www/philosophy/po software-patents.es.po

[Dora Scilipoti]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Dora Scilipoti <dora>   22/12/17 14:08:56

Modified files:
        philosophy/po  : software-patents.es.po 

Log message:
        Update.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/software-patents.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38

Patches:
Index: software-patents.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/software-patents.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- software-patents.es.po      13 Dec 2022 14:30:41 -0000      1.37
+++ software-patents.es.po      17 Dec 2022 19:08:55 -0000      1.38
@@ -2,21 +2,20 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2004, 2014, 2019-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
 # Traducido originalmente por la editorial Traficantes de Sueños, 2004.
-# Dora Scilipoti <dora AT gnu DOT org>, 2014, 2020.
+# Dora Scilipoti <dora AT gnu DOT org>, 2014, 2020, 2022.
 # Javier Fdez. Retenaga <jfrtnaga@gnu.org>, 2019-2022.
 #
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: software-patents.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-13 14:25+0000\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-11-13 11:05+0100\n"
-"Last-Translator: Javier Fdez. Retenaga <jfrtnaga@gnu.org>\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-17 19:44+0100\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-17 19:29+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Dora Scilipoti <dora AT gnu DOT org>\n"
 "Language-Team: Spanish <www-es-general@gnu.org>\n"
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 #. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -24,10 +23,6 @@
 msgstr "Patentes de software - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h2>
-# | Software [-p-]{+P+}atents &mdash; Obstacles to [-software development-]
-# | {+Software Development+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Software patents &mdash; Obstacles to software development"
 msgid "Software Patents &mdash; Obstacles to Software Development"
 msgstr "Patentes de software: Un obstáculo para el desarrollo de software"
 
@@ -50,19 +45,6 @@
 "\"><cite>Foundation for Information Policy Research</cite></a>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# | Transcript (<a
-# | href=\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html\";>original
-# | version</a>) and <a
-# | [-href=\"/audio-video/philosophy-recordings.html#rms-200203250\">audio-]
-# | 
{+href=\"//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cambridgeuni-england2002.ogg\">audio+}
-# | recording</a> by Nicholas Hill. HTML editing and links by Markus [-Kuhn.-]
-# | {+Kuhn and GNU webmasters.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Transcript (<a href=\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.";
-#| "html\">original version</a>) and <a href=\"/audio-video/philosophy-"
-#| "recordings.html#rms-200203250\">audio recording</a> by Nicholas Hill. "
-#| "HTML editing and links by Markus Kuhn."
 msgid ""
 "Transcript (<a href=\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html";
 "\">original version</a>) and <a href=\"//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-"
@@ -70,9 +52,10 @@
 "HTML editing and links by Markus Kuhn and GNU webmasters."
 msgstr ""
 "Transcripción (<a href=\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.";
-"html\">versión original</a>) y <a href=\"/audio-video/philosophy-recordings."
-"html#rms-200203250\">grabación de audio</a> de Nicholas Hill. Edición HTML 
y "
-"enlaces de Markus Kuhn."
+"html\">versión original</a>) y <a href=\"//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-"
+"speech-cambridgeuni-england2002.ogg\">grabación de audio</a> de Nicholas "
+"Hill. Edición HTML y enlaces de Markus Kuhn y administradores del sitio de "
+"GNU."
 
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 msgid ""
@@ -92,27 +75,6 @@
 "software."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | [-It is-]{+It's+} not about patenting software.  [-That is-]  {+That's+} a
-# | very bad way, a misleading way to describe it, because [-it is-] {+it's+}
-# | not a matter of patenting individual programs.  If it were, it would make
-# | no difference, it would be basically harmless.  Instead, [-it is-]
-# | {+it's+} about patenting ideas.  Every patent covers some idea.  <a
-# | 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143651/http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html\";>
-# | Software patents</a> are patents that cover software ideas, ideas
-# | [-which-] {+that+} you would use in developing software.  [-That is-] 
-# | {+That's+} what makes them a dangerous obstacle to all software
-# | development.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "It is not about patenting software.  That is a very bad way, a misleading "
-#| "way to describe it, because it is not a matter of patenting individual "
-#| "programs.  If it were, it would make no difference, it would be basically "
-#| "harmless.  Instead, it is about patenting ideas.  Every patent covers "
-#| "some idea.  <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143651/http://";
-#| "progfree.org/Patents/patents.html\"> Software patents</a> are patents "
-#| "that cover software ideas, ideas which you would use in developing "
-#| "software.  That is what makes them a dangerous obstacle to all software "
-#| "development."
 msgid ""
 "It's not about patenting software.  That's a very bad way, a misleading way "
 "to describe it, because it's not a matter of patenting individual programs.  "
@@ -134,9 +96,6 @@
 "obstáculos para el desarrollo de software."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3>
-# | Table of [-C-]{+c+}ontents
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Table of Contents"
 msgid "Table of contents"
 msgstr "Índice general"
 
@@ -145,78 +104,56 @@
 "<a href=\"#copyright-vs-patent\">Differences between copyrights and patents</"
 "a>"
 msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#copyright-vs-patent\">Diferencias entre copyright y patentes</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
-# | <a [-href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">The Education Team</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"#patent-system\">The patent system</a>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">The Education Team</a>"
 msgid "<a href=\"#patent-system\">The patent system</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">Nuestro equipo</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"#patent-system\">El sistema de patentes</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"#dealing-with-patents\">How a developer can deal with patents</a>"
 msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#dealing-with-patents\">Cómo puede un desarrollador afrontar las "
+"patentes</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"#patent-avoiding\">Avoiding the patent</a>"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "<a href=\"#patent-avoiding\">Evitar la patente</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"#patent-licensing\">Licensing the patent</a>"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "<a href=\"#patent-licensing\">Obtener la licencia de la patente</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
-# | [-Overturning-]{+<a href=\"#patent-overturning\">Overturning+} the patent
-# | in [-court.-] {+court</a>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Overturning the patent in court."
 msgid "<a href=\"#patent-overturning\">Overturning the patent in court</a>"
-msgstr "Revocar la patente en los tribunales"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#patent-overturning\">Revocar la patente en los tribunales</a>"
 
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 "<a href=\"#software-specificity\">Specificities of the software field</a>"
 msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#software-specificity\">Características del área de la "
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 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"#software-patent-policies\">Addressing the problem of software "
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 msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#software-patent-policies\">Cómo abordar el problema de las "
+"patentes de software en las políticas públicas</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"#footnotes\">Footnotes</a>"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "<a href=\"#footnotes\">Notas</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Differences between copyrights and patents"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Diferencias entre copyright y patentes"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | You may have heard people [-using-] {+use+} a misleading term &ldquo;<a
-# | [-href=\"https://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/\";>Intellectual
-# | Property</a>.&rdquo;-]
-# | {+href=\"https://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/\";>intellectual
-# | property</a>.&rdquo;+} This term, as you can see, is [-biased.  It-]
-# | {+biased, because it+} makes an [-assumption that-] {+assumption:+}
-# | whatever it is you are talking about, the way to treat it is as a kind of
-# | property, which is one among many alternatives.  This term
-# | [-&ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;-] {+&ldquo;intellectual
-# | property&rdquo;+} pre-judges the most basic question in whatever area you
-# | are dealing with. [-This is-] {+That's+} not conducive to clear and open
-# | minded thinking.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You may have heard people using a misleading term &ldquo;<a href="
-#| "\"https://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/\";>Intellectual Property</a>.&rdquo; "
-#| "This term, as you can see, is biased.  It makes an assumption that "
-#| "whatever it is you are talking about, the way to treat it is as a kind of "
-#| "property, which is one among many alternatives.  This term &ldquo;"
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-#| "open minded thinking."
 msgid ""
 "You may have heard people use a misleading term &ldquo;<a href=\"https://www.";
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@@ -228,36 +165,14 @@
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 "Probablemente hayan oído una expresión engañosa, «<a 
href=\"https://www.wipo.";
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que se "
-"esté considerando. No contribuye a pensar de forma clara y con amplitud de "
-"miras."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | [-There-]{+But there+} is an additional problem which has nothing to do
-# | with promoting any one opinion.  It gets in the way of understanding even
-# | the facts.  The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is a catch-all. 
-# | It lumps together {+various+} completely disparate areas of law{+,+} such
-# | as copyrights and patents, which are completely [-different.  Every-]
-# | {+different from copyrights (every+} detail is [-different.  It also lumps
-# | together trademarks-] {+different), and trademarks,+} which are even more
-# | different, and various other things more or less commonly encountered. 
-# | None of them has anything in common with any of the others.  Their
-# | [-origins historically-] {+origins, historically,+} are completely
-# | separate.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There is an additional problem which has nothing to do with promoting any "
-#| "one opinion.  It gets in the way of understanding even the facts.  The "
-#| "term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is a catch-all.  It lumps "
-#| "together completely disparate areas of law such as copyrights and "
-#| "patents, which are completely different.  Every detail is different.  It "
-#| "also lumps together trademarks which are even more different, and various "
-#| "other things more or less commonly encountered.  None of them has "
-#| "anything in common with any of the others.  Their origins historically "
-#| "are completely separate."
+"expresión sesgada porque da por sentado que, sea cual fuere la cosa de la "
+"que se está hablando, ha de considerarse como un tipo de propiedad, cuando "
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+"expresión «propiedad intelectual» se prejuzga la cuestión más básica en 
"
+"cualquier ámbito que se esté considerando. No contribuye a pensar de forma "
+"clara y con amplitud de miras."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "But there is an additional problem which has nothing to do with promoting "
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@@ -279,26 +194,6 @@
 "Históricamente, sus orígenes no tienen ninguna relación."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The laws were designed independently.  They [-covered-] {+cover+}
-# | different areas of life and [-activities.  The-] {+activities, and the+}
-# | public policy issues they raise are completely unrelated.  So, if you try
-# | to think about them by lumping them together, you are guaranteed to come
-# | to foolish conclusions.  [-There-]  {+Whatever they might be, there+} is
-# | literally no sensible {+or+} intelligent opinion you can have about
-# | [-&ldquo;Intellectual Property.&rdquo; If-] {+&ldquo;intellectual
-# | property.&rdquo; So, if+} you want to think clearly, don't lump them
-# | together.  Think about copyrights{+,+} and then think about patents. 
-# | Learn about copyright law{+,+} and separately{+,+} learn about patent law.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The laws were designed independently.  They covered different areas of "
-#| "life and activities.  The public policy issues they raise are completely "
-#| "unrelated.  So, if you try to think about them by lumping them together, "
-#| "you are guaranteed to come to foolish conclusions.  There is literally no "
-#| "sensible intelligent opinion you can have about &ldquo;Intellectual "
-#| "Property.&rdquo; If you want to think clearly, don't lump them together.  "
-#| "Think about copyrights and then think about patents.  Learn about "
-#| "copyright law and separately learn about patent law."
 msgid ""
 "The laws were designed independently.  They cover different areas of life "
 "and activities, and the public policy issues they raise are completely "
@@ -309,7 +204,7 @@
 "lump them together.  Think about copyrights, and then think about patents.  "
 "Learn about copyright law, and separately, learn about patent law."
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+"Esas leyes se diseñaron de manera independiente. Cubren diferentes "
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el "
 "mismo saco, seguramente llegaremos a conclusiones disparatadas. No se puede "
@@ -322,6 +217,8 @@
 msgid ""
 "To give you some of the biggest differences between copyrights and patents:"
 msgstr ""
+"Por citar algunas de las mayores diferencias entre el copyright y las "
+"patentes:"
 
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 msgid ""
@@ -329,21 +226,11 @@
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+"El copyright cubre la expresión particular de una obra, no las ideas. Es un "
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+"cambio,  cubren <em>únicamente </em> ideas y el uso de las ideas."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
-# | {+Copyrights happen automatically.+}  Patents [-cost-] {+are issued by a
-# | patent office in response to an application.  It costs+} a lot of money. 
-# | [-They cost-]  {+And it costs+} even more paying the lawyers to write the
-# | application than [-they cost-] {+it costs+} to actually apply.  It takes
-# | typically some years for the application to get considered, even though
-# | patent offices {+typically+} do an extremely sloppy job of
-# | [-considering.-] {+considering them.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Patents cost a lot of money.  They cost even more paying the lawyers to "
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@@ -352,23 +239,14 @@
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-"Las patentes cuestan mucho dinero. Es mayor incluso el precio que hay que "
-"pagar a los abogados para que redacten la solicitud que lo que hay que "
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-# | Copyrights last tremendously long.  [-In-]  {+Nowadays, in+} some cases
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-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyrights last tremendously long.  In some cases they can last as long "
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@@ -377,18 +255,10 @@
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-# | Think back [-about-] 20 years [-ago when a-] {+ago; the+} PC was a new
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 "las ideas ya conocidas en 1982."
 
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-# | Copyrights cover copying.  If you write a novel that turns out to be
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@@ -416,43 +275,22 @@
 "own, that would be a defense to any accusation of copyright infringement."
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 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
-# | [-A-]{+But a+} patent is an absolute monopoly on using an idea.  Even if
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-#, fuzzy
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-"Una patente es un monopolio absoluto sobre el uso de una idea. Aun cuando "
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-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | I hope you will {+basically just+} forget about copyrights for the rest of
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-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I hope you will forget about copyrights for the rest of this talk because "
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"
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+
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@@ -468,28 +306,9 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "The patent system"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "El sistema de patentes"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | When you hear people describe the patent system, they usually describe it
-# | from the point of view of somebody who is hoping to get a patent[---]{+:+}
-# | what it would be like for you to get a [-patent.  What-] {+patent; what+}
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-# | reason for this bias, which is that most of the people who will tell you
-# | about this patent system have a stake in it, so they want you {+to+} like
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-#, fuzzy
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-#| "When you hear people describe the patent system, they usually describe it "
-#| "from the point of view of somebody who is hoping to get a patent- what it "
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-#| "be walking down the street with a patent in your pocket so that every so "
-#| "often you can pull it out and point it out at somebody and say &ldquo;"
-#| "Give Me Your Money!&rdquo; There is a reason for this bias, which is that "
-#| "most of the people who will tell you about this patent system have a "
-#| "stake in it, so they want you like it."
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@@ -502,33 +321,13 @@
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-# | There is another [-reason&mdash;the-] {+reason: the+} patent system is a
-# | lot like a lottery because only a tiny fraction of patents actually bring
-# | any benefit to those who hold the patents.  In fact, <cite><a
-# | href=\"https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/08/20/patent-medicine\";> The
-# | Economist</a></cite> once compared it to a time consuming lottery.  If you
-# | have seen ads for lotteries, they always invite you to think about
-# | winning.  They don't invite you to think about losing, even though losing
-# | is far more likely. [-It is-] {+It's+} the same with ads for the patent
-# | system.  They always invite you to think about being the one who wins.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There is another reason&mdash;the patent system is a lot like a lottery "
-#| "because only a tiny fraction of patents actually bring any benefit to "
-#| "those who hold the patents.  In fact, <cite><a href=\"https://www.";
-#| "economist.com/leaders/2011/08/20/patent-medicine\"> The Economist</a></"
-#| "cite> once compared it to a time consuming lottery.  If you have seen ads "
-#| "for lotteries, they always invite you to think about winning.  They don't "
-#| "invite you to think about losing, even though losing is far more likely. "
-#| "It is the same with ads for the patent system.  They always invite you to "
-#| "think about being the one who wins."
 msgid ""
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@@ -565,26 +364,6 @@
 "demanda judicial."
 
