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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/gnu road-to-gnu.html po/road-to-gnu.pot po/... |
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Date: |
Wed, 14 Jun 2023 14:59:47 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 23/06/14 14:59:47
Modified files:
gnu : road-to-gnu.html
Added files:
gnu/po : road-to-gnu.pot road-to-gnu.translist
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/road-to-gnu.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/road-to-gnu.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/road-to-gnu.translist?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: road-to-gnu.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/road-to-gnu.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- road-to-gnu.html 14 Jun 2023 13:15:29 -0000 1.4
+++ road-to-gnu.html 14 Jun 2023 18:59:47 -0000 1.5
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>The Road to GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/gnun/initial-translations-list.html" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/road-to-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2023/06/14 13:15:29 $
+$Date: 2023/06/14 18:59:47 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/road-to-gnu.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/road-to-gnu.pot
diff -N po/road-to-gnu.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/road-to-gnu.pot 14 Jun 2023 18:59:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,894 @@
+# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/gnu/road-to-gnu.html
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: road-to-gnu.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-06-14 18:55+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Language: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The Road to GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h2>
+msgid "The Road to GNU"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Richard Stallman describes the experiences that prepared him to fight for a "
+"free software world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Around April 1983, Stallman wrote an <a "
+"href=\"http://catb.org/jargon/oldversions/jarg150.txt\";>introduction to "
+"<cite>The Happy Hacker - A Dictionary of Computer Slang</cite></a>. In it, "
+"he talks about his experiences at the MIT AI Lab and the Lisp Machine "
+"Wars. He also details how Emacs was developed. The text below is an <a "
+"href=\"http://www.lysator.liu.se/history/garb/txt/87-2-rms.txt\";>updated "
+"version from late 1983</a>, shortly after the <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">initial announcement</a> of GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><h3>
+msgid "Table of contents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#ai-lab\">The Artificial Intelligence Lab</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#philosophy-manifest\">Philosophy Manifest in the Lab's "
+"Achievements</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#printer-name\">What's Your Printer's Name?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#betrayed\">The Lab Betrayed</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#war\">War Breaks Out</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#where\">Where Do I Go Now?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p><small>
+msgid "<small>Machine Room Folk Dance, Thursday at 8 PM"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p><small>
+msgid "Come Celebrate the Joy of Programming,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p><small>
+msgid "with the World's Most Enjoyable Computers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "There were only five of us dancing, but we had a good time.</small>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"My first experience with computers was with manuals for various languages "
+"that I borrowed from counselors at camp. I would write programs on paper "
+"just because of the fascination of the concept of programming. I had to "
+"strain to think of what the programs should do, because I had nothing to "
+"supply me with a goal except that I wanted to program. I wrote programs to "
+"add up the cubes of a table of numbers in several assembler languages at "
+"various times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The first actual computers I met were IBM 360's, at the IBM New York "
+"Scientific Center, when I was a student in high school. There I quickly "
+"developed interest in language design, operating systems and text editors. "
+"Hired for the summer to write a boring numerical analysis program in "
+"Fortran, I surprised my boss by finishing it after a couple of weeks and "
+"spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I also quickly manifested a lack of proper reverence for authority. The "
+"whole center had been denied access to the IBM computer in the building, and "
+"we had to use slow telephone connections to the Cambridge Scientific "
+"Center. One day an IBM executive came to tell us about the work various IBM "
+"scientific centers were doing, and finished with, “<i>Of course you "
+"all know the important work being done here.</i>” I asked him, "
+"“<i>If our work is so important, why can't we use the computer in this "
