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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html gnu/initia... |
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Date: |
Sat, 1 Jan 2022 09:30:32 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 22/01/01 09:30:32
Modified files:
gnu : initial-announcement.ca.html
initial-announcement.cs.html
initial-announcement.de.html
initial-announcement.it.html
initial-announcement.nl.html
initial-announcement.pl.html
initial-announcement.uk.html manifesto.ca.html
manifesto.de.html manifesto.it.html
manifesto.nl.html manifesto.pl.html
manifesto.ro.html manifesto.uk.html
pronunciation.de.html pronunciation.hr.html
pronunciation.ko.html pronunciation.uk.html
rms-lisp.pt-br.html rms-lisp.uk.html
gnu/po : initial-announcement.ca-diff.html
initial-announcement.cs-diff.html
initial-announcement.nl-diff.html
manifesto.ca-diff.html manifesto.nl-diff.html
manifesto.pl-diff.html
pronunciation.ko-diff.html
server : body-include-1.fr.html sitemap.fr.html
server/po : sitemap.fr-en.html
Added files:
gnu/po : initial-announcement.de-diff.html
initial-announcement.it-diff.html
initial-announcement.pl-diff.html
initial-announcement.uk-diff.html
manifesto.de-diff.html manifesto.it-diff.html
manifesto.ro-diff.html manifesto.uk-diff.html
pronunciation.de-diff.html
pronunciation.hr-diff.html
pronunciation.uk-diff.html
rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html rms-lisp.uk-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.36&r2=1.37
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.53&r2=1.54
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.54&r2=1.55
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.31&r2=1.32
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.61&r2=1.62
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.55&r2=1.56
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/pronunciation.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/pronunciation.hr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/pronunciation.ko.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/pronunciation.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/rms-lisp.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/pronunciation.ko-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.it-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.it-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.ro-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.uk-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/pronunciation.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/pronunciation.hr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/pronunciation.uk-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/body-include-1.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.54&r2=1.55
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/sitemap.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.556&r2=1.557
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.349&r2=1.350
Patches:
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.36
retrieving revision 1.37
diff -u -b -r1.36 -r1.37
--- gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html 30 May 2021 19:03:04 -0000 1.36
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.37
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>Anunci inicial</h2>
<p> Aquest és l'anunci inicial del Projecte GNU, escrit per <a
@@ -304,7 +310,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 19:03:04 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html 30 May 2021 19:03:06 -0000 1.16
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.17
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.cs.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
<h2>Ãvodnà oznámenÃ</h2>
<p> Toto je původnà oznámenà o projektu GNU, napsané <a
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 19:03:06 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.53
retrieving revision 1.54
diff -u -b -r1.53 -r1.54
--- gnu/initial-announcement.de.html 3 Dec 2016 23:44:59 -0000 1.53
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.de.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.54
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Neue Unix-Implementierung: Ursprüngliche Ankündigung [des
GNU-Projekts]</h2>
<p> <span class="intro"><em>Dies ist die ursprüngliche Ankündigung des
@@ -330,7 +336,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2016/12/03 23:44:59 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.45
retrieving revision 1.46
diff -u -b -r1.45 -r1.46
--- gnu/initial-announcement.it.html 21 Apr 2018 17:31:06 -0000 1.45
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.it.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.46
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.it.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.it.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.it-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.it.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.it.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.it.html" -->
<h2>Annuncio iniziale</h2>
<p> Questo è l'annuncio ufficiale del progetto GNU, inviato da <a
@@ -312,7 +318,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2018/04/21 17:31:06 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html 31 May 2021 09:06:17 -0000 1.13
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.14
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Eerste Aankondiging</h2>
<p> Dit is de originele aankondiging van het GNU project, geschreven door <a
@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 09:06:17 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.54
retrieving revision 1.55
diff -u -b -r1.54 -r1.55
--- gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html 16 Jan 2016 00:04:47 -0000 1.54
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.55
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Pierwsze ogÅoszenie</h2>
<p> Oto oryginalne ogÅoszenie rozpoczÄcia Projektu GNU, napisane przez <a
@@ -317,7 +323,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2016/01/16 00:04:47 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html 30 May 2021 08:31:09 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
<h2>ÐоÑаÑкове оголоÑеннÑ</h2>
<p> ÐÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑаÑкове оголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU,
опÑблÑковане <a
@@ -328,7 +334,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 08:31:09 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- gnu/manifesto.ca.html 30 May 2021 19:03:06 -0000 1.31
+++ gnu/manifesto.ca.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.32
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.ca.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>El manifest GNU</h2>
<p> El manifest GNU (que apareix a continuació) va ser escrit per <a
@@ -766,7 +772,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 19:03:06 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.61
retrieving revision 1.62
diff -u -b -r1.61 -r1.62
--- gnu/manifesto.de.html 3 Dec 2016 23:44:59 -0000 1.61
+++ gnu/manifesto.de.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.62
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>GNU-Manifest</h2>
<p> <span class="intro">Das nachstehende GNU-Manifest wurde von <a
@@ -816,7 +822,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2016/12/03 23:44:59 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- gnu/manifesto.it.html 11 Apr 2016 14:27:39 -0000 1.33
+++ gnu/manifesto.it.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.34
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.it.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.it.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.it-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.it.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.it.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.it.html" -->
<h2>Il Manifesto GNU</h2>
<p> Il Manifesto GNU (che appare sotto) venne scritto da <a
