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[SCM] gawk branch, master, updated. gawk-4.1.0-4392-gcf91322
|
From: |
Arnold Robbins |
|
Subject: |
[SCM] gawk branch, master, updated. gawk-4.1.0-4392-gcf91322 |
|
Date: |
Thu, 17 Jun 2021 02:07:50 -0400 (EDT) |
This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script. It was
generated because a ref change was pushed to the repository containing
the project "gawk".
The branch, master has been updated
via cf9132208075631697b1043273edddb76273c3f0 (commit)
via 2088e95f3a6b41443b9951c2a4d7dfbe3df0ce27 (commit)
from 5800b72683b87a43f5dd315bcef6613418a537bb (commit)
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- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=cf9132208075631697b1043273edddb76273c3f0
commit cf9132208075631697b1043273edddb76273c3f0
Merge: 5800b72 2088e95
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
Date: Thu Jun 17 09:07:34 2021 +0300
Merge branch 'gawk-5.1-stable'
diff --cc doc/gawk.info
index 33a8326,ecb3716..6b0919f
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@@ -490,7 -488,6 +490,7 @@@ in (a) below. A copy of the license i
* Programs Summary:: Summary of programs.
* Programs Exercises:: Exercises.
* Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data.
- * Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'bool' type.
++* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type.
* Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array
traversal and sorting arrays.
* Controlling Array Traversal:: How to use PROCINFO["sorted_in"].
@@@ -20948,53 -20922,9 +20948,53 @@@ request it
This option may disappear in a future version of 'gawk'.
-File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Nondecimal
Data, Up: Advanced Features
+File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Typed Values, Next: Array Sorting, Prev:
Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features
+
+12.2 Boolean Typed Values
+=========================
+
+Scalar values in 'awk' are either numbers or strings. 'gawk' also
+supports values of type 'regexp' (*note Strong Regexp Constants::).
+
+ As described in *note Truth Values::, Boolean values in 'awk' don't
+have a separate type: a value counts as "true" if it is nonzero or
+non-null, and as "false" otherwise.
+
+ When interchanging data with languages that do have a real Boolean
+type, using a standard format such as JSON or XML, the lack of a true
+Boolean type in 'awk' is problematic. (See, for example, the 'json'
+extension provided by the 'gawkextlib' project
+(https://sourceforge.net/projects/gawkextlib).)
-12.2 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting
+ It's easy to import Boolean data into 'awk', but then the fact that
+it was originally Boolean is lost. Exporting data is even harder;
+there's no way to indicate that a value is really Boolean.
+
+ To solve this problem, 'gawk' provides a function named 'mkbool()'.
+It takes one argument, which is any 'awk' expression, and it returns a
+value of Boolean type.
+
+ The returned values are normal 'awk' numeric values, with values of
+either one or zero, depending upon the truth value of the original
- expression passed in the call to 'bool()'.
++expression passed in the call to 'mkbool()'.
+
+ The 'typeof()' function (*note Type Functions::) returns
+'"number|bool"' for these values.
+
+ Thus Boolean-typed values _are_ numbers as far as 'gawk' is
+concerned, except that extension code can treat them as Booleans if
+desired.
+
+ While it would have been possible to add two new built-in variables
+of Boolean type named 'TRUE' and 'FALSE', doing so would undoubtedly
+have broken many existing 'awk' programs. Instead, having a "generator"
+function that creates Boolean values gives flexibility, without breaking
+as much existing code.
