www/philosophy surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn....

[GNUN]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     22/06/16 03:10:57

Modified files:
        philosophy     : surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html 
        philosophy/po  : surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-en.html 
                         surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80

Patches:
Index: surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html        13 Apr 2022 03:30:36 -0000      
1.27
+++ surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html        16 Jun 2022 07:10:54 -0000      
1.28
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" 
value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
 <!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
 <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@
 <title>民主能够承受多少监控？ - GNU工程 - 
自由软件基金会</title>
 <style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
 #intro { margin: 2em auto 1.5em; }
+.toc { width: auto; }
 .pict.wide { width: 23em; }
 .pict p { margin-bottom: 0; }
+#conclusion { visibility: hidden; margin-top: 1em; }
 @media (min-width: 55em) {
    #intro { max-width: 55em; }
+   .toc { max-width: 51em; }
+   .toc li { display: inline-block; width: 90%; }
 }
 -->
 
@@ -62,7 +66,26 @@
 href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup>。如果&ldquo;抓捕报警者
&rdquo;的前提是获取指认她/他的足够资料，那么这æ 
·çš„立法不足以保护报警者。我们需要更进一步。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3 style="clear: both">民主社会中监控的上限</h3>
+<div class="toc" style="clear: both">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">目录</h3>
+<ul class="columns">
+ <li><a href="#upperlimit">民主社会中监控的上限</a></li>
+ <li><a 
href="#willbemisused">信息，一旦被搜集，就会被滥用</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#technical">对隐私的有力保护必
须是技术性的</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#commonsense">首先，不要被愚弄</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#privacybydesign">我们设计每个系统时都必
须考虑隐私</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dispersal">针对数据收集的解药：分散数据</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#digitalcash">针对商业网络监控的解药</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#travel">针对旅行监控的解药</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#communications">针对通讯档案的解药</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#necessary">但是某些监控还是必要的</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#conclusion">结论</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="upperlimit">民主社会中监控的上限</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>如果报警者
不敢披露罪恶和谎言，我们就失去了对政府和制度的最后一丝控制。这就是为什么å
…è®¸æ”¿åºœå‘现谁是报告者的监控是过度的监控&mdash;æ˜¯æ°‘ä¸»æ— 
法承受的过度监控。</p>
@@ -78,10 +101,10 @@
 href="https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf";>系统性å…
¥ä¾µå’Œå¹³çš„持不同证件者组织的活动</a>，å…
¶å€Ÿå£å°±æ˜¯è¿™äº›ç»„织中可能有恐怖分子。监控过度的水平就是政府能够通过监控发现谁和记è€
…或持不同证件者谈过话的水平。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>信息，一旦被搜集，就会被滥用</h3>
+<h3 id="willbemisused">信息，一旦被搜集，就会被滥用</h3>
 
 <div  class="columns">
-<p 
id="willbemisused">当人们认识到监控的水平过高时，他们的第一反应是提议限制获取数据。这听起来不错，但不解决问题，一点儿也不解决问题，即使假设政府会遵守这些条款也是一æ
 ·ã€‚（NSA误导了FISA<sup><a
+<p>当人们认识到监控的水平过高时，他们的第一反应是提议限制获取数据。这听起来不错，但不解决问题，一点儿也不解决问题，即使假设政府会遵守这些条款也是一æ
 ·ã€‚（NSA误导了FISA<sup><a
 href="#TransNote4">4</a></sup>法庭，该法庭说它<a
 
href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-violations/";>不能有效地让NSA负责</a>。）å›
 为怀疑有罪就能够成为获取数据的理由，所以一旦报警者
被指控&ldquo;从事谍报活动，&rdquo;那么搜索&ldquo;间谍&rdquo;就会成为获取数据的借口。</p>
 