@@ -779,7 +785,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2016/04/11 14:27:39 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- gnu/manifesto.nl.html 26 Aug 2016 19:27:11 -0000 1.22
+++ gnu/manifesto.nl.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.23
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Het GNU-manifest</h2>
<p> Het GNU-manifest hieronder is in 1985 geschreven door <a
@@ -758,7 +764,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2016/08/26 19:27:11 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.55
retrieving revision 1.56
diff -u -b -r1.55 -r1.56
--- gnu/manifesto.pl.html 30 Apr 2020 19:31:19 -0000 1.55
+++ gnu/manifesto.pl.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.56
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.pl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Manifest GNU</h2>
<p> Manifest GNU (który widzicie poniżej) zostaŠnapisany przez <a
@@ -824,7 +830,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2020/04/30 19:31:19 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/manifesto.ro.html 31 May 2021 09:06:17 -0000 1.3
+++ gnu/manifesto.ro.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.ro.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.ro.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.ro-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ro.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ro.html" -->
<h2>Manifestul GNU</h2>
<p> Manifestul GNU (prezentat în cele ce urmeazÄ) a fost scris de <a
@@ -790,7 +796,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 09:06:17 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/manifesto.uk.html 30 May 2021 08:31:10 -0000 1.3
+++ gnu/manifesto.uk.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.uk.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.uk.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.uk-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
<h2>ÐанÑÑеÑÑ GNU</h2>
<p> ÐанÑÑеÑÑ GNU (Ñкий наводиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¶Ñе) бÑв
напиÑаний <a
@@ -759,7 +765,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 08:31:10 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/pronunciation.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/pronunciation.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/pronunciation.de.html 31 May 2021 13:39:47 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/pronunciation.de.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.10
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/pronunciation.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/pronunciation.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/pronunciation.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Wie man <em>GNU</em> ausspricht</h2>
<p>Der Name <em>GNU</em> ist ein rekursives Akronym von <em><span xml:lang="en"
@@ -125,7 +131,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 13:39:47 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/pronunciation.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/pronunciation.hr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/pronunciation.hr.html 30 May 2021 19:32:26 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/pronunciation.hr.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/pronunciation.hr.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/pronunciation.hr.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/pronunciation.hr-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.hr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.hr.html" -->
<h2>Kako se izgovara naziv GNU</h2>
<p>Naziv “GNU” je rekurzivni akronim sa znaÄenjem “GNU's Not
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Zadnji put promijenjeno:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 19:32:26 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/pronunciation.ko.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/pronunciation.ko.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/pronunciation.ko.html 5 Jul 2019 09:29:41 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/pronunciation.ko.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/pronunciation.ko.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/pronunciation.ko.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/pronunciation.ko-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ko.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ko.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ko.html" -->
<h2>GNU를 ë°ìíë ë°©ë²</h2>
<p>“GNU”ë “GNU's Not Unix!”ë¼ë ííì
구ì±íë ë¨ì´ë¤ì 첫ë²ì§¸ 문ìë¤ë§
@@ -109,7 +115,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ìµì¢
ìì ì¼:
-$Date: 2019/07/05 09:29:41 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/pronunciation.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/pronunciation.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/pronunciation.uk.html 30 May 2021 08:31:10 -0000 1.3
+++ gnu/pronunciation.uk.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/pronunciation.uk.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/pronunciation.uk.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/pronunciation.uk-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/pronunciation.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
<h2>Як вимовлÑÑи “GNU”</h2>
<p>Ðазва “GNU” — Ñе ÑекÑÑÑивне
ÑкоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑази
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 08:31:10 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/rms-lisp.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/rms-lisp.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/rms-lisp.pt-br.html 29 Sep 2020 18:29:24 -0000 1.8
+++ gnu/rms-lisp.pt-br.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.9
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Minhas experiências com Lisp e o desenvolvimento do GNU Emacs</h2>
<blockquote><p>(Tradução da transcrição do discurso de Richard Stallman,
28 de outubro de
@@ -589,7 +595,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/09/29 18:29:24 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html 31 May 2021 20:31:27 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
<h2>ÐÑй доÑвÑд ÑобоÑи з ÐÑÑпом Ñ ÑозвиÑок GNU
Emacs</h2>
<blockquote><p>(ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñомови Ð ÑÑаÑда СÑолмена,
виголоÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ 28 жовÑÐ½Ñ 2002 ÑокÑ
@@ -580,7 +586,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 20:31:27 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca-diff.html 4 Jun 2014 00:29:19 -0000
1.1
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.ca-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.2
@@ -11,14 +11,27 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.76</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.77</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on
September
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
27, 1983.</p>
<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
@@ -26,12 +39,14 @@
January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.</p>
@@ -107,17 +122,25 @@
<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
- RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
+
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
- ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
-<p>US Snail:<br />
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
Richard Stallman<br />
166 Prospect St<br />
- Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
@@ -126,16 +149,22 @@
have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
-charge. That was never the intent.</p>
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
<h3>Original message</h3>
<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
original form.</p>
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the
headers.-->
-From
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
Subject: new Unix implementation
@@ -146,7 +175,7 @@
Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.