+"building any more?</i>” After the meeting, my friends told me they had "
+"wanted to say such a thing but were afraid of reprisals! Why? Certainly "
+"nothing happened to me as a result. They seem to have learned the habit of "
+"cowering before authority even when not actually threatened. How very nice "
+"for authority. I decided not to learn this particular lesson."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "The Artificial Intelligence Lab"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The New York Scientific Center closed down just in time for me to move away "
+"to college. I found that the Cambridge Scientific Center wasn't interested "
+"in me, which was very lucky for me, because it spared me from remaining "
+"ignorant of the far superior non-IBM computers, especially the PDP-10 and "
+"PDP-11 from Digital. Awake now to the fact that all computers were not "
+"equal fun, I sniffed around for the most enjoyable ones, and found them at "
+"the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. There a bunch of people who termed "
+"themselves “hackers” had created their own timesharing system, "
+"the Incompatible Timesharing System, designed specifically to facilitate "
+"hacking. ITS and all the utility programs (including the debugging program "
+"DDT which was also the “shell” called HACTRN) were maintained "
+"right there. I came by looking for documentation of their system (how naive "
+"of me). I left without any documentation since it didn't exist, but with a "
+"summer job instead. I had been hired by an engineer/administrator, Russel "
+"Noftsker—ironically, the same man who was later to play a primary role "
+"in the lab's ruin. The job became permanent and lasts to this day."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Once I showed I was competent, I had free rein of the entire operating "
+"system, an opportunity to learn and be productive that few labs and no "
+"company would have given me. The hackers' attitude was, “<i>If you "
+"can do a good job, go right ahead—whoever you are.</i>”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"With the AI lab as a comparison, I came to see how little freedom and how "
+"many unnecessary difficulties people had elsewhere. At IBM, and at Harvard, "
+"power was very unequally distributed. A few people gave orders and the rest "
+"(if they were not me) took them. Professors would have their own terminals, "
+"which were usually idle, while the rest of us often could not work because "
+"there were too few shared terminals. People would ask, “<i>Are you "
+"authorized to do this</i>,” rather than, “<i>Do you know how to "
+"do this? Is it constructive?</i>” They would rather have a job done by "
+"an authorized moron than by an unknown genius. I ceased to frequent "
+"Harvard's computer lab because MIT was so much better. (I was majoring in "
+"physics; there was no need for a natural hacker to take formal classes in "
+"computers, as hacking challenging programs among good hackers is a better "
+"training)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI lab attitude was different. We had a tradition of breaking open the "
+"door of any professor who dared to lock up a terminal in his office. They "
+"would come back to an open door and a note saying, “<i>Please don't "
+"make us waste our time unlocking this terminal.</i>” The terminals are "
+"there to be used, and they are wasted if they are idle. We extended the same "
+"attitude to computer time. The PDP-10 executes 300,000 instructions every "
+"second. If no user asks for them, it spends them on counting how long it has "
+"had nothing useful to do. It's better for them to be used by anyone at all "
+"for any constructive purpose, than to be wasted. So we allowed "
+"“tourists”—guest users—as long as they did not get "
+"in the way. We encouraged them to learn about the system, looking for the "
+"few who would become hackers and join us. There are at least two lab staff "
+"members and one MIT professor who got started this way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I found that the computer systems reflected these differences in attitudes "
+"between organizations. For example, most computer systems are designed with "
+"security features that allow a few people to tell everyone else what they "
+"can and can't do. The few have the power and nobody can challenge it. We "
+"hackers called this “fascism” because such computer systems "
+"really have the social organization of totalitarian police states."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"In order to prevent the users from turning off the security, a fortress must "
+"be erected around the system programs. Every possible avenue through the "
+"walls has to be guarded, or the downtrodden masses will sneak through. It "
+"turns out to be impossible for the computer to distinguish between sneaking "
+"through the walls and many other activities that people frequently need to "
+"do in order to do their jobs. Since maintaining security is more important "
+"than getting work done, all such activities are forbidden. The result is "
+"that you must frequently ask one of the elite to do something for you that "
+"you aren't allowed to do. If he doesn't like you or anything about you, or "