@@ -119,7 +142,7 @@
 <p>对监控的å…
¨é¢æŽŒæŽ§ä½¿å¾—政府可以对任何人开展大规模的钓鱼调查。要使言论和民主安å
…¨ï¼Œæˆ‘们必须限制政府对监控数据的访问。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>对隐私的有力保护必须是技术性的</h3>
+<h3 id="technical">对隐私的有力保护必须是技术性的</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>电子前线基金会（Electronic Frontier Foundation）和å…
¶ä»–一些组织提议了一组法律原则来 <a
@@ -133,7 +156,7 @@
 <p>如果获取数据的限制被搁置一边，那么情
况就变得和限制不存在一æ 
·ï¼šåŽ†å¹´çš„档案突然就变得可能会被政府及å…
¶ä»£ç†äººæ»¥ç”¨ï¼Œå¦‚果由公司收集，å…
¬å¸ä¹Ÿä¼šç§è‡ªæ»¥ç”¨ã€‚但是，如果终止收集这些档案，那么就没有档案，当然也就没有可能做回溯ç
 ”ç©¶ã€‚ä¸€ä¸ªæ–°çš„éžè‡ªç”±æ”¿æƒåªèƒ½é‡æ–°æž„é€ 
监控，而且只能收集从那以后的数据。如果可以终止或暂时忽略该法律，那么这个想法就å‡
 ä¹Žæ¯«æ— æ„ä¹‰ã€‚</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>首先，不要被愚弄</h3>
+<h3 id="commonsense">首先，不要被愚弄</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>è¦æ‹¥æœ‰éšç§ï¼Œä½ å°±ä¸èƒ½æŠ›å¼ƒå®ƒï¼šä½ 
是第一个要保护自己隐私的人。避å…
åœ¨ç½‘站暴露身份、使用Tor<sup><a
@@ -152,7 +175,7 @@
 <p>è‡ªæˆ‘ä¿æŠ¤å¾ˆé‡è¦ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å³ä½¿æœ€ä¸¥è°¨çš„è‡ªæˆ‘ä¿æŠ¤ä¹Ÿæ— 
æ³•åœ¨åˆ«äººçš„è®¾å¤‡ä¸Šä¿æŠ¤ä½ çš„éšç§ã€‚å½“æˆ‘ä»¬å’Œå…¶ä»–äººäº¤æµæˆ–è€…
流连于城市之中时，我们的隐私依赖于社会的实践。我们可以避å
…ä¸€äº›ç›‘æŽ§æˆ‘ä»¬äº¤æµå’Œæ´»åŠ¨çš„ç³»ç»Ÿï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æ— 法避å…
æ‰€æœ‰çš„监控系统。很明显，最好就是终止所有的监控，除了针对法律å
…è®¸çš„嫌疑犯。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>我们设计每个系统时都必须考虑隐私</h3>
+<h3 id="privacybydesign">我们设计每个系统时都必须考虑隐私</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>如果我们不要完全监控的社会，我们必
须视监控为社会污染，我们要象限制建筑工程对环境的影响一æ
 ·é™åˆ¶ç›‘控对每个新数字系统的影响。</p>
@@ -162,10 +185,10 @@
 <p>我们需要为每个数字设备设计此类隐私保护&nbsp;[<a 
href="#ambientprivacy">1</a>]。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>针对数据收集的解药：分散数据</h3>
+<h3 id="dispersal">针对数据收集的解药：分散数据</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
-<p id="dispersal">让隐私在监控下安å…
¨çš„一个方法是分散数据并使之不容易获取。老式的安å…
¨æ‘„像头对隐私不构成威胁（<a
+<p>让隐私在监控下安å…
¨çš„一个方法是分散数据并使之不容易获取。老式的安å…
¨æ‘„像头对隐私不构成威胁（<a
 
href="#privatespace">*</a>）。它的记录都保存在本地，最多保留数周。å›
 
为获取这些记录并不方便，所以从来没有大规模地收集此类数据；只有有人报告犯罪活动时，数据才被从本地调取。每天收集上百万的磁带并查看或复制实é™
…上是不可能完成的任务。</p>
 