+
+
+File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Boolean
Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features
+
+12.3 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting
==================================================
'gawk' lets you control the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop
@@@ -38213,606 -38098,603 +38225,606 @@@ Inde
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- Node: Notes1281598
- Node: Compatibility Mode1282392
- Node: Additions1283174
- Node: Accessing The Source1284099
- Node: Adding Code1285536
- Node: New Ports1291755
- Node: Derived Files1296130
- Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11301790
- Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21301825
- Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31302423
- Node: Future Extensions1302537
- Node: Implementation Limitations1303195
- Node: Extension Design1304405
- Node: Old Extension Problems1305549
- Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11307067
- Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1307124
- Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11310488
- Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1310677
- Node: Extension Future Growth1312790
- Node: Notes summary1313396
- Node: Basic Concepts1314554
- Node: Basic High Level1315235
- Ref: figure-general-flow1315517
- Ref: figure-process-flow1316202
- Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11319503
- Node: Basic Data Typing1319688
- Node: Glossary1323016
- Node: Copying1354903
- Node: GNU Free Documentation License1392446
- Node: Index1417566
-Node: Foreword344780
-Node: Foreword449222
-Node: Preface50754
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-153613
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-253722
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-353956
-Node: History54098
-Node: Names56450
-Ref: Names-Footnote-157554
-Node: This Manual57701
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164340
-Node: Conventions64440
-Node: Manual History66809
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-169806
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-269847
-Node: How To Contribute69921
-Node: Acknowledgments70847
-Node: Getting Started75784
-Node: Running gawk78223
-Node: One-shot79413
-Node: Read Terminal80676
-Node: Long82669
-Node: Executable Scripts84182
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-186815
-Node: Comments86918
-Node: Quoting89402
-Node: DOS Quoting94928
-Node: Sample Data Files96984
-Node: Very Simple99579
-Node: Two Rules105681
-Node: More Complex107566
-Node: Statements/Lines109898
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114382
-Node: Other Features114647
-Node: When115583
-Ref: When-Footnote-1117337
-Node: Intro Summary117402
-Node: Invoking Gawk118286
-Node: Command Line119800
-Node: Options120598
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1138512
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2138743
-Node: Other Arguments138768
-Node: Naming Standard Input142779
-Node: Environment Variables143989
-Node: AWKPATH Variable144547
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1147959
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2147993
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148364
-Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150061
-Node: Other Environment Variables150436
-Node: Exit Status154257
-Node: Include Files154934
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries158624
-Node: Obsolete160052
-Node: Undocumented160744
-Node: Invoking Summary161041
-Node: Regexp163882
-Node: Regexp Usage165336
-Node: Escape Sequences167373
-Node: Regexp Operators173614
-Node: Regexp Operator Details174099
-Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181463
-Node: Interval Expressions181610
-Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1183031
-Node: Bracket Expressions183129
-Ref: table-char-classes185605
-Node: Leftmost Longest188931
-Node: Computed Regexps190234
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators193661
-Node: Case-sensitivity197398
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1200264
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-Node: Regexp Summary200607
-Node: Reading Files202073
-Node: Records204342
-Node: awk split records205417
-Node: gawk split records210117
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1215191
-Node: Fields215228
-Node: Nonconstant Fields217969
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1220205
-Node: Changing Fields220409
-Node: Field Separators226440
-Node: Default Field Splitting229138
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting230256
-Node: Single Character Fields233933
-Node: Command Line Field Separator234993
-Node: Full Line Fields238211
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1239733
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2239779
-Node: Field Splitting Summary239880
-Node: Constant Size241954
-Node: Fixed width data242686
-Node: Skipping intervening246153
-Node: Allowing trailing data246951
-Node: Fields with fixed data247988
-Node: Splitting By Content249506
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1253289
-Node: More CSV253452
-Node: Testing field creation255044
-Node: Multiple Line256669
-Node: Getline262946
-Node: Plain Getline265415
-Node: Getline/Variable267988
-Node: Getline/File269139
-Node: Getline/Variable/File270527
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-Node: Getline/Pipe272220
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe274924
-Node: Getline/Coprocess276059
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess277326
-Node: Getline Notes278068
-Node: Getline Summary280865
-Ref: table-getline-variants281289
-Node: Read Timeout282037
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1285943
-Node: Retrying Input286001
-Node: Command-line directories287200