+"if he wants a bribe, he can make your job twice as hard as it really ought "
+"to be with hardly any effort."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's taken for granted that only the elite will be allowed to modify or "
+"install any system programs lest the underlings sneak in a “trojan "
+"horse” to turn off the security. (This restriction is enforced using "
+"“file protection.”) Just the opposite of the AI lab where a "
+"tourist working on system programs meant he was starting to make himself "
+"useful and become a hacker. Their way fewer people can contribute to "
+"improving the system, and the users learn a fatalistic, despairing attitude "
+"toward system deficiencies. They learn the mental outlook of a slave."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"At a place like Digital Equipment, even the people whose job it is to "
+"improve the system have to contend with so much bureaucracy that their "
+"effectiveness and morale are halved. As Robert Townsend said in “Up "
+"the Organization,” most institutions demoralize their workers and "
+"waste their potential by hindering them from doing their jobs well. "
+"Security and privileges are the way it is done on a computer system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Most people accept such regimes because they expect jobs to be onerous and "
+"hope for nothing from their jobs except money. But for the hackers hacking "
+"was more than “just” a job, it was a way of life. The original "
+"hackers made sure they would have no such problems by omitting security and "
+"file protection from the design of the system. Users of our system were "
+"free men, asked to behave responsibly. Instead of an elite of power, we had "
+"an elite of knowledge, composed of whoever was motivated to learn. Since "
+"nobody could dominate others on our machine, the lab ran as an anarchy. The "
+"visible success of this converted me to anarchism <a "
+"href=\"#ft1\">[1]</a>. To most people, “anarchy” means "
+"“wasteful, destructive disorder,” but to an anarchist like me it "
+"means voluntary organization as needed, with emphasis on goals, not rules "
+"and no insistence on uniformity for uniformity's sake. Anarchism does not "
+"mean advocating a dog-eat-dog jungle. American society is already a "
+"dog-eat-dog jungle, and its rules maintain it that way. We wish to replace "
+"these rules with a concern for constructive cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The file protection on most computer systems means that great attention is "
+"paid to how you can restrict who can do what to your files. Users are "
+"taught to expect that file protection is all that stands between them and "
+"having their work destroyed every day. We hackers, who lived happily for "
+"years without file protection and did not feel we were missing anything "
+"called their attitude “paranoia.” It was extremely useful that "
+"everything in the system was accessible; this meant a bug could not hide in "
+"a file you were not allowed to fix."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"We carried these attitudes into programming language design as well. "
+"Consider the “structured programming” movement, with its "
+"“ban the GOTO” platform. These people said, “<i>All you "
+"programers except we few are competent. We know how you should program. We "
+"will design languages that force you to program that way, then we will force "
+"you to use them.</i>” We hackers felt that a more appropriate way to "
+"improve programming languages was to identify and provide constructs that "
+"were easier to use; to help the user write good programs rather than hassle "
+"him if he might be writing a bad one. And we provided the facilities so "
+"that users could create their own constructs if they did not like the ones "
+"we provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "Philosophy Manifest in the Lab's Achievements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI lab attitudes are an intrinsic part of my best-known work, the EMACS "
+"full-screen editor (to which Guy Steele and others also contributed). "
+"Nowadays full-screen editors (“word processing” programs) are "
+"common, and are found on every home computer. In 1973, display terminals "
+"were more expensive than printers, so most people still used printing "
+"terminals, and those who had display terminals usually used them as if they "
+"were printing terminals (that is, as “GLASS TTY”'s). The AI lab "
+"had displays but no screen editor yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"EMACS is unusual among screen editors because it is powerful and "
+"extensible. EMACS contains its own programming facility which I used to "
+"provide commands that other editors don't have, and which users use to "
+"provide any commands they want which I didn't give them. Users can make "
+"libraries of commands and share them, and when they do a good job, the "
+"libraries become part of the standard EMACS system just by being included in "
+"the manual."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Many other editors have had “macro” facilities. EMACS has a "
+"programming language for writing editor commands, completely separate from "
+"the usual editing language. Because it does not have to be an editing "
