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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www doc/doc.ja.html doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html lic... |
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Date: |
Sat, 11 Jun 2022 06:02:29 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 22/06/11 06:02:28
Modified files:
doc : doc.ja.html
doc/po : doc.ja-diff.html
licenses : licenses.ja.html
licenses/po : licenses.ja-diff.html
philosophy : boldrin-levine.de.html boldrin-levine.nl.html
boldrin-levine.pl.html
europes-unitary-patent.de.html
europes-unitary-patent.pl.html
freedom-or-copyright.nl.html
freedom-or-copyright.pl.html
surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.html
ubuntu-spyware.de.html
philosophy/po : boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html
boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html
europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html
europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html
freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html
freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html
surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html
ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : boldrin-levine.de-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/doc.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.31&r2=1.32
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/licenses.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.62&r2=1.63
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/licenses.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.43&r2=1.44
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: doc/doc.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/doc.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- doc/doc.ja.html 1 Apr 2022 00:59:39 -0000 1.31
+++ doc/doc.ja.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:26 -0000 1.32
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/doc/doc.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/doc/po/doc.ja.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/doc/po/doc.ja.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/doc/doc.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/doc/doc.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/doc/po/doc.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ja.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®ææ¸</h2>
<div class="thin"></div>
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2022/04/01 00:59:39 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:26 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html 20 Mar 2022 14:00:59 -0000 1.1
+++ doc/po/doc.ja-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:27 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.97 -->
-<!-- This page is derived from
/server/standards/boilerplate.html</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Documentation of the GNU Project
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/doc/po/doc.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Documentation of the GNU Project</h2>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="thin"></div></em></ins></span>
+<div class="thin"></div>
<p>
GNU and other free documentation can be obtained by the following methods:
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@
<li>Most <a href="/manual/manual.html">GNU manuals</a> are
online in
various formats.</li>
-<li>The <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/">Free Software
Directory</a>
+<li>The <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://directory.fsf.org/">Free</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page">Free</em></ins></span>
Software Directory</a>
includes links to documentation.</li>
-<li><a href="http://planet.gnu.org">planet.gnu.org</a> is an
aggregation of
+<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://planet.gnu.org">planet.gnu.org</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="//planet.gnu.org">planet.gnu.org</a></em></ins></span>
is an aggregation of
blogs and news announcements from GNU packages.</li>
-<li><a href="http://shop.fsf.org">FSF online store: Printed books,
T-shirts,
+<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://shop.fsf.org">FSF</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org">FSF</em></ins></span>
online store: Printed books, T-shirts,
posters, and more.</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">Free books from other
@@ -56,10 +56,11 @@
href="/licenses/licenses.html#FDL">GNU Free Documentation License
(FDL)</a> was created to address needs that were not met by licenses
originally designed for software. For more information on free
-documentation, please see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
+documentation, please see <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman's</a> essay, “<a
href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Free
-Software and Free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Manuals</a>”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Manuals.</a>”</em></ins></span> A
<a
-href="freemanuals.texi">Texinfo version of that essay</a> is available
+Software and Free Manuals.</a>” A <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="freemanuals.texi">Texinfo</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/doc/freemanuals.texi">Texinfo</em></ins></span>
version of that essay</a> is available
for inclusion in manuals.</p>
@@ -71,17 +72,15 @@
href="/help/help.html#helpgnu">click here</a>.</p>
<p><b>GNU Press:</b> another way to contribute is to help us
<a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/doc/expanding.html">expand</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/gnu-press/book-stores/expanding">expand</em></ins></span>
+href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/gnu-press/book-stores/expanding">expand
bookstore availability</a> of <a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/doc/gnupresspub.html">GNU</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/gnu-press">GNU</em></ins></span>
Press</a> books. For this or any
+href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/gnu-press">GNU Press</a> books.
For this or any
reason, you can <a href="mailto:sales@fsf.org">contact GNU
Press</a>.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
@@ -99,16 +98,16 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of this
article.</p>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
@@ -123,25 +122,23 @@
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © <span class="removed"><del><strong>2014,
2015</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2008, 2010, 2013,
2022</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2013, 2022 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2022/03/20 14:00:59 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:27 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: licenses/licenses.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/licenses.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.62
retrieving revision 1.63
diff -u -b -r1.62 -r1.63
--- licenses/licenses.ja.html 25 Dec 2021 21:34:18 -0000 1.62
+++ licenses/licenses.ja.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:27 -0000 1.63
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/licenses/licenses.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/licenses/po/licenses.ja.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/licenses/po/licenses.ja.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/licenses/licenses.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/licenses/po/licenses.ja-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/licenses/licenses.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/licenses/po/licenses.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ja.html" -->
<h2>ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹</h2>
<div class="thin"></div>
@@ -403,7 +409,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2021/12/25 21:34:18 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:27 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/po/licenses.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/licenses.ja-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- licenses/po/licenses.ja-diff.html 23 Oct 2021 15:01:26 -0000 1.5
+++ licenses/po/licenses.ja-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:27 -0000 1.6
@@ -12,12 +12,13 @@
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Licenses
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/licenses/po/licenses.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>Licenses</h2>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<div class="thin"></div>
<div class="summary">
<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3>
@@ -39,7 +40,6 @@
<hr class="no-display" />
</div>
-<div style="width: 47em; max-width: 100%">
<p>
Published software should be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
software</a>. To make it free software, you need to release it under
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
<p>We also have a page that discusses <a
href="/licenses/bsd.html">the BSD License Problem</a>.</p>
+<div style="width: 47em; max-width: 100%">
<h3 id="Evaluation">Evaluating Licenses</h3>
<p>If you come across a license not mentioned in our
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@
assignments from contributors</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.html">GNU license
logos</a> to use
with your project</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">The FSF Licensing
& Compliance Lab</a></li>
+ <li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">The</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/licensing">The</em></ins></span>
FSF Licensing & Compliance Lab</a></li>
<li><a
href="/licenses/license-list.html#LicensingEmailAddress"><licensing@fsf.org></a>
for general licensing help
</li>
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@
<p>When linking to our licenses, it's usually best to link to the latest
version; hence the standard URLs such as
-<code>http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html</code> have no version
number.
+<code>https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html</code> have no version
number.