-Node: Input Summary288106
-Node: Input Exercises291278
-Node: Printing291712
-Node: Print293546
-Node: Print Examples295003
-Node: Output Separators297783
-Node: OFMT299800
-Node: Printf301156
-Node: Basic Printf301941
-Node: Control Letters303515
-Node: Format Modifiers308679
-Node: Printf Examples314694
-Node: Redirection317180
-Node: Special FD324021
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1327189
-Node: Special Files327263
-Node: Other Inherited Files327880
-Node: Special Network328881
-Node: Special Caveats329741
-Node: Close Files And Pipes330690
-Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values337597
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1338410
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-Node: Nonfatal338710
-Node: Output Summary341048
-Node: Output Exercises342270
-Node: Expressions342949
-Node: Values344137
-Node: Constants344815
-Node: Scalar Constants345506
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1348016
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers348266
-Node: Regexp Constants351267
-Node: Using Constant Regexps351793
-Node: Standard Regexp Constants352415
-Node: Strong Regexp Constants355603
-Node: Variables358615
-Node: Using Variables359272
-Node: Assignment Options361182
-Node: Conversion363653
-Node: Strings And Numbers364177
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1367240
-Node: Locale influences conversions367349
-Ref: table-locale-affects370107
-Node: All Operators370725
-Node: Arithmetic Ops371354
-Node: Concatenation374070
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-Node: Assignment Ops377024
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-Node: Increment Ops383328
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions386788
-Node: Truth Values387862
-Node: Typing and Comparison388910
-Node: Variable Typing389730
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1396193
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2396265
-Node: Comparison Operators396342
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-Node: POSIX String Comparison400256
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-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2402090
-Node: Boolean Ops402174
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-Node: Conditional Exp406748
-Node: Function Calls408484
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-Node: Expressions Summary417652
-Node: Patterns and Actions420225
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-Node: Regexp Patterns423022
-Node: Expression Patterns423564
-Node: Ranges427345
-Node: BEGIN/END430453
-Node: Using BEGIN/END431214
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-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END434074
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE436387
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-Node: Using Shell Variables439935
-Node: Action Overview442209
-Node: Statements444534
-Node: If Statement446382
-Node: While Statement447877
-Node: Do Statement449905
-Node: For Statement451053
-Node: Switch Statement454224
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-Node: Continue Statement458757
-Node: Next Statement460584
-Node: Nextfile Statement462967
-Node: Exit Statement465656
-Node: Built-in Variables468059
-Node: User-modified469192
-Node: Auto-set476959
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-Node: ARGC and ARGV494028
-Node: Pattern Action Summary498241
-Node: Arrays500671
-Node: Array Basics502000
-Node: Array Intro502844
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-Node: Reference to Elements507651
-Node: Assigning Elements510115
-Node: Array Example510606
-Node: Scanning an Array512365
-Node: Controlling Scanning515387
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-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts522159
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts524343
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-Node: Multidimensional528771
-Node: Multiscanning531866
-Node: Arrays of Arrays533457
-Node: Arrays Summary538225
-Node: Functions540318
-Node: Built-in541356
-Node: Calling Built-in542437
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-Node: String Functions549429
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-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3573946
-Node: Gory Details574033
-Ref: table-sub-escapes575824
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-Node: User-defined613174
-Node: Definition Syntax613986
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-Node: Function Example619751
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-Node: Function Calling622695
-Node: Calling A Function623283
-Node: Variable Scope624241
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference627235
-Node: Function Caveats629879
-Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1631926
-Node: Return Statement632046
-Node: Dynamic Typing635025
-Node: Indirect Calls635955
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-Node: Functions Summary646335
-Node: Library Functions649040
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1652647
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2652790
-Node: Library Names652961
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-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2656851
-Node: General Functions656937
-Node: Strtonum Function658040
-Node: Assert Function661062
-Node: Round Function664388
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-Node: Getlocaltime Function672439
-Node: Readfile Function676181
-Node: Shell Quoting678158
-Node: Data File Management679559
-Node: Filetrans Function680191
-Node: Rewind Function684287
-Node: File Checking686196
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-Node: Empty Files687731
-Node: Ignoring Assigns689710
-Node: Getopt Function691260