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-# | So, [-what is-] {+what's+} the first thing you are going to do after you
-# | have had an idea of what kind of program you are going to write? The first
-# | thing you might want to try to do to deal with the patent system is find
-# | out what patents may cover the program you want to write.  This is
-# | impossible. The reason is that some of the patent applications that are
-# | pending are secret.  After a certain amount of time they may get
-# | published, like 18 months.  But [-that is-] {+that's+} plenty of time for
-# | you to write a program and even release it{+,+} not knowing that there is
-# | going to be a patent and you are going to get sued.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "So, what is the first thing you are going to do after you have had an "
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-#| "secret.  After a certain amount of time they may get published, like 18 "
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-#| "going to get sued."
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-# | This is not just academic.  In 1984, the [-c-]{+C+}ompress program was
-# | [-written,-] {+written (it was+} a program for data compression.{+)+}  At
-# | the time, there was no patent on the LZW compression algorithm which it
-# | used.  Then in 1985, the US issued a <a
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-# | algorithm{+,+} and over the next few years, those who distributed the
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-# | just like programmers have always done.  He hadn't realized that you could
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-#| "This is not just academic.  In 1984, the compress program was written, a "
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-"revista."
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-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | [-Let's-]{+But let's+} forget about that problem&hellip; The issued
-# | patents are published by the patent office{+,+} so you can find the whole
-# | long list of them and see exactly what they say.  Of course, you couldn't
-# | actually read that whole list as there are too many of them.  In the US,
-# | there are hundreds of thousands of software [-patents.-] {+patents, and
-# | there is no way you could keep track of what they are all about.  So you'd
-# | have to try to search for relevant ones.  Some people say that should be
-# | easy in these modern days of computers.  You could search for keywords and
-# | so on.  Well, that will work to a certain extent.  You will find some
-# | patents in the area.  You won't necessarily find them all, however.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Let's forget about that problem&hellip; The issued patents are published "
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-#| "list as there are too many of them.  In the US, there are hundreds of "
-#| "thousands of software patents."
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+
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-"Dejemos a un lado este problema... La oficina de patentes publica las "
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"
 "entera porque son demasiadas. En EE.&nbsp;UU. hay cientos de miles de "
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 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | {+For instance, there was a software patent which, I think, may have
-# | expired by now, on natural order recalculation in spreadsheets.+}  This
-# | means basically that{+,+} when you make certain cells depend [-upon-]
-# | {+on+} other cells, it always recalculates everything after the things it
-# | depends on, so that after one [-re-calculation,-] {+recalculation+}
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-# | recalculation top-down, so if you made a cell depend on a cell {+that
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-# | several times to get the new values to propagate upwards.  You were
-# | supposed to have things depend [-upon-] {+on+} cells above [-them.-]
-# | {+them, you see.+}
-#, fuzzy
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-#| "This means basically that when you make certain cells depend upon other "
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-"Esto significa básicamente que cuando se hace que ciertas celdas dependan de 
"
+"Por ejemplo, había una patente de software, que quizá haya ya expirado, "
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-# | Then [-someone realized why-] {+somebody realized, &ldquo;Why+} don't I
-# | {+just+} do the [-recalculation so that everything-] {+recalculation. 
-# | Everything+} gets recalculated after the things it depends [-upon?-] {+on.
-# |  Do it in the right order, and they will all be up to date.&rdquo;+} This
-# | algorithm is known as topological sorting.  The first reference to it I
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-# | you could implement topological sorting{+,+} but you wouldn't have found
-# | this patent by searching for [-spreadsheet.-] {+&ldquo;spreadsheet,&rdquo;
-# | because it didn't mention that word.+}  You couldn't have found it [-by
-# | searching for natural order-] {+to &ldquo;natural order&rdquo;+} or
-# | [-topological sort.  It-] {+&ldquo;topological sort,&rdquo; because it+}
-# | didn't have any of those terms in it.  In fact, it was described as a
-# | [-method-] {+&ldquo;method+} of compiling formulas into object [-code. 
-# | When-] {+code.&rdquo; I think when+} I first saw it, I thought it was the
-# | wrong patent.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Then someone realized why don't I do the recalculation so that everything "
-#| "gets recalculated after the things it depends upon? This algorithm is "
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-#| "in 1963.  The patent covered several dozen different ways you could "
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-# | [-Let's-]{+But let's+} suppose that you got a list of patents.  So you
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-# | understand.  [-The-] {+In fact,+} things {+that+} patent offices say often
-# | don't mean what they seem to mean.
-#, fuzzy
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-# | There was an Australian government study of the patent system in the
-# | 1980's.  It concluded that{+,+} aside from international pressure, there
-# | was no reason to have a patent [-system.  It-] {+system&mdash;it+} did no
-# | good for the [-public and-] {+public&mdash;and+} recommended abolishing
-# | it{+,+} if not for international pressure.  One of the things they cited
-# | was that engineers don't try reading patents to learn anything, [-as-]
-# | {+because+} it is too hard to understand them.  They quoted one engineer
-# | saying &ldquo;I can't recognize my own inventions in patenteese.&rdquo;
-# | {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There was an Australian government study of the patent system in the "
-#| "1980's.  It concluded that aside from international pressure, there was "
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 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | This is not just theoretical.  Around 1990, a programmer named <a
-# | href=\"https://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n3/hypercard.html\";>Paul
-# | Heckel</a> sued Apple{+,+} claiming that Hypercard infringed a couple of
-# | his <a href=\"https://patents.justia.com/patent/4486857\";>patents</a>. 
-# | When he first saw Hypercard, he didn't think it had anything to do with
-# | his [-patent, with his &ldquo;Inventions.&rdquo;-]
-# | {+&ldquo;inventions.&rdquo;+} It didn't look similar.  [-When-]  {+But+}
-# | his lawyer told him that you could read the patents as covering part of
-# | Hypercard, {+so+} he decided to {+then+} attack Apple.
-#, fuzzy
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-#| "This is not just theoretical.  Around 1990, a programmer named <a href="
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Cuando "
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-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | When I [-had-] {+gave+} a speech about this at Stanford, he was in the
-# | [-audience,-] {+audience and+} he said &ldquo;That's <a
-# | 
href=\"https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/int-prop/heckel-debunking.html\";>
-# | not true</a>, I just didn't understand the extent of my protection!&rdquo;
-# | {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp; And+} I [-said yes,-] {+said,
-# | &ldquo;Yes,+} that's what I [-said! So, in fact, you will have to spend a
-# | lot of time talking with lawyers to figure out what these patents prohibit
-# | you from doing.-] {+said!&rdquo; <i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "When I had a speech about this at Stanford, he was in the audience, he "
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-"abogados para hacerse una idea de lo que esas patentes prohíben hacer."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | [-Ultimately-]{+So, in fact, you are going to spend a lot of time talking
-# | with lawyers to figure out what these patents prohibit you from doing. And
-# | ultimately,+} they are going to say something like this: &ldquo;If you do
-# | something in here, you are sure to [-lose, If-] {+lose; if+} you do
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-# | {+lawsuit.&rdquo; <i class=\"aside\">[chuckle in the audience]</i>+}
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-#| "Ultimately they are going to say something like this: &ldquo;If you do "
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+"Y yo le contesté: «Sí, eso es lo que yo estaba diciendo». <i 
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+"\">[risas]</i>"
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@@ -942,60 +560,42 @@
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 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "How a developer can deal with patents"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Cómo puede un desarrollador afrontar las patentes"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Now[-,-] that you have a predictable terrain for doing [-business(!)-]
-# | {+business, <i class=\"aside\">[chuckle in the audience]</i>+} what are
-# | you going to do? Well, there are three approaches that you might [-try.
-# | Any-] {+try, any+} of which is applicable in some cases.
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-#| msgid ""
-#| "Now, that you have a predictable terrain for doing business(!) what are "
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 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | They are{+:+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "They are"
 msgid "They are:"
 msgstr "Son las siguientes:"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-A-]{+a+}voiding the patent{+,+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Avoiding the patent"
 msgid "avoiding the patent,"
 msgstr "Evitar la patente"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-L-]{+l+}icensing the [-patent-] {+patent, or+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Licensing the patent"
 msgid "licensing the patent, or"
 msgstr "Obtener la licencia de la patente"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-Overturning the patent-]{+overturning it+} in court.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Overturning the patent in court."
 msgid "overturning it in court."
 msgstr "Revocar la patente en los tribunales"
 
@@ -1007,33 +607,10 @@
 "Describiré estas tres soluciones y lo que las hace viables o inviables."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
-# | 1[-)-]{+.+} Avoiding the patent
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "1) Avoiding the patent"
 msgid "1. Avoiding the patent"
-msgstr "1) Evitar la patente"
+msgstr "1. Evitar la patente"
 
