多少電腦使用者
?只是大眾的一小部分。但是有軟體開發者。"
+"他們並不是說:「我們非常想要專利。」他們在開發程式後,並沒有å›
 ç‚ºå°ˆåˆ©ä¾µæ¬Šè€Œè¢«"
+"起訴。但是我看到一些(經濟)ç 
”究表明,顯然軟體專利並沒有導致研究的增加,而是"
+"導致資金從研究轉向專利。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "Do you expect that there would be any interest in trade secrets?"
@@ -2551,14 +2426,12 @@
 "some ideas doesn't give them a program.  Besides, most of the ideas, the "
 "thousands of ideas you've combined in your program, are known anyway."
 msgstr ""
-"不。在有軟體專利之前,很多軟體開發人員都對他們的程式細節保密。"
-"但是他們通常不會對任何一般想法保密,因
為他們意識到開發優秀軟體"
-"的重要工作不是挑選您的一般想法,而是將很多想法結合在一起並實現"
-"。所以他們會發表,或讓他們的員工在學術期刊上發表他們所擁有的任"
-"何有趣的新想法。而現在,他們將為這些新想法申請專利。它與開發一"
-"個有用的程式關係不大,僅僅
讓人們知道一些想法並不能給他們一個程"
-"式。此外,大多數想法,您在程式中組合的數千個想法,無論如何都是"
-"已知的。"
+"不。在有軟體專利之前,很多軟體開發人員都對他們的程式細節保密。但是他們通常不"
+"會對任何一般想法保密,因
為他們意識到開發優秀軟體的重要工作不是挑選您的一般想"
+"法,而是將很多想法結合在一起並實現。所以他們會發表,或讓他們的員工在學術期刊"
+"上發表他們所擁有的任何有趣的新想法。而現在,他們將為這些新想法申請專利。它與"
+"開發一個有用的程式關係不大,僅僅
讓人們知道一些想法並不能給他們一個程式。此"
+"外,大多數想法,您在程式中組合的數千個想法,無論如何都是已知的。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid ""
@@ -2567,10 +2440,8 @@
 "success was 5 percent idea and 95 percent execution, and that supports your "
 "point really well."
 msgstr ""
-"要證明這個點,我得說我聽過一個採訪,"
-"PayPal 的一位創始人接受了採訪,他說"
-"他非常強烈地感受到他的成功是 5% 的"
-"想法和 95% 的執行,這非常支持你的觀點。"
+"要證明這個點,我得說我聽過一個採訪,PayPal 
的一位創始人接受了採訪,他說他非常"
+"強烈地感受到他的成功是 5% 的想法和 95% 
的執行,這非常支持你的觀點。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
 msgid "I agree."
@@ -2617,9 +2488,6 @@
 "聯絡自由軟體基金會。至於損毀的連結及å…
¶ä»–修正和建議,可以將之寄給 <a href="
 "\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\";>&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>。"
 
-#
-#
-#
 #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
 #. replace it with the translation of these two:
 #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
@@ -2659,12 +2527,13 @@
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div>
 msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr "<b>翻譯</b>:胡景竑  <a href=\"mailto:henryhu22134 (at) gmail 
(dot) com\">&lt;"
-"henryhu22134 (at) gmail (dot) com&gt;</a>, 2021<br />\n"
+msgstr ""
+"<b>翻譯</b>:胡景竑  <a href=\"mailto:henryhu22134 (at) gmail (dot) com"
+"\">&lt;henryhu22134 (at) gmail (dot) com&gt;</a>, 2021<br />\n"
 "<b>校對</b>:黃柏諺 <a href=\"mailto:s8321414 (at) gmail (dot) 
com\">&lt;"
 "s8321414 (at) gmail (dot) com&gt;</a>, 2021."
 
 #. timestamp start
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Updated:"
-msgstr "更新時間:"
+msgstr "更新時間︰"

Index: danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html
diff -N danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw.html       26 Jun 2021 06:00:30 -0000      
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" 
value="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>軟體專利的風險 - GNU 專案 - 自由軟體基金會</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<h2>軟體專利的風險</h2>
+<p>作者為 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>這是 Richard Stallman 於2009å¹´10月8日在惠靈é 
“維多利亞大學演講的抄本。</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd><p>我的名字是 Susy Frankel,我代表我和 Meredith Kolsky Lewis
+歡迎你們參加紐西蘭國際經濟法中心主辦的這次ç 
”討會。Brenda Chawner
+是維多利亞大學資訊管理學院的一員,而非我剛剛所說中心的法學院的一員,他è²
 è²¬å°‡ Richard Stallman
+帶到紐西蘭並主持他的紐西蘭之行,包括今晚在惠靈é 
“的這一站。不幸的是,她現在不能和我們在一起,因
為她正在教書,這正是我們在大學裡做的事。</p>
+
+<p>因此,我很高興歡迎你們參加
「軟體專利的風險」講座。Richard Stallman 
提供了一系列的講座,在與 Brenda
+討論後,我選擇這個主題,是因
為我們近期第一次在紐西蘭歷史上,實際地有一個儘管有點長,卻十分重要的,關於專利法改革的辯論,而ä½
 å€‘許多在這個房間中的人與此辯論有關。
+因此它似乎非常熱門,非常及時。 所以謝謝你
,Richard,提供這個演講。</p>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman 幾乎不需要介紹。但以防有å…
ˆå‰æ²’聽說過他的人,他開創了 GNU 
作業系統的發展。我以前不知道 "GNU"
+怎麼唸,所以我上網查了YouTube。(如果沒有 YouTube 
我們該怎麼辦)……</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>喔,你不該推薦 YouTube 的,因為他們是用專利影片æ 
¼å¼æ’­é€çš„。</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>很棒的想法,但我只是用來確定唸法是 G N 
U(分開念)或是 GNU(合在一起念,音近似革奴) ?</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>維基百科有寫。(答案是,當作一個詞發音,G 加
重音)</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>是的,但我能從 YouTube 上直接聽到你
唸。不提這個,重點是它並不是專有名詞。但最有趣的點是 
Richard
+藉由他的的工作得到了很多榮譽。我最喜歡並提出的點,是武田基金會對於社會/經濟福祉é
 ’發的獎項,而我認為我們今晚將會聽到許多相關的å…
§å®¹ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è®“我們歡迎
+Richard。</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>首先,我想提å…
¶ä¸­ä¸€å€‹æˆ‘喝這個(一罐或一瓶可樂,但不是可口可樂)的原å›
 ï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸–界性對於可口可樂å…
¬å¸è¬€æ®ºå“¥å€«æ¯”亞工會成員的抵制。可以去看<a
+href="http://killercoke.org";>killercoke.org</a>的網站。但那不是在討論喝這種飲料(對身體)的影響(畢竟許多å
…¶ä»–飲料都相同)而是它的謀殺案。所以當你
買任何飲料的時候,記得查看詳細的標籤,確認是不是可口可樂å
…¬å¸çš„產品。</p>
+
+<p>我最出名的是開始自由軟體運動和領導 GNU 
作業系統的開發——儘管大多數使用該系統的人錯誤地認為它是
+Linux,並認為它是十年後由å…
¶ä»–人開始的。但我今天不會談論這些,我在這裡是要談論所有軟體開發人員、經銷商和使用è€
…的法律風險:專利的風險——關於電腦理念、電è…
¦æŠ€è¡“、在電腦上可以做的事情的想法。</p>
+
+<p>現在,要理解這個問題,首先你
需要意識到,專利法與著作權法無關 —— 它們完å…
¨ä¸åŒã€‚只要你瞭解其中任一個,你
都可以確定它不適用於另一個。</p>
+
+<p>因此,每當一個人發表關於「智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šã€çš„聲明時,就會造成混亂,因為它不僅將這兩項
法律混為一談,而且至少還會將å…
¶ä»–十幾條法律混為一談。他們都是不同的,結果是任何聲稱是關於「智æ
…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šã€çš„聲明都是純粹的混淆——不論是陳述的人感到困惑,或是這個人試圖混淆他人。但無論哪種方式,無論是意外還是惡意,它都令人費解。</p>
+
+<p>你們該拒絕使用對該術語的任何陳述,從而保護自己å…
å—這種混亂。對這些法律中的任何一項作出深思熟æ…
®çš„評論和思考的唯一方法是首先將其與å…
¶ä»–法律區分開來,並討論或思考一項
特定的法律,以便我們能夠
理解它實際上做什麼,然後才形成結論。因
此,我將討論專利法,以及那些å…
è¨±å°ˆåˆ©æ³•é™åˆ¶è»Ÿé«”的國家會發生什麼。</p>
+
+<p>那麼,專利是做什麼的呢?專利是政府明令授權的對使用某種想法的壟斷。在專利中有一個部分叫做聲明,它準確地描述了ä½
 ä¸å…è¨±åšä»€éº¼ï¼ˆå„˜ç®¡å®ƒå€‘是以你
可能無法理解的方式寫的)。很難弄清
楚這些禁令的真正含義,而它們可能會是非常多é 
çš„精美印刷品。</p>
+
+<p>而專利通常持續20年,這是在我們é 
˜åŸŸä¸­ç›¸ç•¶é•·çš„時間。20年前,世界上還沒有全球資訊網 ——
+電腦的大量使用發生在20年前甚至不可能被提出的地方。因
此,當然,人們在它上所做的一切都是20年前以來的新事物 
——
+至少在某些方面它是新的。因
此,如果專利已經申請,我們將被禁止做這一切的事情
,我們可能已經被愚è 
¢åˆ°æœ‰é€™æ¨£çš„政策的國家禁止做這一切。</p>
+
+<p>大多數時候,當人們描述專利制度的功能時,他們對專利制度有既得利益。他們可能是專利律師,或è€
…他們可能在專利局工作,或者他們可能在一家大型å…
¬å¸çš„專利部門工作,所以他們想讓你喜歡這個系統。</p>
+
+<p><cite>《經濟學人》</cite>
+曾將專利制度稱為「耗時的樂透」。如果你
見過樂透的宣傳,你
就會明白它是如何運作的:他們沉溺於很低的中獎可能性,而且他們不談論輸樂透的絕對可能性。這樣,他們æ•
…意且有系統地呈現了可能發生在你身上的偏é 
—畫面,而實際上並沒有對任何特定事實撒謊。</p>
+
+<p>這與專利制度的宣傳是同樣的方式:他們談論著帶著專利走在街上的感覺——或è€
…首å…
ˆï¼Œç²å¾—專利是什麼感覺,然後是擁有專利的感覺,而且你
可以經常把它拿出來,指著某人說:「把你的錢給我。」</p>
+
+<p>為了彌補他們的偏見,我要從另一面來看,以受害者
的角度 ——
+對於那些想要開發、散佈或執行軟體的人來說是什麼感覺。ä½
 å¿…須擔心有一天,有人可能會走到你
面前,指著一個專利,並說:「給我你的錢。」</p>
+
+<p>如果你想在一個允許軟體專利的國家開發軟體,並且你
想與專利法合作,你該做些什麼?</p>
+
+<p>你可以試著列出所有人們能夠在你
即將寫的程式中找到的想法;但事實上,當你
剛開始寫程式時,你並不會知道這些。然而,即使你
寫完程式,你也無法列出這樣的清單。</p>
+
+<p>原因是……在你以一種特定的方式構思的過程中 —— 你
有一個心中的結構可以應用於你的設計。正因
為如此,它會阻止你看到別人可能用來理解同一程式的å…
¶ä»–結構
+——
+因為你不會不斷的更新它:你
已經在心中設計了一個結構。第一次看到它的å…
¶ä»–人可能會看到不同的結構,它涉及到不同的想法,你
很難看到其他的想法是什麼。但是,它們還是在你
的程式中實作的,如果這些想法獲得專利,這些專利可能會禁止您的程式。</p>
+
+<p>例如,假設有個圖形創意專利,而你
想畫一個正方形。嗯,你
會意識到,如果有一個專利在底邊,它會禁止你畫你
的正方形。你可以將「底邊」
+放在繪圖中實施的所有想法清單中。但你
可能沒有意識到,在底角擁有專利的å…
¶ä»–人也可以輕易起訴你,因為他可以拿走你的畫,將它旋轉 
45
+度。現在你的正方形是這樣的,它有一個底角。</p>
+
+<p>因此,您無法列出所有獲得專利的想法的清
單,這些想法可能會禁止你撰寫你的程式。</p>
+
+<p>你或許可以嘗試找出所有可能在你
的程式中有專利的想法。但事實上現在你無法如此做,因
為專利申請被保密至少18個月;而專利局可以考慮是否é 
’發專利,並且他們不會告訴你。這不僅僅
是一個學術的、理論上的可能性。</p>
+
+<p>舉例來說,Compress 
程式在1984年被編寫出來,這是一個使用 <abbr 
title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">
+LZW</abbr>
+資料壓縮演算法壓縮檔案的程式,當時該演算法沒有用於壓縮檔案的專利。作è€
…從期刊上的一篇文章中獲得了演算法。那時我們認為電è…
¦ç§‘學期刊的目的是發佈演算法,讓人們可以使用它們。</p>
+
+<p>他編寫了這個程式並發佈了它,然後在1985年申請了該演算法的專利。但專利持有人很狡猾,沒有立即告訴人們停止使用它。專利持有人想:「我們可以讓每個人都陷得更深。」幾年後,他們開始威è„
…別人:很明顯,我們不能使用壓縮,所以我要求人們建議å…
¶ä»–可以用於壓縮檔案的演算法。</p>
+
+<p>而有人寫道:「我開發了另一種效果更好的資料壓縮演算法,我寫了一個程式,我想把它給ä½
 ã€‚」因
此,我們準備發佈它。在它準備發佈前一周,我在<cite>《紐約時å
 ±ã€‹</cite>每周專利專欄中讀到,我很少看到
+—— 也許一年有幾次 ——
+但幸運的是,我看到有人因
為「發明了一種新的壓縮資料方法」而獲得了專利。所以我說,我們最好看看這個,並確認它涵蓋了我們即將發佈的程式。但æƒ
…況可能更糟:該專利可能在一年、兩年、三年或五年後é 
’發。</p>
+
+<p>無論如何,有人想出了另一個更好的壓縮演算法,這是在程式
 gzip 中使用的,提供給所有想要把壓縮檔換成 gzip
+的人,所以它聽起來像一個快樂的結局。但稍後你
會聽到更多。這不完全是那麼愉快。</p>
+
+<p>所以,你無法找出正在審æ 
¸çš„專利,即使它們一旦通過可能會禁止你的工作。但你
可以找出已經頒發的專利。它們都由專利局出版。問題是你
沒辦法全部閱讀,因為實在是太多了。</p>
+
+<p>在美國,我相信有數十萬項
軟體專利:追蹤它們會是相當艱困的工作。因此,你必é 
ˆæœå°‹ç›¸é—œçš„專利。而你會發現很多相關的專利,但你
不一定能全部找到。</p>
+
+<p>例如,在80年代和90年代,試算表中有一項關於「自然é 
†åºé‡æ–°è¨ˆç®—」的專利。有人曾經向我要過一份,所以我在我們的電è
…
¦æª”案中檢視了專利號碼。然後我打開抽屜拿出這個專利的紙質副本,然後影印並寄給他。當他拿到的時候,他說:「我認為ä½
 
給了我錯誤的專利。這是關於編譯器的。」所以我想也許我們的檔有錯誤的編號。我又看了一遍,果然上面寫著:「把å
…
¬å¼ç·¨è­¯æˆç›®æ¨™ç¨‹å¼ç¢¼çš„方法。」所以我開始閱讀它,看看它是否確實是錯誤的專利。我閱讀了聲明,而這果然是自然é
 
†åºé‡æ–°è¨ˆç®—專利,但它沒有使用這些術語。它沒有使用「試算表」一詞。
+事實上,專利所禁止的是幾十種不同實作拓撲排序的方法 
—— 所有他們能想到的方法。 
但我不認為它使用了「拓撲排序」這個術語。</p>
+
+<p>因
此,如果您正在編寫試算表,並且試圖透過搜尋找到相關專利,您可能已經找到很多專利。但是,除非ä½
 