@@ -236,9 +265,20 @@
</pre>
</div>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -256,19 +296,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -283,24 +323,24 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013, 2014</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p></p><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p</em></ins></span>
class="unprintable">Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/04 00:29:19 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs-diff.html 12 Apr 2014 13:53:32 -0000
1.7
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.cs-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.8
@@ -11,16 +11,27 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><title>About the GNU
Project</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-<title>Initial Announcement</em></ins></span> - GNU Project - Free
Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/banner.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist"</em></ins></span>
-->
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/banner.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on
September
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
27, 1983.</p>
<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
@@ -28,12 +39,14 @@
January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.</p>
@@ -109,17 +122,25 @@
<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
- RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
- ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
-<p>US Snail:<br />
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
+
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
Richard Stallman<br />
166 Prospect St<br />
- Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
@@ -128,16 +149,22 @@
have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
-charge. That was never the intent.</p>
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
<h3>Original message</h3>
<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
original form.</p>
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the
headers.-->
-From
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
Subject: new Unix implementation
@@ -148,7 +175,7 @@
Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.
@@ -238,26 +265,27 @@
</pre>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+</div></em></ins></span>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -268,23 +296,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -299,27 +323,24 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2009</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2009, 2013, 2014</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Updated:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:53:32 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl-diff.html 12 Apr 2014 13:53:32 -0000
1.7
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.nl-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.8
@@ -11,16 +11,27 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><title>About the GNU
Project</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-<title>Initial Announcement</em></ins></span> - GNU Project - Free
Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/banner.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist"</em></ins></span>
-->
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/banner.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on
September
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
27, 1983.</p>
<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
@@ -28,12 +39,14 @@
January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.</p>
@@ -109,17 +122,25 @@
<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
- RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
- ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
-<p>US Snail:<br />
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
+
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
Richard Stallman<br />
166 Prospect St<br />
- Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
@@ -128,16 +149,22 @@
have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
-charge. That was never the intent.</p>
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
<h3>Original message</h3>
<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
original form.</p>
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the
headers.-->
-From
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
Subject: new Unix implementation
@@ -148,7 +175,7 @@
Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.
@@ -238,26 +265,27 @@
</pre>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+</div></em></ins></span>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -268,23 +296,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -299,27 +323,24 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2009</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2009, 2013, 2014</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Updated:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:53:32 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:08 -0000 1.2
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.3
@@ -11,38 +11,40 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The GNU Manifesto
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>at the beginning
-of the GNU Project,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in
1985</em></ins></span> to
-ask for <span class="removed"><del><strong>participation and support.
For</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>support in
developing</em></ins></span> the
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>first few years,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU operating system. Part of the
-text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through
1987,</em></ins></span>
-it was updated in minor ways to account for
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>developments, but now</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>developments; since then,</em></ins></span>
-it seems best to leave it <span class="removed"><del><strong>unchanged as most
-people have seen it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unchanged.</p></em></ins></span>
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>For up-to-date information
about</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you want to
install</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>available GNU
software, please
-see</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/Linux system, we
recommend you use
-one of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>information
available on our</strong></del></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/home.html">web
-server</a>, in particular our <a
href="/software/software.html">list
-of software</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
-distributions</a>.</em></ins></span> For how to contribute,
-see <a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
@@ -50,14 +52,16 @@
“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
use it to promote an
-<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p></em></ins></span>
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
<p>
GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
-it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a>
Several
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@
decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
-me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
@@ -165,7 +169,9 @@
<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
-<blockquote>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
<p>
(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
@@ -174,7 +180,8 @@
ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
-</blockquote>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>
I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
@@ -213,7 +220,7 @@
<p>
Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
-software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
@@ -259,18 +266,23 @@
<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
-<p id="support">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
-they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p>
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
-<p>
-<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
-the support.”</strong></p>
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
-obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
@@ -302,14 +314,19 @@
particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
-<p id="advertising">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
-you must charge for the program to support
that.”</strong></p>
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
-<p>
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
-free.”</strong></p>
-
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
@@ -323,12 +340,15 @@
On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
-don't want to let the free market decide this?<a
href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
-<p id="competitive">
-<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
-a competitive edge.”</strong></p>
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
@@ -341,12 +361,16 @@
<p>
I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
-manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a
href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
-<p id="deserve">
-<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
-creativity?”</strong></p>
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
@@ -354,10 +378,13 @@
creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
-<p id="reward">
-<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
-his creativity?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
@@ -381,9 +408,12 @@
does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
creativity.</p>
-<p id="starve">
-<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
@@ -403,7 +433,7 @@
<p>
Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
-It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings
in
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
the most money. If it
were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
@@ -417,10 +447,13 @@
either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
that.)</p>
-<p id="right-to-control">
-<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
-creativity is used?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
@@ -428,7 +461,8 @@
<p>
People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
-rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that
there
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
@@ -471,10 +505,14 @@
both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
-<p id="competition">
-<strong>“Competition makes things get done
-better.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
@@ -491,10 +529,14 @@
yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
-<p id="stop-programming">
-<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
-incentive?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
@@ -526,17 +568,23 @@
in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
-<p id="desperate">
-<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
-that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to
obey.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
-<p id="living">
-<strong>“Programmers need to make a living
somehow.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
@@ -555,7 +603,8 @@
<p>
People with new ideas could distribute programs as
-freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
already working this way successfully.</p>
@@ -592,6 +641,10 @@
<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
choose this for themselves.</li>
</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
<p>
In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
@@ -610,9 +663,9 @@
competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
-
-<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3>
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
@@ -641,7 +694,7 @@
Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
-carefully between the two different meanings of “free”.