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-# | That means don't use the idea that the patent covers.  This can be easy or
-# | hard, depending on what that idea is.  In some cases, a feature is
-# | patented.  Then you avoid the patent by not implementing that feature. 
-# | Then it just matters how important is that feature.  In some cases, you
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-# | Then, one program got [-away.  The-] {+away: the+} program <a
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-# | data compression.  Somebody wrote to us saying he had one. He had written
-# | a program and he decided to contribute it to us.  We were going to release
-# | [-it.  Just-] {+it, and just+} by chance[-,-] I happened to see a copy of
-# | the [-New-] {+<cite>New+} York [-Times.  It-] {+Times</cite> that+}
-# | happened to have the weekly patent column in it.  I didn't see a copy of
-# | the [-Times-] {+<cite>Times</cite>+} more than once every few months.  So
-# | I looked at it{+,+} and it said that somebody had got a patent for
-# | &ldquo;[-I-]{+i+}nventing a new method of compressing data.&rdquo;
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In some cases, you can find a better algorithm.  This may or may not do "
-#| "you any good.  Because we couldn't use compress, in the GNU project we "
-#| "started looking for some other algorithm for data compression.  Somebody "
-#| "wrote to us saying he had one. He had written a program and he decided to "
-#| "contribute it to us.  We were going to release it.  Just by chance, I "
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-#| "weekly patent column in it.  I didn't see a copy of the Times more than "
-#| "once every few months.  So I looked at it and it said that somebody had "
-#| "got a patent for &ldquo;Inventing a new method of compressing data.&rdquo;"
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+"el doble de rápido. Es posible evitarla utilizando en el programa la FFT "
+"ordinaria. Esa parte del programa tardará el doble de tiempo en ejecutarse. "
+"Quizás eso no tenga gran importancia, quizá represente una pequeña parte 
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+"tiempo de ejecución del programa, quizá ni siquiera se note que es el doble 
"
+"de lento. O quizás el programa no funcione en absoluto si le lleva el doble "
+"de tiempo hacer su tarea. Los efectos varían."
+
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@@ -1332,35 +772,12 @@
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"
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-"vistazo, y decía que alguien había conseguido una patente por «inventar un 
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-"nuevo método de compresión de datos»."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | I figured I better take a look at this patent.  I got a copy{+,+} and it
-# | turned out to cover the program that we were just a week away from
-# | releasing.  [-That-]  {+So that+} program died before it was born.  Later
-# | on we did find another algorithm which was un[---]patented.  That became
-# | the program <a href=\"/software/gzip/\"> [-g-]{+G+}zip</a>, which is now
-# | effectively the de-facto standard for data compression.  As an algorithm
-# | to use in a program for data compression, it was fine.  [-Anyone-] 
-# | {+People+} who wanted to do data compression could use [-g-]{+G+}zip
-# | instead of [-c-]{+C+}ompress.  But the same patented LZW compression
-# | algorithm was also used in image formats such as [-the-] <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/gif.html\">GIF</a> format.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I figured I better take a look at this patent.  I got a copy and it "
-#| "turned out to cover the program that we were just a week away from "
-#| "releasing.  That program died before it was born.  Later on we did find "
-#| "another algorithm which was un-patented.  That became the program <a href="
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-#| "standard for data compression.  As an algorithm to use in a program for "
-#| "data compression, it was fine.  Anyone who wanted to do data compression "
-#| "could use gzip instead of compress.  But the same patented LZW "
-#| "compression algorithm was also used in image formats such as the <a href="
-#| "\"/philosophy/gif.html\">GIF</a> format."
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+"que le eché un vistazo, y decía que alguien había conseguido una patente 
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-"como <a href=\"/philosophy/gif.html\">GIF</a>."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | [-But there-]{+And there,+} because the job {+that+} people wanted to do
-# | was not [-to-] simply [-compress data-] {+&ldquo;Compress my
-# | data,&rdquo;+} but [-to make-] {+&ldquo;Make+} an image that people
-# | [-could-] {+can+} display with their [-software,-] {+software,&rdquo;+} it
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-# | algorithm.  [-We-]  {+In fact, we+} have not been able to do it in 10
-# | years! Yes, people use{+d+} the [-gzip-] {+new Gzip+} algorithm to define
-# | <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/\";>another image format</a>,
-# | once people started getting threatened with law[- -]suits for using GIF
-# | files.  [-When-]  {+But when+} we started saying to people {+&ldquo;Hey,+}
-# | stop using GIF files, switch over to [-this,-] {+this!&rdquo;+} people
-# | said{+,+} &ldquo;We can't switch.  The browsers don't support the new
-# | format yet.&rdquo; [-The-] {+And the+} browser developers said
-# | &ldquo;We're not in a hurry about this.  After all, nobody is using this
-# | file format.&rdquo; {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But there because the job people wanted to do was not to simply compress "
-#| "data but to make an image that people could display with their software, "
-#| "it turned out extremely hard to switch over to a different algorithm.  We "
-#| "have not been able to do it in 10 years! Yes, people use the gzip "
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+"\"/philosophy/gif.html\">GIF</a>."
+
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-"diferente. ¡Durante diez años no hemos podido hacerlo! Tan pronto como "
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"
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nuevo "
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"
-"prisa. Después de todo, nadie utiliza este nuevo formato»."
+"prisa. Después de todo, nadie utiliza este nuevo formato».&rdquo; <i class="
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-# | In effect, society had so much inertia in the use of [-the GIF format,-]
-# | {+that particular format [GIF] that+} we have not been able to get people
-# | to switch.  Essentially, the community's use of the GIF format is still
-# | pushing sites into using GIF format{+,+} with the result that they are
-# | vulnerable to these threats.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In effect, society had so much inertia in the use of the GIF format, we "
-#| "have not been able to get people to switch.  Essentially, the community's "
-#| "use of the GIF format is still pushing sites into using GIF format with "
-#| "the result that they are vulnerable to these threats."
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-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | In fact, the situation is even more [-bizarre.  There-] {+bizarre, because
-# | there+} are [-in fact-] {+actually+} two patents covering the LZW
-# | compression algorithm.  The patent office couldn't even tell that they
-# | were issuing two patents on the same thing.  They couldn't keep track. 
-# | There is a reason for this.  It takes a while of study of these two
-# | patents to see that they really cover the same thing.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In fact, the situation is even more bizarre.  There are in fact two "
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-# | If they were patents on some chemical process, it would be much easier. 
-# | [-You-]  {+Because you+} could see what substances were being used, what
-# | the inputs were, what the outputs were, which physical actions are being
-# | taken.  No matter how they are described, you'd see what they were and
-# | then you would see that they are similar.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If they were patents on some chemical process, it would be much easier.  "
-#| "You could see what substances were being used, what the inputs were, what "
-#| "the outputs were, which physical actions are being taken.  No matter how "
-#| "they are described, you'd see what they were and then you would see that "
-#| "they are similar."
 msgid ""
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-"Si fueran patentes sobre procesos químicos, sería mucho más fácil. Se 
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-# | [-If-]{+But when+} something is purely mathematical, [-there are many-]
-# | {+you could have various+} ways [-of describing-] {+to describe+} it,
-# | which are a lot more different.  They are not superficially similar.  You
-# | have to really understand them to see they are talking about the same
-# | thing.  [-The-]  {+In the+} patent [-office doesn't-] {+office, they
-# | don't+} have time.  The US Patent Office{+,+} as of a few years ago, was
-# | spending [-on average-] 17 hours {+on the average+} per patent.  This is
-# | not long enough to think carefully about [-them, so,-] {+them.  So,+} of
-# | course they make mistakes like that.  In fact, I told you about the
-# | program that died before it was born.  [-That-]  {+Well, that+} algorithm
-# | also {+has+} had two patents issued for it in the US.  Apparently, it is
-# | not that unusual.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If something is purely mathematical, there are many ways of describing "
-#| "it, which are a lot more different.  They are not superficially similar.  "
-#| "You have to really understand them to see they are talking about the same "
-#| "thing.  The patent office doesn't have time.  The US Patent Office as of "
-#| "a few years ago, was spending on average 17 hours per patent.  This is "
-#| "not long enough to think carefully about them, so, of course they make "
-#| "mistakes like that.  In fact, I told you about the program that died "
-#| "before it was born.  That algorithm also had two patents issued for it in "
-#| "the US.  Apparently, it is not that unusual."
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-"EE.&nbsp;UU. dos patentes. Por lo que se ve, no es nada inusual."
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 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | [-Avoiding-]{+So, avoiding+} the patents may be [-easy,-] {+easy {or it}+}
-# | may be [-impossible.  It-] {+impossible; it+} may be easy but it makes
-# | your program useless.  It varies depending on the situation.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Avoiding the patents may be easy, may be impossible.  It may be easy but "
-#| "it makes your program useless.  It varies depending on the situation."
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@@ -1578,26 +901,6 @@
 "programa puede acabar resultando inútil. Depende de la situación."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | Here is another point I should [-mention: Sometimes-] {+mention, that
-# | sometimes+} a company or consortium can make a format or protocol [-the-]
-# | {+a+} de-facto standard.  Then, if that format or protocol is patented,
-# | [-that is-] {+that's+} a real disaster for you.  There are even official
-# | standards that are restricted by patents.  There was a big political
-# | uproar last September when the <a
-# | href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/patent-practice/\";>World Wide Web
-# | Consortium</a> was proposing to start adopting standards that were covered
-# | by patents.  The community [-objected so-] {+objected, and+} they reversed
-# | themselves.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Here is another point I should mention: Sometimes a company or consortium "
-#| "can make a format or protocol the de-facto standard.  Then, if that "
-#| "format or protocol is patented, that is a real disaster for you.  There "
-#| "are even official standards that are restricted by patents.  There was a "
-#| "big political uproar last September when the <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/";
-#| "TR/patent-practice/\">World Wide Web Consortium</a> was proposing to "
-#| "start adopting standards that were covered by patents.  The community "
-#| "objected so they reversed themselves."
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-# | They went back to insisting that [-any-] patents had to be freely
-# | implementable by anyone{+,+} and that [-the-] standards had to be free for
-# | anyone to implement.  That is an interesting victory.  I think [-that
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-#| "They went back to insisting that any patents had to be freely "
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 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
-# | 2[-)-]{+.+} Licensing the patent
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "2) Licensing the patent"
 msgid "2. Licensing the patent"
-msgstr "2) Obtener la licencia de la patente"
+msgstr "2. Obtener la licencia de la patente"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The second possibility {+is,+} instead of avoiding the [-patent is-]
-# | {+patent,+} to get a license for the patent.  This is not necessarily an
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-# | {+license. It's+} not required.  [-10 Years-]  {+Ten years+} ago, the
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-# | letter asking for help from somebody whose family business was making
-# | gambling machinery for casinos{+,+} and they used computers back then.  He
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-# | Shut [-down.-] {+down.&rdquo;+}
-#, fuzzy
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-#| "and they used computers back then.  He received a threat from another "
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en "
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 "usaban ordenadores) envió una carta a la Liga para la Libertad de "
 "Programación en la que solicitaba ayuda porque había recibido una amenaza 
de "
-"otra empresa que decía que ellos tenían la patente: «Usted no está "
+"otra empresa que le decía:  «Nosotros tenemos las patentes. Usted no está "
 "autorizado a fabricar estas cosas. Cierre su negocio»."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | I looked at that patent.  It covered having a number of computers on a
-# | network for playing games{+,+} such that each computer supported more than
-# | one game and allowed you to [-play-] {+be playing+} more than one game at
-# | a time.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I looked at that patent.  It covered having a number of computers on a "
-#| "network for playing games such that each computer supported more than one "
-#| "game and allowed you to play more than one game at a time."
 msgid ""
 "I looked at that patent.  It covered having a number of computers on a "
 "network for playing games, such that each computer supported more than one "
@@ -1722,81 +975,34 @@
 "un juego y permitía jugar a más de un juego a la vez."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | You will find {+the+} patent office{+s+} really think that there is
-# | something brilliant about doing more than one of anything.  {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} They don't realize that{+,+} in
-# | computer science, that's the most obvious way to generalize anything.  You
-# | did it [-once and now-] {+once. Now+} you can do it any number of times,
-# | [-you can-] make a subroutine.  They think that if you do anything [-more
-# | than-] {+twice instead of+} once, [-that-] {+you made a new invention.
-# | That+} somehow means you are brilliant and [-that-] nobody can possibly
-# | argue with [-you and that you have the-] {+your+} right to boss them
-# | [-around.-] {+around and restrict them.+}  Anyway, he [-was not-]
-# | {+wasn't+} offered a [-license.  He-] {+license, and he+} had to shut
-# | down.  He couldn't even afford really to go to court.  I would say that
-# | particular patent was an obvious idea.  [-It is-]  {+It's+} possible that
-# | a judge might have [-agreed, but we-] {+agreed.  We+} will never [-know-]
-# | {+know, though,+} because he could not afford to go to court.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You will find patent office really think that there is something "
-#| "brilliant about doing more than one of anything.  They don't realize that "
-#| "in computer science, that's the most obvious way to generalize anything.  "
-#| "You did it once and now you can do it any number of times, you can make a "
-#| "subroutine.  They think that if you do anything more than once, that "
-#| "somehow means you are brilliant and that nobody can possibly argue with "
-#| "you and that you have the right to boss them around.  Anyway, he was not "
-#| "offered a license.  He had to shut down.  He couldn't even afford really "
-#| "to go to court.  I would say that particular patent was an obvious idea.  "
-#| "It is possible that a judge might have agreed, but we will never know "
-#| "because he could not afford to go to court."
 msgid ""
 "You will find the patent offices really think that there is something "
-"brilliant about doing more than one of anything.  <i class=\"aside\">[laughs]"
-"</i>&nbsp; They don't realize that, in computer science, that's the most "
-"obvious way to generalize anything.  You did it once. Now you can do it any "
-"number of times, make a subroutine.  They think that if you do anything "
-"twice instead of once, you made a new invention. That somehow means you are "
-"brilliant and nobody can possibly argue with your right to boss them around "
-"and restrict them.  Anyway, he wasn't offered a license, and he had to shut "
-"down.  He couldn't even afford really to go to court.  I would say that "
-"particular patent was an obvious idea.  It's possible that a judge might "
-"have agreed.  We will never know, though, because he could not afford to go "
-"to court."
+"brilliant about doing more than one of anything.  <i class=\"aside"
+"\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp; They don't realize that, in computer science, that's "
+"the most obvious way to generalize anything.  You did it once. Now you can "