 <p>今天，安å…
¨æ‘„像头变成了监控摄像头：他们连接到互联网，所以记录能够由数据中心收集并永ä¹
…保存。在底特律，警察向企业施压，要企业给他们<a
@@ -213,7 +236,7 @@
 <p>网站收集个人数据的另一个威胁是安全攻击者会侵å…
¥ï¼ŒèŽ·å–数据并滥用之。这包括客户信用卡的详情
。匿名付款系统会结束这个危险：网站的安å…
¨æ¼æ´žä¸ä¼šä¼¤å®³åˆ°ä½ ï¼Œå› ä¸ºç½‘ç«™ä¸çŸ¥é“ä½ æ˜¯è°ã€‚</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>针对旅行监控的解药</h3>
+<h3 id="travel">针对旅行监控的解药</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>æˆ‘ä»¬å¿…é¡»å°†ç”µå­è¿‡è·¯è´¹æ”¶å–ç³»ç»Ÿæ”¹é€ 
为匿名付费系统（比如，使用数字现金）。车牌识别系统<a
@@ -232,7 +255,7 @@
 <p>诸如租借自行车之类的系统，可以设计为租借者的身份仅
被当事出借站所知。该出借站可以通知所有å…
¶ä»–站点某物品已经&ldquo;借出&rdquo;ï¼Œè¿™æ ·ç§Ÿå€Ÿè€…
就可以在任意站点归还物品（一般来说，是另一个站点），而归还站已知该物品是何时在何地被借出。它会通知å
…
¶ä»–站点该物品不再是&ldquo;借出&rdquo;。归还站还会计算用户的账单，并将之（在等å¾
…随机时间段后）经由多个站点发回总部，这æ 
·æ€»éƒ¨å°±ä¸èƒ½çŸ¥é“账单来自哪里。完成发送之后，归还站将忘掉该交易。如果物品长时间保持&ldquo;借出&rdquo;，借出站可以通知总部；此时，它可以立即把租借è€
…的身份发送过去。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>针对通讯档案的解药</h3>
+<h3 id="communications">针对通讯档案的解药</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>网络服务商和电话公司保留å…
¶ç”¨æˆ·çš„大量数据（浏览记录、通话记录等等）。对移动电话用户，他们还会<a
@@ -250,7 +273,7 @@
 Levison（Lavabit邮件服务的拥有者，美国监控机构企图彻底ç 
´åè¯¥é‚®ä»¶ç³»ç»Ÿï¼‰å¯¹é‚®ä»¶åŠ å¯†ç³»ç»Ÿæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªæ›´å¤æ‚çš„æƒ³æ³•ï¼šä½ 
çš„é‚®ä»¶æœåŠ¡å•†åªä¼šçŸ¥é“ä½ 
向我的邮件服务商的某个用户发送了邮件，同时我的邮件服务商只会知道我收到了来自ä½
 çš„é‚®ä»¶æœåŠ¡å•†çš„æŸä¸ªç”¨æˆ·çš„é‚®ä»¶ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å®ƒå¾ˆéš¾ç¡®å®šæ˜¯ä½ 
发邮件给了我。</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>但是某些监控还是必要的</h3>
+<h3 id="necessary">但是某些监控还是必要的</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 
<p>政府要抓到罪犯，它要能够在法庭命令下调查指定的罪案或è€
…
指定的可疑预谋。有了互联网，监听电话的权力会自然延伸到监听互联网。虽然政府很容易滥用该权力，但是它也是å¿
…要的。所幸的是，如果（按我的建议）事å…
ˆå·²ç»ç¦æ­¢äº†æ¡£æ¡ˆæ”¶é›†ï¼Œåœ¨äº‹åŽæŸ¥æ‰¾æŠ¥è­¦è€…就不太可能。</p>
@@ -270,7 +293,7 @@
 
 <p>但是，言论自由必
须不受监控，即使它是以商业的形式呈现的。</p>
 </div>
-<div class="column-limit"></div>
+<div id="conclusion" class="column-limit"></div>
 
 <div class="reduced-width">
 
<p>数字技术大大提高了对我们的活动、行为和通讯的监控水平。它远远è¶
…过了1990年代我们所经历的水平，也<a
@@ -382,7 +405,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新：
 