+"language, it can be a much better programming language, good for writing "
+"complicated programs. The second ingredient is to make no distinction "
+"between the implementor and the user. Nearly all the “built in” "
+"commands of EMACS are written just like user extensions. Each user can "
+"replace them or change them for himself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The development of EMACS followed a path that illustrates the nature of the "
+"lab. When I came to the lab, the editor was TECO, a printing-terminal "
+"editor with some more programming facilities than other editors. The user "
+"would type a command string of many commands, and then TECO would execute "
+"it. On a display terminal, TECO knew how to redisplay the text of the file "
+"after each command string. The natural way to provide screen editing was to "
+"add it to TECO and adapt the existing redisplay mechanism."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Originally, the screen editor was just one of TECO's commands. Its power "
+"was very limited, and if you needed to do anything fancy, such as save the "
+"file on disk or search for a string, you would exit from the screen editor "
+"and use regular TECO for a while. Then a user suggested that I provide a "
+"couple of screen-editor commands that the user could hook up to a saved TECO "
+"command string or “macro.” In implementing this, I discovered "
+"that it was just as easy to let the user replace any of the screen editor's "
+"commands with a saved TECO command string."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This touched off an explosion. Everybody and his brother was writing his "
+"own collection of redefined screen-editor commands, a command for everything "
+"he typically liked to do. People would pass them around and improve them, "
+"making them more powerful and more general. The collections of "
+"redefinitions gradually became system programs in their own right. Their "
+"scope increased, so that there was less and less reason ever to use TECO for "
+"actual editing. It became just a programming language for writing editors. "
+"We started to categorize it mentally as a programming language rather than "
+"as an editor with programming as an extra feature, and this meant comparing "
+"it with other programming languages instead of other editors. The result "
+"was a demand for many features that other programming languages had. I "
+"improved TECO in this way while other hackers used the new features to "
+"improve their editors written in TECO."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"After about two years of this wild evolution, Guy Steele decided it was time "
+"to write one editor that would combine the best ideas of all the rest. We "
+"started together, but he soon drifted off to his other interests. I called "
+"the editor EMACS, for “<i>editing macros</i>.” Besides, I wanted "
+"the name of the new editor to have a single-letter abbreviation, and "
+"“E” was one of the letters not already in use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the standard EMACS command language was the result of years of "
+"experimenation by many user-maintainers on their own editors, something "
+"possible only because of extensibility and the AI lab's attitude of "
+"encouraging users to add to the system. On the fateful day when I gave "
+"users the power to redefine their own screen editors, I didn't know that it "
+"would lead to an earth-shaking new editor. I was following the AI lab "
+"heuristic that it is always good to give the user more power. AI lab "
+"attitudes then encouraged users to use the power and to share what they "
+"produced thereby."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I worked on EMACS for about five years, distributing it to everyone free "
+"with the condition that they give back all extensions they made, so as to "
+"help EMACS improve. I called this arrangement the “EMACS "
+"commune.” As I shared, it was their duty to share, to work with each "
+"other rather than against. EMACS is now used at all the best university "
+"computer science departments and lots of other places. It's also been "
+"imitated about ten times. Sad to say, many of these imitations lack the "
+"real essence of EMACS, which is its extensibility; they are “ersatz "
+"EMACSes” which imitate the superficial appearance only."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Nowadays EMACS users hardly ever edit with TECO, and most don't even know "
+"TECO. In fact, I've forgotten how to edit with TECO. I got so used to "
+"thinking in terms of programming with TECO that on a few rare occasions when "
+"I needed to edit with it I was at a loss for a minute or so. The reflexes "
+"were all gone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I've noticed that one sign that an editor improvement is a valuable one is "
+"when, after using it for a couple of weeks, I forget how to do without it. "
+"This proves it must have required a great effort to keep in practice to do "
+"things the old way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I don't think that anything like EMACS could have been developed "
+"commercially. Businesses have the wrong attitudes. The primary axiom of "
+"the commercial world toward users is that they are incompetent, and that if "