+"do it any number of times, make a subroutine.  They think that if you do "
+"anything twice instead of once, you made a new invention. That somehow means "
+"you are brilliant and nobody can possibly argue with your right to boss them "
+"around and restrict them.  Anyway, he wasn't offered a license, and he had "
+"to shut down.  He couldn't even afford really to go to court.  I would say "
+"that particular patent was an obvious idea.  It's possible that a judge "
+"might have agreed.  We will never know, though, because he could not afford "
+"to go to court."
 msgstr ""
 "Ya ven que la oficina de patentes cree que es una idea brillante hacer "
-"cualquier cosa más de una vez. No se dan cuenta de que en informática esa 
es "
-"la forma más obvia de generalizar algo. Se ha hecho una vez y ahora se puede 
"
-"hacer cualquier número de veces, se puede escribir una subrutina. Creen que "
-"si alguien hace algo más de una vez, eso debe de significar que es un genio, 
"
-"que nadie puede llevarle la contraria y que tiene derecho a dar órdenes a "
-"todo el mundo. En cualquier caso, a esa persona no le ofrecieron la "
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-"posible que un juez hubiera pensado lo mismo, pero nunca lo sabremos porque "
-"esa persona no se pudo permitir ir a juicio."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | However, a lot of patent holders do offer licenses.  They often charge a
-# | lot of money for that{+,+} though.  The company licensing the natural
-# | order recalculation patent was demanding 5% of the gross sales of every
-# | spreadsheet in the US.  I am told that was the cheap pre-lawsuit price. 
-# | If you actually made them sue you and they won, they'd demand more.  You
-# | might be able to afford that 5% for licensing this one patent, but what if
-# | you need to license 20 different patents to make the program? Then all the
-# | money you take in [-goes on patents.-] {+has to go out to them.+}  What if
-# | you need to license 21 patents?
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "However, a lot of patent holders do offer licenses.  They often charge a "
-#| "lot of money for that though.  The company licensing the natural order "
-#| "recalculation patent was demanding 5% of the gross sales of every "
-#| "spreadsheet in the US.  I am told that was the cheap pre-lawsuit price.  "
-#| "If you actually made them sue you and they won, they'd demand more.  You "
-#| "might be able to afford that 5% for licensing this one patent, but what "
-#| "if you need to license 20 different patents to make the program? Then all "
-#| "the money you take in goes on patents.  What if you need to license 21 "
-#| "patents?"
+"cualquier cosa más de una vez. <i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i>&nbsp; No se "
+"dan cuenta de que en informática esa es la forma más obvia de generalizar "
+"algo. Se ha hecho una vez y ahora se puede hacer cualquier número de veces, "
+"se puede escribir una subrutina. Creen que si alguien hace algo dos veces en "
+"vez de una sola vez, ha inventado algo. Eso debe de significar que se trata "
+"de un genio, que nadie puede llevarle la contraria y que tiene derecho a dar "
+"órdenes y restringir a todo el mundo. En cualquier caso, a esa persona no le 
"
+"ofrecieron la licencia, tuvo que cerrar. Ni siquiera pudo afrontar el costo "
+"de acudir a los tribunales. Yo diría que esa patente concreta era una idea "
+"obvia. Es posible que un juez hubiera pensado lo mismo, pero nunca lo "
+"sabremos porque esa persona no se pudo permitir ir a juicio."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "However, a lot of patent holders do offer licenses.  They often charge a lot "
 "of money for that, though.  The company licensing the natural order "
@@ -1807,24 +1013,18 @@
 "need to license 20 different patents to make the program? Then all the money "
 "you take in has to go out to them.  What if you need to license 21 patents?"
 msgstr ""
-"No obstante, muchos titulares de patentes sí ofrecen licencias, pero a "
-"menudo piden mucho dinero por ellas. La compañía que concedía licencias 
para "
-"la patente sobre el recálculo en orden natural pedía un cinco por ciento de 
"
-"los ingresos brutos por cada hoja de cálculo vendida en EE.&nbsp;UU. Según "
-"me han dicho, ese era el precio reducido anterior al juicio. En caso de "
-"juicio, si el titular de la patente acaba ganando, exigirá más. Quizá uno "
-"pueda permitirse ese cinco por ciento por la licencia de una patente, pero "
-"¿y si para desarrollar el programa hiciera falta la licencia de veinte "
-"patentes? Pues en ese caso todo el dinero que se consiga se lo llevarán las "
-"patentes. ¿Y si hay que obtener la licencia de ventiuna patentes?"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | People in business told me that{+,+} practically speaking, [-2-] {+two+}
-# | or [-3-] {+three+} of them would make any business unfeasible.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "People in business told me that practically speaking, 2 or 3 of them "
-#| "would make any business unfeasible."
+"No obstante, muchos dueños de patentes sí ofrecen licencias, pero a menudo "
+"piden mucho dinero por ellas. La compañía que concedía licencias para la "
+"patente sobre el recálculo en orden natural pedía un cinco por ciento de 
los "
+"ingresos brutos por cada hoja de cálculo vendida en EE.&nbsp;UU. Según me "
+"han dicho, ese era el precio reducido anterior al juicio. En caso de juicio, "
+"si el dueño de la patente acababa ganando, exigiría más. Quizá uno pueda "
+"permitirse ese cinco por ciento por la licencia de una patente, pero ¿y si "
+"para desarrollar el programa hiciera falta la licencia de veinte patentes? "
+"Pues en ese caso todo el dinero que se consiga se lo llevarán ellos. ¿Y si "
+"hubiera que obtener la licencia de veintiuna patentes?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "People in business told me that, practically speaking, two or three of them "
 "would make any business unfeasible."
@@ -1833,39 +1033,6 @@
 "esas harían inviable cualquier negocio."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | [-There-]{+But there+} is a situation where licensing patents is a very
-# | good solution.  That is if you are a multinational mega-corporation. 
-# | Because these companies own a lot of patents, and they cross-license with
-# | each other.  That way, they escape most of the harm that the patent system
-# | does and they only get the good.  IBM published an <a
-# | 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329104135/http://progfree.org/Links/prep.ai.mit.edu/ibm.think.article\";>
-# | article</a> in Think [-magazine.  I-] {+magazine&mdash;I+} believe it was
-# | issue No. 5 of [-1990 on-] {+1990&mdash;on+} IBM's patent portfolio, which
-# | said that IBM got two kinds of benefit{+s+} from its 9000 US patents.  I
-# | believe the number is larger today.  These were [-first,-] {+(1)+}
-# | collecting royalties{+,+} and [-second,-] {+(2)+} getting access to the
-# | patents of others.  They said that the latter benefit [-is-] {+was+} an
-# | order of magnitude greater.  So{+,+} the benefit that IBM got from being
-# | allowed to use the ideas that were patented by others was 10 times the
-# | direct benefit IBM could get from licensing patents.  [-What does this
-# | really mean?-]
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There is a situation where licensing patents is a very good solution.  "
-#| "That is if you are a multinational mega-corporation.  Because these "
-#| "companies own a lot of patents, and they cross-license with each other.  "
-#| "That way, they escape most of the harm that the patent system does and "
-#| "they only get the good.  IBM published an <a href=\"https://web.archive.";
-#| "org/web/20150329104135/http://progfree.org/Links/prep.ai.mit.edu/ibm.";
-#| "think.article\"> article</a> in Think magazine.  I believe it was issue "
-#| "No. 5 of 1990 on IBM's patent portfolio, which said that IBM got two "
-#| "kinds of benefit from its 9000 US patents.  I believe the number is "
-#| "larger today.  These were first, collecting royalties and second, getting "
-#| "access to the patents of others.  They said that the latter benefit is an "
-#| "order of magnitude greater.  So the benefit that IBM got from being "
-#| "allowed to use the ideas that were patented by others was 10 times the "
-#| "direct benefit IBM could get from licensing patents.  What does this "
-#| "really mean?"
 msgid ""
 "But there is a situation where licensing patents is a very good solution.  "
 "That is if you are a multinational mega-corporation.  Because these "
@@ -1882,8 +1049,8 @@
 "the ideas that were patented by others was 10 times the direct benefit IBM "
 "could get from licensing patents."
 msgstr ""
-"Hay una situación en la que obtener una licencia por el uso de la patente es 
"
-"una muy buena solución. Es lo que les ocurre a las megacorporaciones "
+"Hay una situación en la que obtener una licencia por el uso de una patente "
+"es una muy buena solución. Es lo que les ocurre a las megacorporaciones "
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 "licencias entre ellas, se libran de la mayor parte del daño que provoca el "
 "sistema de patentes y disfrutan de todas sus ventajas. IBM publicó un <a "
@@ -1891,32 +1058,14 @@
 "prep.ai.mit.edu/ibm.think.article\">artículo</a> en la revista <cite>Think</"
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 "patentes, donde se decía que IBM obtenía dos tipos de beneficios de sus "
-"9.000 patentes estadounidenses (hoy en día el número debe de ser aún 
mayor). "
+"9.000 patentes estadounidenses (creo que hoy en día el número es mayor). "
 "Estos eran, en primer lugar, los ingresos por regalías, y en segundo lugar, "
-"el acceso a las patentes de otros. Decían que el segundo beneficio era mucho 
"
-"mayor que el primero. De tal modo que el beneficio obtenido por IBM al "
-"permitírsele utilizar las ideas patentadas por otros multiplicaba por diez "
-"el beneficio directo que obtenía por ofrecer licencias. ¿Qué significa 
esto "
-"en realidad?"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | What {+does this really mean? What+} is the benefit that IBM gets from
-# | this access to the patents of others? [-It is-] {+It's+} basically the
-# | benefit of being excused from the trouble that the patent system can cause
-# | you.  The patent system is like a lottery.  What happens with any given
-# | patent could be nothing, could be a windfall for some patent holder [-or-]
-# | {+and+} a disaster for everyone else.  But IBM being so big, for them[-,-]
-# | it averages out.  They get to measure the average harm and good of the
-# | patent system.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "What is the benefit that IBM gets from this access to the patents of "
-#| "others? It is basically the benefit of being excused from the trouble "
-#| "that the patent system can cause you.  The patent system is like a "
-#| "lottery.  What happens with any given patent could be nothing, could be a "
-#| "windfall for some patent holder or a disaster for everyone else.  But IBM "
-#| "being so big, for them, it averages out.  They get to measure the average "
-#| "harm and good of the patent system."
+"el acceso a las patentes de otros. Decían que el segundo beneficio era un "
+"orden de magnitud  mayor que el primero. De tal modo que el beneficio "
+"obtenido por IBM al permitírsele utilizar las ideas patentadas por otros "
+"multiplicaba por diez el beneficio directo que obtenía por ofrecer 
licencias."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "What does this really mean? What is the benefit that IBM gets from this "
 "access to the patents of others? It's basically the benefit of being excused "
@@ -1926,29 +1075,16 @@
 "IBM being so big, for them it averages out.  They get to measure the average "
 "harm and good of the patent system."
 msgstr ""
-"¿Cuál es el beneficio de IBM al tener acceso a las patentes de otros? "
-"Esencialmente es el beneficio de verse libre de los problemas que el sistema "
-"de patentes puede ocasionar. El sistema de patentes es como una lotería: con 
"
-"una patente determinada puede no ocurrir nada, suponer una gran cantidad de "
-"dinero para su titular o un desastre para todos los demás. Pero IBM es una "
-"empresa tan grande que le compensa. Pueden hacer una estimación general de "
-"las ventajas y desventajas del sistema de patentes."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | For them, the trouble [-of the patent system-] would have been 10 times
-# | the good.  I say would have been because IBM{+,+} through
-# | cross-licensing{+,+} avoids experiencing that trouble.  That trouble is
-# | only potential.  It doesn't really happen to them.  But when they measure
-# | the benefits of avoiding that trouble, they estimate it as 10 times the
-# | value of the money they collect from their patents.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "For them, the trouble of the patent system would have been 10 times the "
-#| "good.  I say would have been because IBM through cross-licensing avoids "
-#| "experiencing that trouble.  That trouble is only potential.  It doesn't "
-#| "really happen to them.  But when they measure the benefits of avoiding "
-#| "that trouble, they estimate it as 10 times the value of the money they "
-#| "collect from their patents."
+"¿Qué significa esto en realidad? ¿Cuál es el beneficio de IBM al tener "
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+"nada, o puede suponer un grande beneficio para su dueño y un desastre para "
+"todos los demás. Pero IBM es una empresa tan grande que le compensa. Pueden "
+"hacer una estimación general de las ventajas y desventajas del sistema de "
+"patentes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "For them, the trouble would have been 10 times the good.  I say would have "
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@@ -1957,35 +1093,14 @@
 "estimate it as 10 times the value of the money they collect from their "
 "patents."
 msgstr ""
-"Para ellos, los problemas del sistema de patentes podrían haber sido diez "
-"veces mayores que las ventajas. Digo «podrían haber sido» porque mediante 
el "
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-"valor del dinero que obtienen por sus patentes."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | This phenomenon of cross-licensing refutes a common myth, the myth of the
-# | starving genius.  The myth that patents &ldquo;protect&rdquo; the
-# | &ldquo;small inventor.&rdquo; Those terms are propaganda terms.  You
-# | shouldn't use them.  The scenario is like this: Suppose there is a
-# | brilliant designer of [-whatever of whatever.  Suppose he-] {+whatever,
-# | who+} has spent years {+by himself,+} starving in [-the attic-] {+an
-# | attic,+} designing a new wonderful kind of whatever{+,+} and now wants to
-# | manufacture [-it and isn't-] {+it. Isn't+} it a shame the big companies
-# | are going to go into competition with him, take away all the business and
-# | he'll [-&ldquo;starve.&rdquo;-] {+&ldquo;starve&rdquo;?+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This phenomenon of cross-licensing refutes a common myth, the myth of the "
-#| "starving genius.  The myth that patents &ldquo;protect&rdquo; the &ldquo;"
-#| "small inventor.&rdquo; Those terms are propaganda terms.  You shouldn't "
-#| "use them.  The scenario is like this: Suppose there is a brilliant "
-#| "designer of whatever of whatever.  Suppose he has spent years starving in "
-#| "the attic designing a new wonderful kind of whatever and now wants to "
-#| "manufacture it and isn't it a shame the big companies are going to go "
-#| "into competition with him, take away all the business and he'll &ldquo;"
-#| "starve.&rdquo;"
+"Para ellos, los problemas podrían haber sido diez veces mayores que las "
+"ventajas. Digo «podrían haber sido» porque mediante el intercambio de "
+"licencias IBM evita esos problemas. Los problemas son solo potenciales, en "
+"realidad no les afectan. Pero cuando evalúan los beneficios de evitarlos, su 
"
+"estimación es que de esa manera multiplican por diez el valor del dinero que 
"
+"obtienen por sus patentes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "This phenomenon of cross-licensing refutes a common myth, the myth of the "
 "starving genius.  The myth that patents &ldquo;protect&rdquo; the &ldquo;"
@@ -2000,36 +1115,12 @@
 "mito del «genio en la miseria», el mito de que las patentes «protegen» al 
"
 "«pequeño inventor». Estas son expresiones propagandísticas y no 
deberíamos "
 "emplearlas. Nos presentan la siguiente historia: imaginemos un brillante "
-"diseñador de lo que sea. Imaginemos que ha pasado años de privaciones en su 
"
-"ático diseñando algún nuevo y maravilloso prototipo y ahora quiere "
+"diseñador de cualquier cosa. Imaginemos que ha pasado años de privaciones 
en "
+"su ático diseñando algún nuevo y maravilloso prototipo y ahora quiere "
 "fabricarlo. ¿No es una vergüenza que las grandes empresas entren en "
 "competición con él, se queden con todo su negocio y él «se muera de 
hambre»?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | {+Well,+} I [-will-] have to point out that people in high tech fields are
-# | not generally working on their own{+,+} and that ideas don't come in a
-# | [-vacuum, they-] {+vacuum&mdash;they+} are based on [-ideas-] {+the work+}
-# | of [-others and-] {+others&mdash;and that+} these people have pretty good
-# | chances of getting a job if they need to these days.  So this scenario,
-# | the idea that [-a-] {+this+} brilliant idea came from this [-brilliant-]
-# | {+one+} person working alone{+,+} is unrealistic{+,+} and the idea that he
-# | is in danger of starving is unrealistic.  But it is conceivable that
-# | somebody could have an idea{+,+} and this [-idea along-] {+idea, maybe
-# | together+} with 100 or 200 other [-ideas can-] {+ideas, could+} be the
-# | basis of making some kind of product{+,+} and that big companies might
-# | want to compete with him.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I will have to point out that people in high tech fields are not "
-#| "generally working on their own and that ideas don't come in a vacuum, "
-#| "they are based on ideas of others and these people have pretty good "
-#| "chances of getting a job if they need to these days.  So this scenario, "
-#| "the idea that a brilliant idea came from this brilliant person working "
-#| "alone is unrealistic and the idea that he is in danger of starving is "
-#| "unrealistic.  But it is conceivable that somebody could have an idea and "
-#| "this idea along with 100 or 200 other ideas can be the basis of making "