告訴別人:「哦,我正在製作試算表。」然後他說,「哦,ä½
 çŸ¥é“其他製作試算表的公司被起訴了嗎?」那時你
才會知道。</p>
+
+<p>嗯,你無法通過搜尋找到所有的專利,但你
可以找到很多專利。然後,你必須弄清
楚它們的意思,這是很難的,因
為專利是用曲折的法律語言寫的,很難理解å…
¶çœŸæ­£å«ç¾©ã€‚所以,你
將不得不花很多時間與費用十分高昂的律師交談,解釋你
想做什麼,以便從律師那裡知道你是否被允許這樣做。</p>
+
+<p>即使是專利持有人也常常不能認識到他們的專利意味著什麼。例如,有一個叫
 Paul Heckel
+的人發佈了一項
程式,在一個小螢幕上顯示大量資料,並以該計劃中的幾個想法為基礎取得了多é
 …專利。</p>
+
+<p>我曾經試圖找到一個簡單的方法來描述其中一項
專利中涉及的聲明。我發現,我找不到任何比專利本身更簡單的敘述方式;但那個句子,無論我多麼努力地嘗試,都無法一次å
…¨éƒ¨è¨˜ä½ã€‚</p>
+
+<p>就連 Heckel 也無法完全理解他的專利能做些什麼,因
為當他看到
+HyperCard,他只會注意到這一點也不像他的程式。他沒有想到,他的專利的寫作方式可能會禁止
 HyperCard;但他的律師有這個想法,所以他威脅
+Apple。然後他威脅 Apple 的客戶,最終 Apple
+與他達成了一個秘密協定,所以我們不知道誰真正贏了。這只是說明任何人都很難理解專利到底禁止或不禁止什麼。</p>
+
+<p>事實上,我曾經發表過這樣的演講,Heckel 
也出現在聽眾席上。
+這時,他跳了起來說:「那不是真的,我只是不知道我的保護範圍。」我說:「是的,我就是這麼說的。」這時他坐了下來,那是我被
 Heckel
+責駡的經歷的結束。如果我說不,他可能會想方設法來和我爭論。</p>
+
+<p>無論如何,在與律師進行了長時間且收費高昂的談話後,律師可能會給ä½
 é€™æ¨£çš„答案:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>如果你在這方面有所作為,你
幾乎肯定會輸掉訴訟;如果你
在那方面有所作為,就很有可能輸掉訴訟;如果你
真的保障自己的安全,你必須遠
離這個方面。但是,任何訴訟的結果都有相當大的可能。</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>所以,既然你有明確、可預測的業務規則,你
到底要做什麼?嗯,你
可以做三件事來處理任何特定的專利問題。一個是避å…
å®ƒï¼Œå¦ä¸€å€‹æ˜¯ç²å¾—授權,第三個是使å…
¶ç„¡æ•ˆã€‚所以我會逐一談論這些事情。</p>
+
+<p>首先,避å…
å°ˆåˆ©æ˜¯æœ‰å¯èƒ½çš„,這意味著,不執行它所禁止的行為。當然,如果很難說它禁止什麼,也可能很難說什麼足以避å
…å®ƒã€‚</p>
+
+<p>幾年前,柯達起訴昇陽(因
為)使用專利進行某些與物件導向程式設計有關的事情
,而昇陽並不認為它侵犯了該專利。但法院裁定它違反了專利;當å
…
¶ä»–人觀看那個專利時,他們不知道這個決定是否正確。沒有人能分辨出該專利涵蓋或不涵蓋什麼,但昇陽不得不支付數億美å
…ƒï¼Œå› ç‚ºé•åäº†ä¸€å€‹å®Œå…¨é›£ä»¥ç†è§£çš„法律。</p>
+
+<p>有時你可以分辨你需要避免什麼,有時你需要避å…
çš„是一個演算法。</p>
+
+<p>例如,我看到了一個快速傅
立葉轉換的專利,而它的執行速度是原先的å…
©å€ã€‚那麼,如果普通的快速傅
立葉轉換對於您的應用程式來說足夠
快,那麼這是一個簡單的避å…
æ–¹æ³•ã€‚而且大多數時候,這會是有效的。偶爾,你
可能會嘗試做某些事,但僅僅運用快速傅
立葉轉換而不使用更快的演算法的情況下,只是勉強夠
快。於是你無法避免它,雖然你也許可以等待
幾年出現更快的電腦。但這種情
況很少見。大多數時候,專利是很容易避免的。</p>
+
+<p>另一方面,演算法上的專利可能無法避免。提到 LZW
+資料壓縮演算法。嗯,正如我解釋的,我們找到了一個更好的資料壓縮演算法,每個想要壓縮檔的人都切換到使用更好演算法的程式
 gzip
+。原因
是,如果您只想壓縮檔並在以後解壓縮,您可以告訴人們使用此程式來解壓縮它;然後,您可以使用任何程式與任何演算法,ä½
 åªé—œå¿ƒå®ƒæ˜¯å¦‚何運作的。</p>
+
+<p>但 LZW 還有其他用途:例如,PostScript 語言指定了 LZW 
壓縮和 LZW
+解壓縮的運算程式。擁有另一種更好的演算法是沒有用的,å›
 ç‚ºå®ƒæœƒç”¢ç”Ÿä¸åŒçš„資料æ 
¼å¼ã€‚此時它們並沒有互操作性。如果您使用 gzip 
演算法壓縮它,則無法使用
+LZW 解壓縮它。 因此,無論你的å…
¶ä»–演算法有多好,無論它是什麼,它只是不能讓你æ 
¹æ“šè¦ç¯„實作 PostScript。</p>
+
+<p>但我注意到,使用者很少要求他們的印表機壓縮東西。 
一般來說,他們唯一希望自己的印表機做的是解壓縮;我也注意到,LZW
+演算法的兩項專利都是以這樣的方式編寫的:如果你
的系統只能解壓縮,它不是被禁止的。這些專利的編寫,使他們涵蓋壓縮,他們有å
…¶ä»–聲明,包
括壓縮和解壓縮;但沒有聲明只涵蓋解壓縮。所以我意識到,如果我們只對
+LZW 實作解壓縮,我們會是安å…
¨çš„。雖然這無法滿足規範,但其足以讓使用者
滿意;可以做他們真正需要的。因此,我們幾乎可以避免兩é 
…專利。</p>
+
+<p>現在有 GIF 格式,用於圖片。這也使用 LZW 
演算法。沒過多久,人們就定義了另一種圖片格式,稱為 
PNG,它代表「PNG 不是 GIF」。
+我認為它使用 gzip 演算法。我們開始對人們說:「不要使用 
GIF 格式,這是很危險的。換成 PNG
+吧。」使用者
說:「嗯,也許有一天我會,但瀏覽器還沒有實作它。」而瀏覽器開發è€
…說:「我們可能有一天會實作它,但目前使用者
沒有太大的需求。」</p>
+
+<p>好吧,這很明顯是怎麼回事 —— GIF
+是事實上的標準。實際上,要求人們改用其他æ 
¼å¼ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ˜¯äº‹å¯¦ä¸Šçš„標準,就像要求紐西蘭的每個人說匈牙利語一樣。人們會說:「嗯,是的,我會在å
…¶ä»–所有人都學會之後再說。」因
此,我們也從未成功地要求人們停止使用
+GIF,即使其中一位專利持有人四處走動到網站的經營者
那裡,威脅除非他們可以證明網站上的所有 GIF 
都是經授權的軟體製作的,否則就要起訴他們。</p>
+
+<p>因此,GIF 
對我們社群的大部分人是一個危險的陷阱。我們以為我們可以用
 JPEG 格式替代 
GIF,但有人說:「我只是在瀏覽我的專利組合。」——
+我認為是有人購買了專利並用它們來威脅
人們。他說:「我發現其中之一涵蓋了 JPEG 格式。」</p>
+
+<p>嗯,JPEG 
不是事實上的標準,它是由標準委員會發布的正式標準。委員會也有律師。他們的律師說,他不認為該專利實際上涵蓋了
 JPEG 格式。</p>
+
+<p>那誰是對的?好吧,這個專利持有人起訴了許多å…
¬å¸ï¼Œå¦‚果有決定,它會說誰是對的。但是我還沒有聽說過決定。我不確定是否曾經有過。我認為他們和解了,而且幾乎可以確定是祕密和解,這代表了它沒有告訴我們任何關於誰是對的事æƒ
…。</p>
+
+<p>這些案例相當輕巧:一項是 JPEG 的專利,兩項是 GIF 
中使用的 LZW
+演算法的專利。現在您可能想知道為什麼同一算法有兩項
專利?它不應該發生,但是確實發生了。原因
是專利審查員不可能花時間研究他們可能需要ç 
”究和比較的每項事物,因為他們不被å…
è¨±èŠ±è²»é‚£éº¼å¤šæ™‚間。而且由於演算法只是數學,所以你
無法縮小需要比較的申請和專利的範圍。</p>
+
+<p>您會看到,在物理工程é 
˜åŸŸï¼Œä»–們可以利用正在發生的事情
的物理性質來縮小範圍。例如,在化學工程中,他們可以說:「å
…¶ä¸­åŠ å…¥äº†ä»€éº¼ç‰©è³ªï¼Ÿæœ‰ä»€éº¼ç‰©è³ªç”¢ç”Ÿå‡ºä¾†ï¼Ÿã€å¦‚æžœå…
©å€‹ä¸åŒçš„(專利)應用以這種方式不同,則它們不是同樣的過程,å›
 æ­¤æ‚¨ä¸å¿…
擔心。但是,相同的數學可以用看起來非常不同的方式來表示,並且除非您將它們一起ç
 ”究,否則您不會意識到它們在談論同一件事。而且,因
此,經常會看到同一事物多次獲得(軟體)的專利權。</p>
+
+<p>還記得那個在我們發布之前被專利殺死的程式嗎?嗯,那個演算法也獲得了å
…©æ¬¡å°ˆåˆ©ä¿è­·ã€‚在一個較小的領域中,我們已經看到它在å…
©ç¨®æƒ…況下都發生過 ——
+相同的算法獲得了å…
©æ¬¡å°ˆåˆ©ã€‚嗯,我想我剛剛的解釋告訴了你
們為什麼會發生這種情況。</p>
+
+<p>但是一項或兩項專利是輕量級的案例。視訊格式 MPEG2 
呢?我看到了涵蓋 70
+多項專利的清
單,而對許可所有這些專利的方式進行的談判,比制定標準本身所需的時間更長。JPEG
+委員會想制定一個後續標準,但因
此他們放棄了。他們說專利太多了。沒有辦法做到。</p>
+
+<p>有時,它是一項已獲專利的功能,而避å…
è©²å°ˆåˆ©çš„唯一方法就是不實作該功能。例如,文字處理器 
Xywrite
+的使用者曾經在郵件被降級,移除了一項
功能。功能是您可以自訂縮寫列表。例如,如果將 "exp" 
定義為 "experiment"
+的縮寫,則如果輸入"exp-space" 或 "exp-comma",則 "exp" 
將自動更改為 "experiment"。</p>
+
+<p>而有人對該功能擁有專利,從而威脅
了他們,他們得出的結論是,他們唯一可以做的就是移除該功能。å›
 æ­¤ï¼Œä»–們向所有的使用者寄送了降級後的軟體。</p>
+
+<p>但是他們也聯繫了我,因為我的 Emacs 
編輯器從70年代後期就有類似的功能。其在 Emacs
+手冊中進行了描述,因此他們認為我或許能夠
幫助他們使該專利無效。好吧,我很高興知道自己一生中至少有一個可申請專利的想法,但是我不高興有人為它申請了專利。</p>
+
+<p>幸運的是,實際上,該專利最終被無效了,部分原因
是我早些時候就已使用它發表了的這個事實。但是與此同時,他們不得不移除此功能。</p>
+
+<p>現在,刪除一兩個功能可能不是災難。但是,當您必é 
ˆåˆªé™¤ 50
+個功能時,您仍然可以這樣做,但是人們可能會說:「這個程式不好,它缺少了我所有想要的功能。」å›
 æ­¤ï¼Œé€™æˆ–許不是好的解決方案。有時候,專利廣泛到消滅
了整個領域,例如公開金鑰加
密的專利,實際上,這基本上讓公開金鑰加
密被限制大約十年。</p>
+
+<p>所以這是避開專利的其中一個選擇 —— 
通常是可能的,但有時不是。而且可以避å…
çš„專利數量是有限的。</p>
+
+<p>那麼獲得專利授權的可能性呢?</p>
+
+<p>嗯,專利持有人可能不會向您提供授權。這完å…
¨å–決於對方。他可能會說:「我只是想讓你
閉嘴。」我曾經收到某人的一封信,那個人的家族企業正在製作娛樂å
 ´éŠæˆ²ï¼Œé€™äº›éŠæˆ²ç•¶ç„¶æ˜¯é›»è…¦åŒ–的,他被一位專利持有人威脅
,想讓他的業務關閉。他寄了專利給我。第一個聲明類似於:「å
…·æœ‰å¤šå°é›»è…¦çš„網路,其中每台電è…
¦éƒ½æ”¯æ´å¤šç¨®éŠæˆ²ï¼Œä¸¦å¯ä»¥åŒæ™‚進行多種遊戲。」</p>
+
+<p>現在,我敢肯定,在 1980
+年代,有一所大學建立了一個帶有工作站網路的房間,並且每個工作站都有某種類型的視窗工å
…
·ã€‚他們要做的就是安裝多個遊戲,並且可以一次顯示多個遊戲。這太無聊了,所以應該沒有人會費心去發表有關這麼做的文ç«
 ã€‚沒有人會對發布有關此操作的文章感興趣,但是值得為å…
¶ç”³è«‹å°ˆåˆ©ã€‚如果您發現您可以壟斷這件瑣碎的事情
,那麼您就可以用它來關閉競爭對手。</p>
+
+<p>但是為什麼專利局會許可這麼多對我們來說似乎荒謬而微不足道的專利?</p>
+
+<p>這不是因為專利審查員愚蠢,而是因
為他們遵循某個系統,並且該系統å…
·æœ‰è¦å‰‡ï¼Œè€Œè¦å‰‡å°Žè‡´äº†å¦‚此結果。</p>
+
+<p>你看,如果有人製造
的機器執行一次功能,而有人設計的機器執行相同的功能,但是執行
 N 次,對我們來說這是一個 <code>for</code>
+迴圈,而對專利局來說就是一個發明。如果有可以執行 A 
的機器,另外有可以執行 B 
的機器,然後有人設計了可以執行 A 或 B
+的機器,對我們來說,這是一個 <code>if-then-else</code>
+的陳述,而對於專利局來說,這就是一項發明。因
此它們的標準很低,並且遵循這些標準。結果是專利對我們來說顯得荒謬而瑣碎。我不能說它們是否合法。但是每個看到它們的程式設計師都笑了。</p>
+
+<p>無論如何,我都無法建議他可以做些什麼來幫助自己,而他不得不關閉自己的生意。但是大多數專利持有人都會為您提供授權。雖然可能會相當昂貴。</p>
+
+<p>但是,有些軟體開發者在大多數情
況下發現獲得授權特別容易。這些是大型公司。在任何é 
˜åŸŸï¼Œå¤§åž‹å…
¬å¸é€šå¸¸éƒ½æ“æœ‰å¤§ç´„一半的專利,並且它們相互交叉授權,如果他確實在生產任何東西,它們可以讓任何å
…
¶ä»–人交叉授權。結果是,他們可以輕鬆獲得幾乎所有專利的授權。</p>
+
+<p>IBM 在其å…
§éƒ¨é›œèªŒ<cite>《Think》</cite>(我認為應該是1990年第 5 
期)上寫了一篇文章,內容是有關 IBM 當時從其近
+9,000 項美國專利中獲得的收益(現在已達到 45,000
+或更多)。他們說,好處之一是他們可以收錢,但是他們說的主要好處也許是更大的,是「獲得他人的專利」,亦即交叉授權。</p>
+
+<p>這意味著既然擁有這麼多專利的 
IBM,可以使幾乎每個人都給他們交叉授權,因此 IBM 避å…
äº†å°ˆåˆ©åˆ¶åº¦æœƒçµ¦å…¶ä»–人帶來的幾乎所有痛苦。因此,這就是 
IBM
+想要軟體專利的原因。這就是為什麼大型å…
¬å¸ä¸€èˆ¬éƒ½éœ€è¦è»Ÿé«”專利的原因,因
為他們知道透過交叉授權,他們將在層峰上擁有某種專屬俱樂部。我們å
…¶ä»–所有人都將在山è…
³ï¼Œè€Œä¸”我們找不到方法上去。您知道,如果您是個天才,你
可能會創辦一家小公司並獲得一些專利,但是無論你
做什麼,你都永遠不會進入
+IBM 的行列。</p>
+
+<p>現在很多å…
¬å¸å‘Šè¨´ä»–們的員工:「給我們專利,這樣我們就可以保護自己。」他們的意思是:「利用它們試圖獲得交叉授權。」但這種做法卻不是十分有效。
+如果只你有少量的專利,這不是一個有效的策略。</p>
+
+<p>假設你有三項
專利。這裡一點,那裡一點,另外那裡又有一點,有人在那裡指向ä½
 çš„專利。 嗯,你的三項專利對你沒有任何幫助,因
為它們都沒有指向他。
+另一方面,公司裡遲早會有人注意到,這項
專利實際上是在針對一些人,(公司)可能會威脅
他們,從他們身上榨取錢財 —— 
儘管這些人並沒有攻擊這家公司。</p>
+
+<p>因此,如果你
的僱主對您說:「我們需要一些專利來保護自己,所以幫助我們獲得專利。」我建議ä½
 åšå‡ºé€™æ¨£çš„回應:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>老闆,我相信你,而且我敢肯定你只會在å…
¬å¸å—到攻擊時使用這些專利來保護å…
¬å¸ã€‚但我不知道誰會在五年後成為這家å…
¬å¸çš„首席執行長。就我所知,它可能會被微軟收購。因
此,除非我得到它的書面文件,否則我真的不能相信å…
¬å¸èªªï¼Œåªä½¿ç”¨é€™äº›å°ˆåˆ©é€²è¡Œé˜²ç¦¦ã€‚請書面聲明,我為å…
¬å¸æä¾›çš„任何專利將僅用於自衛和集體安å…
¨ï¼Œè€Œä¸èƒ½ç”¨æ–¼æ”»æ“Šï¼Œç„¶å¾Œæˆ‘將能夠憑清白的良心為å…
¬å¸ç²å¾—專利。</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>最有趣的部份是,不僅與您的老闆私下提出,也在å…
¬å¸çš„討論清單上提出此議。</p>
+
+<p>另一件可能會發生的事情是,公司可能會倒閉,å…
¶è³‡ç”¢å¯èƒ½æœƒè¢«æ‹è³£ï¼ŒåŒ…
括專利;專利將由那些想用它們做一些討厭的事情
的人購買。</p>
+
+<p>理解這種交叉授權的作法非常重要,因為這足以戳ç 
´è»Ÿé«”專利擁護者
的論點,他們說,保護飢餓的天才需要軟體專利。他們讓你
看見了一系列不可能的情況。</p>
+
+<p>因此,讓我們來看一下。根據這種情
況,有一位才華洋溢的設計師,他在閣樓上獨自工作了多年,提出了一種更好的方法來完成某件事。現在已經準備好了,他想開始做生意並量產這件東西。而且,由於他的想法非常好,他的å
…¬å¸å°‡å¹¾ä¹Žå¯ä»¥ç¢ºå®šç²å¾—成功
+—— 除了一件事:大公司將與他競爭並奪走他所有的市å 
´ã€‚因此,他的業務幾乎肯定會失敗,然後他將挨餓。</p>
+
+<p>好吧,讓我們看看這裡所有不太可能的假設。</p>
+
+<p>首先,他自己想出了這個主意。這不太可能。在高科技é 
˜åŸŸï¼Œå¤§å¤šæ•¸é€²æ­¥æ˜¯ç”±åœ¨è©²é ˜åŸŸå·¥ä½œï¼Œå¾žäº‹ä½œæ¥­ä¸”與該é 
˜åŸŸçš„人們交流的人完成的。但是我不會說這是不可能的,而且這個可能性並不重要。</p>
+
+<p>但是無論如何,下一個假設是他將要創業,並且將會成功。好吧,他是一位出色的工程師並不代表他æ“
…長經營業務。大多數的新創å…
¬å¸éƒ½å¾ˆå¿«å°±æœƒå€’閉;我認為,其中超過
+95% 的公司會在幾年å…
§å¤±æ•—。所以這可能是他將會發生的事情,無論如何。</p>
+
+<p>好的,讓我們假設除了是一位出色的工程師,自己想出了一個偉大的想法,他還å
…·æœ‰ç¶“營業務的才能。如果他有經營生意的訣竅
,那麼也許他的生意不會失敗。畢竟,並非所有新業務都會失敗,仍有少數幾é
 …
成功。好吧,如果他了解業務,那麼他可能不會嘗試與大型å…
¬å¸ä¸¦é§•é½Šé©…,而是會嘗試做一些小型公司擅長的事情
,並且更有機會獲得成功。他可能會成功。但是讓我們假設它還是失敗了。如果他如此才華橫溢,並且有經營業務的訣ç«
…,我相信他不會餓死,因為有人會想要給他一份工作。</p>
+
+<p>因此,出現了一系列不太可能的情況 —— 
這不是一個很合理的情
況。但是不管怎樣,還是讓我們看看它。</p>
+
+<p>因為他們可以說專利制度將「保護」我們挨餓的天才,因
為他可以獲得這項技術的專利。然後,當 IBM 
想與他競爭時,他說:「
+IBM,你不能跟我競爭,因為我已經獲得了這項專利。」而 
IBM 說,「哦,不,又來了!」</p>
+
+<p>好吧,讓我們來看看真實情況。</p>
+
+<p>IBM
+說:「哦,您的專利真是太好了。好吧,我們擁有這個專利,那個專利,那個專利,這個專利和那個專利,所有這些都涵蓋了您的產品中實作的å
…
¶ä»–想法,如果您認為可以在所有這些方面與我們抗爭,我們會再多拿一些出來。å›
 
