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Re: [Gm2] Compiling for stand-alone programs on the RPi
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From: |
Gaius Mulley |
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Subject: |
Re: [Gm2] Compiling for stand-alone programs on the RPi |
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Date: |
Tue, 28 Apr 2015 09:27:07 +0100 |
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User-agent: |
Gnus/5.13 (Gnus v5.13) Emacs/24.4 (gnu/linux) |
JD <address@hidden> writes:
> Gaius,
> I've got back to trying to compile stand-alone programs for the
> Raspberry Pi, but I'm still having no success with more than one
> module. I'd appreciate any ideas of yours.
>
> I'm using the native compiler, built about a month ago.
>
> If I do a "standard" compile, e.g..
> gm2 -fmakeall main.mod
> then I get a clean compile and about 300Kb of binary for the approx 20
> lines of M2.
>
> This binary has in it many calls to the runtime support modules such
> as Storage, System, M2RTS and RTExceptions and many library calls,
> mainly for I/O. At the moment I don't need any of these and I'd like
> to get rid of them (no offence!) and then put them in explicitly when
> I use them. Of course, it doesn't run without Linux.
>
> I tried the option -nostartfiles and that reduced the binary to
> 1.5Kb(!) But there was a very simple trick to that reduction: there
> was no code at all, just data.
>
> Those calls (the _init's and _finish's) clutter up the binary but
> presumably are benign if I don't use them. I that case I could live
> with them included.
>
> The big stumbling block is the same one as a few months ago: setting
> up the registers, crucially the sp, before my code runs. I would also
> like to zero the bss section.
>
> Presumably I don't need the 3 C runtime binaries (crt?.o) and so I
> have tried replacing crt1.o with my own code that sets up the sp. The
> result of the full compilation is a 4.7Kb binary that contains my
> crt1.s code but no other code.
>
>
> Do you know of other gcc options that would help me? Up to now I must
> admit that I've avoided looking at such a long list.
>
> Would a different binutils be appropriate?
>
> I look forward to your thoughts!
>
> Regards,
> John
Hi John,
this should be possible - here is the command line I use to compile
for an embedded target (Atmega 328p). It only has 2KB ram and 32KB
flash, so I use min lib (-flibs=min):
$ avr-gm2 -mmcu=atmega328 -g -Os -fno-exceptions -O2 -c flashled328.mod \
-flibs=min
$ avr-gm2 -mmcu=atmega328 -g -Os -fno-exceptions -O2 -fno-pth -fonlylink \
flashled328.mod -flibs=min -o flashled328.elf
$ avr-size flashled328.elf
text data bss dec hex filename
370 0 0 370 172 flashled328.elf
included at the end is the source code and disassembly of the final
linked executable.
Options which might also be useful are -fm2-whole-program -O2 which will
parse all modules and optimise across all. Also -fmakelist which
generates a list of all modules it would like to link against. You
could edit this, comment out using '#' modules or reorder them. Then
you can tell gm2 to link against this list using: -fuselist. There are
some critical modules which gm2 will by default attempt to include
(Storage,SYSTEM,M2RTS,RTExceptions,IOLink) if they are used, however you
can override this with the option: -fruntime-modules=foo,bar which
indicates that the gm2 scaffold will call _M2_foo_init before
_M2_bar_init and link foo.o and bar.o with your program and any imported
modules.
Anyway here is the flashing led program for the 328p and the disassembly
of the final executable.
regards,
Gaius
$ cat flashled328.mod
MODULE flashled328 ;
PROCEDURE Turn (on: BOOLEAN) ;
BEGIN
IF on
THEN
(* turn LED on *)
ASM VOLATILE ("cbi 8,5");
ELSE
(* turn LED off *)
ASM VOLATILE ("sbi 8,5");
END
END Turn ;
(*
InitLed - initialize pin 0 as an output
*)
PROCEDURE InitLed ;
BEGIN
ASM VOLATILE ("sbi 7,5")
END InitLed ;
CONST
Delay = 400 ;
VAR
i, j: CARDINAL ;
BEGIN
InitLed ;
Turn(FALSE) ;
LOOP
FOR i := 0 TO Delay DO
FOR j := 0 TO Delay DO
ASM VOLATILE ("nop")
END
END ;
Turn(TRUE) ;
FOR i := 0 TO Delay DO
FOR j := 0 TO Delay DO
ASM VOLATILE ("nop")
END
END ;
Turn(FALSE)
END
END flashled328.