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-Node: Passwd Functions706671
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-Node: Running Examples729352
-Node: Clones730080
-Node: Cut Program731304
-Node: Egrep Program741444
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-Node: Programs Summary841259
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-Node: Profiling875928
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-Node: Advanced Features Summary886716
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-Node: Explaining gettext891092
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1896984
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-Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1006168
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-Node: Internal File Description1126996
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-Node: Using Internal File Ops1142566
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-Node: Extension Sample File Functions1146752
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-Node: Extension Sample Inplace1157106
-Node: Extension Sample Ord1160732
-Node: Extension Sample Readdir1161568
-Ref: table-readdir-file-types1162457
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-Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1164113
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-Node: gawkextlib1170134
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-Node: Language History1177996
-Node: V7/SVR3.11179652
-Node: SVR41181804
-Node: POSIX1183238
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-Node: Feature History1191126
-Node: Common Extensions1208301
-Node: Ranges and Locales1209584
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-Node: Contributors1214685
-Node: History summary1220682
-Node: Installation1222062
-Node: Gawk Distribution1223006
-Node: Getting1223490
-Node: Extracting1224453
-Node: Distribution contents1226091
-Node: Unix Installation1232571
-Node: Quick Installation1233253
-Node: Shell Startup Files1235667
-Node: Additional Configuration Options1236756
-Node: Configuration Philosophy1239071
-Node: Non-Unix Installation1241440
-Node: PC Installation1241900
-Node: PC Binary Installation1242738
-Node: PC Compiling1243173
-Node: PC Using1244290
-Node: Cygwin1247843
-Node: MSYS1249067
-Node: VMS Installation1249669
-Node: VMS Compilation1250460
-Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11251689
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-Node: VMS Installation Details1253432
-Node: VMS Running1255685
-Node: VMS GNV1259964
-Node: VMS Old Gawk1260699
-Node: Bugs1261170
-Node: Bug address1261833
-Node: Usenet1264815
-Node: Maintainers1265819
-Node: Other Versions1267004
-Node: Installation summary1274869
-Node: Notes1276078
-Node: Compatibility Mode1276872
-Node: Additions1277654
-Node: Accessing The Source1278579
-Node: Adding Code1280016
-Node: New Ports1286235
-Node: Derived Files1290610
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11296270
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21296305
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31296903
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-Node: Implementation Limitations1297675
-Node: Extension Design1298885
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-Node: Notes summary1307876
-Node: Basic Concepts1309034
-Node: Basic High Level1309715
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-Ref: figure-process-flow1310682
-Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11313983
-Node: Basic Data Typing1314168
-Node: Glossary1317496
-Node: Copying1349381
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1386924
-Node: Index1412044
++Node: Foreword345051
++Node: Foreword449493
++Node: Preface51025
++Ref: Preface-Footnote-153884
++Ref: Preface-Footnote-253993
++Ref: Preface-Footnote-354227
++Node: History54369
++Node: Names56721
++Ref: Names-Footnote-157825
++Node: This Manual57972
++Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164611
++Node: Conventions64711
++Node: Manual History67080
++Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170077
++Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270118
++Node: How To Contribute70192
++Node: Acknowledgments71118
++Node: Getting Started76055
++Node: Running gawk78494
++Node: One-shot79684
++Node: Read Terminal80947
++Node: Long82940
++Node: Executable Scripts84453
++Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187086
++Node: Comments87189
++Node: Quoting89673
++Node: DOS Quoting95199
++Node: Sample Data Files97255
++Node: Very Simple99850
++Node: Two Rules105952
++Node: More Complex107837
++Node: Statements/Lines110169
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++Node: Other Features114918
++Node: When115854
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++Node: Invoking Gawk118557
++Node: Command Line120071
++Node: Options120869
++Ref: Options-Footnote-1138783
++Ref: Options-Footnote-2139014
++Node: Other Arguments139039
++Node: Naming Standard Input143050
++Node: Environment Variables144260
++Node: AWKPATH Variable144818
++Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148230
++Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148264
++Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148635
++Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150332
++Node: Other Environment Variables150707
++Node: Exit Status154659
++Node: Include Files155336
++Node: Loading Shared Libraries159026
++Node: Obsolete160454
++Node: Undocumented161146
++Node: Invoking Summary161443
++Node: Regexp164284
++Node: Regexp Usage165738
++Node: Escape Sequences167775
++Node: Regexp Operators174016
++Node: Regexp Operator Details174501
++Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181865
++Node: Interval Expressions182012
++Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1183433
++Node: Bracket Expressions183531