+"they have any control over their system they will mess it up. The primary "
+"goal is to give them nothing specific to complain about, not to give them a "
+"means of helping themselves. This is the same as why the FDA would rather "
+"kill a thousand people by keeping drugs off the market than one person by "
+"releasing a drug by mistake. The secondary goal is to give managers power "
+"over users, because it's the managers who decide which system to buy, not "
+"the users. If a corporate editor has any means for extensibility, they will "
+"probably let your manager decide things for you and give you no control at "
+"all. For both of these reasons, a company would never have designed an "
+"editor with which users could experiment as MIT users did, and they would "
+"not have been able to build on the results of the experiments to produce an "
+"EMACS. In addition, the company would not like to give you the source code, "
+"and without that, it is much harder to write extensions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "What's Your Printer's Name?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"When I was installing a new typeface for the EMACS manual on a laser printer "
+"system at the lab, I noticed that the initialization menu included a slot "
+"for changing the printer's name, which appeared on the cover sheet of each "
+"user's output. (This feature was important if you had more than one printer "
+"and wanted to know which one had produced your output.) Our printer had the "
+"cutesy and meaningless name “Tremont” It was my duty as a hacker "
+"to replace it with something more fun. I chose “Kafka,” to "
+"bring up disturbing associations. (Did you hear about the man who woke up "
+"as a laser printer one morning?)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"For the next few days, other hackers kept talking about the new name, and "
+"suggesting additional amusing names (“Treemunch,” "
+"“Thesiscrunch,” “Cthulhu,” …). I tried each "
+"name for a few days, while collecting more suggestions. It was great fun "
+"for just about everyone. The one exception was a professor who told me that "
+"I was not authorized to do this, and that I should stop. I replied that I "
+"knew first-hand that people were having fun as a result, and therefore I "
+"ought to continue, at least as long as the suggestions held up. Finally, I "
+"told him, in stern and official terms, that he was not authorized to say "
+"that hacking was unauthorized."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The poor guy didn't let it end there. He said, “<i>If you think "
+"renaming the printer is so much fun, why don't you rename the "
+"PDP-10's?</i>” This was a truly brilliant idea, for which I remain "
+"grateful. The next day, the DM PDP-10 (home of Zork) was called "
+"“Dungeon Modelling” instead of “Dynamic Modelling”; "
+"the ML PDP-10 (used for research in mathematics and in medical decision "
+"making) was called “Medical Liability” instead of “Math "
+"Lab”; the MC PDP-10 was “Maximum Confusion” instead of "
+"“MACSYMA Consortium”; and the AI PDP-10 was called "
+"“Anarchists International” instead of “Artificial "
+"Intelligence.” I didn't hear any more complaints."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "The Lab Betrayed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"There is still an institution named the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, and "
+"I still work there, but its old virtues are gone. It was dealt a murderous "
+"blow by a spin-off company, and this has changed its nature fundamentally "
+"and (I believe) permanently."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"For years, only we at the AI lab, and a few other labs, appreciated the best "
+"in software. When we spoke of the virtues of Lisp, other programmers "
+"laughed at us, though with little knowledge of what they were talking "
+"about. We ignored them and went on with our work. They said we were in an "
+"ivory tower."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Then parts of the “real world” realized that we had been right "
+"all along about Lisp. Great commercial interest in Lisp appeared. This was "
+"the beginning of the end."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI lab had just developed a computer called the Lisp machine, a personal "
+"computer with a large virtual address space so that it could run very large "
+"Lisp programs. Now people wanted the machine to be produced commercially so "
+"that everyone else could have them. The inventor of the Lisp machine, "
+"arch-hacker Richard Greenblatt, made plans for an unconventional hacker "
+"company which would grow lowly but steadily, not use hype, and be less "
+"gluttonous and ruthless than your standard American corporation. His goal "
+"was to provide an alternative way of supporting hackers and hacking and to "
+"provide the world with Lisp machines and good software, rather than simply "
+"to maximize profits. This meant doing without most outside investment, "
+"since investors would insist on conventional methods. This company is Lisp "
+"Machines Incorporated, generally called LMI."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Other people on the Lisp machine project believed this would not work, and "