此,讓我們簽署交叉授權協議,這樣就不會有人受到傷害。」現在,既然我們假設我們的天才能å¤
 
理解業務,那麼他將意識到自己別無選擇。他將簽署交叉授權協議,就像每個人受
+IBM 要求時一樣。然後,這意味著 IBM 
可以「取得」他的專利,這意味著 IBM
+可以自由地與他競爭,就好像沒有專利一樣,這意味著他們聲稱擁有此專利將獲得的假定利益不是真的。他不會得到這種好處。</p>
+
+<p>該專利可能會「保護」他免受你或我的競爭,但不能å…
å—來自 IBM 的競爭 ——
+不受該情景所稱對他構成威脅的大型å…
¬å¸çš„競爭。您已經事先知道,當大型公司的遊說者推薦一項
政策時,這種推理肯定有缺陷,因
為這將保護他們的小競爭對手免受å…
¶å®³ã€‚如果真的要這麼做,他們將不會贊成。但這解釋了為什麼(軟體專利)無法做到這一點。</p>
+
+<p>甚至 IBM 也不總是能夠做到這一點,因為有些å…
¬å¸è¢«æˆ‘們稱為專利流氓或專利寄生蟲,而他們唯一的業務就是利用專利從真正賺錢的人中榨取錢財。</p>
+
+<p>專利律師告訴我們,在你的é 
˜åŸŸæ“æœ‰å°ˆåˆ©ç¢ºå¯¦å¾ˆæ£’,但是他們在他們的é 
˜åŸŸæ²’有專利。沒有關於如何發送或寫威脅
信的專利,也沒有關於如何提起訴訟的專利,也沒有關於如何說服法官或陪審團的專利,å›
 æ­¤å³ä½¿
+IBM 也無法使專利流氓獲得交叉許可。但是 IBM 
認為:「我們的競爭也必é 
ˆä»˜å‡ºä»£åƒ¹ï¼›é€™åªæ˜¯æ¥­å‹™æˆæœ¬çš„一部分,我們可以忍受。」IBM
+和其他大型å…
¬å¸èªç‚ºï¼Œä»–們從專利中獲得的所有活動的總體統治權對他們都是有益的,並支付給他們可以忍受的流氓。å›
 æ­¤ï¼Œé€™å°±æ˜¯ä»–們想要軟體專利的原因。</p>
+
+<p>也有某些軟體開發者
發現獲得專利授權特別困難,他們就是自由軟體的開發者
。原因是一般專利授權有我們可能無法滿足的條件,因
為一般專利授權要求按副本付費。但是,當軟體為使用者
提供散佈與製作更多副本的自由時,我們就無法計算存在的副本。</p>
+
+<p>如果有人向我提供了一份專利授權,以每份副本支付百萬分之一美å
…
ƒçš„費用,那麼我現在所要支付的總金額可能就在我的口袋裡。也許是
 50 美元,但我不知道是 50
+美元還是 49 美元,或者其他的金額,因
為我無法計算別人製作的副本。</p>
+
+<p>專利持有人不必
要求為每份副本付款;專利持有人可以為您提供一次性付款的授權,但這些一次性款é
 …往往很大,例如 100,000 美元。</p>
+
+<p>我們之所以能夠開發出如此多尊重自由的軟體,是因
為我們可以不用錢就能開發軟體,但是如果沒有錢,我們就不能付出很多錢。如果我們被迫為å
…
¬çœ¾ç·¨å¯«è»Ÿé«”的特權付出代價,那麼我們將無法做到這一點。</p>
+
+<p>這就是獲得專利授權的可能性。另一種可能性是讓專利無效。如果該國認為該軟體專利是基本、有效且被å
…
è¨±çš„,則唯一的問題是該特定專利是否符合標準。只有當您有可能佔上風的論點時,上法庭才有用。</p>
+
+<p>該論點是什麼?您必é 
ˆæ‰¾åˆ°è­‰æ“šè­‰æ˜Žï¼Œå¹¾å¹´å‰ï¼Œåœ¨ç”³è«‹å°ˆåˆ©ä¹‹å‰ï¼Œäººå€‘都已知道相同的想法。而且,您今天å¿
…須找到可以證明他們當時公開知道這一點的東西。因
此,幾年前發生的已經成定局了,如果它們對您有利,並且如果您今天可以證明這一事實,那麼您就有理由要嘗試使專利無效。它可能會起作用。</p>
+
+<p>審理此案可能會花費您很多錢,結果,如果您沒有很多錢,那麼可能無效的專利是一種非常令人恐懼的武器。有些人è²
 æ“”不起捍衛自己權利的權利——大部分人。負
擔得起的人是例外。</p>
+
+<p>這是您可以對禁止程式中某些內容的每項
專利進行的三件事。問題是,是否每個都有可能則取決於實際æƒ
…況的不同細節,所以有些時候,三者都不可能。當這種情
況發生時,您的專案就死了。</p>
+
+<p>但是大多數國家/地區的律師告訴我們:「不要試圖提前找到專利。」原å›
 æ˜¯ï¼Œå¦‚果您知道特定專利,則侵權的罰款會更多。因
此,他們告訴您的是「不要試圖去了解專利,而要盲目地做出設計決定並抱持希望。」</p>
+
+<p>當然,每個設計決策也都可能與專利無關。也許什麼都不會發生。但是要穿越雷區需要採取許多步驟,å›
 æ­¤æ‚¨å¾ˆé›£å®‰å…¨é€šéŽã€‚當然,專利持有者不會同時出現,因
此您不知道會有多少人。</p>
+
+<p>自然排序重新計算專利的專利持有者
要求每個試算表的總銷售額的 5%
。您可以想像要為如此的授權付費,但是當第 20 
號專利持有人出現並希望您支付最後剩餘的
+5% 時怎麼辦呢?然後,當第 21 
位專利持有人出現時怎麼辦呢?</p>
+
+<p>業界人士說,這種情況很有趣,但很荒謬,因為您的å…
¬å¸å¾ˆå¯èƒ½åœ¨æ‚¨åˆ°é€™ç¨®ç¨‹åº¦ä¹‹å‰å°±å€’閉了。他們告訴我,å…
©ä¸‰å€‹é€™æ¨£çš„授權就會使您的公司倒閉。因此永遠都不會達到
+20 個。它們會一個接一個地出現,所以您永遠
不會知道還會有多少。</p>
+
+<p>軟體專利一團糟。它們對軟體開發人員來說是一團糟,但除此之外,它們也限制了每台電è
…¦ä½¿ç”¨è€…,因為軟體專利限制了您可以在電è…
¦ä¸ŠåŸ·è¡Œçš„動作。</p>
+
+<p>這與像是汽車引擎之類的專利有很大不同。這些僅
限制製造汽車的å…
¬å¸ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸æœƒé™åˆ¶æ‚¨èˆ‡æˆ‘。但是軟體專利確實限制了您與我,還有使用電è
…¦çš„每個人。因此,我們不能只從經濟角度來考æ…
®å®ƒå€‘。我們不能僅僅
從經濟角度判斷這個問題。還有一些更重要的事情
迫在眉睫。</p>
+
+<p>但即使從經濟角度來講,這個系統也是註定會失敗的,因
為它的目的應該是促進進步。據說,透過創造
一種人為激勵人們發表想法的動機,它將有助於該é 
˜åŸŸçš„發展。但是它所做的卻是完全相反的,因
為軟體的主要任務不是提出構想,而是在一個程式中一起實現數千個構想。軟體專利阻礙了這一點,å›
 æ­¤å®ƒå€‘在經濟上是適得其反的。</p>
+
+<p>甚至有經濟研究表明這是事實 ——
+專利制度是如何在具有大量創新的領域中,實際上減少ç 
”發投資的。當然,它還會阻礙其他方面的發展。因
此,即使我們無視軟體專利的不å…
¬æ­£ï¼Œå³ä½¿æˆ‘們通常以狹義的經濟學術語來ç 
”究它,它也仍然是有害的。</p>
+
+<p>人們有時會說:「其他é 
˜åŸŸçš„人們已經與專利為伍幾十年了,他們已經習慣了,那你
為什麼要例外呢?」</p>
+
+<p>現在,這個問題有一個荒謬的假設。
+這就像說:「其他人得了癌症,你
為什麼不呢?」不管別人發生了什麼事,我想任何時候任何人沒有得癌症,都是很好的。這個問題是很荒謬的,å›
 ç‚ºå®ƒçš„前提是,我們都有責任以某種方式承受專利所造
成的傷害。</p>
+
+<p>但其中仍有一個值得深思的問題,這個問題是:「不同é 
˜åŸŸä¹‹é–“有什麼區別,可能會影響這些é 
˜åŸŸçš„專利政策好壞?」</p>
+
+<p>在多少專利能夠
禁止或覆蓋任何一種產品的各部分,各個é 
˜åŸŸä¹‹é–“存在重要的差異。</p>
+
+<p>現在我們試圖擺脫的是一個天真的想法,因
為它不是真實情況。亦即在任何一種產品上都有一項
專利,能涵蓋該產品的整體設計。因
此,如果您設計一個新產品,而該產品尚未獲得專利,因
此您將有機會獲得該產品的「專利」。</p>
+
+<p>事實不是這樣的。在1800年代,他們或許做得到,但現在可不行。事實上,每個產品é
 ˜åŸŸæ¶‰åŠå¤šå°‘專利,不同é 
˜åŸŸçš„一個產品有多少專利會形成一個光譜。å…
‰è­œçš„起點是一個專利,但今天沒有這樣的領域。各個é 
˜åŸŸéƒ½åœ¨é€™å€‹å…‰è­œä¸Šçš„不同地方。</p>
+
+<p>與之最接近的é 
˜åŸŸæ˜¯è£½è—¥ã€‚幾十年前,至少在某個時候,每種藥物實際上都擁有一é
 …專利,因
為該專利涵蓋了該特定物質的整個化學式。那時,如果您開發了一種新藥,則可以確定它尚未被å
…¶ä»–人申請專利,並且可以獲得該藥的一項專利。</p>
+
+<p>但現在這行不通。現在有更廣泛的專利,因
此現在您可以開發一種新藥,而且由於某人已經擁有涵蓋該專利的更廣泛專利,å›
 æ­¤æ‚¨ä¸è¢«å…è¨±è£½é€ æ‚¨æ‰€ç ”發的新藥。</p>
+
+<p>甚至可能有幾個這樣的專利同時涵蓋您的新藥,但不會有數百個。原å›
 
是,我們進行生化工程的能力非常有限,導致沒人知道如何結合這麼多想法來製é€
 å‡ºå°é†«å­¸æœ‰ç”¨çš„東西。如果您可以將å…
¶ä¸­çš„幾個結合使用,那麼就我們的知識水準而言,您做得很好。但是å
…¶ä»–領域則涉及將更多的想法組合成一件事。</p>
+
+<p>在光譜的另一端是軟體,因為我們的領域,比所有其他é 
˜åŸŸéƒ½å®¹æ˜“將更多的想法組合成一個可用的設計。我認為我們é
 