++Ref: table-char-classes186007
++Node: Leftmost Longest189333
++Node: Computed Regexps190636
++Node: GNU Regexp Operators194063
++Node: Case-sensitivity197800
++Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1200666
++Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2200901
++Node: Regexp Summary201009
++Node: Reading Files202475
++Node: Records204744
++Node: awk split records205819
++Node: gawk split records210519
++Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1215593
++Node: Fields215630
++Node: Nonconstant Fields218371
++Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1220607
++Node: Changing Fields220811
++Node: Field Separators226842
++Node: Default Field Splitting229540
++Node: Regexp Field Splitting230658
++Node: Single Character Fields234335
++Node: Command Line Field Separator235395
++Node: Full Line Fields238613
++Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1240135
++Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2240181
++Node: Field Splitting Summary240282
++Node: Constant Size242356
++Node: Fixed width data243088
++Node: Skipping intervening246555
++Node: Allowing trailing data247353
++Node: Fields with fixed data248390
++Node: Splitting By Content249908
++Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1253691
++Node: More CSV253854
++Node: Testing field creation255446
++Node: Multiple Line257071
++Node: Getline263348
++Node: Plain Getline265817
++Node: Getline/Variable268390
++Node: Getline/File269541
++Node: Getline/Variable/File270929
++Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1272534
++Node: Getline/Pipe272622
++Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe275326
++Node: Getline/Coprocess276461
++Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess277728
++Node: Getline Notes278470
++Node: Getline Summary281267
++Ref: table-getline-variants281691
++Node: Read Timeout282439
++Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1286345
++Node: Retrying Input286403
++Node: Command-line directories287602
++Node: Input Summary288508
++Node: Input Exercises291680
++Node: Printing292114
++Node: Print293948
++Node: Print Examples295405
++Node: Output Separators298185
++Node: OFMT300202
++Node: Printf301558
++Node: Basic Printf302343
++Node: Control Letters303917
++Node: Format Modifiers309079
++Node: Printf Examples315094
++Node: Redirection317580
++Node: Special FD324421
++Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1327589
++Node: Special Files327663
++Node: Other Inherited Files328280
++Node: Special Network329281
++Node: Special Caveats330141
++Node: Close Files And Pipes331090
++Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values337997
++Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1338810
++Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2338958
++Node: Nonfatal339110
++Node: Output Summary341448
++Node: Output Exercises342670
++Node: Expressions343349
++Node: Values344537
++Node: Constants345215
++Node: Scalar Constants345906
++Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1348416
++Node: Nondecimal-numbers348666
++Node: Regexp Constants351667
++Node: Using Constant Regexps352193
++Node: Standard Regexp Constants352815
++Node: Strong Regexp Constants356003
++Node: Variables359015
++Node: Using Variables359672
++Node: Assignment Options361582
++Node: Conversion364053
++Node: Strings And Numbers364577
++Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1367640
++Node: Locale influences conversions367749
++Ref: table-locale-affects370507
++Node: All Operators371125
++Node: Arithmetic Ops371754
++Node: Concatenation374470
++Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1377317
++Node: Assignment Ops377424
++Ref: table-assign-ops382415
++Node: Increment Ops383728
++Node: Truth Values and Conditions387188
++Node: Truth Values388262
++Node: Typing and Comparison389310
++Node: Variable Typing390130
++Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1396593
++Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2396665
++Node: Comparison Operators396742
++Ref: table-relational-ops397161
++Node: POSIX String Comparison400656
++Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1402351
++Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2402490
++Node: Boolean Ops402574
++Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1407056
++Node: Conditional Exp407148
++Node: Function Calls408884
++Node: Precedence412761
++Node: Locales416420
++Node: Expressions Summary418052
++Node: Patterns and Actions420625
++Node: Pattern Overview421745
++Node: Regexp Patterns423422
++Node: Expression Patterns423964
++Node: Ranges427745
++Node: BEGIN/END430853
++Node: Using BEGIN/END431614
++Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1434368
++Node: I/O And BEGIN/END434474
++Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE436787
++Node: Empty440018
++Node: Using Shell Variables440335
++Node: Action Overview442609
++Node: Statements444934
++Node: If Statement446782
++Node: While Statement448277
++Node: Do Statement450305
++Node: For Statement451453
++Node: Switch Statement454624
++Node: Break Statement457065
++Node: Continue Statement459157
++Node: Next Statement460984
++Node: Nextfile Statement463367
++Node: Exit Statement466056
++Node: Built-in Variables468459
++Node: User-modified469592
++Node: Auto-set477359
++Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1494166
++Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2494372
++Node: ARGC and ARGV494428
++Node: Pattern Action Summary498641
++Node: Arrays501071
++Node: Array Basics502400
++Node: Array Intro503244
++Ref: figure-array-elements505219
++Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1507923
++Node: Reference to Elements508051
++Node: Assigning Elements510515
++Node: Array Example511006
++Node: Scanning an Array512765
++Node: Controlling Scanning515787
++Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1522243