flashled328.elf: file format elf32-avr
Disassembly of section .text:
00000000 <__vectors>:
0: 0c 94 34 00 jmp 0x68 ; 0x68 <__ctors_end>
4: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
8: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
c: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
10: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
14: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
18: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
1c: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
20: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
24: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
28: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
2c: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
30: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
34: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
38: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
3c: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
40: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
44: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
48: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
4c: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
50: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
54: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
58: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
5c: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
60: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
64: 0c 94 3e 00 jmp 0x7c ; 0x7c <__bad_interrupt>
00000068 <__ctors_end>:
68: 11 24 eor r1, r1
6a: 1f be out 0x3f, r1 ; 63
6c: cf ef ldi r28, 0xFF ; 255
6e: d8 e0 ldi r29, 0x08 ; 8
70: de bf out 0x3e, r29 ; 62
72: cd bf out 0x3d, r28 ; 61
74: 0e 94 9f 00 call 0x13e ; 0x13e <main>
78: 0c 94 9e 00 jmp 0x13c ; 0x13c <exit>
0000007c <__bad_interrupt>:
7c: 0c 94 00 00 jmp 0 ; 0x0 <__vectors>
00000080 <_M2_flashled328_init>:
80: cf 93 push r28
82: df 93 push r29
84: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
86: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
88: 3d 9a sbi 0x07, 5 ; 7
8a: 45 9a sbi 0x08, 5 ; 8
8c: 21 e9 ldi r18, 0x91 ; 145
8e: 31 e0 ldi r19, 0x01 ; 1
90: 00 00 nop
92: 80 e9 ldi r24, 0x90 ; 144
94: 91 e0 ldi r25, 0x01 ; 1
96: 00 00 nop
98: 01 97 sbiw r24, 0x01 ; 1
9a: e9 f7 brne .-6 ; 0x96
<_M2_flashled328_init+0x16>
9c: 21 50 subi r18, 0x01 ; 1
9e: 31 09 sbc r19, r1
a0: b9 f7 brne .-18 ; 0x90
<_M2_flashled328_init+0x10>
a2: 45 98 cbi 0x08, 5 ; 8
a4: 21 e9 ldi r18, 0x91 ; 145
a6: 31 e0 ldi r19, 0x01 ; 1
a8: 00 00 nop
aa: 80 e9 ldi r24, 0x90 ; 144
ac: 91 e0 ldi r25, 0x01 ; 1
ae: 00 00 nop
b0: 01 97 sbiw r24, 0x01 ; 1
b2: e9 f7 brne .-6 ; 0xae
<_M2_flashled328_init+0x2e>
b4: 21 50 subi r18, 0x01 ; 1
b6: 31 09 sbc r19, r1
b8: b9 f7 brne .-18 ; 0xa8
<_M2_flashled328_init+0x28>
ba: e7 cf rjmp .-50 ; 0x8a
<_M2_flashled328_init+0xa>
000000bc <_M2_flashled328_finish>:
bc: cf 93 push r28
be: df 93 push r29
c0: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
c2: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
c4: df 91 pop r29
c6: cf 91 pop r28
c8: 08 95 ret
000000ca <_M2_M2RTS_init>:
ca: cf 93 push r28
cc: df 93 push r29
ce: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
d0: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
d2: df 91 pop r29
d4: cf 91 pop r28
d6: 08 95 ret
000000d8 <_M2_M2RTS_finish>:
d8: cf 93 push r28
da: df 93 push r29
dc: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
de: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
e0: df 91 pop r29
e2: cf 91 pop r28
e4: 08 95 ret
000000e6 <M2RTS_ExecuteTerminationProcedures>:
e6: cf 93 push r28
e8: df 93 push r29
ea: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
ec: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
ee: df 91 pop r29
f0: cf 91 pop r28
f2: 08 95 ret
000000f4 <M2RTS_ExecuteInitialProcedures>:
f4: cf 93 push r28
f6: df 93 push r29
f8: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
fa: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
fc: df 91 pop r29
fe: cf 91 pop r28
100: 08 95 ret
00000102 <M2RTS_HALT>:
102: cf 93 push r28
104: df 93 push r29
106: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
108: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
10a: df 91 pop r29
10c: cf 91 pop r28
10e: 08 95 ret
00000110 <M2RTS_NoException>:
110: cf 93 push r28
112: df 93 push r29
114: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
116: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
118: df 91 pop r29
11a: cf 91 pop r28
11c: 08 95 ret
0000011e <_M2_SYSTEM_init>:
11e: cf 93 push r28
120: df 93 push r29
122: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
124: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
126: df 91 pop r29
128: cf 91 pop r28
12a: 08 95 ret
0000012c <_M2_SYSTEM_finish>:
12c: cf 93 push r28
12e: df 93 push r29
130: cd b7 in r28, 0x3d ; 61
132: de b7 in r29, 0x3e ; 62
134: df 91 pop r29
136: cf 91 pop r28
138: 08 95 ret
0000013a <abort>:
13a: 08 95 ret
0000013c <exit>:
13c: 08 95 ret
0000013e <main>:
13e: ec 01 movw r28, r24
140: 8b 01 movw r16, r22
142: 0e 94 8f 00 call 0x11e ; 0x11e <_M2_SYSTEM_init>
146: b8 01 movw r22, r16
148: ce 01 movw r24, r28
14a: 0e 94 65 00 call 0xca ; 0xca <_M2_M2RTS_init>
14e: 0e 94 7a 00 call 0xf4 ; 0xf4 <M2RTS_ExecuteInitialProcedures>
152: b8 01 movw r22, r16
154: ce 01 movw r24, r28
156: 0e 94 40 00 call 0x80 ; 0x80 <_M2_flashled328_init>
15a: 0e 94 73 00 call 0xe6 ; 0xe6
<M2RTS_ExecuteTerminationProcedures>
15e: 0e 94 5e 00 call 0xbc ; 0xbc <_M2_flashled328_finish>
162: 0e 94 6c 00 call 0xd8 ; 0xd8 <_M2_M2RTS_finish>
166: 0e 94 96 00 call 0x12c ; 0x12c <_M2_SYSTEM_finish>
16a: 80 e0 ldi r24, 0x00 ; 0
16c: 90 e0 ldi r25, 0x00 ; 0
16e: 0e 94 9e 00 call 0x13c ; 0x13c <exit>