Occasionally, however, you may want to link to a specific version of a
given license. In those situations, you can use the following links
[<a href="#urlskip">skip links</a>]:</p>
@@ -247,25 +248,25 @@
<dt>GNU General Public License (GPL)</dt>
<!-- Please keep these links absolute. I'm depending on that for the
XSLT to generate pages on fsf.org. Thanks. -brett -->
-<dd><a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">GPLv3</a>,
-<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a>,
-<a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-1.0.html">GPLv1</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">GPLv3</a>,
+<a href="/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a>,
+<a href="/licenses/gpl-1.0.html">GPLv1</a></dd>
<dt>GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)</dt>
-<dd><a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html">LGPLv3</a>,
-<a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html">LGPLv2.1</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html">LGPLv3</a>,
+<a href="/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html">LGPLv2.1</a></dd>
<dt>GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL)</dt>
-<dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html">GNU
+<dd><a href="/licenses/agpl-3.0.html">GNU
AGPLv3</a> (The <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826200024/http://www.affero.org/oagpl.html">Affero
General
Public License version 1</a> is not a GNU license, but it was
designed to serve a purpose much like the GNU AGPL's.)</dd>
<dt>GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)</dt>
-<dd><a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html">FDLv1.3</a>,
-<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2.html">FDLv1.2</a>,
-<a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.1.html">FDLv1.1</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.html">FDLv1.3</a>,
+<a href="/licenses/fdl-1.2.html">FDLv1.2</a>,
+<a href="/licenses/fdl-1.1.html">FDLv1.1</a></dd>
</dl>
<p id="urlskip">Stable links to each license's alternative
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@
every license is available in every format. If you need one that is
missing, please <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">email
us</a>.</p>
-<p>See also the <a href="old-licenses/">old licenses
page</a>.</p>
+<p>See also the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="old-licenses/">old</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/licenses/old-licenses/">old</em></ins></span>
licenses page</a>.</p>
<h3 id="UnofficialTransl">Unofficial Translations</h3>
@@ -282,12 +283,12 @@
Legally speaking, the original (English) version of the licenses is
what specifies the actual distribution terms for GNU programs and
others that use them. But to help people better understand the
-licenses, we give <span class="inserted"><ins><em>others</em></ins></span>
permission to publish <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unofficial</em></ins></span> translations
-into other <span class="removed"><del><strong>languages</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>languages,</em></ins></span> provided that they
follow our regulations for
-unofficial <span
class="removed"><del><strong>translations:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>translations.</em></ins></span>
+licenses, we give others permission to publish unofficial translations
+into other languages, provided that they follow our regulations for
+unofficial translations.
</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>
+<p>
The FSF does not approve license translations as officially valid.
The reason is that checking them would be difficult and expensive
(needing the help of bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@
<p>To underscore the fact that these translations are not officially
valid, we do not publish translations. To make that clear, we don't
post them on gnu.org, or on other GNU and FSF web sites; we only link
-to them.</p></em></ins></span>
+to them.</p>
<ul>
<li>
@@ -311,7 +312,8 @@
<h3 id="VerbatimCopying">Verbatim Copying and Distribution</h3>
<p>The standard copyright terms for GNU web pages is now the <a
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 4.0 International License</a>. It used to
be (and for a few pages still is):</p>
@@ -470,7 +472,8 @@
<p>For essays of opinion and scientific papers, we recommend
either the <a
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</em></ins></span>
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>, or the
simple “verbatim copying only” license stated above.</p>
@@ -528,7 +531,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021, 2022</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -538,7 +541,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/10/23 15:01:26 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:27 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/boldrin-levine.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.43
retrieving revision 1.44
diff -u -b -r1.43 -r1.44
--- philosophy/boldrin-levine.de.html 8 Oct 2021 10:06:15 -0000 1.43
+++ philosophy/boldrin-levine.de.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:27 -0000 1.44
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.de.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.de.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Rezension: Boldrin und Levine, âDer Fall gegen geistiges Eigentumâ</h2>
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2021/10/08 10:06:15 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:27 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html 28 Sep 2021 16:34:03 -0000 1.25
+++ philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000 1.26
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.nl.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.nl.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2021/09/28 16:34:03 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/boldrin-levine.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- philosophy/boldrin-levine.pl.html 30 Sep 2021 10:33:37 -0000 1.32
+++ philosophy/boldrin-levine.pl.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000 1.33
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pl.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pl.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Recenzja: Boldrin i Levine, „Przeciw wÅasnoÅci
@@ -155,7 +161,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2021/09/30 10:33:37 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.de.html 8 Oct 2021 10:06:16 -0000
1.28
+++ philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.de.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.29
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.de.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.de.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Europas âEinheitspatentâ könnte unbegrenzte Softwarepatente
bedeuten</h2>
@@ -243,7 +249,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2021/10/08 10:06:16 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.pl.html 30 Sep 2021 12:02:35 -0000
1.29
+++ philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.pl.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.30
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -15,6 +20,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pl.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pl.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>„Jednolity patent” mógÅby znaczyÄ nieograniczone patenty
@@ -244,7 +250,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2021/09/30 12:02:35 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.nl.html 28 Sep 2021 16:34:03 -0000
1.10
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.nl.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -13,6 +18,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.nl.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.nl.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Vrijheid—of auteursrecht?</h2>
@@ -270,7 +276,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2021/09/28 16:34:03 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html 30 Sep 2021 10:33:37 -0000
1.52
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.53
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pl.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pl.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>WolnoÅÄ czy prawa autorskie?</h2>
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2021/09/30 10:33:37 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.html 5 Sep 2021 12:34:06
-0000 1.30
+++ philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28
-0000 1.31
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -25,6 +30,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="article">
<h2 class="center">Qual o NÃvel de Vigilância Que a Democracia Pode
Suportar?</h2>
@@ -738,7 +744,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/09/05 12:34:06 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.de.html 8 Oct 2021 10:06:18 -0000 1.21
+++ philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.de.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000 1.22
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2022-04-12" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -13,6 +18,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.de.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.de.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Ubuntu-Spyware. Was ist zu tun?</h2>
@@ -283,7 +289,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2021/10/08 10:06:18 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:34 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.6
@@ -11,40 +11,44 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.86</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against
intellectual property” - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual
property”</h2>
-<p>
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
<p>
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/papers/intellectual.pdf">
-http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/papers/intellectual.pdf</a>
-contains a paper</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Boldrin/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property/links/53f9c5c90cf20a45496a9040/The-Case-Against-Intellectual-Property.pdf?origin=publication_detail">
-The Case Against Intellectual Property</a>,</em></ins></span> by Boldrin
and <span class="removed"><del><strong>Levine entitled “The case against
-intellectual property”. It</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Levine,</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Boldrin/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property/links/53f9c5c90cf20a45496a9040/The-Case-Against-Intellectual-Property.pdf?origin=publication_detail"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property"></em></ins></span>
+The Case Against Intellectual Property</a>, by Boldrin and Levine,
argues on economic grounds that authors can
make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can
copy.</p>
<p>
You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the
-program is free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious
+program is free, you will only sell one copy.” The obvious
response is that today there are companies that sell thousands of
copies a month. But this paper provides another response: it shows
why people who are fully aware of the economic consequences of the
freedom to copy would pay a high price for “the first
-copy”.</p>
+copy.”</p>
<p>
<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">The
term “intellectual property” is biased and spreads
confusion.</a> The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and
-patents and trademarks “property”, it leads people to
-think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights”.
+patents and trademarks “property,” it leads people to
+think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights.”