+"criticized Greenblatt's lack of business experience. In response, "
+"Greenblatt brought in his friend Noftsker, who had left the lab for industry "
+"some years before. Noftsker was considered experienced in business. He "
+"quickly demonstrated the correctness of this impression with a most "
+"businesslike stab in the back: he and the other hackers dropped Greenblatt "
+"to form another company. Their plan was to seek large amounts of "
+"investment, grow as rapidly as possible, make a big splash, and the devil "
+"take anybody or anything drowned in it. Though the hackers would only get a "
+"small fraction of the fortunes the company planned to make, even that much "
+"would make them rich! They didn't even have to work any harder. They just "
+"had to stop cooperating with others as they had used to."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This resulted in two competing Lisp machine companies: Greenblatt's LMI and "
+"Noftsker's Symbolics (generally called “Slime” or "
+"“Bolix” around the Al lab). All the hackers of the AI lab were "
+"associated with one or the other, except me because even LMI involved moral "
+"compromises I didn't want to make. For example, Greenblatt is against "
+"proprietary operating system software but approves of proprietary "
+"applications software; I don't want to refuse to share either kind of "
+"program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Symbolics proceeded directly to get millions of dollars of investment and "
+"persistently hire away everyone at MIT not welded down. Greenblatt had "
+"envisioned people working part time at LMI and part time at the AI lab, in "
+"order to minimize the trauma to the lab. Symbolics made accusations of "
+"conflict of interest, forcing the LMI people to leave MIT as well. Suddenly "
+"I was the last hacker, and one person was not enough. The lab was dying."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I strongly suspect that the destruction of the AI lab was a deliberate act. "
+"Once a businessman gets a golden egg, he kills the goose to make sure he has "
+"a monopoly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"It is painful for me to bring back the memories of this time. The people "
+"remaining at the lab were the professors, students and non-hacker "
+"researchers, who did not know how to maintain the system or the hardware, or "
+"want to know. Machines began to break and never be fixed; sometimes they "
+"just got thrown out. Needed changes to software could not be made. The "
+"non-hackers reacted to this by turning to commercial systems bringing with "
+"them fascism and license agreements. I used to wander through the lab, "
+"through the rooms so empty at night where they used to be full and think, "
+"“<i>Oh, my poor AI lab, you are dying and I can't save you.</i>” "
+"Everyone expected that if more hackers were trained, Symbolics would hire "
+"them away, so it didn't even seem worth trying. The lab administration made "
+"no effort to rally us, and the MIT administration acted as moneygrubbing as "
+"a profit-making company, further demoralizing people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the past, hackers had gone from time to time, but new ones had been "
+"trained to replace them by the ones who remained. Now the whole culture was "
+"wiped out, there was not enough left to provide a model for a new person, "
+"and no greatness to draw the best people here. For example, hackers used to "
+"eat dinner together (usually Chinese) every day. No one person was there "
+"every day, but you could count on finding other people to eat with at dinner "
+"time. Now this practice disintegrated, and when people could no longer "
+"expect to find others to eat with, they would not plan to show up hungry at "
+"the usual times, thus compounding the effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The whole AI lab used to have one common phone number and a public address "
+"system. (The phone was answered “6765,” or sometimes "
+"“Fibonacci of 20” since 6765 is the 20'th Fibonacci number). It "
+"was easy to call and reach anyone and everyone. Now most of the people and "
+"terminals have moved to other floors where 6765 does not reach, and the 9th "
+"floor, the lab's original heart, is filling up with machines. This change "
+"is further reducing the lab's social cohesion. Now I can't even call up and "
+"find out if anyone is hungry and nobody can get in touch with me on the "
+"phone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Thus I lost all at once my social network, my opportunity to persue my "
+"career in an upright fashion, and most of what I had helped to build. I "
+"felt that I was the last survivor of an extinct tribe, doomed to spend my "
+"life among uncomprehending strangers. There was not much chance of building "
+"a new lab with the AI lab's good qualities if an existing and previously "
+"healthy one could not survive the pressure. The computer industry would not "
+"be disposed to let me share with other hackers as the golden rule requires. "
+"I began looking for a new career that would not involve computers, but "
+"didn't expect to find one, and saw no future except to work on accounting "
+"programs or other things that no hacker (including me) would be interested "