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
suggest the wrong idea.</li>
@@ -651,7 +704,7 @@
<li id="f4">Although it is a
charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
most of its funds from its distribution service. You
-can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a>
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
to support its work.
</li>
@@ -670,7 +723,8 @@
<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
-property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
@@ -680,7 +734,7 @@
this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
-between “free software” and “freeware”. The
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
term “freeware” means software you are free to
redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
source code, so most of it is not free software. See
@@ -688,10 +742,11 @@
Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -709,19 +764,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -736,7 +791,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
@@ -753,11 +808,12 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:08 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/manifesto.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- gnu/po/manifesto.nl-diff.html 2 Jun 2015 18:00:34 -0000 1.13
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.nl-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.14
@@ -11,40 +11,40 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The GNU Manifesto
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/banner.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist"</em></ins></span>
-->
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/banner.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>at the beginning
-of the GNU Project,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in
1985</em></ins></span> to
-ask for <span class="removed"><del><strong>participation and support.
For</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>support in
developing</em></ins></span> the
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>first few years,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU operating system. Part of the
-text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through
1987,</em></ins></span>
-it was updated in minor ways to account for
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>developments, but now</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>developments; since then,</em></ins></span>
-it seems best to leave it <span class="removed"><del><strong>unchanged as most
-people have seen it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unchanged.</p></em></ins></span>
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>For up-to-date information
about</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you want to
install</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>available GNU
software, please
-see</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/Linux system, we
recommend you use
-one of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>information
available on our</strong></del></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/home.html">web
-server</a>, in particular our <a
href="/software/software.html">list
-of software</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
-distributions</a>.</em></ins></span> For how to contribute,
-see <a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.
</p>
-
-<h3>What's</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
@@ -53,13 +53,15 @@
who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
use it to promote an
<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
-<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's</em></ins></span> GNU? Gnu's Not
Unix!</h3>
+<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
<p>
GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
-it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a>
Several
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
@@ -100,9 +102,7 @@
To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in
the
word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Why</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="why-write">Why</em></ins></span>
I Must Write GNU</h3>
+<h3 id="why-write">Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
<p>
I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
@@ -120,11 +120,9 @@
decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
-me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Why</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3
id="compatible">Why</em></ins></span> GNU Will Be Compatible with
Unix</h3>
+<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
<p>
Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
@@ -132,9 +130,7 @@
Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>How</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="available">How</em></ins></span>
GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+<h3 id="available">How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
<p>
GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
@@ -144,9 +140,7 @@
modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
versions of GNU remain free.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Why</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="why-help">Why</em></ins></span>
Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+<h3 id="why-help">Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
<p>
I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
@@ -173,20 +167,21 @@
we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>How</strong></del></span>
+<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3
id="contribute">How</em></ins></span> You Can Contribute</h3>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
-<blockquote>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
<p>
(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
list</a> and the <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
other
-ways to help, see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html">the</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">the</em></ins></span> guide
to helping
+ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
-</blockquote>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>
I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
@@ -221,13 +216,11 @@
people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
the need to make a living in another way.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Why</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="benefit">Why</em></ins></span>
All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+<h3 id="benefit">Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
<p>
Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
-software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
@@ -271,24 +264,25 @@
Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Some</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3
id="rebutted-objections">Some</em></ins></span> Easily Rebutted Objections
to GNU's Goals</h3>
+<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="support"></em></ins></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
-they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p>
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
-<p>
-<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
-the support.”</strong></p>
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
-obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
@@ -320,16 +314,19 @@
particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="advertising"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
-you must charge for the program to support
that.”</strong></p>
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
-<p>
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
-free.”</strong></p>
-
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
@@ -343,14 +340,15 @@
On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
-don't want to let the free market decide this?<a
href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="competitive"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
-a competitive edge.”</strong></p>
-
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
@@ -363,14 +361,16 @@
<p>
I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
-manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a
href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="deserve"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
-creativity?”</strong></p>
-
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
@@ -378,12 +378,13 @@
creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="reward"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
-his creativity?”</strong></p>
-
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
@@ -407,11 +408,12 @@
does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
creativity.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="starve"></em></ins></span>
-<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
@@ -431,7 +433,7 @@
<p>
Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
-It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings
in
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
the most money. If it
were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
@@ -445,12 +447,13 @@
either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
that.)</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
id="right-to-control"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
-creativity is used?”</strong></p>
-
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
@@ -458,7 +461,8 @@
<p>
People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
-rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that
there
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
@@ -501,12 +505,14 @@
both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="competition"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
<strong>“Competition makes things get done
-better.”</strong></p>
-
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
@@ -523,12 +529,14 @@
yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
id="stop-programming"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
-incentive?”</strong></p>
-
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
@@ -560,21 +568,23 @@
in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="desperate"></em></ins></span>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
-that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to
obey.”</strong></p>
-
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="living"></em></ins></span>
-<strong>“Programmers need to make a living
somehow.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
@@ -593,7 +603,8 @@
<p>
People with new ideas could distribute programs as
-freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
already working this way successfully.</p>
@@ -630,6 +641,10 @@
<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
choose this for themselves.</li>
</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
<p>
In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
@@ -648,19 +663,15 @@
competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
-
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><h4>Footnotes</h4></strong></del></span>
-
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3
id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
<ol>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f1"></a>The</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f1">The</em></ins></span>
wording here was careless. The intention
+<li id="f1">The wording here was careless. The intention
was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the
GNU
system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
@@ -675,46 +686,32 @@
the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f2a"></a>The</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f2a">The</em></ins></span>
expression “give away” is another
+<li id="f2a">The expression “give away” is another
indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
talking about free software. See
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">
-<q>Confusing</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing</em></ins></span>
-Words and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Phrases</q></a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Phrases</a>”</em></ins></span> for
more explanation.</li>
+“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f2"></a>This</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f2">This</em></ins></span> is
another place I failed to distinguish
-carefully between the two different meanings of “free”.