The confusion is less evident: by lumping copyright and patents and
trademarks together, it leads people to treat them as one thing, to
ignore their large differences and consider them as a single issue in
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@
<p>
I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual
-property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic
+property.” We need to call attention to the non-economic
aspects of copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of
patents. However, Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for
responding to people who insist on narrowing their values to
@@ -75,10 +79,11 @@
<p>
The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical.
Popularization of its ideas would be useful.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -96,19 +101,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -123,23 +128,21 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2003, 2014, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2018</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:34 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:34 -0000
1.3
+++ philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.pl-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.4
@@ -11,40 +11,44 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.86</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against
intellectual property” - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual
property”</h2>
-<p>
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
<p>
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/papers/intellectual.pdf">
-http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/papers/intellectual.pdf</a>
-contains a paper</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Boldrin/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property/links/53f9c5c90cf20a45496a9040/The-Case-Against-Intellectual-Property.pdf?origin=publication_detail">
-The Case Against Intellectual Property</a>,</em></ins></span> by Boldrin
and <span class="removed"><del><strong>Levine entitled “The case against
-intellectual property”. It</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Levine,</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Boldrin/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property/links/53f9c5c90cf20a45496a9040/The-Case-Against-Intellectual-Property.pdf?origin=publication_detail"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property"></em></ins></span>
+The Case Against Intellectual Property</a>, by Boldrin and Levine,
argues on economic grounds that authors can
make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can
copy.</p>
<p>
You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the
-program is free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious
+program is free, you will only sell one copy.” The obvious
response is that today there are companies that sell thousands of
copies a month. But this paper provides another response: it shows
why people who are fully aware of the economic consequences of the
freedom to copy would pay a high price for “the first
-copy”.</p>
+copy.”</p>
<p>
<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">The
term “intellectual property” is biased and spreads
confusion.</a> The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and
-patents and trademarks “property”, it leads people to
-think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights”.
+patents and trademarks “property,” it leads people to
+think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights.”
The confusion is less evident: by lumping copyright and patents and
trademarks together, it leads people to treat them as one thing, to
ignore their large differences and consider them as a single issue in
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@
<p>
I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual
-property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic
+property.” We need to call attention to the non-economic
aspects of copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of
patents. However, Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for
responding to people who insist on narrowing their values to
@@ -75,10 +79,11 @@
<p>
The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical.
Popularization of its ideas would be useful.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -96,19 +101,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -123,23 +128,21 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2003, 2014, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2018</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:34 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html 30 Apr 2021 11:18:35
-0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.de-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28
-0000 1.4
@@ -11,19 +11,25 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.90</em></ins></span> -->
-<title>Europe's “unitary patent” Could Mean Unlimited
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Europe's “Unitary Patent” Could Mean Unlimited
Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Europe's “unitary patent” could mean unlimited
-software patents</h2>
-<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning">
-The Guardian</a></p>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Europe's “Unitary Patent” Could Mean Unlimited
+Software Patents</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
<p>Just as the US software industry is experiencing <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack">the
+href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack">the
long anticipated all-out software patent wars</a> that we have
anticipated, the European Union has a plan to follow the same course.
When the Hargreaves report urged the UK to avoid software patents, the
@@ -32,12 +38,12 @@
<p>Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they
impose monopolies on software ideas. It is not feasible or safe to
develop nontrivial software if you must thread a maze of patents. See
-“Software Patents and Literary Patents”, Guardian, June 20,
-2005.</p>
+“<a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html">Software
+Patents and Literary Patents</a>.”</p>
<p>Every program combines many ideas; a large program implements
thousands
of them. Google recently estimated there <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google">might
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google">might
be 250,000 patented ideas</a> in a smartphone. I find that figure
plausible because in 2004 I estimated that the GNU/Linux operating
system implemented around 100,000 actually patented ideas. (Linux, the
@@ -54,8 +60,8 @@
<p>The Commission's text was written in a sneaky way: when read by
laymen, it appeared to forbid patents on pure software ideas, because it
required a patent application to have a physical aspect. However, it
-did not require the “inventive step”, the advance that
-constitutes a patentable “invention”, to be physical.</p>
+did not require the “inventive step,” the advance that
+constitutes a patentable “invention,” to be physical.</p>
<p>This meant that a patent application could present the required
physical
aspect just by mentioning the usual physical elements of the computer on
@@ -98,16 +104,17 @@
courts) removed, the EPO could impose software patents, or any other
controversial kind of patents. For instance, if it chooses to decide
that natural genes are patentable, as <a
-href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml">a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml">a</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.techdirt.com/2011/07/29/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna/">a</em></ins></span>
US appeals court just did</a>, no one could reverse that decision except
perhaps the European Court of Justice.</p>
<p>In fact, the EPO's decision about software patents has already
been made, and can be seen in action. The EPO has issued tens of
thousands of software patents, in contempt for the treaty that
-established it. (See <span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://webshop.ffii.org/">“Your</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“<a
-href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193501/https://webshop.ffii.org/">Your</em></ins></span>
-web shop is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>patented”</a>.)</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>patented</a>”.)</em></ins></span>
At present, though, each state decides
+established it. (See “<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193501/https://webshop.ffii.org/">Your
+web shop is patented</a>.”) At present, though, each state decides
whether those patents are valid. If the unitary patent system is adopted
and the EPO gets unchecked power to decide, Europe will get US-style
patent wars.</p>
@@ -128,13 +135,13 @@
doing things wrong everywhere.</p>
<p>The UK government seems to wish for the disaster, since <a
-href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf">it
stated in
+href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf">it
stated in
December 2010 [archived]</a> that it wanted the ECJ not have a say over
the system.
Will the government listen to Hargreaves and change its mind about this
plan? Britons must insist on this.</p>
<p>More information about the drawbacks and legal flaws of this plan can
be
-found in <a
href="http://unitary-patent.eu">unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
+found in <a
href="https://www.unitary-patent.eu/">unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
<p>You will note that the term “intellectual property” has
not
been used in this article. That term spreads confusion because it is
@@ -143,11 +150,19 @@
effects that generalizing about the two is a mistake. Absolutely
nothing in this article pertains to copyright law. To avoid leading
people to generalize about disparate laws, I never use the term
-“intellectual property”, and I never miss it either.</p>
+“intellectual property,” and I never miss it either.</p>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>First published in <a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning">
+<cite>The Guardian</cite></a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -165,19 +180,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -192,22 +207,21 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2011, 2019</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/30 11:18:35 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html 8 May 2019 17:02:06
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pl-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28
-0000 1.2
@@ -11,19 +11,25 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-<title>Europe's “unitary patent” Could Mean Unlimited
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Europe's “Unitary Patent” Could Mean Unlimited
Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Europe's “unitary patent” could mean unlimited
-software patents</h2>
-<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning">
-The Guardian</a></p>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Europe's “Unitary Patent” Could Mean Unlimited
+Software Patents</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
<p>Just as the US software industry is experiencing <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack">the
+href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack">the
long anticipated all-out software patent wars</a> that we have
anticipated, the European Union has a plan to follow the same course.