+"in. It would be a pointless life, but at least I would not have the shame "
+"of refusing to share with other hackers if they would not want what I was "
+"doing. I wasn't sure this was better than a more direct form of suicide."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"For about a year there were LMI, Symbolics, and the remains of the AI lab. "
+"The Lisp machine operating system was shared by all three. From time to "
+"time the Symbolics hackers would respond to a bug report by saying, "
+"“<i>This cannot be fixed on the current system. Wait for our new "
+"machine.</i>” This was to make the new machine sound like more of an "
+"improvement. It was great fun for me to announce, shortly thereafter, that "
+"I had already fixed the bug."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "War Breaks Out"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"But things were to get worse, because LMI was not the failure that Symbolics "
+"had vocably predicted. It was making and selling Lisp machines, and selling "
+"them for a lot less than Symbolics, which had a giant investment to recoup "
+"and so many salaries to pay. After about a year, Symbolics realized that "
+"its well-advertised inevitable triumph would not happen without more violent "
+"measures. Their plan: to end the three-way sharing of software "
+"improvements. Since LMI was much smaller, they expected that LMI would be "
+"unable to keep up with them. (The AI lab was no loner considered a "
+"significant contributor.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Symbolics demanded that the AI lab submit to new terms: to use improvements "
+"made by Symbolics but not share them with LMI. This demand was announced, "
+"Newspeak style, as a great act of generosity. Actually, even allowing MIT "
+"to continue using their improvements was simply another tactic, designed to "
+"lock the lab in, so it would provide bug reports and demos for them and buy "
+"from them alone. This is not an unusual motivation. Many companies donate "
+"computers they make to MIT for just this reason. But usually they try to "
+"gain MIT's cooperation by generosity rather than by cracking the whip."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Symbolics doubtless expected the lab to cave in immediately and switch "
+"entirely to their brand of software. But I refused to capitulate, refused "
+"to be conscripted into helping Symbolics against LMI. LMI was more worthy "
+"of my aid. No longer allowed to remain neutral, I would fight against those "
+"who forced me to fight."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Instead of using the improvements from Symbolics, I made similar "
+"improvements to the last shared system. Most of the lab's users continued "
+"to use the MIT system; some through dislike of Symbolics, some because they "
+"considered it technically superior, and some because they were more free to "
+"change it. For the past year and a half I've been doing this, keeping the "
+"MIT system just as good and sometimes better. Since LMI gets to use all the "
+"improvements I make, LMI too has a system just as good. The main result of "
+"Symbolics's refusal to share was a lot of hassles for the users due to "
+"incompatibilities between the two systems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Generally I let Symbolics design a new feature, then look over their "
+"documentation and implement something mostly compatible. I could improve "
+"the system just as well without paying attention to them, but this would be "
+"a bad strategy. They could copy my improvements verbatim and spend their "
+"time on additional improvements. Or they could ignore my design and "
+"implement something similar but incompatible, making trouble for all the "
+"users. Just as in a bicycle race it is much less work if you are right "
+"behind the other guy. As one man racing against a large team, I need this "
+"advantage. I can easily dart out in front, but that is not an efficient use "
+"of my energy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Symbolics fights back by threatening lawsuits (though they have not filed "
+"one) and by trying to get me fired. Rumor has it they read my computer mail "
+"several times a day looking for something to accuse me of; once they were "
+"caught and it backfired against them. (It is against my principles to stop "
+"them with security measures that punish everyone.) They think it is bad if "
+"anyone gets something for nothing; better that something should go to waste "
+"than that it benefit their competition equally with them. This is the kind "
+"of divisiveness that has paralyzed our country."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"By working against Symbolics this way, I not only escape having to submit to "
+"their terms, I also help bring about justice and the punishment they deserve "
+"for destroying the old AI lab. Initially I hoped also to provide a nucleus "
+"of self-sufficiency to revitalize the lab. But nobody joined me; everyone "
+"sticks to his research now."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "Where Do I Go Now?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Symbolics never did achieve superiority in software, but their new, faster "
+"machine was ready sooner than LMI's new, faster machine. Now they have "