˜åŸŸä¸­çš„人的智力與物理工程中的人的智力相同。並不是說我們本質上比他們更強。這是å›
 ç‚ºæˆ‘們在從事數學工作,因此從根本上來說,我們的é 
˜åŸŸæ›´åŠ ç°¡å–®ã€‚</p>
+
+<p>程式由具有定義的數學å…
ƒä»¶çµ„成,是有定義的,而物理物件沒有定義。物質自有å…
¶é‹ä½œæ–¹å¼ï¼Œå› æ­¤ï¼Œé€éŽç‰©è³ªçš„變化,您的設計可能無法按å…
¶ã€Œæ‡‰æœ‰çš„」運作方式進行。這很難。您不能說這件事有問題,而宇宙應該被修復。(而)我們(程式設計師)可以製é€
 ä¸€åº§ä½æ–¼æ•¸å­¸çš„細線上的城å 
¡ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”由於沒有任何實際的重量,所以它可以保持不動。</p>
+
+<p>我們不必擔心物理工程中許多複雜的事情。</p>
+
+<p>例如,當我將 <code>if</code> 陳述放入 <code>while</code> 迴圈å…
§æ™‚:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>我不必擔心,如果這種 <code>while</code> 
迴圈以錯誤的速率重複,<code>if</code>
+陳述可能開始振動,並且可能引起共振與破裂;</li>
+
+<li>我不必擔心,如果它能以更快的速度å…
±æŒ¯ï¼ˆä¹Ÿè¨±æ˜¯æ¯ç§’數百萬次)它可能會產生無線電波訊號,從而可能在程式的å
…¶ä»–部分產生錯誤的數值;</li>
+
+<li>我不必擔心環境中的腐蝕性流體可能會滲入 <code>if</code> 
陳述與 <code>while</code>
+陳述之間,並開始吞噬它們,導致訊號不再通過;</li>
+
+<li>我不必擔心 <code>if</code> 陳述產生的熱量如何透過 
<code>while</code> 陳述散發出去,從而不會使
+<code>if</code> 陳述能量耗盡;以及</li>
+
+<li>我不必擔心如果其破裂、燃燒或è…
è•ï¼Œæˆ‘要如何取出損毀的 <code>if</code> 陳述,並用另一個 
<code>if</code>
+陳述替換以讓程式再度執行。</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>對於這個問題,每次我製作程式副本時,我不必
擔心如何將 <code>if</code> 陳述放入 <code>while</code>
+中。我不需要設計一個工廠來複製我的程式,因
為有各種一般的指令能夠複製任何東西。</p>
+
+<p>如果我想在 CD 
上製作一份副本,我只需要編寫一份母片;而且有程式可以(用來)從任何東西中製作母片,寫å
…¥æˆ‘想要的任何資料。我可以製作一份母片
+CD,將我的程式寫入,並將其寄送給工廠
,然後他們就會複製我給他們的任何內容。我不必
為了我想複製的每樣東西設計不同的工廠。</p>
+
+<p>在物理工程中,很多時候您必須這樣做:您必é 
ˆè¨­è¨ˆæœ‰å¯è£½é€ æ€§çš„產品。設計工廠
甚至可能比設計產品更重要,然後您可能需要花費數百萬美å…
ƒä¾†å»ºé€ å·¥å» ã€‚
+因此,面對這些所有麻ç…
©ï¼Œæ‚¨å°‡ç„¡æ³•å°‡é€™éº¼å¤šä¸åŒçš„想法放在一個產品中,並讓它發揮作用。</p>
+
+<p>具有一百萬個不重複不同設計元素
的物理設計是一個巨大的專案。但若是一個包
含一百萬種不同設計元素
的程式不算什麼。這只是幾十萬行程式碼,幾個人在幾年後就能寫出來,所以沒什麼大不了的。å›
 æ­¤ï¼Œçµæžœå°Žè‡´å°ˆåˆ©åˆ¶åº¦å°æˆ‘們的影響比任何其他é 
˜åŸŸçš„人都重,這些人則是受到物質上的阻礙。</p>
+
+<p>一位律師對一個特定的大型程式進行了研究,亦即 Linux æ 
¸å¿ƒï¼Œå®ƒèˆ‡æˆ‘推出的 GNU 
作業系統一起使用。距今五年前;他發現了 283
+項不同的美國專利,每項專利似乎都在某些地方禁止 Linux 
程式碼進行某些運算。當時我看到一篇文章說 Linux 占
整個系統的
+0.25%。因此,透過計算將 300 乘以 
400,我們可以估計專利的數量,整個系統將禁止的東西大約會有
 10
+萬項
。這只是一個非常粗略的估計,沒有更準確的資訊可用,因
為試圖找出答會將是艱鉅的任務。</p>
+
+<p>現在,這位律師沒有公佈專利清單,因為這將危及 Linux
+核心的開發者
,讓他們處於如果被起訴將受到更嚴重懲罰的境地。他不想傷害他們;他想證明這個專利僵局的問題有多嚴重。</p>
+
+<p>程式設計師可以立刻理解這一點,但政治人物通常對程式設計所知甚少;他們通常認為專利基本上很像著作權,只是在某種程度上更強大。他們想像,既然軟體開發è€
…
不會受到作品著作權的危害,他們也不會受到作品專利的危害。他們想像,å›
 ç‚ºç•¶ä½ å¯«å‡ºä¸€å€‹ç¨‹å¼ï¼Œä½ æœ‰è‘—作權,(因此)如果你
寫了一個程式,你也會擁有專利。這是錯誤的
+—— 
那麼,我們如何讓他們知道專利到底會做什麼呢?他們在像美國這樣的國家真正想做什麼?</p>
+
+<p>我發現以交響樂來做軟體的類比很有用。這裡有一個不錯的類比。</p>
+
+<p>一個程式或交響樂結合了許多想法。交響樂融合了許多音樂想法。但是您不能只挑出一å
 †æƒ³æ³•èªªï¼šã€Œé€™æ˜¯æˆ‘的想法組合,您喜歡嗎?」因
為為了讓它們起作用,您必須全部都實現。你
不能只挑選一些音樂思想並列出它們,然後說:「嘿,你
喜歡這個組合嗎?」您聽不到那個(清單)。
+您必須寫樂譜,將這些想法結合並實現。</p>
+
+<p>其中艱鉅的任務,我們大多數人不擅長的事情
,是編寫所有的樂譜,讓整體聽起來不錯。當然,我們很多人可以從æ¸
…
單中挑選出音樂想法,但我們不知道如何寫好聽的交響樂來實現這些想法。只有我們中的一些人有這種天賦。這是限制ä½
 
的東西。我也許可以發明一些音樂創意,但我不知道如何使用它們。</p>
+
+<p>試想一下,如果現在是1700年代,歐洲各國政府決定透過建立一個音樂理念專利制度來促進交響樂的進步,以便任何用語言描述的音樂想法都能獲得專利。</p>
+
+<p>例如,使用特定的音符é 
†åºä½œç‚ºä¸»é¡Œå¯ä»¥ç”³è«‹å°ˆåˆ©ï¼Œæˆ–是和弦進行可以申請專利,或是有節奏的模式可以申請專利,或是使用某些樂器本身可以申請專利,或è€
…可以在行動中重複的æ 
¼å¼å¯ä»¥ç”³è«‹å°ˆåˆ©ã€‚任何可以用語言描述的音樂想法都是可以申請專利的。</p>
+
+<p>然後想像一下,現在是1800年,你是貝多芬,你
想寫交響樂。你會發現寫一首你
不會被起訴的交響樂比寫一首聽起來不錯的交響樂要困難得多,å›
 ç‚ºä½ å¿…須繞開所有存在的專利。如果你
抱怨這一點,專利持有人會說:「哦,貝多芬,你
只是嫉妒,因為我們先有這些想法。你為什麼不去想一些你
自己的想法呢?」</p>
+
+<p>那現在貝多芬有自己的想法。他之所以被認為是一位偉大的作曲家,是å›
 
為他擁有的所有新想法,而且他實際上也使用了。他知道如何使用它們使之能實現,就是將他們與許多眾所周知的想法結合。他可以把一些新的想法與許多老的與沒有爭議的想法一起譜成一曲。結果卻是一部有爭議的作品,但並非讓人們無法接受它。</p>
+
+<p>對我們來說,貝多芬的音樂聽起來沒有爭議;當它是新的時候,有人這樣告訴我。但是,由於他把他的新想法與許多已知的想法結合起來,他能讓人們有機會在一定的程度上擴展。而人們確實可以,這就是為什麼這些想法聽起來很好。但是,沒有人,即使是貝多芬,是一個可以從零重塑音樂的天才,不使用任何眾所周知的想法,並作出人們會想聽的東西。同樣沒有人是可以從零重塑運算的天才,不使用任何眾所周知的想法,並產生人們會想要使用的東西。</p>
+
+<p>當技術環境如此é 
»ç¹åœ°è®ŠåŒ–時,您最終會遇到二十年前所做的事情完全不夠
的狀況。二十年前沒有å…
¨çƒè³‡è¨Šç¶²ã€‚所以,當然,當時人們用電腦做了很多事情
,但是他們今天想做的事情是能與å…
¨çƒè³‡è¨Šç¶²ä¸€èµ·ä½¿ç”¨çš„事情。你
不能只使用二十年前已知的想法。而我相信技術環境將繼續改變,為某人獲得新的創é€
 å°ˆåˆ©æ©Ÿæœƒï¼Œç‚ºæ•´å€‹é ˜åŸŸæä¾›å‹•åŠ›ã€‚</p>
+
+<p>大å…
¬å¸ç”šè‡³å¯ä»¥è‡ªå·±åšé€™ä»¶äº‹ã€‚例如,幾年前,微軟決定對文件制定一個虛假的å
…¬é–‹æ¨™æº–,並透過破壞國際標準組織來將å…
¶ä½œç‚ºæ¨™æº–獲得批准。但是他們使用微軟已經申請專利的東西來設計它。微軟å¤
 å¤§ï¼Œå®ƒå¯ä»¥å¾žå°ˆåˆ©é–‹å§‹ï¼Œè¨­è¨ˆä¸€ç¨®æ 
¼å¼æˆ–協定來使用專利的想法(無論å…
¶æ˜¯å¦æœ‰åŠ©ç›Šï¼‰ï¼Œå¦‚此,除非你
也使用同樣的想法,否則沒有辦法相容。然後微軟可以在有或沒有被ç
 ´å£žçš„標準機構幫助的情況下制定出事實上的標準。僅僅以å…
¶å¸‚占率,它可以推動人們使用這種æ 
¼å¼ï¼Œé€™åŸºæœ¬ä¸Šæ„å‘³è‘—他們得到對整個世界的箝制。因
此,我們需要向政治家們展示這裡到底發生了什麼。我們需要告訴他們為什麼這是不好的。</p>
+
+<p>現在我聽說紐西蘭考慮軟體專利的原因是,一家大å…
¬å¸å¸Œæœ›ç²å¾—一些壟斷,限制國內的每個人,讓一家å…
¬å¸è³ºæ›´å¤šçš„錢。這與政治家精神完全相反。</p>
+
+<p>所以,在這一點上,我想問幾個問題。</p></dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>還有別的替代方案嗎?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>不要有軟體專利。我知道這樣仍能運作良好。我在這個é 
˜åŸŸæ™‚還沒有軟體專利。這代表了人們開發軟體,並以各種方式散佈軟體,而不å¿
…擔心被專利持有人起訴,所以他們是安å…
¨çš„。軟體專利無法解決真正的問題,所以我們不需要問還有什麼å
…¶ä»–解決方案。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>開發者如何獲得獎勵?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd><p>有很多方法。但軟體專利與此無關。請記住,如果您是軟體開發è€
…,軟體專利無法協助您取得任何您想要取得的東西。</p>
+
+<p>不同的軟體開發者想要不同的東西。
+我在1980年代開發了一些重要的軟體,我想要的回å 
±æ˜¯çœ‹åˆ°äººå€‘在自由地使用電腦。而我得到了這個回å 
±ï¼Œé›–然不夠
完整,不是每個人都有自由。但是軟體專利只會阻止我的目標。</p>
+
+<p>其他人開發程式是因為他們想要錢。軟體專利同樣威脅
著他們,並且仍然威脅著他們,因為如果專利持有人要求你å…
¨éƒ¨äº¤çµ¦ä»–們,或者如果他們要你關門,你
就賺不到錢。</p></dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>您如何避免抄襲,以及……</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd><p>抄襲與這個問題無關。這與這個問題完全無關。</p>
+
+<p>抄襲是指複製作品的文字,並聲稱是自己寫的。但是專利與任何特定作品的文字無關。它們æ
 ¹æœ¬èˆ‡æ­¤äº‹ç„¡é—œã€‚</p>
+
+<p>如果你
寫一部作品,而這部作品體現了一些想法,而它總是這樣,那麼沒有理由認為涵蓋這些想法的專利將屬於ä½
 ã€‚其更有可能屬於其他很多人,其中一半屬於大型å…
¬å¸ï¼Œç„¶å¾Œä»–們都可以起訴你。所以你
甚至不用擔心(抄襲);早在你
到達別人可能複製它的地步之前,你就會受害。</p>
+
+<p>您大概把專利和著作權混淆了。它們沒有什麼å…
±åŒé»žã€‚我已經向您解釋了專利制度對軟體的影響,但我認為您不相信我,å›
 ç‚ºæ‚¨è½èªªéŽè‘—作權做了什麼,而您混淆了兩者
。所以您有對於著作權的印象,您只是假設專利也作一樣的事
+——
+但並非如此。如果您寫一些程式碼,該程式碼的著作權將屬於您;但是,如果您的程式碼實現的想法,å
…
¶ä¸­æœ‰ä¸€äº›æƒ³æ³•æ˜¯å±¬æ–¼å°ˆåˆ©çš„,那麼這些專利屬於可以起訴您的人。</p>
+
+<p>如果是您自己寫的程式碼,你不必
害怕別人有著作權可以起訴你,因
為著作權只限制複製。事實上,即使你
寫的東西與別人寫的一模一樣,如果你能證明你
沒有複製它,這就可以做為著作權法規的辯詞,因
為著作權法只涉及複製。但著作權法只涉及作品的創作細節(而不是它所體現的想法),å›
 æ­¤å°±å…¶æ‰€è™•ç†çš„內容而言,它與專利法沒有任何å…
±åŒä¹‹è™•ï¼Œè€Œä¸”效果完全不同。</p>
+
+<p>目前我個人不贊成人們使用著作權法所做的一切,我已經批評過了。但這是一個完å
…
¨ä¸åŒçš„,無關的問題。如果您認為專利法對開發軟體的人有所幫助,這代表了您已經完å
…¨ç†è§£éŒ¯äº†å°ˆåˆ©æ³•çš„實際作用。</p></dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>別誤會我的意思。我是站在您這邊的。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>好吧,但您還是理解錯了。我不怪您,因
為您只是被誤導了。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>如果我正為商業目的編寫軟體,我是否可以透過將å…
¶è¦–為黑盒子並將其保密來獲得良好的保護?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>我不想討論這個問題, 因
為我不贊成,我認為這是不道德的,但這是一個無關的問題。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>我明白。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>我不想轉移話題, 
然後讚揚一些我認為不好的東西。但因
為這是一個轉移話題,我寧願不談。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>我們的研究、科學與技術基金會,我認為其可能相當於你
們的國家科學基金會,為ç 
”究和發展提供資助,他們非常積極地提出一件事,亦即如果可能,他們資助的想法應該透過專利來保護。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>對於軟體來說不該是如此,因
為軟體創意不應該被任何人申請專利。但更普遍的是,你
在那裡看到的,是我們社會普遍è…
æ•—的一個例子,把商業目的置於一切之上。我並不是å…
±ç”¢ä¸»ç¾©è€…
,我不想廢除商業,但是當它成為商業至上時,生活的方方面面都以商業為導向,這會相當危險。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>所以 Richard,如果您可以和基金會談談,也許你
可以建議像紐西蘭這樣的小國有更好的方法透過軟體賺錢。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>軟體專利不能幫助任何人從軟體中賺錢。他們代表了,當您嘗試時,您有被起訴的危險。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>什麼讓紐西蘭很難以一個國家的身份使用軟體作為å…
¶ç¶“濟基礎的一部分?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>抱歉,當您說「什麼」時,我不知道您指的是什麼。軟體專利會讓任何人都感到困難。如果紐西蘭å
…
è¨±è»Ÿé«”專利,那麼在紐西蘭任何人都將難以開發和分發程式,å›
 ç‚ºæ‚¨å°‡é¢è‡¨è¢«èµ·è¨´çš„危險。軟體專利與開發程式然後投å…
¥ä½¿ç”¨ç„¡é—œã€‚</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>所以紐西蘭,在經濟發展方面,如果沒有軟體專利,會得到更好的保護。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd><p>是的。您看,每個國家都有自己的專利制度,都是獨立運作的,除非國家簽署了一個條約,上面寫著:「如果ä½
 åœ¨é‚£å€‹åœ‹å®¶ç²å¾—了專利,你基本上可以把你
的申請帶來這裡,我們會根據你
在那邊申請的年份來判斷。」但除此之外,每個國家都有自己的專利標準,並擁有自己的專利組合。</p>
+
+<p>所以結果是,如果美國允許軟體專利而紐西蘭不å…
è¨±ï¼Œé‚£å°±æ„å‘³è‘—世界上每個人,包
括紐西蘭人,都可以取得美國的軟體專利,並在國å…
§èµ·è¨´æˆ‘們這些可憐的美國人。但是,如果紐西蘭不å…
è¨±è»Ÿé«”專利,那意味著您和我們都無法獲得紐西蘭軟體專利來起訴在國å
…
§çš„紐西蘭人。可以肯定的是,幾乎所有的軟體專利都屬於外國人,只要有機會,他們就會用它們基本上排除任何紐西蘭軟體開發è€
…。</p></dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>自從休斯飛機案以來,我想那是在1990年代……</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>我不知道那個案子。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>但基本上紐西蘭目前擁有軟體專利。所以這並非我們要進å
…¥ä¸€å€‹æˆ‘們還沒有這些東西的領域,我們正處在其中。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd><p>我不知道,但有人告訴我,現在正在立法層面做出是否å
…è¨±å®ƒå€‘的決定。但專利局經常對大公司透過 WIPO 
的遊說做出回應。</p>
+
+<p>WIPO(World Intellectual Property Organization ——
+世界智慧財產權組織),一事無成,因
為任何使用該術語(譯者註:應是指智æ…
§è²¡ç”¢æ¬Šï¼‰çš„行為都會造成混淆。WIPO
+從大å…
¬å¸è™•ç²å¾—大量資金,並利用這些資金將專利局的官員帶到田園詩般的度假勝地接受培訓。他們訓練他們做的是扭曲法律,å
…è¨±åœ¨ä¸æ‡‰è©²è¢«å…è¨±çš„領域獲得專利。</p>
+
+<p>在許多地區,法律和法院判決規定,軟體本身不能獲得專利,演算法不能獲得專利,或è€
…「數學」演算法不能獲得專利(沒有人能完å…
¨ç¢ºå®šæ¼”算法是不是數學),以及各種å…
¶ä»–標準,在自然解釋下將排除軟體專利,但專利局扭曲了法律,無論如何都å
…è¨±å®ƒå€‘。</p>
+
+<p>例如,許多實際上是軟體專利的東西的形式是,它們描述了一個涉及
+CPU、記憶體、輸å…
¥ï¼è¼¸å‡ºè£ç½®ã€æ“·å–指令的裝置,以及執行此特定計算方法的系統。實際上,他們已經明確地將一個普通電è
…¦ä¸Šçš„所有元件都寫å…
¥äº†å°ˆåˆ©ï¼Œç„¶å¾Œä»–們說:「嗯,這是一個我們想要申請專利的物理系統。」但實際上它只是為電è
…¦ä¸Šçš„某些軟體申請了專利。他們使用了許多詭計。</p>
+
+<p>專利局通常會試圖扭曲法律以å…
è¨±æ›´å¤šå°ˆåˆ©ã€‚在美國,軟體專利是由法院於1982年在審理所有專利案件的上訴法院中建立x的,該法院誤解了最高法院前一年的判決並誤用了該判決。現在看來,上訴法院終於改變主意了,得出的結論是他們一直都是錯的;看起來這個決定將取消所有軟體專利,除非最高法院撤銷它。最高法院現在正在考æ
…
®ï¼Œä¸åˆ°ä¸€å¹´çš„時間,我們應該會知道我們是贏了還是輸了。</p></dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>如果這個案子不成功,美國是否有採取立法方案的行動?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>是的,我已經推廣了大約十九年了。這是一å 
´æˆ‘們在不同國家打過一遍又一遍地的戰鬥。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>您有思考過 I4i 的案件嗎?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>我不知道那是什麼。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>這是讓微軟幾乎不得不停止銷售 Word 的案件,因
為他們被發現侵犯了加拿大的專利。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>哦,那個。這只是一個例子,說明軟體專利對所有軟體開發è€
…
的危害有多大。我不喜歡微軟的做法,但這是一個與此目的無關的議題。有人可以起訴軟體開發è€
…並說:「我不會讓你散佈這樣的軟體」是不好的。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>顯然,我們生活在一個不完美的世界中,在某些情
況下,我們會遇到軟體專利問題。您認為我們是否應該像著作權法å
…è¨±å°æœ‰è‘—作權的素材進行研究一樣,讓ç 
”究人員享有繞過專利的特權?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>不,尋找部分解決方案是錯誤的,因
為我們有更好的機會建立完整的解決方案。所有參與軟體開發、散佈和使用的人,除了大å
…
¬å¸çš„那些人以外,看到軟體專利有多麼危險時,他們都會支持完å
…¨æ‹’絕軟體專利。而某些特殊情況的例外只會贏得該特殊情
況下人們的支持。這些部分解決方案本質上是干擾。人們開始說:「哦,我確定我們不能真正解決問題,所以我放棄了。讓我提出一個部分解決方案。」但是這些部分解決方案並不能保證開發軟體的安å
…¨ã€‚</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>但是,您不會反對不一定只針對軟體專利的部分解決方案,å›
 