++Node: Numeric Array Subscripts522559
++Node: Uninitialized Subscripts524743
++Node: Delete526362
++Ref: Delete-Footnote-1529114
++Node: Multidimensional529171
++Node: Multiscanning532266
++Node: Arrays of Arrays533857
++Node: Arrays Summary538625
++Node: Functions540718
++Node: Built-in541756
++Node: Calling Built-in542909
++Node: Boolean Functions544905
++Node: Numeric Functions545459
++Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1549486
++Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2550134
++Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3550182
++Node: String Functions550454
++Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1574595
++Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2574723
++Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3574971
++Node: Gory Details575058
++Ref: table-sub-escapes576849
++Ref: table-sub-proposed578368
++Ref: table-posix-sub579731
++Ref: table-gensub-escapes581272
++Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1582095
++Node: I/O Functions582249
++Ref: table-system-return-values588703
++Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1590783
++Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2590931
++Node: Time Functions591051
++Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1601722
++Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2601790
++Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3601948
++Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4602059
++Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5602171
++Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6602398
++Node: Bitwise Functions602664
++Ref: table-bitwise-ops603258
++Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1609321
++Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2609494
++Node: Type Functions609685
++Node: I18N Functions612639
++Node: User-defined614290
++Node: Definition Syntax615102
++Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1620796
++Node: Function Example620867
++Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1623789
++Node: Function Calling623811
++Node: Calling A Function624399
++Node: Variable Scope625357
++Node: Pass By Value/Reference628351
++Node: Function Caveats630995
++Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1633042
++Node: Return Statement633162
++Node: Dynamic Typing636141
++Node: Indirect Calls637071
++Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1647326
++Node: Functions Summary647454
++Node: Library Functions650159
++Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1653766
++Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2653909
++Node: Library Names654080
++Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1657747
++Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2657970
++Node: General Functions658056
++Node: Strtonum Function659159
++Node: Assert Function662181
++Node: Round Function665507
++Node: Cliff Random Function667047
++Node: Ordinal Functions668063
++Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1671126
++Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2671378
++Node: Join Function671588
++Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1673358
++Node: Getlocaltime Function673558
++Node: Readfile Function677300
++Node: Shell Quoting679277
++Node: Data File Management680678
++Node: Filetrans Function681310
++Node: Rewind Function685406
++Node: File Checking687315
++Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1688649
++Node: Empty Files688850
++Node: Ignoring Assigns690829
++Node: Getopt Function692379
++Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1707590
++Node: Passwd Functions707790
++Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1716629
++Node: Group Functions716717
++Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1724615
++Node: Walking Arrays724822
++Node: Library Functions Summary727830
++Node: Library Exercises729236
++Node: Sample Programs729701
++Node: Running Examples730471
++Node: Clones731199
++Node: Cut Program732423
++Node: Egrep Program742563
++Node: Id Program751564
++Node: Split Program761511
++Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1771401
++Node: Tee Program771574
++Node: Uniq Program774364
++Node: Wc Program781952
++Node: Bytes vs. Characters782339
++Node: Using extensions783887
++Node: wc program784641
++Node: Miscellaneous Programs789506
++Node: Dupword Program790719
++Node: Alarm Program792749
++Node: Translate Program797604
++Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1802169
++Node: Labels Program802439
++Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1805790
++Node: Word Sorting805874
++Node: History Sorting809946
++Node: Extract Program812171
++Node: Simple Sed820225
++Node: Igawk Program823299
++Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1837630
++Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2837832
++Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3837954
++Node: Anagram Program838069
++Node: Signature Program841131
++Node: Programs Summary842378
++Node: Programs Exercises843592
++Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1847722
++Node: Advanced Features847808
++Node: Nondecimal Data849939
++Node: Boolean Typed Values851537
++Node: Array Sorting853418
++Node: Controlling Array Traversal854123
++Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1862491
++Node: Array Sorting Functions862609
++Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1867700
++Node: Two-way I/O867896
++Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1875617
++Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2875804
++Node: TCP/IP Networking875886
++Node: Profiling879004
++Node: Extension Philosophy888313
++Node: Advanced Features Summary889792
++Node: Internationalization891807
++Node: I18N and L10N893481
++Node: Explaining gettext894168
++Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1900060
++Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2900245
++Node: Programmer i18n900410
++Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1905359
++Node: Translator i18n905408
++Node: String Extraction906202
++Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1907334
++Node: Printf Ordering907420
++Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1910206
++Node: I18N Portability910270
++Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1912726
++Node: I18N Example912789
++Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1916064
++Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2916137
++Node: Gawk I18N916246
++Node: I18N Summary916895
++Node: Debugger918236
++Node: Debugging919236
++Node: Debugging Concepts919677
++Node: Debugging Terms921486
++Node: Awk Debugging924061
++Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1925006
++Node: Sample Debugging Session925138
++Node: Debugger Invocation925672
++Node: Finding The Bug927058
++Node: List of Debugger Commands933532
++Node: Breakpoint Control934865
++Node: Debugger Execution Control938559
++Node: Viewing And Changing Data941921
++Node: Execution Stack945462
++Node: Debugger Info947099
++Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands951170
++Node: Readline Support956232
++Node: Limitations957128
++Node: Debugging Summary959682
++Node: Namespaces960961
++Node: Global Namespace962072
++Node: Qualified Names963470
++Node: Default Namespace964469
++Node: Changing The Namespace965210
++Node: Naming Rules966824
++Node: Internal Name Management968672
++Node: Namespace Example969714
++Node: Namespace And Features972276
++Node: Namespace Summary973711
++Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic975188
++Node: Computer Arithmetic976675
++Ref: table-numeric-ranges980441
++Ref: table-floating-point-ranges980934
++Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1981592
++Node: Math Definitions981649
++Ref: table-ieee-formats984625
++Node: MPFR features985192
++Node: FP Math Caution986910
++Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1987982
++Node: Inexactness of computations988351
++Node: Inexact representation989382
++Node: Comparing FP Values990742
++Node: Errors accumulate991983
++Node: Strange values993439
++Ref: Strange values-Footnote-1996027
++Node: Getting Accuracy996132
++Node: Try To Round998842
++Node: Setting precision999741
++Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings1000438
++Node: Setting the rounding mode1002268
++Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1002642
++Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11006573
++Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1006752
++Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11009927
++Node: Checking for MPFR1010076
++Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1011550
++Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11015835
++Node: Floating point summary1015873
++Node: Dynamic Extensions1018063
++Node: Extension Intro1019616
++Node: Plugin License1020882
++Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1021679
++Ref: figure-load-extension1022118
++Ref: figure-register-new-function1023683
++Ref: figure-call-new-function1024775
++Node: Extension API Description1026837
++Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1028550
++Ref: table-api-std-headers1030386
++Node: General Data Types1034635
++Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11043341
++Node: Memory Allocation Functions1043640
++Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11048141
++Node: Constructor Functions1048240
++Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1051893
++Node: Registration Functions1053206
++Node: Extension Functions1053906
++Node: Exit Callback Functions1059228
++Node: Extension Version String1060478
++Node: Input Parsers1061141
++Node: Output Wrappers1073862
++Node: Two-way processors1078374
++Node: Printing Messages1080639
++Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11081810
++Node: Updating ERRNO1081963
++Node: Requesting Values1082702
++Ref: table-value-types-returned1083439
++Node: Accessing Parameters1084547
++Node: Symbol Table Access1085784
++Node: Symbol table by name1086296
++Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11089320
++Node: Symbol table by cookie1089448
++Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11093633
++Node: Cached values1093697
++Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11097233
++Node: Array Manipulation1097386
++Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11098477
++Node: Array Data Types1098514
++Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11101172
++Node: Array Functions1101264
++Node: Flattening Arrays1105762
++Node: Creating Arrays1112738
++Node: Redirection API1117505
++Node: Extension API Variables1120338
++Node: Extension Versioning1121049
++Ref: gawk-api-version1121478
++Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1123209
++Node: Extension API Informational Variables1124837
++Node: Extension API Boilerplate1125910
++Node: Changes from API V11129884
++Node: Finding Extensions1131456
++Node: Extension Example1132015
++Node: Internal File Description1132813
++Node: Internal File Ops1136893
++Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11148243
++Node: Using Internal File Ops1148383
++Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11150766
++Node: Extension Samples1151040
++Node: Extension Sample File Functions1152569
++Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1160218
++Node: Extension Sample Fork1161705
++Node: Extension Sample Inplace1162923
++Node: Extension Sample Ord1166549
++Node: Extension Sample Readdir1167385
++Ref: table-readdir-file-types1168274
++Node: Extension Sample Revout1169341
++Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1169930
++Node: Extension Sample Read write array1170670
++Node: Extension Sample Readfile1172612
++Node: Extension Sample Time1173707