-#| "some kind of product and that big companies might want to compete with "
-#| "him."
 msgid ""
 "Well, I have to point out that people in high tech fields are not generally "
 "working on their own, and that ideas don't come in a vacuum&mdash;they are "
@@ -2050,38 +1141,9 @@
 "igual que la idea de que se encuentre en riesgo de pasar hambre. Pero sí es "
 "concebible que alguien tenga una idea que junto con otras cien o doscientas "
 "ideas pueda servir de base para la fabricación de algún tipo de producto, y 
"
-"que las grandes compañías puedan querer competir con esta persona."
+"que las grandes compañías puedan querer competir con esa persona."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | So let's see what happens if he tries to use a patent to stop them.  He
-# | says{+,+} &ldquo;Oh [-N-]{+n+}o, IBM.  You [-cannot-] {+can't+} compete
-# | with me.  I've got this [-patent.-] {+patent.&rdquo; And+} IBM [-says
-# | let's-] {+says, &ldquo;Let's+} see.  Let's look at your product.  Hmmm. 
-# | I've got this patent and this one and this one and this one and this one
-# | and this one, which parts of your product infringe.  If you think you can
-# | fight against all of them in court, [-I will-] {+I'll+} just go back and
-# | [-find-] {+look for+} some more.  So, why don't you cross[- -]{+-+}license
-# | with me?&rdquo; And then this brilliant small {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+} inventor says{+,+} &ldquo;Well, OK, I'll
-# | [-cross license.&rdquo; So-] {+cross-license.&rdquo; And now+} he can go
-# | back and make these wonderful whatever it is, [-but-] {+and+} so can IBM. 
-# | IBM {+now+} gets access to his patent{+,+} and gets the right to compete
-# | with him, which means that this patent didn't &ldquo;protect&rdquo; him at
-# | all.  The patent system doesn't really do that.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "So let's see what happens if he tries to use a patent to stop them.  He "
-#| "says &ldquo;Oh No, IBM.  You cannot compete with me.  I've got this "
-#| "patent.  IBM says let's see.  Let's look at your product.  Hmmm.  I've "
-#| "got this patent and this one and this one and this one and this one and "
-#| "this one, which parts of your product infringe.  If you think you can "
-#| "fight against all of them in court, I will just go back and find some "
-#| "more.  So, why don't you cross license with me?&rdquo; And then this "
-#| "brilliant small inventor says &ldquo;Well, OK, I'll cross license.&rdquo; "
-#| "So he can go back and make these wonderful whatever it is, but so can "
-#| "IBM.  IBM gets access to his patent and gets the right to compete with "
-#| "him, which means that this patent didn't &ldquo;protect&rdquo; him at "
-#| "all.  The patent system doesn't really do that."
 msgid ""
 "So let's see what happens if he tries to use a patent to stop them.  He "
 "says, &ldquo;Oh no, IBM.  You can't compete with me.  I've got this patent."
@@ -2097,45 +1159,20 @@
 "protect&rdquo; him at all.  The patent system doesn't really do that."
 msgstr ""
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-"impedirlo. Él dirá: «Ah, no, IBM, no puedes competir conmigo. Tengo esta "
+"impedirlo. Dirá: «Ah, no, IBM, no puedes competir conmigo. Tengo esta "
 "patente». E IBM responderá: «Veamos. Echemos un vistazo a tu producto. "
-"Mmmm. .. Yo tengo esta patente, y esta otra, y esta otra, y esta otra, y "
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-"producto. Si crees que puedes luchar contra todas ellas en los tribunales, "
-"volveré y encontraré unas cuantas más. Así que, ¿por qué no 
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-"licencias conmigo?». Y entonces el brillante pequeño inventor dirá: 
«Bueno, "
-"vale, intercambiemos licencias». Entonces podrá volver a su casa y fabricar 
"
-"ese maravilloso lo que sea, pero también IBM podrá hacerlo. IBM obtiene "
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"
-"patente no lo «protegió» en absoluto. En realidad el sistema de patentes 
no "
-"sirve para eso."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The mega-corporations avoid, for the most part, the harm of the patent
-# | system.  They see mainly the good side. [-That is-] {+That's+} why they
-# | want to have software patents.  They are the ones who will benefit from
-# | it.  But if you are {+really+} a small inventor{+,+} or work for a small
-# | company, the small company is not going to be able to do this.  They try. 
-# | The problem is that they cannot get enough patents to do this.  [-Any-] 
-# | {+You see, any+} given patent is pointing in a certain direction.  So{+,+}
-# | if a small company has patents pointing there, there{+,+} and there {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[showing left side]</i>,+} and somebody over there {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[showing right side]</i>+} points a patent at them and
-# | says [-give-] {+&ldquo;Give+} me your [-money,-] {+money,&rdquo;+} they
-# | are [-helpless.-] {+helpless, because they've got patents pointing there
-# | or near <i class=\"aside\">[showing left side]</i>, but not there <i
-# | class=\"aside\">[showing right side]</i>.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The mega-corporations avoid, for the most part, the harm of the patent "
-#| "system.  They see mainly the good side. That is why they want to have "
-#| "software patents.  They are the ones who will benefit from it.  But if "
-#| "you are a small inventor or work for a small company, the small company "
-#| "is not going to be able to do this.  They try.  The problem is that they "
-#| "cannot get enough patents to do this.  Any given patent is pointing in a "
-#| "certain direction.  So if a small company has patents pointing there, "
-#| "there and there and somebody over there points a patent at them and says "
-#| "give me your money, they are helpless."
+"Mmm. .. Yo tengo esta patente, y esta otra, y esta otra, y esta otra, y esta "
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+"crees que puedes luchar contra todas ellas en los tribunales, encontraré "
+"unas cuantas más. Así que, ¿por qué no intercambias licencias conmigo?». 
Y "
+"entonces el brillante pequeño inventor <i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i> dirá: 
"
+"«Bueno, vale, intercambiemos licencias». Entonces podrá volver a su casa y 
"
+"fabricar ese maravilloso lo que sea, pero también IBM podrá hacerlo. IBM "
+"obtiene acceso a su patente y el derecho a competir con él, lo que significa 
"
+"que esa patente no lo «protegió» en absoluto. En realidad el sistema de "
+"patentes no sirve para eso."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "The mega-corporations avoid, for the most part, the harm of the patent "
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@@ -2151,33 +1188,21 @@
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 "Las megacorporaciones se ven libres de la mayor parte del daño que ocasiona "
-"el sistema de patentes. Fundamentalmente disfrutan de sus ventajas, por eso "
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-"una pequeña empresa tiene patentes que apuntan aquí, ahí y allá, y 
alguien "
-"llega y le apunta con una patente diciendo: «Dame tu dinero», se ve "
-"indefensa.."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | IBM can do it{+,+} because with these 9000 patents, they are pointing
-# | [-everywhere, no-] {+everywhere. No+} matter where you are, there is
-# | [-probably-] an IBM patent pointing at [-you.  So-] {+you, probably. 
-# | So,+} IBM can [-almost-] always make you [-cross license.  Small-]
-# | {+cross-license, almost always.  But the small+} companies [-can-] only
-# | occasionally {+can+} make someone cross-license.  They will say they want
-# | patents for defensive purposes{+,+} but they won't get enough to be able
-# | to defend themselves.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "IBM can do it because with these 9000 patents, they are pointing "
-#| "everywhere, no matter where you are, there is probably an IBM patent "
-#| "pointing at you.  So IBM can almost always make you cross license.  Small "
-#| "companies can only occasionally make someone cross-license.  They will "
-#| "say they want patents for defensive purposes but they won't get enough to "
-#| "be able to defend themselves."
+"el sistema de patentes. Fundamentalmente disfrutan de sus ventajas, es por "
+"eso quieren que existan patentes de software, son las únicas que se "
+"beneficiarán con ellas. Pero si se es realmente un pequeño inventor o se "
+"trabaja para una pequeña empresa, esa pequeña empresa no podrá hacerlo. Lo 
"
+"intentan, pero el problema es que no pueden obtener una cantidad suficiente "
+"de patentes como para hacerlo. Toda patente apunta en una dirección "
+"determinada. De modo que si una pequeña empresa tiene patentes que apuntan "
+"aquí, ahí y allí <i class=\"aside\">[señalando hacia la izquierda]</i>, y 
"
+"alguien llega desde allá <i class=\"aside\">[señalando hacia la 
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+"y le apunta con una patente diciendo: «Dame tu dinero», se ve indefensa "
+"porque posee patentes que apuntan allí o cerca de allí <i class=\"aside"
+"\">[señalando hacia la izquierda]</i>, pero no allá <i class=\"aside"
+"\">[señalando hacia la derecha]</i>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "IBM can do it, because with these 9000 patents, they are pointing "
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@@ -2211,23 +1236,6 @@
 "desarrollando algo."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | There are no patents on legal procedures. {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} I guess the lawyers {+sort of+}
-# | understand what a pain it would be to have to deal with the patent system
-# | themselves.  The result is that there is no way [-to-] {+you can+} get a
-# | patent to make that [-company cross license-] {+company, <a
-# | 
href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/14/business/a-white-knight-draws-cries-of-patent-blackmail.html\";>
-# | Refac</a>, cross-license+} with you. So they go around squeezing everyone.
-# |  But I guess {+the+} companies like IBM figure [-that is-] {+that's+} part
-# | of the price of doing business so they can live with it.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There are no patents on legal procedures.  I guess the lawyers understand "
-#| "what a pain it would be to have to deal with the patent system "
-#| "themselves.  The result is that there is no way to get a patent to make "
-#| "that company cross license with you. So they go around squeezing "
-#| "everyone.  But I guess companies like IBM figure that is part of the "
-#| "price of doing business so they can live with it."
 msgid ""
 "There are no patents on legal procedures. <i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</"
 "i>&nbsp; I guess the lawyers sort of understand what a pain it would be to "
@@ -2238,22 +1246,17 @@
 "squeezing everyone.  But I guess the companies like IBM figure that's part "
 "of the price of doing business so they can live with it."
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-"No hay patentes que cubran procedimientos legales. Supongo que los abogados "
-"comprenden lo penoso que sería tener que vérselas ellos mismos con el "
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"
-"que eso es parte del precio que hay que pagar por hacer negocios, de manera "
-"que pueden vivir con ello."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | So [-that is-] {+that's+} the possibility of licensing a patent{+,+} which
-# | may or may not be [-possible and-] {+possible. And+} you may or may not be
-# | able to afford it.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "So that is the possibility of licensing a patent which may or may not be "
-#| "possible and you may or may not be able to afford it."
+"No hay patentes que cubran procedimientos legales. <i class=\"aside"
+"\">[risas]</i>&nbsp;Supongo que los abogados comprenden lo penoso que sería "
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"
+"no hay forma de obtener una patente para hacer que esa empresa, <a href="
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+"patent-blackmail.html\"> Refac</a>, intercambie licencias, lo que les "
+"permite ir por ahí exprimiendo a todo el mundo. Pero supongo que empresas "
+"como IBM calculan que eso es parte del precio que hay que pagar por hacer "
+"negocios, de manera que pueden vivir con ello."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "So that's the possibility of licensing a patent, which may or may not be "
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@@ -2262,32 +1265,10 @@
 "será posible o no, dependiendo de si uno puede permitírselo."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
-# | {+3.+} Overturning the patent in court[-.-]
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "Overturning the patent in court."
 msgid "3. Overturning the patent in court"
-msgstr "Revocar la patente en los tribunales"
+msgstr "3. Revocar la patente en los tribunales"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | Supposedly, in order to be patented, something has to be new, useful and
-# | unobvious.  [-That is-]  {+That's+} the language used in the US.  I think
-# | other countries have different language which is pretty much equivalent to
-# | it.  Of course, when the patent office gets into the [-game,-] {+game
-# | and+} they start interpreting new and [-unobvious.  New-] {+unobvious,
-# | &ldquo;new&rdquo;+} turns out to mean [-we-] {+&ldquo;we+} don't have it
-# | in our [-files-] {+files,&rdquo;+} and [-unobvious-]
-# | {+&ldquo;unobvious&rdquo;+} tends to mean [-unobvious-]
-# | {+&ldquo;unobvious+} to [-someone-] {+somebody+} with an IQ of [-50.-]
-# | {+50.&rdquo;+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Supposedly, in order to be patented, something has to be new, useful and "
-#| "unobvious.  That is the language used in the US.  I think other countries "
-#| "have different language which is pretty much equivalent to it.  Of "
-#| "course, when the patent office gets into the game, they start "
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-#| "in our files and unobvious tends to mean unobvious to someone with an IQ "
-#| "of 50."
 msgid ""
 "Supposedly, in order to be patented, something has to be new, useful and "
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@@ -2299,27 +1280,13 @@
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-"cociente intelectual de 50»."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | Somebody who studies most of the software patents issued in the [-US, or-]
-# | {+US&mdash;or+} at least he used to[-,-]{+;+} I don't know if he can still
-# | keep up with [-them, said-] {+them&mdash;said+} that 90% of them wouldn't
-# | pass the [-crystal city-] {+Crystal City+} test, which meant{+,+} if the
-# | people in the patent office went outside to the news stand and got some
-# | computer magazines, they would see that these ideas [-are-] {+were+}
-# | already known.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Somebody who studies most of the software patents issued in the US, or at "
-#| "least he used to, I don't know if he can still keep up with them, said "
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-#| "people in the patent office went outside to the news stand and got some "
-#| "computer magazines, they would see that these ideas are already known."
+"términos diferentes que son prácticamente equivalentes. Claro que cuando la 
"
+"oficina de patentes entra en juego y comienza a interpretar lo que es nuevo "
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+"y «no obvio» suele significar «no obvio para alguien con un cociente "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "Somebody who studies most of the software patents issued in the US&mdash;or "
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@@ -2332,31 +1299,10 @@
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 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The patent office does things that are so obviously foolish, you wouldn't
-# | even have to know the state of the art to see they are foolish.  This is
-# | not limited to software.  I once saw the famous Harvard mouse patent{+,+}
-# | which was obtained after Harvard genetically engineered a strain of mouse
-# | with a cancer causing gene.  The cancer causing gene was already
-# | known{+,+} and was inserted using known techniques into an already
-# | existing strain of mouse.  The patent they got covered inserting any
-# | cancer causing gene into any kind of mammal{+,+} using any method
-# | whatsoever.  You don't have to know anything about genetic engineering to
-# | realize that is ridiculous.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The patent office does things that are so obviously foolish, you wouldn't "
-#| "even have to know the state of the art to see they are foolish.  This is "
-#| "not limited to software.  I once saw the famous Harvard mouse patent "
-#| "which was obtained after Harvard genetically engineered a strain of mouse "
-#| "with a cancer causing gene.  The cancer causing gene was already known "
-#| "and was inserted using known techniques into an already existing strain "
-#| "of mouse.  The patent they got covered inserting any cancer causing gene "
-#| "into any kind of mammal using any method whatsoever.  You don't have to "
-#| "know anything about genetic engineering to realize that is ridiculous."
 msgid ""
 "The patent office does things that are so obviously foolish, you wouldn't "
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@@ -2380,18 +1326,6 @@
 "es ridículo."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | {+But+} I am told that this over[- -]claiming is normal practice{+,+} and
-# | that the US Patent Office sometimes invited patent applicants to make
-# | their claims broader.  Basically{+,+} make the claims broader until you
-# | think they are running into something else that's unambiguous prior art. 
-# | See how much land grab in mental space you can get away with.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I am told that this over claiming is normal practice and that the US "
-#| "Patent Office sometimes invited patent applicants to make their claims "
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-#| "running into something else that's unambiguous prior art.  See how much "
-#| "land grab in mental space you can get away with."
 msgid ""
 "But I am told that this overclaiming is normal practice, and that the US "
 "Patent Office sometimes invited patent applicants to make their claims "
@@ -2409,34 +1343,6 @@
 