When the Hargreaves report urged the UK to avoid software patents, the
@@ -32,12 +38,12 @@
<p>Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they
impose monopolies on software ideas. It is not feasible or safe to
develop nontrivial software if you must thread a maze of patents. See
-“Software Patents and Literary Patents”, Guardian, June 20,
-2005.</p>
+“<a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html">Software
+Patents and Literary Patents</a>.”</p>
<p>Every program combines many ideas; a large program implements
thousands
of them. Google recently estimated there <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google">might
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google">might
be 250,000 patented ideas</a> in a smartphone. I find that figure
plausible because in 2004 I estimated that the GNU/Linux operating
system implemented around 100,000 actually patented ideas. (Linux, the
@@ -54,8 +60,8 @@
<p>The Commission's text was written in a sneaky way: when read by
laymen, it appeared to forbid patents on pure software ideas, because it
required a patent application to have a physical aspect. However, it
-did not require the “inventive step”, the advance that
-constitutes a patentable “invention”, to be physical.</p>
+did not require the “inventive step,” the advance that
+constitutes a patentable “invention,” to be physical.</p>
<p>This meant that a patent application could present the required
physical
aspect just by mentioning the usual physical elements of the computer on
@@ -98,16 +104,17 @@
courts) removed, the EPO could impose software patents, or any other
controversial kind of patents. For instance, if it chooses to decide
that natural genes are patentable, as <a
-href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml">a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml">a</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.techdirt.com/2011/07/29/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna/">a</em></ins></span>
US appeals court just did</a>, no one could reverse that decision except
perhaps the European Court of Justice.</p>
<p>In fact, the EPO's decision about software patents has already
been made, and can be seen in action. The EPO has issued tens of
thousands of software patents, in contempt for the treaty that
-established it. (See <span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://webshop.ffii.org/">“Your</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“<a
-href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193501/https://webshop.ffii.org/">Your</em></ins></span>
-web shop is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>patented”</a>.)</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>patented</a>”.)</em></ins></span>
At present, though, each state decides
+established it. (See “<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193501/https://webshop.ffii.org/">Your
+web shop is patented</a>.”) At present, though, each state decides
whether those patents are valid. If the unitary patent system is adopted
and the EPO gets unchecked power to decide, Europe will get US-style
patent wars.</p>
@@ -128,13 +135,13 @@
doing things wrong everywhere.</p>
<p>The UK government seems to wish for the disaster, since <a
-href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf">it
stated in
+href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf">it
stated in
December 2010 [archived]</a> that it wanted the ECJ not have a say over
the system.
Will the government listen to Hargreaves and change its mind about this
plan? Britons must insist on this.</p>
<p>More information about the drawbacks and legal flaws of this plan can
be
-found in <a
href="http://unitary-patent.eu">unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
+found in <a
href="https://www.unitary-patent.eu/">unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
<p>You will note that the term “intellectual property” has
not
been used in this article. That term spreads confusion because it is
@@ -143,11 +150,19 @@
effects that generalizing about the two is a mistake. Absolutely
nothing in this article pertains to copyright law. To avoid leading
people to generalize about disparate laws, I never use the term
-“intellectual property”, and I never miss it either.</p>
+“intellectual property,” and I never miss it either.</p>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>First published in <a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning">
+<cite>The Guardian</cite></a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -165,19 +180,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -192,22 +207,21 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2011, 2019</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2019/05/08 17:02:06 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html 5 Dec 2020 08:29:49
-0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.nl-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28
-0000 1.3
@@ -11,21 +11,28 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Freedom or Copyright?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Freedom—or Copyright?</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address</em></ins></span>
class="byline">by Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address></em></ins></span>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+<div class="infobox">
<p><em>This essay addresses how the principles of software freedom
apply in some cases to other works of authorship and art. It's
included here since it involves the application of the ideas of free
software.</em></p>
+</div>
<hr class="thin" />
<p>
@@ -127,7 +134,7 @@
in the name of the authors (most of whom gain little). They would
have you believe that copyright is a natural right of authors, and
that we the public must suffer it no matter how painful it is. They
-call sharing “piracy”, equating helping your neighbor with
+call sharing “piracy,” equating helping your neighbor with
attacking a ship.</p>
<p>
@@ -144,17 +151,17 @@
like a success to me.) Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting
fans to copy an album and pay what they wished, while it was also
shared on peer-to-peer networks. In
-2008, <a
href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">
+2008, <a
href="https://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">
Nine Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies</a>
and made $750,000 in a few days.</p>
<p>
The possibility of success without oppression is not limited to
bestsellers. Many artists of various levels of fame now make an
-adequate living through <a
href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">voluntary
+adequate living through <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">voluntary</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.techdirt.com/2010/01/25/future-music-business-models-those-who-are-already-there/">voluntary</em></ins></span>
support</a>: donations and merchandise purchases of their fans.
Kevin Kelly estimates the artist need only find around
-<a
href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php">
+<a href="https://kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/">
1,000 true fans</a>.
</p>
@@ -163,7 +170,7 @@
someone a small amount of money, without a credit card, it will be
easy to set up a much better system to support the arts. When you
view a work, there will be a button you can press saying, “Click
-here to send the artist one dollar”. Wouldn't you press it, at
+here to send the artist one dollar.” Wouldn't you press it, at
least once a week?</p>
<p>
@@ -185,7 +192,7 @@
<p>
The <a
-href="http://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">Global
+href="https://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">Global
Patronage</a> proposal combines aspects of those two systems,
incorporating mandatory payments with voluntary allocation among
artists.</p>
@@ -202,10 +209,11 @@
buy any products with DRM unless you personally have the means to
break the DRM. Never use a product designed to attack your freedom
unless you can nullify the attack.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
@@ -223,16 +231,33 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2011, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2019, 2020</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -242,11 +267,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/12/05 08:29:49 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html 5 Dec 2020 08:29:49
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.pl-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28
-0000 1.2
@@ -11,21 +11,28 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Freedom or Copyright?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Freedom—or Copyright?</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address</em></ins></span>
class="byline">by Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address></em></ins></span>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+<div class="infobox">
<p><em>This essay addresses how the principles of software freedom
apply in some cases to other works of authorship and art. It's
included here since it involves the application of the ideas of free
software.</em></p>
+</div>
<hr class="thin" />
<p>
@@ -127,7 +134,7 @@
in the name of the authors (most of whom gain little). They would
have you believe that copyright is a natural right of authors, and
that we the public must suffer it no matter how painful it is. They
-call sharing “piracy”, equating helping your neighbor with
+call sharing “piracy,” equating helping your neighbor with
attacking a ship.</p>
<p>
@@ -144,17 +151,17 @@
like a success to me.) Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting
fans to copy an album and pay what they wished, while it was also
shared on peer-to-peer networks. In
-2008, <a
href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">
+2008, <a
href="https://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html">
Nine Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies</a>
and made $750,000 in a few days.</p>
<p>
The possibility of success without oppression is not limited to
bestsellers. Many artists of various levels of fame now make an
-adequate living through <a
href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">voluntary
+adequate living through <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml">voluntary</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.techdirt.com/2010/01/25/future-music-business-models-those-who-are-already-there/">voluntary</em></ins></span>
support</a>: donations and merchandise purchases of their fans.