此您不會反對實驗性使用,這對於藥物專利來說可能是一個很好的解決方案。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>我不會反對。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>但是你說的是你認為它不適用於軟體,我只想釐清
一下。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>一些只拯救我們幾個人,或者只拯救某些活動,或者
擺脫一半軟體專利的東西,這就像是說:「好吧,也許我們可以æ¸
…除部分地雷區,或者我們可以摧毀一半的地雷區。」
+(這是進步)但這並不會使其變得安全。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>所以你
在世界各地都在說同樣的話。被吸收了多少?政府是否更改或未採用軟體專利?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>有些有。幾年前,印度曾試圖修改專利法,明確å…
è¨±è»Ÿé«”專利,但被放棄了。幾年前,美國提出了與拉丁美洲的貿易條約,即自由剝削條約。它被巴西總統阻止,他對軟體專利和å
…¶ä»–與電è…
¦æœ‰é—œä»¤äººè¨ŽåŽ­çš„事說不,這導致整個條約終止。這顯然是美國整個想要強åŠ
 çµ¦éžæ´²å¤§é™¸å…¶ä»–地區的事情。但這些東西不會結束;有些å…
¬å¸æ“æœ‰å…¨è·å“¡å·¥ï¼Œæ­£åœ¨å°‹æ‰¾å¯ä»¥é¡›è¦†æŸå€‹åœ‹å®¶æˆ–å…
¶ä»–國家的方法。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>在基本上沒有軟體專利的國家的創新社群中,是否有任何關於經濟方面發生的真實可見的資料?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd><p>沒有。衡量這些東西幾乎是不可能的。實際上,我不應該說沒有。有一點。很難衡量專利制度的效果,å›
 
為您將現實世界與假設世界進行比較,並且無法確定會發生什麼。</p>
+
+<p>我能說的是,在有軟體專利之前,有很多軟體被開發;雖然沒有現在那麼多,å›
 ç‚ºç•¶ç„¶æ²’有現在這麼多的電腦使用者。</p>
+
+<p>即便是在美國,1982年有多少電腦使用者
?只是大眾的一小部分。但是有軟體開發者
。他們並不是說:「我們非常想要專利。」他們在開發程式後,並沒有å›
 ç‚ºå°ˆåˆ©ä¾µæ¬Šè€Œè¢«èµ·è¨´ã€‚但是我看到一些(經濟)ç 
”究表明,顯然軟體專利並沒有導致研究的增加
,而是導致資金從研究轉向專利。</p></dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>您預期會有人對商業秘密感興趣嗎?</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>不。在有軟體專利之前,很多軟體開發人員都對他們的程式細節保密。但是他們通常不會對任何一般想法保密,å›
 