+<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
suggest the wrong idea.</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f3"></a>Several</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f3">Several</em></ins></span>
such companies now exist.</li>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a name="f4"></a>
Although</strong></del></span>
+<li id="f3">Several such companies now exist.</li>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f4">Although</em></ins></span>
it is a
+<li id="f4">Although it is a
charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
most of its funds from its distribution service. You
-can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a>
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
to support its work.
</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f5"></a>A</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f5">A</em></ins></span> group of
computer companies pooled funds
+<li id="f5">A group of computer companies pooled funds
around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f8"></a>I</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f8">I</em></ins></span> think I
was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+<li id="f8">I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
software was the most common basis for making money in software.
It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
@@ -724,11 +721,10 @@
Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
in a free software world.</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f6"></a>In</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="f6">In</em></ins></span> the
1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
-property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
@@ -737,40 +733,27 @@
See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of
how
this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
name="f7"></a>Subsequently</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li
id="f7">Subsequently</em></ins></span> we learned to distinguish
-between “free software” and “freeware”. The
+<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
term “freeware” means software you are free to
redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
source code, so most of it is not free software. See
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">
-<q>Confusing</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing</em></ins></span>
-Words and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Phrases</q></a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Phrases</a>”</em></ins></span> for
more explanation.</li>
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -781,15 +764,14 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -807,11 +789,10 @@
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2014, 2015</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
@@ -825,15 +806,14 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/06/02 18:00:34 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:08 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,38 +11,40 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The GNU Manifesto
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>at the beginning
-of the GNU Project,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in
1985</em></ins></span> to
-ask for <span class="removed"><del><strong>participation and support.
For</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>support in
developing</em></ins></span> the
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>first few years,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU operating system. Part of the
-text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through
1987,</em></ins></span>
-it was updated in minor ways to account for
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>developments, but now</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>developments; since then,</em></ins></span>
-it seems best to leave it <span class="removed"><del><strong>unchanged as most
-people have seen it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unchanged.</p></em></ins></span>
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>For up-to-date information
about</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you want to
install</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>available GNU
software, please
-see</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/Linux system, we
recommend you use
-one of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>information
available on our</strong></del></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/home.html">web
-server</a>, in particular our <a
href="/software/software.html">list
-of software</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
-distributions</a>.</em></ins></span> For how to contribute,
-see <a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
@@ -50,14 +52,16 @@
“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
use it to promote an
-<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p></em></ins></span>
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
<p>
GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
-it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a>
Several
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@
decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
-me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
@@ -165,7 +169,9 @@
<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
-<blockquote>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
<p>
(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
@@ -174,7 +180,8 @@
ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
-</blockquote>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>
I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
@@ -213,7 +220,7 @@
<p>
Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
-software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
@@ -259,18 +266,23 @@
<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
-<p id="support">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
-they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p>
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
-<p>
-<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
-the support.”</strong></p>
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
-obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
@@ -302,14 +314,19 @@
particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
-<p id="advertising">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
-you must charge for the program to support
that.”</strong></p>
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
-<p>
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
-free.”</strong></p>
-
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
@@ -323,12 +340,15 @@
On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
-don't want to let the free market decide this?<a
href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
-<p id="competitive">
-<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
-a competitive edge.”</strong></p>
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
@@ -341,12 +361,16 @@
<p>
I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
-manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a
href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
-<p id="deserve">
-<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
-creativity?”</strong></p>
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
@@ -354,10 +378,13 @@
creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
-<p id="reward">
-<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
-his creativity?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
@@ -381,9 +408,12 @@
does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
creativity.</p>
-<p id="starve">
-<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
@@ -403,7 +433,7 @@
<p>
Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
-It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings
in
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
the most money. If it
were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
@@ -417,10 +447,13 @@
either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
that.)</p>
-<p id="right-to-control">
-<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
-creativity is used?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
@@ -428,7 +461,8 @@
<p>
People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
-rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that
there
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
@@ -471,10 +505,14 @@
both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
-<p id="competition">
-<strong>“Competition makes things get done
-better.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
@@ -491,10 +529,14 @@
yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
-<p id="stop-programming">
-<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
-incentive?”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
@@ -526,17 +568,23 @@
in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
-<p id="desperate">
-<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
-that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to
obey.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
-<p id="living">
-<strong>“Programmers need to make a living
somehow.”</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
<p>
In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
@@ -555,7 +603,8 @@
<p>
People with new ideas could distribute programs as
-freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
already working this way successfully.</p>
@@ -592,6 +641,10 @@
<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
choose this for themselves.</li>
</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
<p>
In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
@@ -610,9 +663,9 @@
competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
-
-<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3>
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
@@ -641,7 +694,7 @@
Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
-carefully between the two different meanings of “free”.