Kevin Kelly estimates the artist need only find around
-<a
href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php">
+<a href="https://kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/">
1,000 true fans</a>.
</p>
@@ -163,7 +170,7 @@
someone a small amount of money, without a credit card, it will be
easy to set up a much better system to support the arts. When you
view a work, there will be a button you can press saying, “Click
-here to send the artist one dollar”. Wouldn't you press it, at
+here to send the artist one dollar.” Wouldn't you press it, at
least once a week?</p>
<p>
@@ -185,7 +192,7 @@
<p>
The <a
-href="http://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">Global
+href="https://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html">Global
Patronage</a> proposal combines aspects of those two systems,
incorporating mandatory payments with voluntary allocation among
artists.</p>
@@ -202,10 +209,11 @@
buy any products with DRM unless you personally have the means to
break the DRM. Never use a product designed to attack your freedom
unless you can nullify the attack.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
@@ -223,16 +231,33 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2011, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2019, 2020</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -242,11 +267,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/12/05 08:29:49 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html 31 Mar 2018
02:00:47 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.pt-br-diff.html 11 Jun 2022
10:02:28 -0000 1.3
@@ -11,31 +11,32 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
-#intro { margin: 1.5em auto; }
+#intro { margin: 2em auto 1.5em; }
.pict.wide { width: 23em; }
-.pict p { margin-top: .2em; }
+.pict p { margin-bottom: 0; }
@media (min-width: 55em) {
#intro { max-width: 55em; }
- .pict.wide { margin-bottom: 0; }
}
---></style>
+-->
+</style>
<!-- GNUN: localize URL /graphics/dog.small.jpg -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.translist"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article">
<h2 class="center">How Much Surveillance Can Democracy
Withstand?</h2>
-<p class="byline center">by <a
href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p>
-
-<!-- rms: I deleted the link because of Wired's announced
- anti-ad-block system -->
-<blockquote class="center"><p>A version of this article was first
published in Wired
-in October 2013.</p></blockquote>
-
-<div class="article">
+<address class="byline center">by
+<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
<div id="intro">
<div class="pict wide">
@@ -46,7 +47,8 @@
<p>Thanks to Edward Snowden's disclosures, we know that the current
level of general surveillance in society is incompatible with human
-rights. The repeated harassment and prosecution of dissidents,
+rights. Expecting every action to be noted down <a
href="https://www.socialcooling.com/">makes people censor and
+limit themselves</a>. The repeated harassment and prosecution of
dissidents,
sources, and journalists in the US and elsewhere provides
confirmation. We need to reduce the level of general surveillance,
but how far? Where exactly is the
@@ -55,30 +57,35 @@
interfere with the functioning of democracy, in that whistleblowers
(such as Snowden) are likely to be caught.</p>
</div>
+
<div class="columns" style="clear:both">
<p>Faced with government secrecy, we the people depend on
whistleblowers
to <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/11/reddit-tpp-ama">tell
-us what the state is doing</a>. However, today's surveillance
-intimidates potential whistleblowers, which means it is too much. To
-recover our democratic control over the state, we must reduce
-surveillance to the point where whistleblowers know they are safe.</p>
+us what the state is doing</a>. (We were reminded of this in 2019 as
+various whistleblowers gave the public increments
+of <a
href="https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/09/27/trumps-ukraine-scandal-shows-why-whistleblowers-are-so-vital-democracy">information
+about Trump's attempt to shake down the president of Ukraine</a>.)
+However, today's surveillance intimidates potential whistleblowers,
+which means it is too much. To recover our democratic control over
+the state, we must reduce surveillance to the point where
+whistleblowers know they are safe.</p>
<p>Using free/libre
software, <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">as
-I've advocated for 30 years</a>, is the first step in taking control
+I've advocated since 1983</a>, is the first step in taking control
of our digital lives, and that includes preventing surveillance. We
can't trust nonfree software; the NSA
<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622044225/http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/06/how-can-any-company-ever-trust-microsoft-again/index.htm">uses</a>
and
-even <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security">creates</a>
+even <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security">creates</a>
security weaknesses in nonfree software to invade our own computers
and routers. Free software gives us control of our own computers,
-but <a href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/149481/">that won't
+but <a href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/149481/">that won't
protect our privacy once we set foot on the Internet</a>.</p>
<p><a
-href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/nsa-surveillance-patriot-act-author-bill">Bipartisan
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/nsa-surveillance-patriot-act-author-bill">Bipartisan
legislation to “curtail the domestic surveillance
powers”</a> in the U.S. is being drawn up, but it relies on
limiting the government's use of our virtual dossiers. That won't
@@ -87,7 +94,7 @@
or her. We need to go further.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader" style="clear: both">The Upper Limit on
Surveillance in a Democracy</h3>
+<h3 style="clear: both">The Upper Limit on Surveillance in a
Democracy</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>If whistleblowers don't dare reveal crimes and lies, we lose the
@@ -98,29 +105,29 @@
<p>An unnamed U.S. government official ominously told journalists in
2011 that
-the <a
href="http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/news-media-law/news-media-and-law-summer-2011/lessons-wye-river">U.S.
would
+the <a
href="https://www.rcfp.org/journals/news-media-and-law-summer-2011/lessons-wye-river/">U.S.
would
not subpoena reporters because “We know who you're talking
to.”</a>
-Sometimes <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/sep/24/yemen-leak-sachtleben-guilty-associated-press">journalists'
+Sometimes <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/sep/24/yemen-leak-sachtleben-guilty-associated-press">journalists'
phone call records are subpoenaed</a> to find this out, but Snowden
has shown us that in effect they subpoena all the phone call records
of everyone in the U.S., all the
-time, <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226044537/http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/06/verizon-telephone-data-court-order">from</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/06/verizon-telephone-data-court-order">from</em></ins></span>
+time, <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/06/verizon-telephone-data-court-order">from
Verizon</a>
-and <a
href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nsa-data-mining-digs-into-networks-beyond-verizon-2013-06-07">from
+and <a
href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/nsa-data-mining-digs-into-networks-beyond-verizon-2013-06-07">from
other companies too</a>.</p>
<p>Opposition and dissident activities need to keep secrets from
states that are willing to play dirty tricks on them. The ACLU has
demonstrated the U.S. government's <a
-href="http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf">systematic
+href="https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf">systematic
practice of infiltrating peaceful dissident groups</a> on the pretext
that there might be terrorists among them. The point at which
surveillance is too much is the point at which the state can find who
spoke to a known journalist or a known dissident.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">Information, Once Collected, Will Be
Misused</h3>
+<h3>Information, Once Collected, Will Be Misused</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p id="willbemisused">When people recognize
@@ -129,13 +136,13 @@
accumulated data. That sounds nice, but it won't fix the problem, not
even slightly, even supposing that the government obeys the rules.