為他們意識到開發優秀軟體的重要工作不是挑選您的一般想法,而是將很多想法結合在一起並實現。所以他們會發表,或讓他們的員工在學術期刊上發表他們所擁有的任何有趣的新想法。而現在,他們將為這些新想法申請專利。它與開發一個有用的程式關係不大,åƒ
…僅
讓人們知道一些想法並不能給他們一個程式。此外,大多數想法,您在程式中組合的數千個想法,無論如何都是已知的。</dd>
+
+<dt>問:</dt>
+<dd>要證明這個點,我得說我聽過一個採訪,PayPal 
的一位創始人接受了採訪,他說他非常強烈地感受到他的成功是
 5% 的想法和 95%
+的執行,這非常支持你的觀點。</dd>
+
+<dt>答:</dt>
+<dd>我同意。</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>很好。理查在這裡提供了我認為是免費的貼紙。</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>免費。而這些(其他物品)是要用來販售的。</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>那麼,謝謝您。這是一場精彩的辯論 —— 
謝謝您,Richard。</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>本文演講刊登於<a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>自由軟體,自由社會:理查史托曼文選</cite></a>。</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-tw.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>請來信到 <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";>&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a> 
詢問有關自由軟體基金會(FSF)和
+GNU 的一般問題;或者<a href="/contact/">以å…
¶ä»–方式</a>聯絡自由軟體基金會。至於損毀的連結及å…
¶ä»–修正和建議,可以將之寄給 <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+
+        &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+我們努力盡所能提供貼切、品質良善的翻譯。然而,我們無法十å
…¨åç¾Žï¼Œé‚„請將你的意見評述與一般建議寄給 <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>&lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a></p><p>請參ç
…§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻譯讀我 README</a>
+來瞭解協調和提交我們的網頁翻譯相關事宜。</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2009, 2010, 2014, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>本頁面採用<a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.zh_TW";>創用 CC
+姓名標示-禁止改作 4.0 國際</a>條款給予授權。</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-tw.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>翻譯</b>:胡景竑  <a href="mailto:henryhu22134 (at) gmail (dot)
+com">&lt;henryhu22134 (at) gmail (dot) com&gt;</a>, 2021<br />
+<b>校對</b>:黃柏諺 <a href="mailto:s8321414 (at) gmail (dot) 
com">&lt;s8321414
+(at) gmail (dot) com&gt;</a>, 2021.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+更新時間︰
+
+$Date: 2021/06/26 06:00:30 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw-en.html
diff -N po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/danger-of-software-patents.zh-tw-en.html 26 Jun 2021 06:00:31 -0000      
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1472 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>The Danger of Software Patents
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>The Danger of Software Patents</h2>
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>This is the transcript of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman
+on 8 October 2009 at Victoria University of Wellington.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd><p>My name is Susy Frankel and on behalf of myself and Meredith
+Kolsky Lewis, I'd like to welcome you to this seminar hosted by the
+New Zealand Centre for International Economic Law.  Brenda Chawner,
+who is part of the Victoria University School of Information
+Management, rather than the Centre I just named being part of the Law
+Faculty, is really responsible for bringing Richard Stallman back to
+New Zealand and hosting his tour of New Zealand, including this stop
+here in Wellington tonight.  She's unfortunately unable to be with us
+at this moment because she's doing what we do in universities which is
+teach.</p>
+
+<p>So it's my pleasure to welcome you to the lecture &ldquo;The Danger
+of Software Patents&rdquo;.  Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures
+that he offers, and after discussion with Brenda, I chose this topic
+precisely because for the first real time in New Zealand history, we
+have a somewhat prolonged, but important, debate about patent law
+reform, and many of you in the room are responsible for the debate
+relating to software patents.  So it seemed very topical, very timely.
+So thank you, Richard, for making that offer.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman needs little introduction.  Nonetheless, for some
+of you who have not heard of him previously, he has launched the
+development of the GNU operating system.  I had never heard GNU said
+before, and I went online to YouTube (where would we be be without
+YouTube)&hellip;</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Oh, you shouldn't recommend YouTube, because they distribute in a
+patented video format.</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>Good point.  I only recommend it for the point that I thought do
+you say G&nbsp;N&nbsp;U or GNU?</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Wikipedia says that.  [The answer is, pronounce it as a one
+syllable, with a hard G.]</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>Yes, but live I heard you say it on YouTube.  But nonetheless, the
+important point is that it's not proprietorial.  But the most
+interesting point is that Richard has received many honors for his
+work.  My favorite, and therefore the one that I'm going to mention,
+is the Takeda Award for Social and Economic Betterment, and I imagine
+we're going to hear a lot of that tonight, so join me in welcoming
+Richard.</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>First of all, I'd like to mention one of the reasons why I'm
+drinking this [a can or bottle of a cola which is not coke] is there's
+a worldwide boycott of Coca-Cola Company for murdering union
+organizers in Colombia.  Look at the
+site <a href="http://killercoke.org";>killercoke.org</a>.  And they're
+not talking about the effects of drinking the product&mdash;after all,
+the same might be true of many other products&mdash;it's murder.  So
+before you buy any drink product, look at the fine print and see if
+it's made by Coca-Cola Company.</p>
+
+<p>I'm most known for starting the free software movement and leading
+development of the GNU operating system&mdash;although most of the
+people who use the system mistakenly believe it's Linux and think it
+was started by somebody else a decade later.  But I'm not going to be
+speaking about any of that today.  I'm here to talk about a legal
+danger to all software developers, distributors, and users: the danger
+of patents&mdash;on computational ideas, computational techniques, an
+idea for something you can do on a computer.</p>
+
+<p>Now, to understand this issue, the first thing you need to realize
+is that patent law has nothing to do with copyright law&mdash;they're
+totally different.  Whatever you learn about one of them, you can be
+sure it doesn't apply to the other.</p>
+
+<p>So, for example, any time a person makes a statement about
+&ldquo;intellectual property,&rdquo; that's spreading confusion,
+because it's lumping together not only these two laws but also at
+least a dozen others.  They're all different, and the result is any
+statement which purports to be about &ldquo;intellectual
+property&rdquo; is pure confusion&mdash;either the person making the
+statement is confused, or the person is trying to confuse others.  But
+either way, whether it's accidental or malicious, it's confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Protect yourself from this confusion by rejecting any statement
+which makes use of that term.  The only way to make thoughtful
+comments and think clear thoughts about any one of these laws is to
+distinguish it first from all the others, and talk or think about one
+particular law, so that we can understand what it actually does and
+then form conclusions about it.  So I'll be talking about patent law,
+and what happens in those countries which have allowed patent law to
+restrict software.</p>
+
+<p>So, what does a patent do?  A patent is an explicit,
+government-issued monopoly on using a certain idea.  In the patent
+there's a part called the claims, which describe exactly what you're
+not allowed to do (although they're written in a way you probably
+can't understand).  It's a struggle to figure out what those
+prohibitions actually mean, and they may go on for many pages of fine
+print.</p>
+
+<p>So the patent typically lasts for 20 years, which is a fairly long
+time in our field.  Twenty years ago there was no World Wide
+Web&mdash;a tremendous amount of the use of computers goes on in an
+area which wasn't even possible to propose 20 years ago.  So of course
+everything that people do on it is something that's new since 20 years
+ago&mdash;at least in some aspect it is new.  So if patents had been
+applied for we'd be prohibited from doing all of it, and we may be
+prohibited from doing all of it in countries that have been foolish
+enough to have such a policy.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the time, when people describe the function of the patent
+system, they have a vested interest in the system.  They may be patent
+lawyers, or they may work in the Patent Office, or they may be in the
+patent office of a megacorporation, so they want you to like the
+system.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Economist</cite> once referred to the patent system as
+&ldquo;a time-consuming lottery.&rdquo; If you've ever seen publicity
+for a lottery, you understand how it works: they dwell on the very
+unlikely probability of winning, and they don't talk about the
+overwhelming likelihood of losing.  In this way, they intentionally
+and systematically present a biased picture of what's likely to happen
+to you, without actually lying about any particular fact.</p>
+
+<p>It's the same way for the publicity for the patent system: they
+talk about what it's like to walk down the street with a patent in
+your pocket&mdash;or first of all, what it's like to get a patent,
+then what it's like to have a patent in your pocket, and every so
+often you can pull it out and point it at somebody and say,
+&ldquo;Give me your money.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>To compensate for their bias, I'm going to describe it from the
+other side, the victim side&mdash;what it's like for people who want
+to develop or distribute or run software.  You have to worry that any
+day someone might walk up to you and point a patent at you and say,
+&ldquo;Give me your money.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>If you want to develop software in a country that allows software
+patents, and you want to work with patent law, what will you have to
+do?</p>
+
+<p>You could try to make a list of all the ideas that one might be
+able to find in the program that you're about to write, aside from the
+fact that you don't know that when you start writing the program.
+[But] even after you finish writing the program you wouldn't be able
+to make such a list.</p>
+
+<p>The reason is&hellip; in the process you conceived of it in one
+particular way&mdash;you've got a mental structure to apply to your
+design.  And because of that, it will block you from seeing other
+structures that somebody might use to understand the same
+program&mdash;because you're not coming to it fresh; you already
+designed it with one structure in mind.  Someone else who sees it for
+the first time might see a different structure, which involves
+different ideas, and it would be hard for you to see what those other
+ideas are.  But nonetheless they're implemented in your program, and
+those patents could prohibit your program, if those ideas are
+patented.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, suppose there were graphical-idea patents and you
+wanted to draw a square.  Well, you would realize that if there was a
+patent on a bottom edge, it would prohibit your square.  You could put
+&ldquo;bottom edge&rdquo; on the list of all ideas implemented in your
+drawing.  But you might not realize that somebody else with a patent
+on bottom corners could sue you easily also, because he could take
+your drawing and turn it by 45 degrees.  And now your square is like
+this, and it has a bottom corner.</p>
+
+<p>So you couldn't make a list of all the ideas which, if patented,
+could prohibit your program.</p>
+
+<p>What you might try to do is find out all the ideas that are
+patented that might be in your program.  Now you can't do that
+actually, because patent applications are kept secret for at least
+eighteen months; and the result is the Patent Office could be
+considering now whether to issue a patent, and they won't tell you.
+And this is not just an academic, theoretical possibility.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was written, a program
+for compressing files using the <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">
+LZW</abbr> data compression algorithm, and at that time there was
+no patent on that algorithm for compressing files.  The author got the
+algorithm from an article in a journal.  That was when we thought that
+the purpose of computer science journals was to publish algorithms so
+people could use them.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote this program, he released it, and in 1985 a patent was
+issued on that algorithm.  But the patent holder was cunning and
+didn't immediately go around telling people to stop using it.  The
+patent holder figured, &ldquo;Let's let everybody dig their grave
+deeper.&rdquo; A few years later they started threatening people; it
+became clear we couldn't use Compress, so I asked for people to
+suggest other algorithms we could use for compressing files.</p>
+
+<p>And somebody wrote and said, &ldquo;I developed another data compression
+algorithm that works better, I've written a program, I'd like to give
+it to you.&rdquo;  So we got ready to release it, and a week before it was
+ready to be released, I read in the <cite>New York Times</cite> weekly
+patent column, which I rarely saw&mdash;it's a couple of times a year
+I might see it&mdash;but just by luck I saw that someone had gotten a
+patent for &ldquo;inventing a new method of compressing data.&rdquo;
+And so I said we had better look at this, and sure enough it covered
+the program we were about to release.  But it could have been worse:
+the patent could have been issued a year later, or two years later, or
+three years later, or five years later.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, someone else came up with another, even better compression
+algorithm, which was used in the program gzip, and just about
+everybody who wanted to compress files switched to gzip, so
+it sounds like a happy ending.  But you'll hear more later.  It's not
+entirely so happy.</p>
+
+<p>So, you can't find out about the patents that are being considered
+even though they may prohibit your work once they come out, but you
+can find out about the already issued patents.  They're all published
+by the Patent Office.  The problem is you can't read them all, because
+there are too many of them.</p>
+
+<p>In the US I believe there are hundreds of thousands of
+software patents; keeping track of them would be a tremendous job.  So
+you're going to have to search for relevant patents.  And you'll find
+a lot of relevant patents, but you won't necessarily find them
+all.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, in the 80s and 90s, there was a patent on
+&ldquo;natural order recalculation&rdquo; in spreadsheets.  Somebody
+once asked me for a copy of it, so I looked in our computer file which
+lists the patent numbers.  And then I pulled out the drawer to get the
+paper copy of this patent and xeroxed it and sent it to him.  And when
+he got it, he said, &ldquo;I think you sent me the wrong patent.  This
+is something about compilers.&rdquo; So I thought maybe our file has
+the wrong number in it.  I looked in it again, and sure enough it said,
+&ldquo;A method for compiling formulas into object code.&rdquo; So I
+started to read it to see if it was indeed the wrong patent.  I read
+the claims, and sure enough it was the natural order recalculation
+patent, but it didn't use those terms.  It didn't use the term
+&ldquo;spreadsheet&rdquo;.  In fact, what the patent prohibited was
+dozens of different ways of implementing topological sort&mdash;all
+the ways they could think of.  But I don't think it used the term
+&ldquo;topological sort&rdquo;.</p>
+
+<p>So if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried to find relevant
+patents by searching, you might have found a lot of patents.  But you
+wouldn't have found this one until you told somebody, &ldquo;Oh, I'm
+working on a spreadsheet,&rdquo; and he said, &ldquo;Oh, did you know
+those other companies that are making spreadsheets are getting
+sued?&rdquo; Then you would have found out.</p>
+
+<p>Well, you can't find all the patents by searching, but you can find
+a lot of them.  And then you've got to figure out what they mean,
+which is hard, because patents are written in tortuous legal language
+which is very hard to understand the real meaning of.  So you're going
+to have to spend a lot of time talking with an expensive lawyer
+explaining what you want to do in order to find out from the lawyer
+whether you're allowed to do it.</p>
+
+<p>Even the patent holders often can't recognize just what their
+patents mean.  For instance, there's somebody named Paul Heckel who
+released a program for displaying a lot of data on a small screen, and
+based on a couple of the ideas in that program he got a couple of
+patents.</p>
+
+<p>I once tried to find a simple way to describe what claim 1 of one
+of those patents covered.  I found that I couldn't find any simpler
+way of saying it than what was in the patent itself; and that
+sentence, I couldn't manage to keep it all in my mind at once, no
+matter how hard I tried.</p>
+
+<p>And Heckel couldn't follow it either, because when he saw
+HyperCard, all he noticed was it was nothing like his program.  It
+didn't occur to him that the way his patent was written it might
+prohibit HyperCard; but his lawyer had that idea, so he threatened
+Apple.  And then he threatened Apple's customers, and eventually Apple
+made a settlement with him which is secret, so we don't know who
+really won.  And this is just an illustration of how hard it is for
+anybody to understand what a patent does or doesn't prohibit.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, I once gave this speech and Heckel was in the audience.
+And at this point he jumped up and said, &ldquo;That's not true, I
+just didn't know the scope of my protection.&rdquo; And I said,
+&ldquo;Yeah, that's what I said,&rdquo; at which point he sat down and
+that was the end of my experience being heckled by Heckel.  If I had
+said no, he probably would have found a way to argue with me.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, the
+lawyer will give you an answer like this:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>If you do something in this area, you're almost certain
+to lose a lawsuit; if you do something in this area, there's a
+considerable chance of losing a lawsuit; and if you really want to be
+safe you've got to stay out of this area.  But there's a sizeable
+element of chance in the outcome of any lawsuit.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>So now that you have clear, predictable rules for doing business,
+what are you actually going to do?  Well, there are three things that
+you could do to deal with the issue of any particular patent.  One is
+to avoid it, another is to get a license for it, and the third is to
+invalidate it.  So I'll talk about these one by one.</p>
+
+<p>First, there's the possibility of avoiding the patent, which means,
+don't implement what it prohibits.  Of course, if it's hard to tell
+what it prohibits, it might be hard to tell what would suffice to
+avoid it.</p>
+
+<p>A couple of years ago Kodak sued Sun [for] using a patent for
+something having to do with object-oriented programming, and Sun
+didn't think it was infringing that patent.  But the court decided it
+was; and when other people look at that patent they haven't the
+faintest idea whether that decision was right or not.  No one can tell
+what that patent does or doesn't cover, but Sun had to pay hundreds of
+millions of dollars because of violating a completely incomprehensible
+law.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes you can tell what you need to avoid, and sometimes what
+you need to avoid is an algorithm.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, I saw a patent for something like the fast Fourier
+transform, but it ran twice as fast.  Well, if the ordinary FFT is
+fast enough for your application then that's an easy way to avoid this
+other one.  And most of the time that would work.  Once in a while you
+might be trying to do something where it runs doing FFT all the time,
+and it's just barely fast enough using the faster algorithm.  And then
+you can't avoid it, although maybe you could wait a couple of years
+for a faster computer.  But that's going to be rare.  Most of the time
+that patent will to be easy to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, a patent on an algorithm may be impossible to
+avoid.  Consider the LZW data compression algorithm.  Well, as I
+explained, we found a better data compression algorithm, and everybody
+who wanted to compress files switched to the program gzip
+which used the better algorithm.  And the reason is, if you just want
+to compress the file and uncompress it later, you can tell people to
+use this program to uncompress it; then you can use any program with
+any algorithm, and you only care how well it works.</p>
+
+<p>But LZW is used for other things, too; for instance the PostScript
+language specifies operators for LZW compression and LZW
+uncompression.  It's no use having another, better algorithm because
+it makes a different format of data.  They're not interoperable.  If
+you compress it with the gzip algorithm, you won't be able to
+uncompress it using LZW.  So no matter how good your other algorithm
+is, and no matter what it is, it just doesn't enable you to implement
+PostScript according to the specs.</p>
+
+<p>But I noticed that users rarely ask their printers to compress
+things.  Generally the only thing they want their printers to do is to
+uncompress; and I also noticed that both of the patents on the LZW
+algorithm were written in such a way that if your system can only
+uncompress, it's not forbidden.  These patents were written so that
+they covered compression, and they had other claims covering both
+compression and uncompression; but there was no claim covering only
+uncompression.  So I realized that if we implement only the
+uncompression for LZW, we would be safe.  And although it would not
+satisfy the specification, it would please the users sufficiently; it
+would do what they actually needed.  So that's how we barely squeaked
+by avoiding the two patents.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is GIF format, for images.  That uses the LZW
+algorithm also.  It didn't take long for people to define another
+image format, called PNG, which stands for &ldquo;PNG's Not
+GIF&rdquo;.  I think it uses the gzip algorithm.  And we
+started saying to people, &ldquo;Don't use GIF format, it's
+dangerous.  Switch to PNG.&rdquo; And the users said,
+&ldquo;Well, maybe some day, but the browsers don't implement it
+yet,&rdquo; and the browser developers said, &ldquo;We may implement
+it someday, but there's not much demand from users.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Well, it's pretty obvious what's going on&mdash;GIF was a
+de facto standard.  In effect, asking people to switch to a different
+format, instead of their de facto standard, is like asking everyone in
+New Zealand to speak Hungarian.  People will say, &ldquo;Well, yeah,
+I'll learn to speak it after everyone else does.&rdquo; And so we
+never succeeded in asking people to stop using GIF, even
+though one of those patent holders was going around to operators of
+web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could prove that all of
+the GIFs on the site were made with authorized, licensed
+software.</p>
+
+<p>So GIF was a dangerous trap for a large part of our
+community.  We thought we had an alternative to GIF format,
+namely JPEG, but then somebody said, &ldquo;I was just looking
+through my portfolio of patents&rdquo;&mdash;I think it was somebody that
+just bought patents and used them to threaten people&mdash;and he
+said, &ldquo;and I found that one of them covers JPEG format.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Well, JPEG was not a de facto standard, it's an official
+standard, issued by a standards committee; and the committee had a
+lawyer too.  Their lawyer said he didn't think that this patent
+actually covered JPEG format.</p>
+
+<p>So who's right?  Well, this patent holder sued a bunch of
+companies, and if there was a decision, it would have said who was
+right.  But I haven't heard about a decision; I'm not sure if there
+ever was one.  I think they settled, and the settlement is almost
+certainly secret, which means that it didn't tell us anything about
+who's right.</p>
+
+<p>These are fairly lightweight cases: one patent on JPEG,
+two patents on the LZW algorithm used in GIF.  Now you might
+wonder how come there are two patents on the same algorithm?  It's not
+supposed to happen, but it did.  And the reason is that the patent
+examiners can't possibly take the time to study every pair of things
+they might need to study and compare, because they're not allowed to
+take that much time.  And because algorithms are just mathematics,
+there's no way you can narrow down which applications and patents you
+need to compare.</p>
+
+<p>You see, in physical engineering fields, they can use the physical
+nature of what's going on to narrow things down.  For instance, in
+chemical engineering, they can say, &ldquo;What are the substances