 #
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | When programmers look at a lot of software patents, they [-say this-]
-# | {+say, &ldquo;This+} is ridiculously <a
-# | 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20040604051644/http://people.qualcomm.com/karn/patents/patent-comments.html\";>
-# | [-obvious</a>!-] {+obvious</a>!&rdquo;+} Patent bureaucrats have all sorts
-# | of excuses to justify ignoring what programmers think.  They say
-# | &ldquo;Oh! But you have to consider it in terms of the way things were 10
-# | or 20 years ago.&rdquo; Then they discovered that if they talk something
-# | to death then you can eventually lose your bearings.  Anything can look
-# | unobvious if you tear it apart enough, analyze it enough.  You simply lose
-# | all standard of obviousness{+,+} or at least lose the ability to justify
-# | any standard of obvious or unobvious.  Then, of course, they describe the
-# | patent holders as brilliant inventors, all of them.  Therefore we can't
-# | question their entitlement to power over what we can do.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "When programmers look at a lot of software patents, they say this is "
-#| "ridiculously <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20040604051644/http://";
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-#| "Patent bureaucrats have all sorts of excuses to justify ignoring what "
-#| "programmers think.  They say &ldquo;Oh! But you have to consider it in "
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 msgid ""
 "When programmers look at a lot of software patents, they say, &ldquo;This is "
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@@ -2462,27 +1368,11 @@
 "obvia si se divide en partes cada vez más pequeñas y se analiza lo "
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-"cuestionar su autoridad para decidir sobre lo que podemos o no podemos hacer."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | If you go to court, the judges are likely to be a little more stringent
-# | about the idea of what is obvious or not.  But the problem is [-that-] it
-# | costs millions of dollars to do that.  I heard of one patent case, the
-# | defendant I remember was Qualcomm, and I believe the ruling [-was-]
-# | ultimately {+was+} 13 million dollars{+,+} of which most went to pay the
-# | lawyers on both sides.  There were a few million dollars left over for the
-# | plaintiff, because they lost.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If you go to court, the judges are likely to be a little more stringent "
-#| "about the idea of what is obvious or not.  But the problem is that it "
-#| "costs millions of dollars to do that.  I heard of one patent case, the "
-#| "defendant I remember was Qualcomm, and I believe the ruling was "
-#| "ultimately 13 million dollars of which most went to pay the lawyers on "
-#| "both sides.  There were a few million dollars left over for the "
-#| "plaintiff, because they lost."
+"no lo es. Luego, por supuesto, describen a todos los dueños de las patentes, 
"
+"sin excepción, como brillantes inventores. Por tanto, no podemos cuestionar "
+"su autoridad para decidir sobre lo que podemos o no podemos hacer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "If you go to court, the judges are likely to be a little more stringent "
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@@ -2500,19 +1390,6 @@
 "demandante, ya que Qualcomm perdió."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | To a large extent, the question of the validity of a patent will depend on
-# | historical accidents.  Lots of historical accidents{+,+} such as precisely
-# | what was published when{+,+} and which of those things somebody manages to
-# | [-find.  Which-] {+find, which+} of them didn't get lost, {+the+} precise
-# | dates{+,+} and [-so-on.  Many-] {+so on.  So it's many+} historical
-# | accidents {+that+} determine whether [-a-] {+the+} patent is valid.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "To a large extent, the question of the validity of a patent will depend "
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-#| "historical accidents determine whether a patent is valid."
 msgid ""
 "To a large extent, the question of the validity of a patent will depend on "
 "historical accidents.  Lots of historical accidents, such as precisely what "
@@ -2528,34 +1405,6 @@
 "una patente es válida o no."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | In fact, it is a weird thing [-that-] the <a
-# | href=\"https://patents.justia.com/patent/4873662\";> British Telecom
-# | following hyper[- -]links together with [-telephone access patent</a>, I
-# | think,-] {+phone access</a> patent,+} was applied [-for-] {+for, I
-# | think,+} in 1975.  I think it was in 1974 that I developed the
-# | [-i-]{+I+}nfo package for the first time.  The [-i-]{+I+}nfo package
-# | allows you to traverse [-hyper links-] {+hyperlinks,+} and people did use
-# | telephones to dial up and access the system.  So in fact, I produced a
-# | piece of prior art for that patent.  [-So that is-]  {+That's+} the second
-# | patentable idea [-I have-] {+I've+} had in my life, but I don't think I
-# | have any proof of that.  I didn't think this was interesting enough to
-# | publish it.  After all, the idea of following [-hyper links-]
-# | {+hyperlinks,+} I got {+that+} from [-the-] {+a+} demo of Engelbart's
-# | editor.  He is the one who had an idea [-which-] {+that+} was interesting
-# | to publish.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In fact, it is a weird thing that the <a href=\"https://patents.justia.";
-#| "com/patent/4873662\"> British Telecom following hyper links together with "
-#| "telephone access patent</a>, I think, was applied for in 1975.  I think "
-#| "it was in 1974 that I developed the info package for the first time.  The "
-#| "info package allows you to traverse hyper links and people did use "
-#| "telephones to dial up and access the system.  So in fact, I produced a "
-#| "piece of prior art for that patent.  So that is the second patentable "
-#| "idea I have had in my life, but I don't think I have any proof of that.  "
-#| "I didn't think this was interesting enough to publish it.  After all, the "
-#| "idea of following hyper links I got from the demo of Engelbart's editor.  "
-#| "He is the one who had an idea which was interesting to publish."
 msgid ""
 "In fact, it is a weird thing the <a href=\"https://patents.justia.com/";
 "patent/4873662\"> British Telecom following hyperlinks together with phone "
@@ -2573,7 +1422,7 @@
 "patent/4873662\">patente de British Telecom sobre el seguimiento de "
 "hipervínculos mediante acceso telefónico</a> se solicitara, según creo, en 
"
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+"Info. Este paquete permite utilizar hipervínculos, y la gente usaba el "
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 "produje con anterioridad una obra que utilizaba la técnica descrita en esa "
 "patente. De modo que esa es la segunda idea patentable que he tenido en mi "
@@ -2583,39 +1432,6 @@
 "quien tuvo una idea que merecía publicarse."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | [-What I'd done-]I called {+it+} &ldquo;poor man's [-hypertext&rdquo; as-]
-# | {+hypertext,&rdquo; because+} I had to implement it in the context of
-# | TECO.  It [-was not-] {+wasn't+} as powerful as his hypertext{+,+} but it
-# | was at least useful for browsing documentation, which [-it-] {+was+} all
-# | it was meant for, and as for there being dial-up access to the system,
-# | well, there was, but it didn't occur to me that the one had [-anything-]
-# | {+any+} particular {+thing+} to do with the other.  I wasn't going to
-# | {+try to+} publish a paper saying &ldquo;Oh! I implemented this poor man's
-# | hypertext, and guess what! There are dial-up lines on the computer
-# | too!&rdquo; {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} I suspect there is
-# | no way to tell precisely on what dates I implemented this.  And was it
-# | published in any sense? Well, we invited guests to come in across the
-# | ARPAnet[-,-] and log in on our machine, so they could have browsed
-# | documentation using [-info-] {+Info,+} and seen the thing.  [-If-]  {+And
-# | if+} they had asked us, they would have found we have dial-up access.  But
-# | as you can see, historical accident determines whether [-you have-]
-# | {+you've got+} prior art.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "What I'd done I called &ldquo;poor man's hypertext&rdquo; as I had to "
-#| "implement it in the context of TECO.  It was not as powerful as his "
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-#| "paper saying &ldquo;Oh! I implemented this poor man's hypertext, and "
-#| "guess what! There are dial-up lines on the computer too!&rdquo; I suspect "
-#| "there is no way to tell precisely on what dates I implemented this.  And "
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-#| "would have found we have dial-up access.  But as you can see, historical "
-#| "accident determines whether you have prior art."
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@@ -2632,34 +1448,22 @@
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-# | dial-ups on the computer [-however, so-] {+however. So,+} whether it will
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@@ -2668,34 +1472,9 @@
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"
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+"si resultará suficiente."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | [-Because-]{+So, this is an option, the possibility of going to court to
-# | overturn the patent.  But, because+} of the expense, it is often out of
-# | the question even if you can find solid prior art that ought to be
-# | sufficient to overturn the patent.  As a result, an invalid patent, a
-# | patent that nominally shouldn't have existed (but in fact lots and lots of
-# | them do) is a dangerous weapon.  If somebody attacks you with an invalid
-# | patent, that can really cause a lot of trouble for you.  You might be able
-# | to bluff them away by showing them the prior art.  It depends [-upon-]
-# | whether they can get scared off that way or they might think
-# | &ldquo;[-w-]{+W+}ell, you are just bluffing, we figure you can't really go
-# | to [-court, you-] {+court. You+} can't afford it{+,+} so we'll sue you
-# | anyway.&rdquo;
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Because of the expense, it is often out of the question even if you can "
-#| "find solid prior art that ought to be sufficient to overturn the patent.  "
-#| "As a result, an invalid patent, a patent that nominally shouldn't have "
-#| "existed (but in fact lots and lots of them do) is a dangerous weapon.  If "
-#| "somebody attacks you with an invalid patent, that can really cause a lot "
-#| "of trouble for you.  You might be able to bluff them away by showing them "
-#| "the prior art.  It depends upon whether they can get scared off that way "
-#| "or they might think &ldquo;well, you are just bluffing, we figure you "
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-#| "&rdquo;"
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@@ -2708,40 +1487,19 @@
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-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | All of these three possibilities are things that sometimes you can manage
-# | to use, but often you can't.  So you have to face patent after patent
-# | after patent.  Each time you may be able to find one of these three
-# | possibilities you can use, then there is another patent{+,+} then
-# | another{+,+} and another.  It gets like crossing a minefield.  Each step
-# | you take, each design decision, probably won't step on a [-patent, so-]
-# | {+patent. So+} you can take a few steps [-and probably-] {+and,
-# | probably,+} there won't be an explosion.  But the chance {+that+} you will
-# | get all the way through the minefield and get to develop the program you
-# | [-want-] {+wanted+} to develop without ever stepping on a patent gets less
-# | and less as the program gets bigger.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "All of these three possibilities are things that sometimes you can manage "
-#| "to use, but often you can't.  So you have to face patent after patent "
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+"sabemos que en realidad no puedes ir a juicio, no te lo puedes permitir, así 
"
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+
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@@ -2756,39 +1514,20 @@
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+"mayor es el programa."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Specificities of the software field"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Características del área de la programación"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Now, people used to say to me, &ldquo;Well, there are patents in other
-# | fields, why should software be exempt?[-.-]&rdquo; Note the bizarre
-# | assumption in there that somehow we are all supposed to suffer through the
-# | patent system.  It is like saying &ldquo;Some people get cancer.  Why
-# | should you be exempt?&rdquo; {+<i>[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} As I see it, each
-# | person who doesn't get cancer is good.  But there is, behind that, a less
-# | biased question, which is a good question{+,+} which is: Is software
-# | different from other fields? Should patent policy be different in
-# | different fields? [-If-] {+And if+} so, why?
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Now, people used to say to me, &ldquo;Well, there are patents in other "
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-#| "Should patent policy be different in different fields? If so, why?"
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@@ -2800,13 +1539,14 @@
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@@ -2818,18 +1558,6 @@
 "diferente según el área de especialización."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | On {+the+} one extreme we have pharmaceuticals{+,+} where a given chemical
-# | formula would be patented, so that patent covers one and only one product.
-# |  Some other product wouldn't be covered by the existing patent.  If there
-# | is to be a patent for this new product, the patent holder would be whoever
-# | developed the new product.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "On one extreme we have pharmaceuticals where a given chemical formula "
-#| "would be patented, so that patent covers one and only one product.  Some "
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@@ -2840,35 +1568,10 @@
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-# | That fits in with the naive idea of the patent system that we have,
-# | that{+,+} if you are designing a new product, you are going to get
-# | &ldquo;The [-Patent.&rdquo; The-] {+Patent,&rdquo; the+} idea that there
-# | is one patent per product and that it covers [-the-] {+<em>the</em>+} idea
-# | of that product.  In some fields [-it is-] {+that's+} closer to being
-# | true.  In other fields [-it is further-] {+it's farther+} from being true.
-# |  {+Software is at the opposite extreme.+}  This is because software
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-# | use many different ideas in a new combination.  If the program is [-new
-# | and-] {+new, it's+} not just copied, then [-it is-] {+it's+} probably
-# | using a different combination of ideas combined, of course, with newly
-# | written code, because you can't just magically say the names of these
-# | ideas and have them work.  You have to implement them all.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That fits in with the naive idea of the patent system that we have, that "
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 msgid ""
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@@ -2885,9 +1588,10 @@
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la "
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@@ -2895,27 +1599,6 @@
 "implementarlas todas."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | You have to implement them all in that combination.  The result is [-that
-# | even-] {+that,+} when you write a program, you are using lots of different
-# | ideas, any one of them might be patented by somebody.  A pair of them
-# | [-may-] {+might+} be patented as a combination by somebody.  There might
-# | be several different ways of describing one idea{+,+} which might be
-# | patented by various different people.  So there are possibly thousands of
-# | things, thousands of points of vulnerability in your program, which might
-# | be patented by somebody else already.  This is why software patents tend
-# | to obstruct the progress of software&mdash;the work of software
-# | development.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You have to implement them all in that combination.  The result is that "
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-#| "of software&mdash;the work of software development."
 msgid ""
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@@ -2932,29 +1615,12 @@
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 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If it were one patent-one product, then these patents wouldn't obstruct
-# | the development of products{+,+} because if you developed a new
-# | product[-,-] it wouldn't be patented by somebody else already.  But when
-# | one product corresponds to many different ideas combined, it becomes very
-# | likely {+that+} your new product is going to be patented by somebody else
-# | already.  In fact, there is economic research now showing just how
-# | imposing a patent system on a field where there is incremental
-# | innovation[-,-] can retard progress.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If it were one patent-one product, then these patents wouldn't obstruct "
-#| "the development of products because if you developed a new product, it "
-#| "wouldn't be patented by somebody else already.  But when one product "
-#| "corresponds to many different ideas combined, it becomes very likely your "
-#| "new product is going to be patented by somebody else already.  In fact, "
-#| "there is economic research now showing just how imposing a patent system "
-#| "on a field where there is incremental innovation, can retard progress."
 msgid ""
 "If it were one patent-one product, then these patents wouldn't obstruct the "
 "development of products, because if you developed a new product it wouldn't "
@@ -2974,29 +1640,6 @@
 "progreso."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | You see, the advocates of software patents say &ldquo;[-w-]{+W+}ell yes,
-# | there may be problems{+,+} but more important than any problems, the
-# | patents must promote innovation{+,+} and that is so important it doesn't
-# | matter what problems [-you-] {+they+} cause.&rdquo; Of course, they don't
-# | say that out loud because it is ridiculous{+,+} but implicitly they want
-# | you to believe that{+,+} as long as it promotes progress, that outweighs
-# | any possible cost.  But actually, there is no reason to believe it does
-# | promote progress.  We now have a model showing precisely how patents
-# | [-can-] {+<em>can</em>+} retard progress.  The case where that model can
-# | fit describes the software field pretty [-well; Incremental-] {+well:
-# | incremental+} innovation.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You see, the advocates of software patents say &ldquo;well yes, there may "
-#| "be problems but more important than any problems, the patents must "
-#| "promote innovation and that is so important it doesn't matter what "
-#| "problems you cause.&rdquo; Of course, they don't say that out loud "
-#| "because it is ridiculous but implicitly they want you to believe that as "
-#| "long as it promotes progress, that outweighs any possible cost.  But "
-#| "actually, there is no reason to believe it does promote progress.  We now "
-#| "have a model showing precisely how patents can retard progress.  The case "
-#| "where that model can fit describes the software field pretty well; "
-#| "Incremental innovation."
 msgid ""
 "You see, the advocates of software patents say &ldquo;Well yes, there may be "
 "problems, but more important than any problems, the patents must promote "
@@ -3013,33 +1656,14 @@
 "problemas, pero más importante que cualquier problema es el hecho de que las 
"
 "patentes deben promover la innovación, y esto es tan importante que los "
 "problemas que causen son irrelevantes». Claro que esto no lo dicen en voz "
-"alta porque es ridículo, pero implícitamente quieren haceros creer que el "
+"alta porque es ridículo, pero implícitamente quieren hacernos creer que el "
 "sistema de patentes promueve el progreso y que eso compensa cualquier coste "
 "posible. En realidad no hay razones para creer que promueva el progreso. "
 "Ahora tenemos un modelo que demuestra claramente el modo en que las patentes "
-"pueden ralentizar el progreso. El caso en el que se aplica ese modelo, la "
-"innovación incremental, describe muy bien el área del software."
+"<em>pueden</em> ralentizar el progreso. El caso en el que se aplica ese "
+"modelo, la innovación incremental, describe muy bien el área del software."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Why is software on that extreme of the spectrum? The reason is that in
-# | software we are developing idealized mathematical objects.  You can build
-# | a complicated castle and have it rest on a thin line{+,+} and it will stay
-# | up because it doesn't weigh anything.  In other fields, people have to
-# | cope with the perversity of matter&mdash;of physical objects.  Matter does
-# | what it is going to do.  You can try to model it{+,+} and if the actual
-# | behavior doesn't fit the [-model then-] {+model,+} tough on [-you,
-# | because-] {+you. Because+} the challenge is to make physical objects that
-# | really work.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Why is software on that extreme of the spectrum? The reason is that in "
-#| "software we are developing idealized mathematical objects.  You can build "
-#| "a complicated castle and have it rest on a thin line and it will stay up "
-#| "because it doesn't weigh anything.  In other fields, people have to cope "
-#| "with the perversity of matter&mdash;of physical objects.  Matter does "
-#| "what it is going to do.  You can try to model it and if the actual "
-#| "behavior doesn't fit the model then tough on you, because the challenge "
-#| "is to make physical objects that really work."
 msgid ""
 "Why is software on that extreme of the spectrum? The reason is that in "
 "software we are developing idealized mathematical objects.  You can build a "
@@ -3061,30 +1685,6 @@
 "que funcionen en la realidad."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If I wanted to put an <code>if</code> statement [-in-] {+inside+} a
-# | <code>while</code> statement, I don't have to worry about whether the
-# | <code>if</code> statement will oscillate at a certain frequency and rub
-# | against the <code>while</code> statement and eventually they will
-# | fracture. {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} I don't have to worry
-# | whether it will oscillate at a certain higher frequency and induce a
-# | signal in the value of some other variable.  I don't have to worry about
-# | how much current that <code>if</code> statement will [-draw and-]
-# | {+draw,+} whether it can dissipate the heat there inside that
-# | <code>while</code> statement.  Whether there will be a voltage drop across
-# | the <code>while</code> statement that will make the <code>if</code>