(The NSA has misled the FISA court, which said it
-was <a
href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-violations/">unable
+was <a
href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-violations/">unable
to effectively hold the NSA accountable</a>.) Suspicion of a crime
will be grounds for access, so once a whistleblower is accused of
“espionage,” finding the “spy” will provide an
excuse to access the accumulated material.</p>
-<p>In <span class="inserted"><ins><em>practice, we can't expect state
agencies even to make up excuses
+<p>In practice, we can't expect state agencies even to make up excuses
to satisfy the rules for using surveillance data—because US
agencies
already <a
href="https://theintercept.com/2018/01/09/dark-side-fbi-dea-illegal-searches-secret-evidence/">
@@ -143,9 +150,9 @@
meant to be obeyed; rather, they are a fairy-tale we can believe if we
like.</p>
-<p>In</em></ins></span> addition, the state's surveillance staff will
misuse the data
+<p>In addition, the state's surveillance staff will misuse the data
for personal reasons. Some NSA
-agents <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/24/nsa-analysts-abused-surveillance-systems">used
+agents <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/24/nsa-analysts-abused-surveillance-systems">used
U.S. surveillance systems to track their lovers</a>—past,
present, or wished-for—in a practice called
“LOVEINT.” The NSA says it has caught and punished this a
@@ -158,10 +165,10 @@
with <a
href="https://theyarewatching.org/issues/risks-increase-once-data-shared">new
digital systems</a>. In 2016, a prosecutor was accused of forging
judges' signatures to get authorization
-to <a
href="http://gizmodo.com/government-officials-cant-stop-spying-on-their-crushes-1789490933">
+to <a
href="https://gizmodo.com/government-officials-cant-stop-spying-on-their-crushes-1789490933">
wiretap someone who was the object of a romantic obsession</a>. The AP
knows
-of <a
href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/699236946e3140659fff8a2362e16f43/ap-across-us-police-officers-abuse-confidential-databases">many
+of <a href="https://apnews.com/699236946e3140659fff8a2362e16f43">many
other instances in the US</a>.
</p>
@@ -169,24 +176,35 @@
this is prohibited. Once the data has been accumulated and the state
has the possibility of access to it, it can misuse that data in
dreadful ways, as shown by examples
-from <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://falkvinge.net/2012/03/17/collected-personal-data-will-always-be-used-against-the-citizens/">Europe</a>
-and</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://falkvinge.net/2012/03/17/collected-personal-data-will-always-be-used-against-the-citizens/">Europe</a>,</em></ins></span>
+from <a
href="http://falkvinge.net/2012/03/17/collected-personal-data-will-always-be-used-against-the-citizens/">Europe</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment">the
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>US
</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>US</a>, and most
-recently <a
href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/terrifying-how-a-single-line-of-computer-code-put-thousands-of-innocent-turks-in-jail-1.4495021">Turkey</a>.
+US</a>, and most
+recently <a
href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/terrifying-how-a-single-line-of-computer-code-put-thousands-of-innocent-turks-in-jail-1.4495021">Turkey</a>.
(Turkey's confusion about who had really used the Bylock program only
exacerbated the basic deliberate injustice of arbitrarily punishing
people for having used it.)
-</p></em></ins></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>You may feel your government won't use your personal data for
+repression, but you can't rely on that feeling, because governments do
+change. As of 2021, many ostensibly democratic states
+are <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/21/beware-state-surveillance-of-your-lives-governments-can-change-afghanistan">ruled
+by people with authoritarian leanings</a>, and the Taliban have taken
+over Afghanistan's systems of biometric identification that were set
+up at the instigation of the US. The UK is working on a law
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/09/police-bill-not-law-order-state-control-erosion-freedom">repress
+nonviolent protests that might be described as causing “serious
+disruption.”</a> The US could become permanently repressive in
+2025, for all we know.
+</p>
<p>Personal data collected by the state is also likely to be obtained
by outside crackers that break the security of the servers, even
-by <a
href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150612/16334231330/second-opm-hack-revealed-even-worse-than-first.shtml">crackers
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150612/16334231330/second-opm-hack-revealed-even-worse-than-first.shtml">crackers</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.techdirt.com/2015/06/12/second-opm-hack-revealed-even-worse-than-first/">crackers</em></ins></span>
working for hostile states</a>.</p>
<p>Governments can easily use massive surveillance capability
-to <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/world/europe/macedonia-government-is-blamed-for-wiretapping-scandal.html">subvert
+to <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/world/europe/macedonia-government-is-blamed-for-wiretapping-scandal.html">subvert
democracy directly</a>.</p>
<p>Total surveillance accessible to the state enables the state to
@@ -195,12 +213,12 @@
that is easily accessible to the state.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be
Technical</h3>
+<h3>Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be Technical</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>The Electronic Frontier Foundation and other organizations propose
a set of legal principles designed to <a
-href="https://en.necessaryandproportionate.org/text">prevent the
+href="https://necessaryandproportionate.org">prevent the
abuses of massive surveillance</a>. These principles include,
crucially, explicit legal protection for whistleblowers; as a
consequence, they would be adequate for protecting democratic
@@ -210,7 +228,7 @@
<p>However, such legal protections are precarious: as recent history
shows, they can be repealed (as in the FISA Amendments Act),
suspended, or <a
-href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/us/16nsa.html">ignored</a>.</p>
+href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/us/16nsa.html">ignored</a>.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, demagogues will cite the usual excuses as grounds for
total surveillance; any terrorist attack, even one that kills just a
@@ -227,7 +245,7 @@
ignoring this law, the idea would hardly make sense.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">First, Don't Be Foolish</h3>
+<h3>First, Don't Be Foolish</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>To have privacy, you must not throw it away: the first one who has
@@ -243,25 +261,23 @@
files, with free software on your own computer before uploading
it.</p>
-<p>For privacy's sake, you must avoid nonfree <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software since, as a
-consequence of giving others</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software; if you give</em></ins></span>
-control of your <span class="removed"><del><strong>computing, it
-is</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>computer's operations
to companies, they
-are</em></ins></span> <a
href="/malware/proprietary-surveillance.html">likely to <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>make it</em></ins></span>
+<p>For privacy's sake, you must avoid nonfree software; if you give
+control of your computer's operations to companies, they
+are <a href="/malware/proprietary-surveillance.html">likely to make it
spy on you</a>.
Avoid <a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">service
as a software substitute</a>; in addition to giving others control of
how your computing is done, it requires you to hand over all the
-pertinent data to the <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>company's</em></ins></span> server.</p>
+pertinent data to the company's server.</p>
<p>Protect your friends' and acquaintances' privacy,
-too. <a
href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/in-cybersecurity-sometimes-the-weakest-link-is-a-family-member/">Don't
+too. <a
href="https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/in-cybersecurity-sometimes-the-weakest-link-is-a-family-member/">Don't
give out their personal information</a> except how to contact them,
and never give any web site your list of email or phone contacts.