+going in?  What are the substances coming out?&rdquo; If two different
+[patent] applications are different in that way, then they're not the
+same process so you don't need to worry.  But the same math can be
+represented in ways that can look very different, and until you study
+them both together, you don't realize they're talking about the same
+thing.  And, because of this, it's quite common to see the same thing
+get patented multiple times [in software].</p>
+
+<p>Remember that program that was killed by a patent before we
+released it?  Well, that algorithm got patented twice also.  In one
+little field we've seen it happen in two cases that we ran
+into&mdash;the same algorithm being patented twice.  Well, I think my
+explanation tells you why that happens.</p>
+
+<p>But one or two patents is a lightweight case.  What
+about MPEG2, the video format?  I saw a list of over 70
+patents covering that, and the negotiations to arrange a way for
+somebody to license all those patents took longer than developing the
+standard itself.  The JPEG committee wanted to develop a
+follow-on standard, and they gave up.  They said there were too many
+patents; there was no way to do it.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes it's a feature that's patented, and the only way to avoid
+that patent is not to implement that feature.  For instance, the users
+of the word processor Xywrite once got a downgrade in the mail, which
+removed a feature.  The feature was that you could define a list of
+abbreviations.  For instance, if you define &ldquo;exp&rdquo; as an
+abbreviation for &ldquo;experiment&rdquo;, then if you type 
&ldquo;exp-space&ldquo; or &ldquo;exp-comma&rdquo;, the &ldquo;exp&rdquo; would 
change automatically to
+&ldquo;experiment&rdquo;.</p>
+
+<p>Then somebody who had a patent on this feature threatened them, and
+they concluded that the only thing they could do was to take the
+feature out.  And so they sent all the users a downgrade.</p>
+
+<p>But they also contacted me, because my Emacs editor had a feature
+like that starting from the late 70s.  And it was described in the
+Emacs manual, so they thought I might be able to help them invalidate
+that patent.  Well, I'm happy to know I've had at least one patentable
+idea in my life, but I'm unhappy that someone else patented it.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, in fact, that patent was eventually invalidated, and
+partly on the strength of the fact that I had published using it
+earlier.  But in the meantime they had had to remove this feature.</p>
+
+<p>Now, to remove one or two features may not be a disaster.  But when
+you have to remove 50 features, you could do it, but people are likely
+to say, &ldquo;This program's no good; it's missing all the features I
+want.&rdquo; So it may not be a solution.  And sometimes a patent is
+so broad that it wipes out an entire field, like the patent on
+public-key encryption, which in fact put public-key encryption
+basically off limits for about ten years.</p>
+
+<p>So that's the option of avoiding the patent&mdash;often possible,
+but sometimes not, and there's a limit to how many patents you can
+avoid.</p>
+
+<p>What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the
+patent?</p>
+
+<p>Well, the patent holder may not offer you a license.  It's entirely
+up to him.  He could say, &ldquo;I just want to shut you down.&rdquo;
+I once got a letter from somebody whose family business was making
+casino games, which were of course computerized, and he had been
+threatened by a patent holder who wanted to make his business shut
+down.  He sent me the patent.  Claim 1 was something like &ldquo;a
+network with a multiplicity of computers, in which each computer
+supports a multiplicity of games, and allows a multiplicity of game
+sessions at the same time&rdquo;.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a
+room with a network of workstations, and each workstation had some
+kind of windowing facility.  All they had to do was to install
+multiple games and it would be possible to display multiple game
+sessions at once.  This is so trivial and uninteresting that nobody
+would have bothered to publish an article about doing it.  No one
+would have been interested in publishing an article about doing it,
+but it was worth patenting it.  If it had occurred to you that you
+could get a monopoly on this trivial thing, then you could shut down
+your competitors with it.</p>
+
+<p>But why does the Patent Office issue so many patents that seem
+absurd and trivial to us?</p>
+
+<p>It's not because the patent examiners are stupid, it's because
+they're following a system, and the system has rules, and the rules
+lead to this result.</p>
+
+<p>You see, if somebody has made a machine that does something once,
+and somebody else designs a machine that will do the same thing, but N
+times, for us that's a <code>for</code>-loop, but for the Patent Office
+that's an invention.  If there are machines that can do A, and there
+are machines that can do B, and somebody designs a machine that can do
+A or B, for us that's an <code>if-then-else</code> statement, but for the
+Patent Office that's an invention.  So they have very low standards,
+and they follow those standards; and the result is patents that look
+absurd and trivial to us.  Whether they're legally valid I can't say.
+But every programmer who sees them laughs.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, I was unable to suggest anything he could do to help
+himself, and he had to shut down his business.  But most patent
+holders will offer you a license.  It's likely to be rather
+expensive.</p>
+
+<p>But there are some software developers that find it particularly
+easy to get licenses, most of the time.  Those are the
+megacorporations.  In any field the megacorporations generally own
+about half the patents, and they cross-license each other, and they
+can make anybody else cross-license if he's really producing anything.
+The result is that they end up painlessly with licenses for almost all
+the patents.</p>
+
+<p>IBM wrote an article in its house magazine, <cite>Think</cite>
+magazine&mdash;I think it's issue 5, 1990&mdash;about the benefit IBM
+got from its almost 9,000 US patents at the time (now it's up to
+45,000 or more).  They said that one of the benefits was that they
+collected money, but the main benefit, which they said was perhaps an
+order of magnitude greater, was &ldquo;getting access to the patents
+of others,&rdquo; namely cross-licensing.</p>
+
+<p>What this means is since IBM, with so many patents, can make almost
+everybody give them a cross-license, IBM avoids almost all the grief
+that the patent system would have inflicted on anybody else.  So
+that's why IBM wants software patents.  That's why the
+megacorporations in general want software patents, because they know
+that by cross-licensing, they will have a sort of exclusive club on
+top of a mountain peak.  And all the rest of us will be down here, and
+there's no way we can get up there.  You know, if you're a genius, you
+might start up a small company and get some patents, but you'll never
+get into IBM's league, no matter what you do.</p>
+
+<p>Now a lot of companies tell their employees, &ldquo;Get us patents
+so we can defend ourselves&rdquo; and they mean, &ldquo;use them to
+try to get cross-licensing,&rdquo; but it just doesn't work well.
+It's not an effective strategy if you've got a small number of
+patents.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose you've got three patents.  One points there, one points
+there, and one points there, and somebody over there points a patent
+at you.  Well, your three patents don't help you at all, because none
+of them points at him.  On the other hand, sooner or later, somebody
+in the company is going to notice that this patent is actually
+pointing at some people, and [the company] could threaten them and
+squeeze money out of them&mdash;never mind that those people didn't
+attack this company.</p>
+
+<p>So if your employer says to you, &ldquo;We need some patents to
+defend ourselves, so help us get patents,&rdquo; I recommend this
+response:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Boss, I trust you and I'm sure you would only use those
+patents to defend the company if it's attacked.  But I don't know
+who's going to be the CEO of this company in five years.  For all I
+know, it might get acquired by Microsoft.  So I really can't trust the
+company's word to only use these patents for defense unless I get it
+in writing.  Please put it in writing that any patents I provide for
+the company will only be used for self-defense and collective
+security, and not for repression, and then I'll be able to get patents
+for the company with a clean conscience.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It would be most interesting to raise this not just in private with
+your boss, but also on the company's discussion list.</p>
+
+<p>The other thing that could happen is that the company could fail
+and its assets could be auctioned off, including the patents; and the
+patents will be bought by someone who means to use them to do
+something nasty.</p>
+
+<p>This cross-licensing practice is very important to understand,
+because this is what punctures the argument of the software patent
+advocates who say that software patents are needed to protect the
+starving genius.  They give you a scenario which is a series of
+unlikelihoods.</p>
+
+<p>So let's look at it.  According to this scenario, there's a
+brilliant designer of whatever, who's been working for years by
+himself in his attic coming up with a better way to do whatever it is.
+And now that it's ready, he wants to start a business and mass-produce
+this thing; and because his idea is so good his company will
+inevitably succeed&mdash; except for one thing: the big companies will
+compete with him and take all his market the away.  And because of
+this, his business will almost certainly fail, and then he will
+starve.</p>
+
+<p>Well, let's look at all the unlikely assumptions here.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, that he comes up with this idea working by himself.
+That's not very likely.  In a high-tech field, most progress is made
+by people working in a field, doing things and talking with people in
+the field.  But I wouldn't say it's impossible, not that one thing by
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>But anyway the next supposition is that he's going to start a
+business and that it's going to succeed.  Well, just because he's a
+brilliant engineer doesn't mean that he's any good at running a
+business.  Most new businesses fail; more than 95 percent of them, I think,
+fail within a few years.  So that's probably what's going to happen to
+him, no matter what.</p>
+
+<p>Ok, let's assume that in addition to being a brilliant engineer who
+came up with something great by himself, he's also talented at running
+businesses.  If he has a knack for running businesses, then maybe his
+business won't fail.  After all, not all new businesses fail, there
+are a certain few that succeed.  Well, if he understands business,
+then instead of trying to go head to head with large companies, he
+might try to do things that small companies are better at and have a
+better chance of succeeding.  He might succeed.  But let's suppose it
+fails anyway.  If he's so brilliant and has a knack for running
+businesses, I'm sure he won't starve, because somebody will want to
+give him a job.</p>
+
+<p>So a series of unlikelihoods&mdash;it's not a very plausible
+scenario.  But let's look at it anyway.</p>
+
+<p>Because where they go from there is to say the patent system will
+&ldquo;protect&rdquo; our starving genius, because he can get a patent
+on this technique.  And then when IBM wants to compete with him, he
+says, &ldquo;IBM, you can't compete with me, because I've got this
+patent,&rdquo; and IBM says, &ldquo;Oh, no, not again!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Well, here's what really happens.</p>
+
+<p>IBM says, &ldquo;Oh, how nice, you have a patent.  Well, we have
+this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and
+this patent, all of which cover other ideas implemented in your
+product, and if you think you can fight us on all those, we'll pull
+out some more.  So let's sign a cross-license agreement, and that way
+nobody will get hurt.&rdquo; Now since we've assumed that our genius
+understands business, he's going to realize that he has no choice.
+He's going to sign the cross-license agreement, as just about
+everybody does when IBM demands it.  And then this means that IBM will
+get &ldquo;access&rdquo; to his patent, meaning IBM would be free to
+compete with him just as if there were no patents, which means that
+the supposed benefit that they claim he would get by having this
+patent is not real.  He won't get this benefit.</p>
+
+<p>The patent might &ldquo;protect&rdquo; him from competition from
+you or me, but not from IBM&mdash;not from the very megacorporations
+which the scenario says are the threat to him.  You know in advance
+that there's got to be a flaw in this reasoning when people who are
+lobbyists for megacorporations recommend a policy supposedly because
+it's going to protect their small competitors from them.  If it really
+were going to do that, they wouldn't be in favor of it.  But this
+explains why [software patents] won't do it.</p>
+
+<p>Even IBM can't always do this, because there are companies that we
+refer to as patent trolls or patent parasites, and their only business
+is using patents to squeeze money out of people who really make
+something.</p>
+
+<p>Patent lawyers tell us that it's really wonderful to have patents
+in your field, but they don't have patents in their field.  There are
+no patents on how to send or write a threatening letter, no patents on
+how to file a lawsuit, and no patents on how to persuade a judge or
+jury, so even IBM can't make the patent trolls cross-license.  But IBM
+figures, &ldquo;Our competition will have to pay them too; this is
+just part of the cost of doing business, and we can live with
+it.&rdquo; IBM and the other megacorporations figure that the general
+dominion over all activity that they get from their patents is good
+for them, and paying off the trolls they can live with.  So that's why
+they want software patents.</p>
+
+<p>There are also certain software developers who find it particularly
+difficult to get a patent license, and those are the developers of
+free software.  The reason is that the usual patent license has
+conditions we can't possibly fulfill, because usual patent licenses
+demand a payment per copy.  But when software gives users the freedom
+to distribute and make more copies, we have no way to count the copies
+that exist.</p>
+
+<p>If someone offered me a patent license for a payment of
+one-millionth of a dollar per copy, the total amount of money I'd have
+to pay maybe is in my pocket now.  Maybe it's 50 dollars, but I don't
+know if it's 50 dollars, or 49, or what, because there's no way I can
+count the copies that people have made.</p>
+
+<p>A patent holder doesn't have to demand a payment per copy; a patent
+holder could offer you a license for a single lump sum, but those lump
+sums tend to be big, like US$100,000.</p>
+
+<p>And the reason that we've been able to develop so much
+freedom-respecting software is [that] we can develop software without
+money, but we can't pay a lot of money without money.  If we're forced
+to pay for the privilege of writing software for the public, we won't
+be able to do it very much.</p>
+
+<p>That's the possibility of getting a license for the patent.  The
+other possibility is to invalidate the patent.  If the country
+considers software patents to be basically valid, and allowed, the
+only question is whether that particular patent meets the criteria.
+It's only useful to go to court if you've got an argument to make that
+might prevail.</p>
+
+<p>What would that argument be?  You have to find evidence that, years
+ago, before the patent was applied for, people knew about the same
+idea.  And you'd have to find things today that demonstrate that they
+knew about it publicly at that time.  So the dice were cast years ago,
+and if they came up favorably for you, and if you can prove that fact
+today, then you have an argument to use to try to invalidate the
+patent.  And it might work.</p>
+
+<p>It might cost you a lot of money to go through this case, and as a
+result, a probably invalid patent is a very frightening weapon to be
+threatened with if you don't have a lot of money.  There are people
+who can't afford to defend their rights&mdash;lots of them.  The ones
+who can afford it are the exception.</p>
+
+<p>These are the three things that you might be able to do about each
+patent that prohibits something in your program.  The thing is,
+whether each one is possible depends on different details of the
+circumstances, so some of the time, none of them is possible; and when
+that happens, your project is dead.</p>
+
+<p>But lawyers in most countries tell us, &ldquo;Don't try to find the
+patents in advance&rdquo;, and the reason is that the penalty for
+infringement is bigger if you knew about the patent.  So what they
+tell you is &ldquo;Keep your eyes shut.  Don't try to find out about
+the patents, just go blindly taking your design decisions, and
+hope.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And of course, with each single design decision, you probably don't
+step on a patent.  Probably nothing happens to you.  But there are so
+many steps you have to take to get across the minefield, it's very
+unlikely you will get through safely.  And of course, the patent
+holders don't all show up at the same time, so you don't know how many
+there are going to be.</p>
+
+<p>The patent holder of the natural order recalculation patent was
+demanding 5 percent of the gross sales of every spreadsheet.  You could
+imagine paying for a few such licenses, but what happens when patent
+holder number 20 comes along, and wants you to pay out the last
+remaining 5 percent?  And then what happens when patent holder number 21
+comes along?</p>
+
+<p>People in business say that this scenario is amusing but absurd,
+because your business would fail long before you got there.  They told
+me that two or three such licenses would make your business fail.  So
+you'd never get to 20.  They show up one by one, so you never know how
+many more there are going to be.</p>
+
+<p>Software patents are a mess.  They're a mess for software
+developers, but in addition they're a restriction on every computer
+user because software patents restrict what you can do on your
+computer.</p>
+
+<p>This is very different from patents, for instance, on automobile
+engines.  These only restrict companies that make cars; they don't
+restrict you and me.  But software patents do restrict you and me, and
+everybody who uses computers.  So we can't think of them in purely
+economic terms; we can't judge this issue purely in economic terms.
+There's something more important at stake.</p>
+
+<p>But even in economic terms, the system is self-defeating, because
+its purpose is supposed to be to promote progress.  Supposedly by
+creating this artificial incentive for people to publish ideas, it's
+going to help the field progress.  But all it does is the exact
+opposite, because the big job in software is not coming up with ideas,
+it's implementing thousands of ideas together in one program.  And
+software patents obstruct that, so they're economically
+self-defeating.</p>
+
+<p>And there's even economic research showing that this is
+so&mdash;showing how in a field with a lot of incremental innovation,
+a patent system can actually reduce investment in R &amp; D.  And of
+course, it also obstructs development in other ways.  So even if we
+ignore the injustice of software patents, even if we were to look at
+it in the narrow economic terms that are usually proposed, it's still
+harmful.</p>
+
+<p>People sometimes respond by saying that &ldquo;People in other
+fields have been living with patents for decades, and they've gotten
+used to it, so why should you be an exception?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Now, that question has an absurd assumption.  It's like saying,
+&ldquo;Other people get cancer, why shouldn't you?&rdquo; I think
+every time someone doesn't get cancer, that's good, regardless of what
+happened to the others.  That question is absurd because of its
+presupposition that somehow we all have a duty to suffer the harm done
+by patents.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a sensible question buried inside it, and that
+sensible question is &ldquo;What differences are there between various
+fields that might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those
+fields?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>There is an important basic difference between fields in regard to
+how many patents are likely to prohibit or cover parts of any one
+product.</p>
+
+<p>Now we have a naive idea in our minds which I'm trying to get rid
+of, because it's not true.  And it's that on any one product there is
+one patent, and that patent covers the overall design of that product.
+So if you design a new product, it can't be patented already, and you
+will have an opportunity to get &ldquo;the patent&rdquo; on that
+product.</p>
+
+<p>That's not how things work.  In the 1800s, maybe they did, but not
+now.  In fact, fields fall on a spectrum of how many patents [there
+are] per product.  The beginning of the spectrum is one, but no field
+is like that today; fields are at various places on this spectrum.</p>
+
+<p>The field that's closest to that is pharmaceuticals.  A few decades
+ago, there really was one patent per pharmaceutical, at least at any
+time, because the patent covered the entire chemical formula of that
+one particular substance.  Back then, if you developed a new drug, you
+could be sure it wasn't already patented by somebody else and you
+could get the one patent on that drug.</p>
+
+<p>But that's not how it works now.  Now there are broader patents, so
+now you could develop a new drug, and you're not allowed to make it
+because somebody has a broader patent which covers it already.</p>
+
+<p>And there might even be a few such patents covering your new drug
+simultaneously, but there won't be hundreds.  The reason is, our
+ability to do biochemical engineering is so limited that nobody knows
+how to combine so many ideas to make something that's useful in
+medicine.  If you can combine a couple of them you're doing pretty
+well at our level of knowledge.  But other fields involve combining
+more ideas to make one thing.</p>
+
+<p>At the other end of the spectrum is software, where we can combine
+more ideas into one usable design than anybody else, because our field
+is basically easier than all other fields.  I'm presuming that the
+intelligence of people in our field is the same as that of people in
+physical engineering.  It's not that we're fundamentally better than
+they are; it's that our field is fundamentally easier, because we're
+working with mathematics.</p>
+
+<p>A program is made out of mathematical components, which have a
+definition, whereas physical objects don't have a definition.  The
+matter does what it does, so through the perversity of matter, your
+design may not work the way it &ldquo;should&rdquo; have worked.  And that's 
just
+tough.  You can't say that the matter has a bug in it, and the
+physical universe should get fixed.  [Whereas] we [programmers] can
+make a castle that rests on a mathematically thin line, and it stays
+up because nothing weighs anything.</p>
+
+<p>There're so many complications you have to cope with in physical
+engineering that we don't have to worry about.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, when I put an <code>if</code>-statement inside of
+a <code>while</code>-loop,
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>I don't have to worry that if this <code>while</code>-loop repeats
+  at the wrong rate, the <code>if</code>-statement might start to
+  vibrate and it might resonate and crack;</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry that if it resonates much faster&mdash;you
+  know, millions of times per second&mdash;that it might generate
+  radio frequency signals that might induce wrong values in other
+  parts of the program;</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry that corrosive fluids from the environment
+  might seep in between the <code>if</code>-statement and
+  the <code>while</code>-statement and start eating away at them until
+  the signals don't pass anymore;</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry about how the heat generated by my
+  <code>if</code>-statement is going to get out through
+  the <code>while</code>-statement so that it doesn't make
+  the <code>if</code>-statement burn out; and</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry about how I would take out the broken
+  <code>if</code>-statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and
+  replace it with another <code>if</code>-statement to make the
+  program run again.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>For that matter, I don't have to worry about how I'm going to
+insert the <code>if</code>-statement inside
+the <code>while</code>-statement every time I produce a copy of the
+program.  I don't have to design a factory to make copies of my
+program, because there are various general commands that will make
+copies of anything.</p>
+
+<p>If I want to make copies on CD, I just have to write a master; and