-$Date: 2022/04/13 03:30:36 $
+$Date: 2022/06/16 07:10:54 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-en.html  13 Apr 2022 03:30:37 -0000      
1.27
+++ po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-en.html  16 Jun 2022 07:10:56 -0000      
1.28
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
 <!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
 <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
@@ -7,10 +7,14 @@
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
 <style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
 #intro { margin: 2em auto 1.5em; }
+.toc { width: auto; }
 .pict.wide { width: 23em; }
 .pict p { margin-bottom: 0; }
+#conclusion { visibility: hidden; margin-top: 1em; }
 @media (min-width: 55em) {
    #intro { max-width: 55em; }
+   .toc { max-width: 51em; }
+   .toc li { display: inline-block; width: 90%; }
 }
 -->
 </style>
@@ -82,7 +86,26 @@
 or her.  We need to go further.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3 style="clear: both">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a Democracy</h3>
+<div class="toc" style="clear: both">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">Table of contents</h3>
+<ul class="columns">
+ <li><a href="#upperlimit">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a 
Democracy</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#willbemisused">Information, Once Collected, Will Be 
Misused</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#technical">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be 
Technical</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#commonsense">First, Don't Be Foolish</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#privacybydesign">We Must Design Every System for 
Privacy</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dispersal">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It 
Dispersed</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#digitalcash">Remedy for Internet Commerce Surveillance</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#travel">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#communications">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#necessary">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="upperlimit">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a Democracy</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>If whistleblowers don't dare reveal crimes and lies, we lose the
@@ -115,10 +138,10 @@
 spoke to a known journalist or a known dissident.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>Information, Once Collected, Will Be Misused</h3>
+<h3 id="willbemisused">Information, Once Collected, Will Be Misused</h3>
 
 <div  class="columns">
-<p id="willbemisused">When people recognize
+<p>When people recognize
 that the level of general surveillance is too
 high, the first response is to propose limits on access to the
 accumulated data.  That sounds nice, but it won't fix the problem, not
@@ -201,7 +224,7 @@
 that is easily accessible to the state.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be Technical</h3>
+<h3 id="technical">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be Technical</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>The Electronic Frontier Foundation and other organizations propose
@@ -233,7 +256,7 @@
 ignoring this law, the idea would hardly make sense.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>First, Don't Be Foolish</h3>
+<h3 id="commonsense">First, Don't Be Foolish</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>To have privacy, you must not throw it away: the first one who has
@@ -278,7 +301,7 @@
 suspects.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3>
+<h3 id="privacybydesign">We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>If we don't want a total surveillance society, we must consider
@@ -301,10 +324,10 @@
 systems&nbsp;[<a href="#ambientprivacy">1</a>].</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It Dispersed</h3>
+<h3 id="dispersal">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It Dispersed</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
-<p id="dispersal">One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is
+<p>One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is
 to keep the data dispersed and inconvenient to
 access.  Old-fashioned security cameras were no threat to privacy(<a 
href="#privatespace">*</a>).
 The recording was stored on the premises, and kept for a few weeks at
@@ -417,7 +440,7 @@
 knows nothing about you.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3>
+<h3 id="travel">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>We must convert digital toll collection to anonymous payment (using
@@ -477,7 +500,7 @@
 borrower's identity immediately.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3>
+<h3 id="communications">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>Internet service providers and telephone companies keep extensive
@@ -519,7 +542,7 @@
 would be hard to determine that you had sent mail to me.</p>
 </div>
 
-<h3>But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3>
+<h3 id="necessary">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3>
 
 <div class="columns">
 <p>For the state to find criminals, it needs to be able to investigate
@@ -557,7 +580,7 @@
 <p>However, journalism must be protected from surveillance even when
 it is carried out as part of a business.</p>
 </div>
-<div class="column-limit"></div>
+<div id="conclusion" class="column-limit"></div>
 
 <div class="reduced-width">
 <p>Digital technology has brought about a tremendous increase in the
@@ -656,7 +679,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2022/04/13 03:30:37 $
+$Date: 2022/06/16 07:10:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.79
retrieving revision 1.80
diff -u -b -r1.79 -r1.80
--- po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po       16 Jun 2022 05:58:12 -0000      
1.79
+++ po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po       16 Jun 2022 07:10:56 -0000      
1.80
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
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 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2022-06-14 13:25+0000\n"
 
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