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
suggest the wrong idea.</li>
@@ -651,7 +704,7 @@
<li id="f4">Although it is a
charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
most of its funds from its distribution service. You
-can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a>
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
to support its work.
</li>
@@ -670,7 +723,8 @@
<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
-property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
@@ -680,7 +734,7 @@
this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
-between “free software” and “freeware”. The
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
term “freeware” means software you are free to
redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
source code, so most of it is not free software. See
@@ -688,10 +742,11 @@
Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -709,19 +764,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -736,7 +791,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
@@ -753,11 +808,12 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:08 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/pronunciation.ko-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/pronunciation.ko-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/po/pronunciation.ko-diff.html 18 May 2015 08:32:11 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/po/pronunciation.ko-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.5
@@ -10,21 +10,24 @@
span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
</style></head>
<body><pre>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.54</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.77</em></ins></span> -->
-<title>How To Pronounce <span
class="removed"><del><strong>GNU</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU
-- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/pronunciation/po/pronunciation.translist"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist"</em></ins></span>
-->
+<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/html5-header.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/header.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from
/server/standards/boilerplate.html</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>How To Pronounce GNU
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>How To Pronounce GNU</h2>
<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's
Not
-Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard g, like
-“grew” but with the letter “n” instead of
-“r”.</p>
+Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>g,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>g</i>,</em></ins></span> like
+“grew” but with the letter <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“n”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>n</i></em></ins></span> instead of
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“r”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>r</i>.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
-This is a recording of <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a>
+This is a recording of <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a>
saying “GNU” and another with a short explanation about how GNU
was named:
</p>
@@ -42,43 +45,36 @@
<p>The combination of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU and
Linux</a> is the <strong>GNU/Linux operating
system</strong>, now used
by millions and sometimes incorrectly called simply
-“Linux”.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux.”</p></em></ins></span>
<p>For more detailed information and history of the GNU
Operating System visit
-<a href="/gnu/">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/</a></p>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/gnu/">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/gnu/">gnu.org/gnu/</a></p>
+<div class="infobox" role="complementary">
+<hr /></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="license">License Of The Recordings</h3>
-<p>Copyright (C) 2001 Richard M. Stallman</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>This page is</strong></del></span>
+<p>Copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(C)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>©</em></ins></span> 2001 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>These recordings
are</em></ins></span> licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<p>These recordings are licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p>
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
- with the webmasters first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
- and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="unprintable"></em></ins></span>
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Please</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
@@ -87,19 +83,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
-Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -112,27 +108,25 @@
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2013, 2014</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2010, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2013,
2014</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2011,
2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>Updated:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/05/18 08:32:11 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
-
</pre></body></html>
Index: server/body-include-1.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/body-include-1.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.54
retrieving revision 1.55
diff -u -b -r1.54 -r1.55
--- server/body-include-1.fr.html 1 Jan 2022 08:09:00 -0000 1.54
+++ server/body-include-1.fr.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.55
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
<div class="message">
<p>
<!--#echo encoding='none' var='fr_link' -->
-Your example can empower users just like you to take important steps towards
-software freedom. Become an FSF associate member by January 20. <i>Read
-more ></i>
+Votre example peut encourager d'autres utilisateurs comme vous à franchir
+des étapes importantes vers la liberté informatique. Devenez membre associé
+de la FSF avant le 20 janvier. <i>Apprenez-en plus ></i>
<!--#echo
encoding='none' var='a_close' -->
</p>
Index: server/sitemap.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.556
retrieving revision 1.557
diff -u -b -r1.556 -r1.557
--- server/sitemap.fr.html 1 Jan 2022 06:12:59 -0000 1.556
+++ server/sitemap.fr.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.557
@@ -2262,7 +2262,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -2280,7 +2280,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2022/01/01 06:12:59 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.349
retrieving revision 1.350
diff -u -b -r1.349 -r1.350
--- server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html 18 Dec 2021 18:02:18 -0000 1.349
+++ server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:32 -0000 1.350
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -2097,7 +2097,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/12/18 18:02:18 $
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/initial-announcement.de-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/initial-announcement.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.de-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/initial-announcement.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
+27, 1983.</p>
+
+<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
+clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed
+to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
+
+<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have
+network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
+
+<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.</p>
+
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.
But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible
duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another
way.</p>
+
+
+<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
+
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
+
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
+
+<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
+<h3>Original message</h3>
+
+<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
+original form.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems. In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+ RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
+
+Usenet:
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+ ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:
+ Richard Stallman
+ 166 Prospect St
+ Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.it-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/initial-announcement.it-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/initial-announcement.it-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.it-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/initial-announcement.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
+27, 1983.</p>
+
+<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
+clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed
+to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
+
+<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have
+network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
+
+<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.</p>
+
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.
But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible
duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another
way.</p>
+
+
+<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
+
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
+
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
+
+<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
+<h3>Original message</h3>
+
+<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
+original form.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems. In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+ RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
+
+Usenet:
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+ ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:
+ Richard Stallman
+ 166 Prospect St
+ Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.pl-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/initial-announcement.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
+27, 1983.</p>
+
+<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
+clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed
+to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
+
+<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have
+network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
+
+<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.</p>
+
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.