+there's one program I can [use to] make a master out of anything,
+write any data I want.  I can make a master CD and write it and send
+it off to a factory, and they'll duplicate whatever I send them.  I
+don't have to design a different factory for each thing I want to
+duplicate.</p>
+
+<p>Very often with physical engineering you have to do that; you have
+to design products for manufacturability.  Designing the factory may
+even be a bigger job than designing the product, and then you may have
+to spend millions of dollars to build the factory.  So with all of
+this trouble, you're not going to be able to put together so many
+different ideas in one product and have it work.</p>
+
+<p>A physical design with a million nonrepeating different design
+elements is a gigantic project.  A program with a million different
+design elements, that's nothing.  It's a few hundred thousand lines of
+code, and a few people will write that in a few years, so it's not a
+big deal.  So the result is that the patent system weighs
+proportionately heavier on us than it does on people in any other
+field who are being held back by the perversity of matter.</p>
+
+<p>A lawyer did a study of one particular large program, namely the
+kernel Linux, which is used together with the GNU operating system
+that I launched.  This was five years ago now; he found 283 different
+US patents, each of which appeared to prohibit some computation done
+somewhere in the code of Linux.  At the time I saw an article saying
+that Linux was 0.25 percent of the whole system.  So by multiplying 300 by
+400 we can estimate the number of patents that would prohibit
+something in the whole system as being around 100,000.  This is a very
+rough estimate only, and no more accurate information is available,
+since trying to figure it out would be a gigantic task.</p>
+
+<p>Now this lawyer did not publish the list of patents, because that
+would have endangered the developers of Linux the kernel, putting them
+in a position where the penalties if they were sued would be greater.
+He didn't want to hurt them; he wanted to demonstrate how bad this
+problem is, of patent gridlock.</p>
+
+<p>Programmers can understand this immediately, but politicians
+usually don't know much about programming; they usually imagine that
+patents are basically much like copyrights, only somehow stronger.
+They imagine that since software developers are not endangered by the
+copyrights on their work, that they won't be endangered by the patents
+on their work either.  They imagine that, since when you write a
+program you have the copyright, [therefore likewise] if you write a
+program you have the patents also.  This is false&mdash;so how do we
+give them a clue what patents would really do?  What they really do in
+countries like the US?</p>
+
+<p>I find it's useful to make an analogy between software and
+symphonies.  Here's why it's a good analogy.</p>
+
+<p>A program or symphony combines many ideas.  A symphony combines
+many musical ideas.  But you can't just pick a bunch of ideas and say
+&ldquo;Here's my combination of ideas, do you like it?&rdquo; Because
+in order to make them work you have to implement them all.  You can't
+just pick musical ideas and list them and say, &ldquo;Hey, how do you
+like this combination?&rdquo; You can't hear that [list].  You have to
+write notes which implement all these ideas together.</p>
+
+<p>The hard task, the thing most of us wouldn't be any good at, is
+writing all these notes to make the whole thing sound good.  Sure,
+lots of us could pick musical ideas out of a list, but we wouldn't
+know how to write a good-sounding symphony to implement those ideas.
+Only some of us have that talent.  That's the thing that limits you.
+I could probably invent a few musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how
+to use them to any effect.</p>
+
+<p>So imagine that it's the 1700s, and the governments of Europe
+decide that they want to promote the progress of symphonic music by
+establishing a system of musical idea patents, so that any musical
+idea described in words could be patented.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, using a particular sequence of notes as a motif could
+be patented, or a chord progression could be patented, or a rhythmic
+pattern could be patented, or using certain instruments by themselves
+could be patented, or a format of repetitions in a movement could be
+patented.  Any sort of musical idea that could be described in words
+would have been patentable.</p>
+
+<p>Now imagine that it's 1800 and you're Beethoven, and you want to
+write a symphony.  You're going to find it's much harder to write a
+symphony you don't get sued for than to write one that sounds good,
+because you have to thread your way around all the patents that exist.
+If you complained about this, the patent holders would say, &ldquo;Oh,
+Beethoven, you're just jealous because we had these ideas first.  Why
+don't you go and think of some ideas of your own?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Now Beethoven had ideas of his own.  The reason he's considered a
+great composer is because of all of the new ideas that he had, and he
+actually used.  And he knew how to use them in such a way that they
+would work, which was to combine them with lots of well-known ideas.
+He could put a few new ideas into a composition together with a lot of
+old and uncontroversial ideas.  And the result was a piece that was
+controversial, but not so much so that people couldn't get used to
+it.</p>
+
+<p>To us, Beethoven's music doesn't sound controversial; I'm told it
+was, when it was new.  But because he combined his new ideas with a
+lot of known ideas, he was able to give people a chance to stretch a
+certain amount.  And they could, which is why to us those ideas sound
+just fine.  But nobody, not even a Beethoven, is such a genius that he
+could reinvent music from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas,
+and make something that people would want to listen to.  And nobody is
+such a genius he could reinvent computing from zero, not using any of
+the well-known ideas, and make something that people want to use.</p>
+
+<p>When the technological context changes so frequently, you end up
+with a situation where what was done 20 years ago is totally
+inadequate.  Twenty years ago there was no World Wide Web.  So, sure,
+people did a lot of things with computers back then, but what they
+want to do today are things that work with the World Wide Web.  And
+you can't do that using only the ideas that were known 20 years ago.
+And I presume that the technological context will continue to change,
+creating fresh opportunities for somebody to get patents that give the
+shaft to the whole field.</p>
+
+<p>Big companies can even do this themselves.  For instance, a few
+years ago Microsoft decided to make a phony open standard for
+documents and to get it approved as a standard by corrupting the
+International Standards Organization, which they did.  But they
+designed it using something that Microsoft had patented.  Microsoft is
+big enough that it can start with a patent, design a format or
+protocol to use that patented idea (whether it's helpful or not), in
+such a way that there's no way to be compatible unless you use that
+same idea too.  And then Microsoft can make that a de facto standard
+with or without help from corrupted standards bodies.  Just by its
+weight it can push people into using that format, and that basically
+means that they get a stranglehold over the whole world.  So we need
+to show the politicians what's really going on here.  We need to show
+them why this is bad.</p>
+
+<p>Now I've heard it said that the reason New Zealand is considering
+software patents is that one large company wants to be given some
+monopolies.  To restrict everyone in the country so that one company
+will make more money is the absolute opposite of statesmanship.</p>
+
+<p>So, at this point, I'd like to ask for questions.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>What is the alternative?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>No software patents.  I know that that works fine.  I was in the
+field when there were no software patents.  And that meant people
+developed software, and they distributed that software in various
+ways, and they didn't have to worry about getting sued by patent
+holders for doing it, so they were safe.  Software patents don't solve
+a real problem, so we don't need to ask what other solution is
+there.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>How do the developers get rewarded?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>Many ways.  Software patents have nothing to do with that.
+Remember if you're a software developer, software patents don't help
+you get whatever you want to get.</p>
+
+<p>Different software developers want different things.  I developed
+some important software in the 1980s, and the reward I wanted was to
+see people using computers in freedom.  And I got that reward,
+although not totally, not everybody has freedom.  But software patents
+would only have stopped me.</p>
+
+<p>Other people developed programs because they wanted money.
+Software patents threaten them, too, and still threaten them, because
+you're not going to make any money if patent holders demand that you
+give it all to them, or if they make you shut down.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>How do you prevent plagiarism and still&hellip;</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>Plagiarism has nothing to do with this issue.  It has
+absolutely nothing to do with this issue.</p>
+
+<p>Plagiarism means copying the text of a work and claiming to have
+written it yourself.  But patents are not concerned with the text of
+any particular work.  They simply have nothing to do with this.</p>
+
+<p>If you write a work and this work embodies some ideas, which it
+always does, there's no reason to think that the patents covering
+those ideas would belong to you.  They're more likely to belong to
+lots of others, and half of them to the megacorporations, and they can
+then all sue you.  So you don't even have to worry [about plagiarism];
+long before you get to the point where somebody else might copy it,
+you're going to be getting the shaft.</p>
+
+<p>You are confusing patents with copyrights, I'm afraid.  They have
+nothing in common.  I've explained to you what the patent system does
+to software, but I think you don't believe me because you've heard
+what copyrights do and you're confusing the two, so these impressions
+you've got about what copyrights do, you're just assuming that patents
+do them also&mdash;and they don't.  If you write some code, the
+copyright on that code would belong to you; but if your code
+implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, those patents
+belong to others who could then sue you.</p>
+
+<p>You don't have to be afraid, with copyright, that when you write
+code yourself, that somebody else already has a copyright on it and
+can sue you, because copyright only restricts copying.  In fact, even
+if you write something which is identical to what somebody else wrote,
+if you can prove you didn't copy it, that's a defense under copyright
+law, because copyright law is only concerned with copying.  But
+copyright law is only concerned with the details of authorship of a
+work [i.e., not the ideas it embodies], so it has nothing in common
+with patent law in terms of what it deals with, and the effects are
+totally different.</p>
+
+<p>Now I'm not in favor personally of all the things that people do
+with copyright law, I've criticized it.  But it's a totally different,
+unrelated issue.  If you think that patent law helps somebody who is
+developing software, it means that you have got a completely wrong
+picture of what patent law actually does.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Don't get me wrong.  I'm on your side.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>OK, but still you've got a wrong picture.  I'm not blaming you for
+it, because you've just been misinformed.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>If I'm writing software for commercial purposes, do I get good
+protection by treating it as a black box and keeping it secret?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I don't want to discuss that question because I'm not in favor of
+it, I think it's unethical to do that, but that's an unrelated
+issue.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>I understand that.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I don't want to change the subject and then praise something that
+I think is bad.  But because it's a change of subject I'd rather not
+get into that.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Our Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology, I think
+they're probably the equivalent of your National Science Foundation,
+provides grants for research and development and one of the things
+that they propose pretty actively is that ideas that they have funded
+should be secured if possible by patents.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>That shouldn't be the case in software, because software ideas
+shouldn't be patentable ever by anyone.  But what you are seeing
+there, more generally, is an example of the general corruption of our
+society by putting commercial aims above all others.  Now I'm not a
+communist and I don't want to abolish business, but when it becomes
+business above all, every aspect of life oriented towards business,
+that is dangerous.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>So Richard, if you talk to the Foundation, perhaps you might
+propose that there are better ways for a small country like New
+Zealand to make money on software.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Software patents don't help anybody make money out of software.
+They mean that you're in danger of getting sued when you try.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Which makes it difficult for New Zealand as a country to build an
+economic base using software as part of that.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Sorry, when you say &ldquo;which&rdquo; I don't know what you are
+referring to.  Software patents will make it difficult for anyone.  If
+New Zealand allows software patents, that will make it difficult in
+New Zealand for anybody to develop programs and distribute them,
+because you'll be in danger of getting sued.  Software patents have
+nothing to do with developing a program and then putting it to some
+use.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>So New Zealand, in terms of its economic development, it would be
+better protected by having no software patents.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>Yes.  You see, each country has its own patent system, and they
+work independently, except that countries have signed up to a treaty
+that says, &ldquo;If you have got a patent in that country, you can
+basically bring your application over here, and we'll judge it based
+on the year you applied for it over there.&rdquo;  But other than that, each
+country has its own criteria for what can be patented and has its own
+set of patents.</p>
+
+<p>So the result is if the US allows software patents and New Zealand
+does not, that means that everybody in the world, including New
+Zealanders, can get US software patents and sue us poor Americans at
+home.  But if New Zealand doesn't allow software patents that means
+that neither you nor we can get New Zealand software patents to sue
+you New Zealanders at home.  You can be sure that almost all the
+software patents will belong to foreigners who will use them to
+basically kick any New Zealand software developers whenever they get
+the chance.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I don't know about that case.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>But basically New Zealand's had software patents.  It's not like
+we're going into a field where we don't already have them, we do.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>I don't know, but I'm told that there's a decision being made
+now at the legislative level of whether to allow them.  But Patent
+Offices often respond to lobbying from megacorporations through
+WIPO.</p>
+
+<p>WIPO, as you can tell from its name, which is the World
+Intellectual Property Organization, is up to no good, because any use
+of that term is spreading confusion.  WIPO gets a lot of its funds
+from megacorporations, and uses those funds to bring officials from
+Patent Offices to idyllic resort destinations for training.  What they
+train them to do is twist the law to allow patents in areas where
+they're not supposed to be allowed.</p>
+
+<p>In many countries there are laws and court decisions which say that
+software as such can't be patented, algorithms can't be patented, or
+&ldquo;mathematical&rdquo; algorithms can't be patented (no one's
+quite sure what it means for an algorithm to be mathematical or not),
+and various other criteria which if interpreted naturally would rule
+out software patents, but the patent offices twist the law to allow
+them anyway.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, a lot of things which practically speaking are
+software patents have the form where they describe a system involving
+a central processing unit, a memory, input/output facilities,
+instruction-fetching facilities, and means to perform this particular
+computation.  In effect they've written explicitly into the patent all
+the parts of an ordinary computer, and then they say, &ldquo;Well,
+this is a physical system which we would like to patent&rdquo;, but
+really it's just patenting certain software on a computer.  There are
+many subterfuges that they've used.</p>
+
+<p>Patent Offices will generally try to twist the law into allowing
+more patents.  In the US software patents were created by a court
+decision in 1982, in the Appeals Court that deals with all patent
+cases, which misunderstood a Supreme Court decision from the previous
+year, and misapplied it.  Now it looks like that Appeals Court has
+finally changed its mind, and it's come to the conclusion that it was
+mistaken all along; and it looks like this decision will get rid of
+all software patents, unless the Supreme Court reverses it.  The
+Supreme Court is now considering it, and within less than a year we
+should find out whether we've won or lost.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Should that case be unsuccessful, is there any movement in the
+States to take a legislated solution?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Yes, and I been promoting this for about 19 years now.  It's a
+battle that we fight over and over in various different
+countries.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Where in your universe do you put the in I4i case?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I have no idea what that is.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>It's where Microsoft has basically almost had to shut down on
+selling Word, because they were found to have infringed a Canadian
+patent.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Oh, that one.  That's just an example of how dangerous software
+patents are to all software developers.  I don't like what Microsoft
+does, but that's an issue that's irrelevant for this purpose.  It's
+not good that somebody can sue a software developer and say &ldquo;I
+won't let you distribute such software&rdquo;.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Obviously we live in an imperfect world, and in some cases we run
+into the issue of software patents.  Do you think that we should allow
+privileges for researchers to get around patents in the same way that
+copyright law allows research on copyright material?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>No, it's a mistake to look for partial solutions, because we have
+a much better chance of establishing a full solution.  Everybody
+involved in software development and distribution and use, except the
+ones in the megacorporations, when they see how dangerous software
+patents are, they will get behind total rejection of software patents.
+Whereas an exception for some special case will only win support from
+the people in that special case.  These partial solutions are
+essentially distractions.  People start by saying, &ldquo;Oh, I'm sure
+we can't really solve the problem, so I give up on that.  Let me
+propose a partial solution.&rdquo; But these partial solutions don't
+make it safe to develop software.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>You wouldn't, however, oppose a partial solution that's not
+necessarily just directed at software patents, so you wouldn't oppose
+experimental use, which may be a good solution for the pharmaceutical
+patent.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I wouldn't oppose that.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>But what you're saying is that you don't think it's applicable to
+software, just to clarify.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Something that saves only a few of us, or only certain activities,
+or gets rid of half the software patents, that's analogous to saying,
+&ldquo;Well, maybe we could clear part of the minefield, or maybe we
+could destroy half the mines in the minefield.&rdquo; [That's an
+improvement] but that doesn't make it safe.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>So you've been speaking the same thing all around the world.  How
+much uptake has there been?  Have governments changed, or not adopted
+software patents?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Some have.  In India a few years ago, there was an attempt to
+change patent law to explicitly allow software patents and it was
+dropped.  A few years ago the US proposed a trade treaty, a free
+exploitation treaty, with Latin America.  And it was blocked by the
+president of Brazil, who said no to software patents and another nasty
+thing relating to computers, and that killed the whole treaty.  That's
+apparently the whole thing that the US wanted to impose on the rest of
+the continent.  But these things don't stay dead; there are companies
+that have full-time staff looking for some way they can subvert some
+country or other.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Is there any real hard data around what happens in economic terms
+in the innovation communities in countries that have essentially no
+software patents?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>There isn't any.  It's almost impossible to measure these
+things.  Actually, I shouldn't say there isn't any.  There is a
+little.  It's very hard to measure the effect of the patent system,
+because you're comparing the real world with a counterfactual world,
+and there's no way to be sure what would happen.</p>
+
+<p>What I can say is before there were software patents, there was
+lots of software development; not as much as there is now, because of
+course there were nowhere near as many computer users.</p>
+
+<p>How many computer users were there in 1982, even in the US?  It was
+a small fraction of the public.  But there were software developers.
+They weren't saying, &ldquo;We desperately want patents&rdquo;.  They
+weren't getting sued for patent infringement after they developed
+their programs.  But there is a bit of [economic] research that I saw
+that apparently software patents resulted not in an increase in
+research, but [in] a shift of funds from research into
+patenting.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Do you expect that there would be any interest in trade
+secrets?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>No.  Before there were software patents, a lot of software
+developers kept the details of their programs secret.  But they
+usually wouldn't keep any of the general ideas secret, because that
+they realized that the big job in developing good software was not
+picking your general ideas, it was implementing a lot of ideas
+together.  So they would publish, [or] they would let their employees
+publish, in scholarly journals any interesting new ideas that they'd
+had.  So now, they'll patent those new ideas.  It has very little to
+do with developing a useful program, and just letting people know some
+ideas doesn't give them a program.  Besides, most of the ideas, the
+thousands of ideas you've combined in your program, are known
+anyway.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>To back that up, I was listening to an interview, one of the
+founders of PayPal was interviewed, and he said that he really felt
+strongly that his success was 5 percent idea and 95 percent execution, and that
+supports your point really well.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I agree.</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>Excellent.  Richard has here stickers which I believe are
+free</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Gratis.   And these [other items] are for sale.</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>So you're welcome to come down.  It's been a great debate&mdash;thank
+you Richard.</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p>This speech is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";>&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+        &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2009, 2010, 2014, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/06/26 06:00:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>



reply via email to

[Prev in Thread] Current Thread [Next in Thread]