-# | statement not function.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If I wanted to put an <code>if</code> statement in a <code>while</code> "
-#| "statement, I don't have to worry about whether the <code>if</code> "
-#| "statement will oscillate at a certain frequency and rub against the "
-#| "<code>while</code> statement and eventually they will fracture.  I don't "
-#| "have to worry whether it will oscillate at a certain higher frequency and "
-#| "induce a signal in the value of some other variable.  I don't have to "
-#| "worry about how much current that <code>if</code> statement will draw and "
-#| "whether it can dissipate the heat there inside that <code>while</code> "
-#| "statement.  Whether there will be a voltage drop across the <code>while</"
-#| "code> statement that will make the <code>if</code> statement not function."
 msgid ""
 "If I wanted to put an <code>if</code> statement inside a <code>while</code> "
 "statement, I don't have to worry about whether the <code>if</code> statement "
@@ -3100,45 +1700,16 @@
 "Si quiero poner una declaración <code>if</code> dentro de una declaración "
 "<code>while</code>, no tengo que preocuparme de que la declaración 
<code>if</"
 "code> pueda oscilar a una determinada frecuencia, friccionar con la "
-"declaración <code>while</code> y llegar a romperse. No tengo que preocuparme 
"
-"de que oscile a una frecuencia demasiado alta y genere una señal que "
-"modifique el valor de alguna otra variable. No tengo que preocuparme de "
-"cuánta corriente puede requerir la declaración <code>if</code> y si podrá "
-"disipar el calor dentro de la declaración <code>while</code>. O de si habrá 
"
-"una caída de tensión en la declaración <code>while</code> que impida que 
la "
-"declaración <code>if</code> funcione."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | I don't have to worry that if [-i-] {+I+} run this program in a [-salt
-# | water environment-] {+salt-water environment,+} that the salt water
-# | [-may-] {+might+} get in between the <code>if</code> statement and the
-# | <code>while</code> statement and cause corrosion.  I don't have to
-# | worry{+,+} when I refer to the value of a variable{+,+} whether I am
-# | exceeding the fan-out limit by referring to it [-20-] {+too many+} times. 
-# | I don't have to worry, when I refer to the variable, how much capacitance
-# | it has and whether there has been sufficient time to charge up the value. 
-# | I don't have to worry{+,+} when I write the program, about how [-I am-]
-# | {+I'm+} going to physically assemble each copy{+,+} and whether I can
-# | manage to get access to put that <code>if</code> statement inside the
-# | <code>while</code> statement.  {+And+} I don't have to worry about how [-I
-# | am-] {+I'm+} going to gain access in case [-that-] {+the+} <code>if</code>
-# | statement breaks, to remove it and replace it with a new one. {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I don't have to worry that if i run this program in a salt water "
-#| "environment that the salt water may get in between the <code>if</code> "
-#| "statement and the <code>while</code> statement and cause corrosion.  I "
-#| "don't have to worry when I refer to the value of a variable whether I am "
-#| "exceeding the fan-out limit by referring to it 20 times.  I don't have to "
-#| "worry, when I refer to the variable, how much capacitance it has and "
-#| "whether there has been sufficient time to charge up the value.  I don't "
-#| "have to worry when I write the program, about how I am going to "
-#| "physically assemble each copy and whether I can manage to get access to "
-#| "put that <code>if</code> statement inside the <code>while</code> "
-#| "statement.  I don't have to worry about how I am going to gain access in "
-#| "case that <code>if</code> statement breaks, to remove it and replace it "
-#| "with a new one."
+"declaración <code>while</code> y llegar a romperse. <i class=\"aside"
+"\">[risas]</i>&nbsp; No tengo que preocuparme de que oscile a una frecuencia "
+"demasiado alta y genere una señal que modifique el valor de alguna otra "
+"variable. No tengo que preocuparme de cuánta corriente puede requerir la "
+"declaración <code>if</code> y si podrá disipar el calor dentro de la "
+"declaración <code>while</code>. O de si habrá una caída de tensión en la "
+"declaración <code>while</code> que impida que la declaración 
<code>if</code> "
+"funcione."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "I don't have to worry that if I run this program in a salt-water "
 "environment, that the salt water might get in between the <code>if</code> "
@@ -3158,42 +1729,16 @@
 "salada, el agua pueda introducirse entre las declaraciones <code>if</code> y "
 "<code>while</code> y provocar corrosión. Cuando hago referencia al valor de "
 "una variable, no tengo que preocuparme de que se exceda ningún límite si 
eso "
-"sucede veinte veces. Cuando hago referencia a la variable tampoco tengo que "
-"preocuparme de su capacitancia, ni de si habrá tiempo suficiente para que se 
"
-"cargue su valor. Cuando escribo el programa no tengo que preocuparme de cómo 
"
-"ensamblaré físicamente cada copia ni de si podré arreglármelas para 
insertar "
-"la declaración <code>if</code> dentro de la declaración <code>while</code>. 
"
-"No tengo que preocuparme de cómo acceder a la declaración <code>if</code>, "
-"en caso de que se rompa, para retirarla y sustituirla por una nueva."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | So many problems that we don't have to worry about in software.  That
-# | makes it fundamentally easier.  [-It is-]  {+It's+} fundamentally easier
-# | to write a program than to design a physical object that's going to work. 
-# | This [-may-] {+might+} seem strange because you have probably heard people
-# | talking about how hard software is to design{+,+} and how this is a big
-# | problem and how we are going to solve it.  They are not really talking
-# | about the same question [-as-] I am.  [-I am-]  {+See, I'm+} comparing
-# | physical and software systems of the same complexity, the same number of
-# | parts.  [-I am-]  {+I'm+} saying the software system is much easier to
-# | design than the physical system.  But the intelligence of people in these
-# | various fields is the same, so what do we do when we are confronted with
-# | an easy field? We just push it f[-u-]{+a+}rther! We push our abilities to
-# | the limit.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "So many problems that we don't have to worry about in software.  That "
-#| "makes it fundamentally easier.  It is fundamentally easier to write a "
-#| "program than to design a physical object that's going to work.  This may "
-#| "seem strange because you have probably heard people talking about how "
-#| "hard software is to design and how this is a big problem and how we are "
-#| "going to solve it.  They are not really talking about the same question "
-#| "as I am.  I am comparing physical and software systems of the same "
-#| "complexity, the same number of parts.  I am saying the software system is "
-#| "much easier to design than the physical system.  But the intelligence of "
-#| "people in these various fields is the same, so what do we do when we are "
-#| "confronted with an easy field? We just push it further! We push our "
-#| "abilities to the limit."
+"sucede demasiadas veces. Cuando hago referencia a la variable tampoco tengo "
+"que preocuparme de su capacitancia, ni de si habrá tiempo suficiente para "
+"que se cargue su valor. Cuando escribo el programa no tengo que preocuparme "
+"de cómo ensamblaré físicamente cada copia ni de si podré arreglármelas 
para "
+"insertar la declaración <code>if</code> dentro de la declaración "
+"<code>while</code>. No tengo que preocuparme de cómo acceder a la "
+"declaración <code>if</code>, en caso de que se rompa, para retirarla y "
+"sustituirla por una nueva.<i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "So many problems that we don't have to worry about in software.  That makes "
 "it fundamentally easier.  It's fundamentally easier to write a program than "
@@ -3221,30 +1766,6 @@
 "Llevamos nuestras capacidades al límite."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If systems of the same size are easy, let's make systems which are ten
-# | times as big, then it will be hard! {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} That's what we do! We make software
-# | systems [-which are-] far bigger in terms of number of parts than physical
-# | systems.  A physical system whose design has a million different pieces in
-# | it is a mega project.  A computer program whose design has a million
-# | pieces in it, [-is-] {+that's+} maybe 300,000 lines, a few people will
-# | write that in a couple of years.  [-That is-]  {+That's+} not [-a-]
-# | particularly {+a+} giant program.  GNU Emacs now has several million
-# | pieces in its design I [-think.  It-] {+think, because it+} has a million
-# | lines of code.  This [-is-] {+was+} a project done with essentially no
-# | funding whatsoever.  Mostly done by people in their spare time.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If systems of the same size are easy, let's make systems which are ten "
-#| "times as big, then it will be hard! That's what we do! We make software "
-#| "systems which are far bigger in terms of number of parts than physical "
-#| "systems.  A physical system whose design has a million different pieces "
-#| "in it is a mega project.  A computer program whose design has a million "
-#| "pieces in it, is maybe 300,000 lines, a few people will write that in a "
-#| "couple of years.  That is not a particularly giant program.  GNU Emacs "
-#| "now has several million pieces in its design I think.  It has a million "
-#| "lines of code.  This is a project done with essentially no funding "
-#| "whatsoever.  Mostly done by people in their spare time."
 msgid ""
 "If systems of the same size are easy, let's make systems which are ten times "
 "as big, then it will be hard! <i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp; That's "
@@ -3258,39 +1779,18 @@
 "funding whatsoever.  Mostly done by people in their spare time."
 msgstr ""
 "Si los sistemas del mismo tamaño son sencillos, hagamos sistemas diez veces "
-"más grandes, ¡así será complicado! Y es lo que hacemos. Hacemos sistemas 
de "
-"software que son mucho mayores que los sistemas físicos con respecto al "
-"número de partes que los componen. Un sistema físico cuyo diseño contiene 
un "
-"millón de piezas diferentes es un megaproyecto. Un programa informático 
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-"diseño contiene un millón de piezas puede tener unas 300.000 líneas, unas "
-"pocas personas pueden escribirlo en un par de años. No sería un programa "
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-"millón de líneas de código. Es un proyecto realizado prácticamente sin "
-"financiación, realizado en su mayor parte por gente en su tiempo libre."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | There is another big saving.  If you [-have-] designed a physical product,
-# | the next thing you have to do is design the factory to make it.  To build
-# | this factory may cost millions or tens of millions{+,+} whereas to make
-# | copies of the program, you just have to type [-<kbd>copy</kbd>.-]
-# | {+<code>copy</code>.+}  The same [-copy-] {+<code>copy</code>+} command
-# | will copy any program.  You want copies on [-CD then-] {+CD,+} fine.  You
-# | burn a master CD and send it off to a CD plant.  They will use the same
-# | equipment [-which-] {+that+} will copy any contents on a CD.  You don't
-# | have to build a factory to [-make-] {+<em>make</em>+} this product.  There
-# | is tremendous simplification and tremendous reduction in costs of
-# | designing things.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There is another big saving.  If you have designed a physical product, "
-#| "the next thing you have to do is design the factory to make it.  To build "
-#| "this factory may cost millions or tens of millions whereas to make copies "
-#| "of the program, you just have to type <kbd>copy</kbd>.  The same copy "
-#| "command will copy any program.  You want copies on CD then fine.  You "
-#| "burn a master CD and send it off to a CD plant.  They will use the same "
-#| "equipment which will copy any contents on a CD.  You don't have to build "
-#| "a factory to make this product.  There is tremendous simplification and "
-#| "tremendous reduction in costs of designing things."
+"más grandes, ¡así será complicado! <i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i>&nbsp;Y 
es "
+"lo que hacemos. Hacemos sistemas de software que son mucho mayores que los "
+"sistemas físicos con respecto al número de partes que los componen. Un "
+"sistema físico cuyo diseño contiene un millón de piezas diferentes es un "
+"megaproyecto. Un programa informático cuyo diseño contiene un millón de "
+"piezas puede tener unas 300.000 líneas, unas pocas personas pueden "
+"escribirlo en un par de años. No sería un programa gigantesco. GNU Emacs "
+"contiene ya varios millones de piezas, creo, porque tiene un millón de "
+"líneas de código. Fue un proyecto realizado prácticamente sin 
financiación, "
+"realizado en su mayor parte por gente en su tiempo libre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "There is another big saving.  If you designed a physical product, the next "
 "thing you have to do is design the factory to make it.  To build this "
@@ -3305,43 +1805,14 @@
 "Hay otra gran ventaja. Si usted ha diseñado un producto físico, el 
siguiente "
 "paso será diseñar la fábrica para construirlo. Edificar esa fábrica puede 
"
 "costar millones o decenas de millones, mientras que para hacer copias del "
-"programa no hay más que escribir <kbd>copy</kbd>. La misma orden de copiar "
-"copiará cualquier programa. ¿Queremos copias en CD? De acuerdo, entonces "
-"grabamos un CD maestro y lo enviamos a una planta de CD. Utilizarán el mismo 
"
-"equipamiento para copiar cualquier contenido en un CD, no tenemos que "
-"levantar una fábrica para hacer este producto. Hay una tremenda "
-"simplificación y una tremenda reducción de costes en el diseño."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The result is, say for an automobile company, [-who will-] {+if they are
-# | going to+} spend 50 million dollars to build a factory, to build a new
-# | model of auto, they can hire some lawyers to cope with {+some+} patent
-# | license negotiations.  They [-can-] {+could+} even cope with a law[-
-# | -]suit if they wanted to.  [-To design-]  {+Designing+} a program of the
-# | same complexity [-may-] {+might+} cost 50 thousand {+dollars,+} or 100
-# | thousand dollars.  By comparison, the cost of dealing with the patent
-# | system is crushing.  [-Or actually-]  {+Actually+} designing a program
-# | with the same complexity as the mechanical design of an [-auto is-]
-# | {+auto, that's+} probably a [-month's-] {+month+} work.  How many parts
-# | does an auto have&hellip; that is if it is an auto [-which-] {+that+}
-# | doesn't have computers in it[-.-]{+?+}[<a href=\"#f1\">1</a>] There are
-# | not that many [-parts.  That-] {+parts, you see.  Which+} is not to say
-# | designing a good one is easy{+,+} but just that there are not that many
-# | different things in it.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The result is, say for an automobile company, who will spend 50 million "
-#| "dollars to build a factory, to build a new model of auto, they can hire "
-#| "some lawyers to cope with patent license negotiations.  They can even "
-#| "cope with a law suit if they wanted to.  To design a program of the same "
-#| "complexity may cost 50 thousand or 100 thousand dollars.  By comparison, "
-#| "the cost of dealing with the patent system is crushing.  Or actually "
-#| "designing a program with the same complexity as the mechanical design of "
-#| "an auto is probably a month's work.  How many parts does an auto "
-#| "have&hellip; that is if it is an auto which doesn't have computers in it."
-#| "[<a href=\"#f1\">1</a>] There are not that many parts.  That is not to "
-#| "say designing a good one is easy but just that there are not that many "
-#| "different things in it."
+"programa no hay más que escribir <code>copy</code>. La misma orden "
+"<code>copy</code> copiará cualquier programa. ¿Queremos copias en CD? De "
+"acuerdo, entonces grabamos un CD maestro y lo enviamos a una planta de CD. "
+"Utilizarán el mismo equipamiento para copiar cualquier contenido en un CD, "
+"no tenemos que levantar una fábrica para <em>hacer</em> este producto. Hay "
+"una tremenda simplificación y una tremenda reducción de costes en el 
diseño."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "The result is, say for an automobile company, if they are going to spend 50 "
 "million dollars to build a factory, to build a new model of auto, they can "
@@ -3361,33 +1832,15 @@
 "que puede contratar a unos cuantos abogados para que se ocupen de las "
 "negociaciones relativas a las patentes. Podrían incluso afrontar un proceso "
 "judicial si quisieran. Diseñar un programa de la misma complejidad puede "
-"costar 50.000 o 100.00 dólares. En comparación, el coste de lidiar con el "
-"sistema de patentes es devastador. De hecho, concebir un programa de la "
-"misma complejidad que el diseño mecánico de un coche llevaría 
probablemente "
-"un mes de trabajo. ¿Cuántas partes tiene un coche (uno que no contenga "
-"ningún ordenador)?[<a href=\"#f1\">1</a>] No son muchas. Esto no quiere "
-"decir que diseñar un buen coche sea sencillo, sino solo que no contiene "
-"muchas piezas diferentes."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The result is{+,+} software really is different from other fields because
-# | we are working with mathematical [-stuff designing-] {+stuff. Designing+}
-# | something is far, far [-easier and-] {+easier. And+} the result is
-# | [-that-] we regularly make systems [-which-] {+that+} are much, much
-# | larger{+,+} and do so with just a few people.  The result is that the
-# | patent system then{+,+} instead of being close to [-one-] {+&ldquo;one+}
-# | product, one [-patent,-] {+patent,&rdquo;+} we are in a system where one
-# | product involves many, many ideas [-which-] {+that+} could be patented
-# | already.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The result is software really is different from other fields because we "
-#| "are working with mathematical stuff designing something is far, far "
-#| "easier and the result is that we regularly make systems which are much, "
-#| "much larger and do so with just a few people.  The result is that the "
-#| "patent system then instead of being close to one product, one patent, we "
-#| "are in a system where one product involves many, many ideas which could "
-#| "be patented already."
+"costar 50.000 o 100.000 dólares. En comparación, el coste de lidiar con el "
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+"complejidad que el diseño mecánico de un coche llevaría probablemente un 
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+"de trabajo. ¿Cuántas partes tiene un coche... uno que no contenga ningún "
+"ordenador?[<a href=\"#f1\">1</a>] No son muchas. Esto no quiere decir que "
+"diseñar un buen coche sea sencillo, sino solo que no contiene muchas piezas "
+"diferentes."
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-# | The best way to explain it by analogy is with symphonies.  A symphony is
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-# | Imagine if the governments of Europe in the 1700's had decided they wanted
-# | to promote the progress of symphonic music by establishing a European
-# | Musical Patent Office that would give patents for any kind of musical
-# | [-ideas which-] {+idea that+} you could state in words.  Then imagine it
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@@ -3445,34 +1877,11 @@
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-# | When you complain about this, the patent holders would say &ldquo;Ah
-# | Beethoven, you are just bitching because you have no ideas of your own. 
-# | All you want to do is rip off our inventions.&rdquo; Beethoven, as it
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-# | to.  <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez\";>Pierre
-# | Boulez</a> said he would try to do that, [-but-] {+and&hellip;+} who
-# | listens to Pierre Boulez? {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+}
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-# | Nobody is so brilliant he can re-invent all [-of-] computer science,
-# | completely new.  If he did, [-he would-] {+he'd+} make something that the
-# | users would find so strange that they wouldn't want to use it.  If you
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-# | Because the work of software development is so big, the result is that we
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-# | The ideas that were too small or not impressive enough, they would not
-# | publish because that would be silly.  Now the patent system is supposed to
-# | encourage disclosure of ideas.  In fact, in the old days, nobody kept the
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-# | represented the bulk of the work.  They would {+typically+} keep the code
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-# |  The same things are kept secret now as [-what-] were kept secret before,
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-# | [-them are-] {+them,+} now {+are+} likely to be patented and off-limits
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@@ -3633,20 +1977,10 @@
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-# | What can a country do to change this? How should we change the policy to
-# | solve this problem? There are two places you can attack it.  One is the
-# | place where patents are being applied for and issued, in the patent
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-# | Changing the criteria for issuing patents{+,+} or simply keeping a good
-# | criteria for issuing patents, can work in a country which has not
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-# | patents.  The directive I suppose may be broader than that but one of its
-# | important implications is for software patents.  Simply by modifying this
-# | to say software ideas cannot be patented will keep the problem out of
-# | Europe for the most part, except for some countries that may have admitted
-# | the problem on their [-own.  Unfortunately-] {+own&mdash;unfortunately,+}
-# | one of them being the [-UK.  Unfortunately-] {+UK, unfortunately+} for you.
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@@ -3714,23 +2022,6 @@
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-# | a program in this makes it patentable.  The fact that there is a computer
-# | and program in anything makes it patentable.  This is why the US started
-# | having business procedure patents.  [-This is because-]  {+Because+} the
-# | business procedures were carried out on a computer and that made them
-# | patentable.  So this ruling was made{+,+} and I think the natural order
-# | recalculation patent was one of the first or might have been even the
-# | first.  [-Throughout the 80's we didn't know about this.-]
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The appeals court the next year which considers all patent cases, "
-#| "reversed the qualifiers.  They said the fact that there is a computer and "
-#| "a program in this makes it patentable.  The fact that there is a computer "
-#| "and program in anything makes it patentable.  This is why the US started "
-#| "having business procedure patents.  This is because the business "
-#| "procedures were carried out on a computer and that made them patentable.  "