But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible
duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another
way.</p>
+
+
+<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
+
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
+
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
+
+<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
+<h3>Original message</h3>
+
+<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
+original form.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems. In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+ RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
+
+Usenet:
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+ ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:
+ Richard Stallman
+ 166 Prospect St
+ Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.uk-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/initial-announcement.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> on September
+27, 1983.</p>
+
+<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
+clarified until a few years later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed
+to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
+
+<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have
+network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
+
+<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.</p>
+
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.
But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible
duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another
way.</p>
+
+
+<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Arpanet</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address>Arpanet</em></ins></span>
mail:<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
+
+<address>Usenet:<br</em></ins></span> />
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>US</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
+
+<address>US</em></ins></span> Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA <span class="removed"><del><strong>02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
+
+<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary"></em></ins></span>
+<h3>Original message</h3>
+
+<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
+original form.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><pre class="emph-box"</em></ins></span>
dir="ltr">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><pre><!--TRANSLATORS:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--TRANSLATORS:</em></ins></span> Don't
translate anything except the <span class="removed"><del><strong>headers.-->
+From</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>headers.
+-->From</em></ins></span>
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away <span class="removed"><del><strong>free<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free <a
href="#f1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems. In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+ RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
+
+Usenet:
+ ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+ ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:
+ Richard Stallman
+ 166 Prospect St
+ Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 id="f1"
class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention
was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/manifesto.html-diff</title>
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+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
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+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
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+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The GNU Manifesto
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
+misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
+added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
+other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
+programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
+commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
+a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
+nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
+itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but
+many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
+compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
+suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
+formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
+portable X Window System as well. After this we will add a portable
+Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
+Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
+and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
+try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
+virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
+on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
+to someone who wants to use it on them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in
the
+word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write">Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
+features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
+Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
+would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
+
+<h3 id="available">How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
+modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
+restrict its further redistribution. That is to say,
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
+versions of GNU remain free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-help">Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
+want to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
+software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
+to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
+as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
+sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
+essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
+purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
+law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
+those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
+They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
+money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
+be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
+an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
+sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
+we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
+talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
+
+<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
+Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
other
+ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
+the GNU operating system</a>.)
+</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>
+ One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
+will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
+ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
+in need of sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
+work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
+be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not
+work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
+problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
+programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
+specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
+can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
+it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
+utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
+to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
+be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
+will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
+I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
+important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
+people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
+the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+<h3 id="benefit">Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
+license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
+effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
+state of the art.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
+a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
+himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
+him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
+which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
+by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
+Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
+installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
+upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
+much inspired by this.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
+and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
+licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
+the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
+which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
+force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
+be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
+may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
+intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
+TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
+outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
+chuck the masks.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
+breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
+<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
+without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
+work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
+from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
+people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
+is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
+available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
+individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
+consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
+still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
+problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
+eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
+handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
+themselves but don't know how.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
+handholding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
+spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
+to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
+will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
+particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
+should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
+<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
+used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
+it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
+advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
+service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
+enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
+who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
+such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
+really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
+competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
+neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
+they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this
+one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
+like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
+GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
+selling operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
+Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
+is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
+creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
+punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
+maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
+destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
+are based on destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
+it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
+ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
+that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
+choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate
destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
+become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
+poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
+the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
+everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
+to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
+does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
+creativity.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
+cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
+faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
+standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
+implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
+cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
+possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
+now.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
+the most money. If it
+were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
+move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
+There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
+is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
+considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
+now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
+either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
+that.)</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
+control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
+their lives more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
+is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
+created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For example, the patent system was established to encourage
+inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
+to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
+span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
+advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
+manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
+small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
+much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
+products.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
+survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
+the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
+because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
+would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
+have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
+of act are we licensing a person to do?</p>
+
+<p>
+ The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
+hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
+from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
+code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
+used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
+which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
+both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
+regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
+encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
+way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
+always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
+and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
+strategies—such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
+a fist fight, they will all finish late.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
+in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
+to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten
+yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
+break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
+incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
+people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
+professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
+making a living that way.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
+to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
+less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
+monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
+at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
+have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards:
+fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
+reward in itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
+interesting work for a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
+than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
+will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
+in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
+if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
+Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
+that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
+program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
+businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
+living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
+are a number of examples.</p>
+
+<p>
+ A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
+operating systems onto the new hardware.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could
+also employ programmers.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
+users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
+already working this way successfully.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A
+group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
+the group's members would like to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:</p>
+
+<p>
+ Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the
+ price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency
+ like the NSF to spend on software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
+ himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
+ the project of his own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to
+ use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
+ amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
+ tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The consequences:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The computer-using community supports software
development.</li>
+<li>This community decides what level of support is needed.</li>
+<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
+ choose this for themselves.</li>
+</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
+postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
+make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
+that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
+hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
+robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
+able to make a living from programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
+society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
+has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
+nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
+The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
+competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
+area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
+gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The wording here was careless. The intention
+was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the
GNU
+system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
+interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; later
+on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the
+service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to
+distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of
+freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software
+is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.
+Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain
+copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much
+the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
+the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
+
+<li id="f2a">The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
+from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
+talking about free software. See
+“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
+The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
+software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
+suggest the wrong idea.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">Several such companies now exist.</li>
+
+<li id="f4">Although it is a
+charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
+most of its funds from its distribution service. You
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
+to support its work.