+"delivered many of these to MIT, and my users are switching to them. Using "
+"the MIT system version on those machines is not practical because the "
+"machines are too different."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The loss of users makes it hard for me to verify that my new software really "
+"works. But with luck I will be able to hang on just long enough to keep "
+"Symbolics from winning in the end. LMI has just begun deliveries. Soon "
+"they'll be very successful and supporting system development themselves, and "
+"Symbolics will be stuck with lean and aggressive competition. Once LMI is "
+"able to go on without my help, the eventual punishment of Symbolics will be "
+"fully arranged. Then I can stop work on Lisp machines. I have set "
+"Thanksgiving of this year as the time to stop."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"And once I've arranged the punishment of the wrongdoers, it is time for me "
+"to begin rebuilding what they destroyed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"It cannot be rebuilt at the AI lab. MIT attempts to license anything useful "
+"that is done here, to stay here and keep sharing is a struggle in itself. "
+"And being surrounded by Symbolics machines and semicompetent sell-outs is no "
+"fun anyway. I need to make a fresh start in life, and the first step is to "
+"move away from the ruins of the past. Therefore, I am going to quit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"It cannot be rebuilt by working on Lisp machines. MIT claims to own the "
+"Lisp machine software, so it can only be shared secretly. (LMI is an "
+"exception; they have a contract with MIT.) Such underground cooperation is "
+"better than none at all, but it cannot produce a new way of life. That "
+"requires open, public, widespread cooperation. It seemed righter to work on "
+"the Lisp machine system than to let Symbolics win by default, but it is not "
+"a good way to live any longer than necessary. For the same reason, I cannot "
+"work for LMI, even though they are willing to let my work be partly public. "
+"I can make compromises in fighting a war, but when it comes to building "
+"something good such compromise is useless, since it would make whatever "
+"build fail to be good."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Instead I have chosen an ambitious project that strikes at the root of the "
+"way that the commercial, hostile way of life is maintained. I am going to "
+"write GNU, a complete replacement for the Unix software system (kernel, "
+"compilers, utilities and documentation), to be given away free to everyone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU will make it easy for hackers to decide to live by sharing and "
+"cooperation. Making use of a computer requires a software system. Now, "
+"with no free software systems available, it is a tremendous sacrifice to "
+"refuse to use owned software. But once a desirable software system is "
+"available free, that pressure will be forever lifted. Hackers will be free "
+"to share."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"I start on Thanksgiving. I'm asking computer manufacturers for donations to "
+"the cause, but I'm going to do it even if I have to work as a waiter. "
+"Already other programmers who miss the old ways are rallying to the cause. "
+"Join in and help! and maybe the old spirit of the AI lab will live again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Good Hacking"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Richard M Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "The Happy Hacker"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
+msgid "Footnote"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"I loved the AI Lab's anarchistic way of life and manner of operation, but "
+"that's not really being a whole hog anarchist. I didn't call for abolishing "
+"the state and its many useful activities, and the possibility of making "
+"society's decisions in a democratic way. See <a "
+"href=\"//www.stallman.org/articles/why-we-need-a-state.html\">Why we need a "
+"state</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\";><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
+"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+#
+#. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+#
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this "
+"article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 1983, 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
Index: po/road-to-gnu.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: po/road-to-gnu.translist
diff -N po/road-to-gnu.translist
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/road-to-gnu.translist 14 Jun 2023 18:59:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<!-- begin translist file -->
+<!--#set var="TRANSLATION_LIST"
+value='<div id="translations">
+<p>
+<span dir="ltr" class="original">[en] <a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/gnu/road-to-gnu.en.html">English</a> </span>
+</p>
+</div>' -->
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/gnu/road-to-gnu.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/gnu/road-to-gnu.en.html" title="English" />
+<!-- end translist file -->
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