Don't tell a company such as Facebook anything about your friends that
they might not wish to publish in a newspaper. Better yet, don't be
used by Facebook at all. Reject communication systems that require
-users to give their real names, even if you are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>going</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>happy</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>give</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>divulge</em></ins></span> yours,
+users to give their real names, even if you are happy to divulge yours,
since they pressure other people to surrender their privacy.</p>
<p>Self-protection is essential, but even the most rigorous
@@ -274,7 +290,7 @@
suspects.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3>
+<h3>We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>If we don't want a total surveillance society, we must consider
@@ -293,15 +309,16 @@
any desired period of time, with the average usage pattern for that
period. The same benefit, with no surveillance!</p>
-<p>We need to design such privacy into all our digital systems.</p>
+<p>We need to design such privacy into all our digital
+systems [<a href="#ambientprivacy">1</a>].</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It
Dispersed</h3>
+<h3>Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It Dispersed</h3>
<div class="columns">
-<p>One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is
-to <a name="dispersal">keep the data dispersed and inconvenient to
-access</a>. Old-fashioned security cameras were no threat to
privacy(<a href="#privatespace">*</a>).
+<p id="dispersal">One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is
+to keep the data dispersed and inconvenient to
+access. Old-fashioned security cameras were no threat to privacy(<a
href="#privatespace">*</a>).
The recording was stored on the premises, and kept for a few weeks at
most. Because of the inconvenience of accessing these recordings, it
was never done massively; they were accessed only in the places where
@@ -310,18 +327,18 @@
<p>Nowadays, security cameras have become surveillance cameras: they
are connected to the Internet so recordings can be collected in a data
-center and saved forever. <span class="inserted"><ins><em>In Detroit, the
cops pressure businesses to
-give
-them <a
href="http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/01/23/detroit-green-light/109524794/">unlimited
+center and saved forever. In Detroit, the cops pressure businesses to
+give them <a
+href="https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/01/23/detroit-green-light/109524794/">unlimited
access to their surveillance cameras</a> so that they can look through
-them at any and all times.</em></ins></span> This is already dangerous, but
it is going
+them at any and all times. This is already dangerous, but it is going
to get worse. Advances in face recognition may bring the day when
suspected journalists can be tracked on the street all the time to see
who they talk with.</p>
<p>Internet-connected cameras often have lousy digital security
-themselves, which
-means <a
href="http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/cia-wants-spy-you-through-your-appliances">anyone
+themselves, which means <a
+href="https://www.csoonline.com/article/2221934/cia-wants-to-spy-on-you-through-your-appliances.html">anyone
can watch what those cameras see</a>. This makes internet-connected
cameras a major threat to security as well as privacy. For privacy's
sake, we should ban the use of Internet-connected cameras aimed where
@@ -330,13 +347,24 @@
occasionally, but the systematic accumulation of such data on the
Internet must be limited.</p>
-<p><a name="privatespace"><b>*</b></a>I assume
here that the security
+<div class="infobox" style="margin-top: 1.5em">
+<p id="privatespace">(*) I assume here that the security
camera points at the inside of a store, or at the street. Any camera
pointed at someone's private space by someone else violates privacy,
but that is another issue.</p>
</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>Also consider reading “<a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance">A
+radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>,” published in
+<cite>The Guardian</cite> in April 2018.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
-<h3 id="digitalcash" class="subheader">Remedy for Internet Commerce
Surveillance</h3>
+<h3 id="digitalcash">Remedy for Internet Commerce Surveillance</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>Most data collection comes from people's own digital activities.
@@ -347,10 +375,10 @@
systematically available to the state.</p>
<p>The NSA, through PRISM,
-has <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/08/23-2">gotten
+has <a
href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/08/23/latest-docs-show-financial-ties-between-nsa-and-internet-companies">gotten
into the databases of many large Internet corporations</a>. AT&T
has saved all its phone call records since 1987
-and <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/us/drug-agents-use-vast-phone-trove-eclipsing-nsas.html?_r=0">makes
+and <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/us/drug-agents-use-vast-phone-trove-eclipsing-nsas.html?_r=0">makes
them available to the DEA</a> to search on request. Strictly
speaking, the U.S. government does not possess that data, but in
practical terms it may as well possess it. Some companies are praised
@@ -380,17 +408,17 @@
<p>We could correct both problems by adopting a system of anonymous
payments—anonymous for the payer, that is. (We don't want to
help the payee dodge
-taxes.) <a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/05/lets-cut-through-the-bitcoin-hype/">Bitcoin
+taxes.) <a
href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/05/lets-cut-through-the-bitcoin-hype/">Bitcoin
is not anonymous</a>, though there are efforts to develop ways to pay
anonymously with Bitcoin. However, technology
-for <a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney_pr.html">digital
+for <a
href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney_pr.html">digital
cash was first developed in the 1980s</a>; the GNU software for doing
-this is called <a href="http://taler.net/">GNU Taler</a>. Now we
need
+this is called <a href="https://taler.net/">GNU Taler</a>. Now we
need
only suitable business arrangements, and for the state not to obstruct
them.</p>
<p>Another possible method for anonymous payments would
-use <a
href="https://stallman.org/articles/anonymous-payments-thru-phones.html">prepaid
+use <a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">prepaid
phone cards</a>. It is less convenient, but very easy to
implement.</p>
@@ -401,12 +429,13 @@
knows nothing about you.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3>
+<h3>Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>We must convert digital toll collection to anonymous payment (using
digital cash, for instance). License-plate recognition systems
-recognize all license plates, and
+<a
href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/11/eff-and-muckrock-release-records-and-data-200-law-enforcement-agencies-automated">
+recognize all cars' license plates</a>, and
the <a
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm">data
can be kept indefinitely</a>; they should be required by law to notice
and record only those license numbers that are on a list of cars
@@ -460,16 +489,16 @@
borrower's identity immediately.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3>
+<h3>Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>Internet service providers and telephone companies keep extensive
data on their users' contacts (browsing, phone calls, etc). With
mobile phones, they
-also <a
href="http://www.zeit.de/digital/datenschutz/2011-03/data-protection-malte-spitz">record
+also <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312235125/http://www.zeit.de/digital/datenschutz/2011-03/data-protection-malte-spitz">record
the user's physical location</a>. They keep these dossiers for a long
time: over 30 years, in the case of AT&T. Soon they will
-even <a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/the-trojan-horse-of-the-latest-iphone-with-the-m7-coprocessor-we-all-become-qs-activity-trackers/">record
+even <a
href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/the-trojan-horse-of-the-latest-iphone-with-the-m7-coprocessor-we-all-become-qs-activity-trackers/">record
the user's body activities</a>. It appears that
the <a
href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security-technology-and-liberty/it-sure-sounds-nsa-tracking-your-location">NSA
collects cell phone location data</a> in bulk.</p>
@@ -482,7 +511,7 @@
<p>This solution is not entirely satisfactory, because it won't
physically stop the government from collecting all the information
immediately as it is generated—which is what
-the <a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order">U.S.
does
+the <a
href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order">U.S.
does
with some or all phone companies</a>. We would have to rely on
prohibiting that by law. However, that would be better than the
current situation, where the relevant law (the PAT RIOT Act) does not
@@ -502,7 +531,7 @@
would be hard to determine that you had sent mail to me.</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="subheader">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3>
+<h3>But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3>
<div class="columns">
<p>For the state to find criminals, it needs to be able to investigate
@@ -519,18 +548,19 @@
police have their own jargon term for perjury,
“<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_perjury&oldid=552608302">testilying</a>,”
since they do it so frequently, particularly about protesters
-and <a
href="http://photographyisnotacrime.com/">photographers</a>.)