++Node: Extension Sample API Tests1175459
++Node: gawkextlib1175951
++Node: Extension summary1178869
++Node: Extension Exercises1182571
++Node: Language History1183813
++Node: V7/SVR3.11185469
++Node: SVR41187621
++Node: POSIX1189055
++Node: BTL1190436
++Node: POSIX/GNU1191165
++Node: Feature History1196943
++Node: Common Extensions1214118
++Node: Ranges and Locales1215401
++Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11220017
++Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21220044
++Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31220279
++Node: Contributors1220502
++Node: History summary1226499
++Node: Installation1227879
++Node: Gawk Distribution1228823
++Node: Getting1229307
++Node: Extracting1230270
++Node: Distribution contents1231908
++Node: Unix Installation1238388
++Node: Quick Installation1239070
++Node: Shell Startup Files1241484
++Node: Additional Configuration Options1242573
++Node: Configuration Philosophy1244888
++Node: Non-Unix Installation1247257
++Node: PC Installation1247717
++Node: PC Binary Installation1248555
++Node: PC Compiling1248990
++Node: PC Using1250107
++Node: Cygwin1253660
++Node: MSYS1254884
++Node: VMS Installation1255486
++Node: VMS Compilation1256277
++Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11257506
++Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1257564
++Node: VMS Installation Details1259249
++Node: VMS Running1261502
++Node: VMS GNV1265781
++Node: VMS Old Gawk1266516
++Node: Bugs1266987
++Node: Bug address1267650
++Node: Usenet1270632
++Node: Maintainers1271636
++Node: Other Versions1272821
++Node: Installation summary1280686
++Node: Notes1281895
++Node: Compatibility Mode1282689
++Node: Additions1283471
++Node: Accessing The Source1284396
++Node: Adding Code1285833
++Node: New Ports1292052
++Node: Derived Files1296427
++Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11302087
++Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21302122
++Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31302720
++Node: Future Extensions1302834
++Node: Implementation Limitations1303492
++Node: Extension Design1304702
++Node: Old Extension Problems1305846
++Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11307364
++Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1307421
++Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11310785
++Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1310974
++Node: Extension Future Growth1313087
++Node: Notes summary1313693
++Node: Basic Concepts1314851
++Node: Basic High Level1315532
++Ref: figure-general-flow1315814
++Ref: figure-process-flow1316499
++Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11319800
++Node: Basic Data Typing1319985
++Node: Glossary1323313
++Node: Copying1355200
++Node: GNU Free Documentation License1392743
++Node: Index1417863
End Tag Table
diff --cc doc/gawk.texi
index bb891ea,ab8498f..9649d48
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@@ -863,7 -861,6 +863,7 @@@ particular records in a file and perfor
* Programs Summary:: Summary of programs.
* Programs Exercises:: Exercises.
* Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data.
- * Boolean Typed Values:: Values with @code{bool} type.
++* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with @code{number|bool} type.
* Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array
traversal and sorting arrays.
* Controlling Array Traversal:: How to use PROCINFO["sorted_in"].
@@@ -29478,49 -29446,6 +29478,49 @@@ leads to less surprising results
This option may disappear in a future version of @command{gawk}.
@end quotation
+@node Boolean Typed Values
+@section Boolean Typed Values
+
+Scalar values in @command{awk} are either numbers or strings.
+@command{gawk} also supports values of type @code{regexp}
+(@pxref{Strong Regexp Constants}).
+
+As described in @ref{Truth Values}, Boolean values in @command{awk}
+don't have a separate type: a value counts as ``true'' if it is nonzero
+or non-null, and as ``false'' otherwise.
+
+When interchanging data with languages that do have a real Boolean type,
+using a standard format such as JSON or XML, the lack of a true Boolean
+type in @command{awk} is problematic.
+(See, for example, the @code{json} extension provided by
+@uref{https://sourceforge.net/projects/gawkextlib, the @code{gawkextlib}
project}.)
+
+It's easy to import Boolean data into @command{awk}, but then the fact
+that it was originally Boolean is lost. Exporting data is even harder;
+there's no way to indicate that a value is really Boolean.
+
+To solve this problem, @command{gawk} provides a function named
@code{mkbool()}.
+It takes one argument, which is any @command{awk} expression, and it
+returns a value of Boolean type.
+
+The returned values are normal @command{awk} numeric values, with
+values of either one or zero,
+depending upon the truth
- value of the original expression passed in the call to @code{bool()}.
++value of the original expression passed in the call to @code{mkbool()}.
+
+The @code{typeof()} function (@pxref{Type Functions}) returns
+@code{"number|bool"} for these values.
+
+Thus Boolean-typed values @emph{are} numbers as far as @command{gawk}
+is concerned, except that extension code can treat them as Booleans
+if desired.
+
+While it would have been possible to add two new built-in variables
+of Boolean type named @code{TRUE} and @code{FALSE}, doing so would
+undoubtedly have broken many existing @command{awk} programs. Instead,
+having a ``generator'' function that creates Boolean values gives
+flexibility, without breaking as much existing code.
+
@node Array Sorting
@section Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
doc/ChangeLog | 5 +
doc/gawk.info | 1232 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
doc/gawk.texi | 24 +-
doc/gawktexi.in | 20 +-
4 files changed, 663 insertions(+), 618 deletions(-)
hooks/post-receive
--
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