-#| "So this ruling was made and I think the natural order recalculation "
-#| "patent was one of the first or might have been even the first.  "
-#| "Throughout the 80's we didn't know about this."
 msgid ""
 "The appeals court the next year, which considers all patent cases, reversed "
 "the qualifiers.  They said the fact that there is a computer and a program "
@@ -3865,43 +2095,16 @@
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-"ordenador y un programa lo hace patentable. Así es cómo EE.&nbsp;UU. 
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-"a introducir patentes sobre procedimientos industriales. Esto se debe a que "
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-"que fuera la primera. En los años ochenta no lo sabíamos."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | {+But throughout the 80's we mostly didn't know about this.+}  It was
-# | around 1990 that programmers in the US started to become aware that they
-# | were faced with a danger from software patents.  [-So i-]  {+So, I+} saw
-# | how the field worked before {+then+} and how [-the field-] {+it+} worked
-# | after.  I saw no particular speed up in progress after 1990.  There was no
-# | political debate in the US, but in Europe there has been a big political
-# | debate.  Several years ago there was a push to amend the Munich treaty
-# | that established the <a href=\"https://www.epo.org/\";> European Patent
-# | Office</a>.  It has a <a
-# | 
href=\"https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/1973/e/ar52.html\";>
-# | clause saying that software is not patentable</a>.  The push was to amend
-# | that to start allowing software patents.  But the community took notice of
-# | this.  It was actually free software developers and free software users
-# | who took the lead.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "It was around 1990 that programmers in the US started to become aware "
-#| "that they were faced with a danger from software patents.  So i saw how "
-#| "the field worked before and how the field worked after.  I saw no "
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-#| "debate in the US, but in Europe there has been a big political debate.  "
-#| "Several years ago there was a push to amend the Munich treaty that "
-#| "established the <a href=\"https://www.epo.org/\";> European Patent Office</"
-#| "a>.  It has a <a href=\"https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/";
-#| "epc/1973/e/ar52.html\"> clause saying that software is not patentable</"
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-#| "the community took notice of this.  It was actually free software "
-#| "developers and free software users who took the lead."
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"
+"el cálculo en orden natural fue una de las primeras, o incluso puede que "
+"fuera la primera."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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@@ -3916,41 +2119,21 @@
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 "actually free software developers and free software users who took the lead."
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-"Fue alrededor de los noventa cuando los programadores de EE.&nbsp;UU. "
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-"desarrolladores y usuarios de software libre quienes lideraron la oposición."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | We are not the only ones threatened by software patents.  All software
-# | developers are threatened by software patents and even software users are
-# | [-threatened by software patents.-] {+threatened.+}  For instance, Paul
-# | Heckel, when Apple wasn't very scared of his threats, he threatened to
-# | start suing [-Apple's-] {+Apple+} customers.  {+That,+} Apple found
-# | [-that-] very scary.  They figured they couldn't afford to have their
-# | customers being sued like that, even if they would ultimately win.  So
-# | [-the-] users can get sued too, either as a way of attacking a
-# | developer{+,+} or just as a way to squeeze money out of them on their own
-# | or [-to-] cause [-mayhem.-] {+mayhem to them on their own.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "We are not the only ones threatened by software patents.  All software "
-#| "developers are threatened by software patents and even software users are "
-#| "threatened by software patents.  For instance, Paul Heckel, when Apple "
-#| "wasn't very scared of his threats, he threatened to start suing Apple's "
-#| "customers.  Apple found that very scary.  They figured they couldn't "
-#| "afford to have their customers being sued like that, even if they would "
-#| "ultimately win.  So the users can get sued too, either as a way of "
-#| "attacking a developer or just as a way to squeeze money out of them on "
-#| "their own or to cause mayhem."
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he "
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+"hubo presiones para enmendar el tratado de Munich que estableció la <a href="
+"\"https://www.epo.org/\";>Oficina Europea de Patentes</a>. Hay una <a href="
+"\"https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/1973/e/ar52.html";
+"\">cláusula que dice que el software no es patentable</a>. La ofensiva "
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+"la comunidad se dio cuenta de esto, y fueron los desarrolladores y usuarios "
+"de software libre quienes lideraron la oposición."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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 "We are not the only ones threatened by software patents.  All software "
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@@ -3966,24 +2149,12 @@
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 "Apple, amenazó con empezar a demandar a los clientes de Apple. Eso sí 
asustó "
 "a Apple. Calcularon que no podían permitirse que sus clientes fueran "
-"demandados de esa manera, aun cuando al final ganaran. De modo que también "
-"los usuarios pueden ser denunciados, bien como forma de atacar a un "
+"demandados de esa manera, aun si al final ganaran. De modo que también los "
+"usuarios pueden ser denunciados, bien como forma de atacar a un "
 "desarrollador, o simplemente como un medio para sacarles dinero o provocar "
 "confusión."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | All software developers and users are [-vulnerable.  But-] {+vulnerable,
-# | but+} it was the free software community in Europe that took the lead in
-# | organizing opposition.  In fact, twice now the countries that govern the
-# | European Patent Office voted not to amend that treaty.  Then the EU took a
-# | hand{+,+} and the directorates of the EU were divided on the issue.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "All software developers and users are vulnerable.  But it was the free "
-#| "software community in Europe that took the lead in organizing "
-#| "opposition.  In fact, twice now the countries that govern the European "
-#| "Patent Office voted not to amend that treaty.  Then the EU took a hand "
-#| "and the directorates of the EU were divided on the issue."
 msgid ""
 "All software developers and users are vulnerable, but it was the free "
 "software community in Europe that took the lead in organizing opposition.  "
@@ -3999,28 +2170,6 @@
 "diferente."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The one whose job is to promote software is against software patents{+,+}
-# | it seems.  [-They-]  {+But they+} were not in charge [-with-] {+of+} this
-# | issue.  [-It is-]  {+It's+} the open market directorate [-who-] {+that+}
-# | is in charge{+,+} and [-is lead-] {+that's led+} by somebody who is in
-# | favor of software patents.  They basically disregarded public opinion
-# | [-which has-] {+that had+} been expressed to [-them.  They have-] {+them,
-# | and they+} proposed a directive to allow software patents.[<a
-# | [-href=\"#f3\">3</a>]-] {+href=\"#f2\">2</a>]+} The French government has
-# | already said they are against it.  People [-who-] are working in various
-# | other governments in Europe to oppose software patents{+,+} and it is
-# | vital to start doing so here.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The one whose job is to promote software is against software patents it "
-#| "seems.  They were not in charge with this issue.  It is the open market "
-#| "directorate who is in charge and is lead by somebody who is in favor of "
-#| "software patents.  They basically disregarded public opinion which has "
-#| "been expressed to them.  They have proposed a directive to allow software "
-#| "patents.[<a href=\"#f3\">3</a>] The French government has already said "
-#| "they are against it.  People who are working in various other governments "
-#| "in Europe to oppose software patents and it is vital to start doing so "
-#| "here."
 msgid ""
 "The one whose job is to promote software is against software patents, it "
 "seems.  But they were not in charge of this issue.  It's the open market "
@@ -4036,40 +2185,12 @@
 "al cargo es la Dirección General del Mercado Interno, cuyo líder es "
 "favorable a las patentes de software. Ignoraron por completo la opinión "
 "pública y propusieron una directiva que permitía las patentes de software."
-"[<a href=\"#f3\">3</a>] El Gobierno francés ya ha dicho que se opone a esa "
+"[<a href=\"#f2\">2</a>] El Gobierno francés ya ha dicho que se opone a esa "
 "directiva. En varios otros países europeos ya se está trabajando para "
 "oponerse a las patentes de software, y es vital que aquí se empiece a hacer "
 "lo mismo."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | According to Hartmut Pilch, who is one of the leaders in the European
-# | struggle against software patents, the main impetus comes from the <a
-# | href=\"https://www.gov.uk/topic/intellectual-property/patents\";>UK
-# | [-&ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;-] {+Patent+} Office</a>.  [-This
-# | office-]  {+The UK Patent Office+} is simply biased in favor of software
-# | patents.  It had a public consultation{+,+} and most of the responses were
-# | opposed to software patents.  They then wrote a report saying that people
-# | seem to be content with them, {+<i class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+}
-# | completely disregarding the answers.  You see, the free software community
-# | [-said please-] {+said, &ldquo;Please+} send the answers to them{+,+} and
-# | please send your answers to us too and we'll publish [-them.-]
-# | {+them.&rdquo;+} So they published these answers{+,+} which were
-# | [-generally opposed.-] {+opposed generally.+}  You'd have never guessed
-# | that from the report that the UK Patent Office published.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "According to Hartmut Pilch, who is one of the leaders in the European "
-#| "struggle against software patents, the main impetus comes from the <a "
-#| "href=\"https://www.gov.uk/topic/intellectual-property/patents\";>UK &ldquo;"
-#| "Intellectual Property&rdquo; Office</a>.  This office is simply biased in "
-#| "favor of software patents.  It had a public consultation and most of the "
-#| "responses were opposed to software patents.  They then wrote a report "
-#| "saying that people seem to be content with them, completely disregarding "
-#| "the answers.  You see, the free software community said please send the "
-#| "answers to them and please send your answers to us too and we'll publish "
-#| "them.  So they published these answers which were generally opposed.  "
-#| "You'd have never guessed that from the report that the UK Patent Office "
-#| "published."
 msgid ""
 "According to Hartmut Pilch, who is one of the leaders in the European "
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@@ -4091,44 +2212,14 @@
 "favorable a las patentes de software. Llevó a cabo una encuesta pública y 
la "
 "mayoría de las respuestas fueron contrarias a las patentes de software. "
 "Luego redactaron un informe diciendo que la gente parecía estar conforme con 
"
-"ellas, ignorando por completo las respuestas. Resulta que la comunidad del "
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-"publicaron, y la mayoría eran contrarias. A la vista del informe de la "
-"Oficina de Patentes del Reino Unido nadie habría pensado que era así."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | They [-(-]{+[+}the UK Patent and Trademark Office[-)-]{+]+} use a term
-# | that they call [-technical effect.-] {+&ldquo;technical effect.&rdquo;+}
-# | This is a term which can stretch tremendously.  You are supposed to think
-# | it means a program idea would only be patentable if it relates closely to
-# | specific physical activities.  If that is the interpretation, it would
-# | mostly solve the problem.  If the only software ideas that [-can-]
-# | {+could+} be patented were those that really did relate to a particular
-# | technical, specific physical result that you might have patented if you
-# | didn't use a program, that would be OK.  The problem is [-that-] you can
-# | stretch that term.  You can describe the result you get by running any
-# | program as a physical result.  How does this physical result [-different-]
-# | {+differ+} from every other? Well it is as a result of this computation. 
-# | The result is that the UK Patent Office is proposing something that looks
-# | like it leads to mostly solving the problem{+,+} and really gives [-carte
-# | blanche-] {+<i>carte blanche</i>+} for patenting almost anything.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "They (the UK Patent and Trademark Office) use a term that they call "
-#| "technical effect.  This is a term which can stretch tremendously.  You "
-#| "are supposed to think it means a program idea would only be patentable if "
-#| "it relates closely to specific physical activities.  If that is the "
-#| "interpretation, it would mostly solve the problem.  If the only software "
-#| "ideas that can be patented were those that really did relate to a "
-#| "particular technical, specific physical result that you might have "
-#| "patented if you didn't use a program, that would be OK.  The problem is "
-#| "that you can stretch that term.  You can describe the result you get by "
-#| "running any program as a physical result.  How does this physical result "
-#| "different from every other? Well it is as a result of this computation.  "
-#| "The result is that the UK Patent Office is proposing something that looks "
-#| "like it leads to mostly solving the problem and really gives carte "
-#| "blanche for patenting almost anything."
+"ellas, <i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i> ignorando por completo las respuestas. "
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+"publicarlas. De modo que las publicaron, y la mayoría eran contrarias. A la "
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+"pensado que era así."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
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@@ -4145,7 +2236,7 @@
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 "patenting almost anything."
 msgstr ""
-"Ellos (la Oficina de Patentes y Marcas Comerciales del Reino Unido) utilizan "
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@@ -4154,46 +2245,14 @@
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 "problema y que en realidad da carta blanca para patentar casi todo."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The people in the same ministry are also involved in [-the-] {+a+}
-# | copyright issue which really has nothing to do with software patents
-# | except that [-it is-] {+it's+} being handled by the same people.  [-It
-# | is-]  {+It's+} a question of interpreting the recent EU copyright
-# | directive, a horrible law like the <a
-# | href=\"https://www.eff.org/issues/dmca\";>Digital Millennium Copyright Act
-# | in the US</a>.  But there is some latitude for countries to decide how to
-# | implement it.  The UK is proposing the most draconian possible way of
-# | implementing this directive. You could greatly reduce the harm that it
-# | does by implementing it properly.  The UK wants to maximize the tyrannical
-# | effect of this directive.  It seems there is a certain group, the <a
-# | 
href=\"https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20070603164510/http://www.dti.gov.uk/\";>{+
-# | +}Department of Trade and Industry [archived]</a>, {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>+} who need to be reined in. {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[laughs]</i>&nbsp;+} It is necessary to put a check on
-# | their activities. Stop their creating new forms of power.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The people in the same ministry are also involved in the copyright issue "
-#| "which really has nothing to do with software patents except that it is "
-#| "being handled by the same people.  It is a question of interpreting the "
-#| "recent EU copyright directive, a horrible law like the <a href=\"https://";
-#| "www.eff.org/issues/dmca\">Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the US</"
-#| "a>.  But there is some latitude for countries to decide how to implement "
-#| "it.  The UK is proposing the most draconian possible way of implementing "
-#| "this directive. You could greatly reduce the harm that it does by "
-#| "implementing it properly.  The UK wants to maximize the tyrannical effect "
-#| "of this directive.  It seems there is a certain group, the <a href="
-#| "\"https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20070603164510/http://";
-#| "www.dti.gov.uk/\">Department of Trade and Industry [archived]</a>, who "
-#| "need to be reined in.  It is necessary to put a check on their "
-#| "activities. Stop their creating new forms of power."
 msgid ""
 "The people in the same ministry are also involved in a copyright issue which "
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@@ -4222,53 +2281,25 @@
 "que produce, pero el Reino Unido quiere maximizar el efecto tiránico de la "
 "directiva. Parece que hay cierto organismo, el <a href=\"https://webarchive.";
 "nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20070603164510/http://www.dti.gov.uk/";
-"\">Departamento de Comercio e Industria</a>, al que hay que poner freno. Es "
-"necesario poner límites a sus actividades e impedirle crear nuevas formas de 
"
-"poder."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Software patents tie up every software developer and every computer user
-# | in a new [-in a new-] form of [-bureaucrat.-] {+bureaucracy.+}  If the
-# | businesses that use computers realized how much trouble this can cause for
-# | them, they would be up in arms{+,+} and [-I am-] {+I'm+} sure they [-can-]
-# | {+could+} stop it.  Business doesn't like being tied up in bureaucracy.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Software patents tie up every software developer and every computer user "
-#| "in a new in a new form of bureaucrat.  If the businesses that use "
-#| "computers realized how much trouble this can cause for them, they would "
-#| "be up in arms and I am sure they can stop it.  Business doesn't like "
-#| "being tied up in bureaucracy."
+"\">Departamento de Comercio e Industria</a>, <i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i> "
+"al que hay que poner freno. <i class=\"aside\">[risas]</i>&nbsp;Es necesario "
+"poner límites a sus actividades e impedirle crear nuevas formas de poder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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 "sure they could stop it.  Business doesn't like being tied up in bureaucracy."
 msgstr ""
-"Las patentes de software enredan a todos los desarrolladores de software y a "
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-"seguro de que podrían detenerlo. A las empresas no les gustan las trabas "
+"seguro de que podrían ponerle fin. A las empresas no les gustan las trabas "
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 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Sometimes, of course, it serves an important purpose.  There are some
-# | areas where we wish the UK government did a more careful job [-in-] {+of+}
-# | tying certain businesses up in bureaucracy, like when it involves moving
-# | animals around.[<a [-href=\"#f4\">4</a>]-] {+href=\"#f3\">3</a>]+} But in
-# | some cases, when it doesn't serve any purpose except to create artificial
-# | monopolies{+,+} so that somebody can interfere with software development,
-# | squeeze money out of developers and users, then we should reject it.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Sometimes, of course, it serves an important purpose.  There are some "
-#| "areas where we wish the UK government did a more careful job in tying "
-#| "certain businesses up in bureaucracy, like when it involves moving "
-#| "animals around.[<a href=\"#f4\">4</a>] But in some cases, when it doesn't "
-#| "serve any purpose except to create artificial monopolies so that somebody "
-#| "can interfere with software development, squeeze money out of developers "
-#| "and users, then we should reject it."
 msgid ""
 "Sometimes, of course, it serves an important purpose.  There are some areas "
 "where we wish the UK government did a more careful job of tying certain "
@@ -4281,11 +2312,10 @@
 "Claro que a veces cumple una función importante. Hay algunos terrenos en los 
"
 "que desearíamos que el Gobierno del Reino Unido hiciera una labor más "
 "cuidadosa imponiendo trámites burocráticos a ciertas empresas, como cuando "
-"se trata de trasladar animales de un lugar a otro.[<a href=\"#f4\">4</a>] "
+"se trata de trasladar animales de un lugar a otro.[<a href=\"#f3\">3</a>] "
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-"artificiales que permiten que alguien interfiera en el desarrollo del "
-"software y exprima a los desarrolladores y usuarios, entonces hemos de "
-"rechazarla."
+"artificiales para que alguien interfiera en el desarrollo del software y "
+"exprima a los desarrolladores y usuarios, entonces hemos de rechazarla."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -4299,14 +2329,12 @@
 "a>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The battle is not over.  It still can be won. {+<i
-# | class=\"aside\">[applause]</i>+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "The battle is not over.  It still can be won."
 msgid ""
 "The battle is not over.  It still can be won. <i class=\"aside\">[applause]</"
 "i>"
-msgstr "La batalla no ha terminado. Aún se puede ganar."
+msgstr ""
+"La batalla no ha terminado. Aún se puede ganar. <i class=\"aside"
+"\">[aplausos]</i>"
 
 # type: Content of: <h4>
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
@@ -4355,21 +2383,12 @@
 msgstr "Para evitar que se extienda la fiebre aftosa."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# | This [-essay-] {+speech+} is published in <a
-# | 
href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free
-# | Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M.
-# | Stallman</cite></a>.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This essay is published in <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
-#| "software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
-#| "Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
 msgid ""
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 msgstr ""
-"Este ensayo está publicado en el libro <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/";
+"Esta charla está publicada en el libro <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/";
 "product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Software libre para una sociedad "
 "libre: Selección de ensayos de Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."