+and <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025014556/http://photographyisnotacrime.com/2013/10/23/jeff-gray-arrested-recording-cops-days-becoming-pinac-partner/">
+photographers</a>.)
One city in California that required police to wear video cameras all
the time
-found <a
href="http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/08/ubiquitous-surveillance-police-edition">their
+found <a
href="https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/08/ubiquitous-surveillance-police-edition">their
use of force fell by 60%</a>. The ACLU is in favor of this.</p>
<p><a
-href="http://action.citizen.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12266">Corporations
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220057/http://action.citizen.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12266">Corporations
are not people, and not entitled to human rights</a>. It is
legitimate to require businesses to publish the details of processes
that might cause chemical, biological, nuclear, fiscal, computational
-(e.g., <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>) or political
+(e.g., <a href="https://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>) or
political
(e.g., lobbying) hazards to society, to whatever level is needed for
public well-being. The danger of these operations (consider the BP
oil spill, the Fukushima meltdowns, and the 2008 fiscal crisis) dwarfs
@@ -561,12 +591,29 @@
a grave surveillance deficit, and ought to be surveilled more than the
Soviet Union and East Germany were, we must reverse this increase.
That requires stopping the accumulation of big data about people.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">End Note</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="ambientprivacy">The condition of <em>not being
monitored</em>
+has been referred to as <a
+href="https://idlewords.com/2019/06/the_new_wilderness.htm">ambient
+privacy</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<!-- rms: I deleted the link because of Wired's announced
+ anti-ad-block system -->
+<p>A version of this article was first published in
+<cite>Wired</cite> in October 2013.</p>
+</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -584,13 +631,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -611,7 +658,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2017</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2017, 2018</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2013-2019, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021, 2022</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -621,11 +668,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/03/31 02:00:47 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html 30 Apr 2021 11:18:36 -0000
1.8
+++ philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.de-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.9
@@ -11,21 +11,25 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.84</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.90</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+<address class="byline">by
+<a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span>
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</a></address>
-<hr class="thin" /></em></ins></span>
-
-<blockquote>
-<p>Since <a
href="http://fossbytes.com/the-spyware-feature-in-ubuntu-will-be-disabled-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus/">Ubuntu
+<div class="introduction">
+<p>Since <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fossbytes.com/the-spyware-feature-in-ubuntu-will-be-disabled-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus/">Ubuntu</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fossbytes.com/the-spyware-feature-in-ubuntu-will-be-disabled-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus/">Ubuntu</em></ins></span>
version 16.04</a>, the spyware search facility is now disabled by
default. It appears that the campaign of pressure launched by this
article has been partly successful. Nonetheless, offering the spyware
@@ -39,8 +43,7 @@
page has partly changed, the page is still important. This example
should teach our community not to do such things again, but in order
for that to happen, we must continue to talk about it.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+</div>
<p>One of the major advantages of free software is that the community
protects users from malicious software. Now
@@ -52,8 +55,8 @@
Management) to restrict users, and back doors that can do nasty things
under remote control. Programs that do any of these things are
malware and should be treated as such. Widely used examples include
- Windows, the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>iThings,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><a
-
href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">iThings</a>,</em></ins></span>
and the
+ Windows, the <a
+ href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">iThings</a>, and the
Amazon “Kindle” product for virtual book
burning, which do all three; Macintosh and the Playstation III which
impose DRM; most portable phones, which do spying and have back doors;
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@
<p>Ubuntu uses the information about searches to show the user ads to buy
various things from Amazon.
- <a href="http://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon commits many
+ <a href="https://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon commits many
wrongs</a>; by promoting Amazon, Canonical contributes to them.
However, the ads are not the core of the problem. The main issue is
the spying. Canonical says it does not tell Amazon who searched for
@@ -175,18 +178,17 @@
the other form of negative influence that Ubuntu exerts in the free
software community: legitimizing nonfree software.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote
class="important"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="important">
<p>
The presence of nonfree software in Ubuntu is a separate ethical
issue. For Ubuntu to be ethical, that too must be fixed.
</p>
-</blockquote>
+</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -204,13 +206,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2017</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2017, 2018, 2019, 2020</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012, 2014, 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -241,12 +243,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/30 11:18:36 $
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.de-diff.html 11 Jun 2022 10:02:28 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against
+intellectual property” - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual
property”</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+
+<p>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Boldrin/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property/links/53f9c5c90cf20a45496a9040/The-Case-Against-Intellectual-Property.pdf?origin=publication_detail"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4980956_The_Case_Against_Intellectual_Property"></em></ins></span>
+The Case Against Intellectual Property</a>, by Boldrin and Levine,
+argues on economic grounds that authors can
+make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can
copy.</p>
+
+<p>
+You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the
+program is free, you will only sell one copy.” The obvious
+response is that today there are companies that sell thousands of
+copies a month. But this paper provides another response: it shows
+why people who are fully aware of the economic consequences of the
+freedom to copy would pay a high price for “the first
+copy.”</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">The
+term “intellectual property” is biased and spreads
+confusion.</a> The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and
+patents and trademarks “property,” it leads people to
+think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights.”
+The confusion is less evident: by lumping copyright and patents and
+trademarks together, it leads people to treat them as one thing, to
+ignore their large differences and consider them as a single issue in
+terms of their meager similarities.</p>
+
+<p>
+This usually means ignoring social and ethical aspects of copyrights, and
+the different social and ethical aspects of patents, and considering both
+copyrights and patents as a single issue in narrow economic terms. The
+proponents of harshly restrictive copyrights and patents then present an
+economic argument that is so simple that it gives an appearance of being
+irrefutable.</p>
+
+<p>
+I normally respond by showing the aspects of the situation that have been
+ignored by treating the issue as a purely economic one. Boldrin and
+Levine's paper takes on that simple economic argument on its own terms, and
+shows the gaps in it, gaps that the apparent simplicity tends to
hide.</p>
+
+<p>
+I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual
+property.” We need to call attention to the non-economic
+aspects of copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of
+patents. However, Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for
+responding to people who insist on narrowing their values to
+economics.</p>
+
+<p>
+The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical.
+Popularization of its ideas would be useful.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2021</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2022</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/06/11 10:02:28 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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