+</li>
+
+<li id="f5">A group of computer companies pooled funds
+around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
+
+<li id="f8">I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+software was the most common basis for making money in software.
+It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
+development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
+of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing real work
+in order to keep getting income. The custom software business would
+continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free software world.
+Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
+in a free software world.</li>
+
+<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
+different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
+“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
+suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear
+is to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.
+See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of
how
+this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
+
+<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
+term “freeware” means software you are free to
+redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
+source code, so most of it is not free software. See
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/manifesto.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The GNU Manifesto
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
+misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
+added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
+other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
+programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
+commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
+a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
+nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
+itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but
+many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
+compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
+suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
+formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
+portable X Window System as well. After this we will add a portable
+Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
+Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
+and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
+try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
+virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
+on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
+to someone who wants to use it on them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in
the
+word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write">Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
+features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
+Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
+would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
+
+<h3 id="available">How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
+modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
+restrict its further redistribution. That is to say,
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
+versions of GNU remain free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-help">Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
+want to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
+software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
+to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
+as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
+sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
+essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
+purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
+law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
+those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
+They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
+money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
+be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
+an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
+sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
+we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
+talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
+
+<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
+Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
other
+ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
+the GNU operating system</a>.)
+</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>
+ One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
+will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
+ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
+in need of sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
+work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
+be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not
+work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
+problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
+programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
+specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
+can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
+it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
+utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
+to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
+be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
+will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
+I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
+important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
+people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
+the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+<h3 id="benefit">Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
+license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
+effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
+state of the art.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
+a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
+himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
+him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
+which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
+by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
+Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
+installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
+upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
+much inspired by this.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
+and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
+licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
+the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
+which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
+force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
+be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
+may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
+intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
+TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
+outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
+chuck the masks.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
+breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
+<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
+without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
+work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
+from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
+people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
+is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
+available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
+individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
+consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
+still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
+problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
+eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
+handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
+themselves but don't know how.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
+handholding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
+spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
+to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
+will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
+particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
+should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
+<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
+used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
+it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
+advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
+service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
+enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
+who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
+such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
+really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
+competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
+neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
+they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this
+one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
+like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
+GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
+selling operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
+Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
+is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
+creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
+punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
+maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
+destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
+are based on destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
+it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
+ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
+that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
+choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate
destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
+become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
+poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
+the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
+everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
+to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
+does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
+creativity.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
+cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
+faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
+standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
+implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
+cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
+possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
+now.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
+the most money. If it
+were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
+move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
+There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
+is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
+considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
+now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
+either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
+that.)</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
+control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
+their lives more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
+is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
+created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For example, the patent system was established to encourage
+inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
+to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
+span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
+advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
+manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
+small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
+much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
+products.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
+survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
+the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
+because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
+would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
+have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
+of act are we licensing a person to do?</p>
+
+<p>
+ The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
+hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
+from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
+code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
+used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
+which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
+both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
+regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
+encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
+way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
+always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
+and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
+strategies—such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
+a fist fight, they will all finish late.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
+in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
+to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten
+yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
+break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
+incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
+people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
+professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
+making a living that way.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
+to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
+less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
+monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
+at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
+have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards:
+fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
+reward in itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
+interesting work for a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
+than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
+will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
+in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
+if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
+Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
+that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
+program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
+businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
+living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
+are a number of examples.</p>
+
+<p>
+ A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
+operating systems onto the new hardware.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could
+also employ programmers.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
+users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
+already working this way successfully.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A
+group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
+the group's members would like to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:</p>
+
+<p>
+ Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the
+ price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency
+ like the NSF to spend on software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
+ himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
+ the project of his own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to
+ use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
+ amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
+ tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The consequences:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The computer-using community supports software
development.</li>
+<li>This community decides what level of support is needed.</li>
+<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
+ choose this for themselves.</li>
+</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
+postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
+make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
+that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
+hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
+robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
+able to make a living from programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
+society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
+has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
+nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
+The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
+competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
+area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
+gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The wording here was careless. The intention
+was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the
GNU
+system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
+interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; later
+on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the
+service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to
+distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of
+freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software
+is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.
+Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain
+copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much
+the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
+the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
+
+<li id="f2a">The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
+from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
+talking about free software. See
+“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
+The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
+software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
+suggest the wrong idea.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">Several such companies now exist.</li>
+
+<li id="f4">Although it is a
+charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
+most of its funds from its distribution service. You
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
+to support its work.
+</li>
+
+<li id="f5">A group of computer companies pooled funds
+around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
+
+<li id="f8">I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+software was the most common basis for making money in software.
+It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
+development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
+of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing real work
+in order to keep getting income. The custom software business would
+continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free software world.
+Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
+in a free software world.</li>
+
+<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
+different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
+“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
+suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear
+is to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.
+See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of
how
+this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
+
+<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
+term “freeware” means software you are free to
+redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
+source code, so most of it is not free software. See
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/manifesto.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The GNU Manifesto
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
+misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
+added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
+other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
+programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
+commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
+a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
+nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
+itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but
+many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
+compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
+suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
+formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
+portable X Window System as well. After this we will add a portable
+Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
+Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
+and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
+try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
+virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
+on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
+to someone who wants to use it on them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in
the
+word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write">Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
+features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
+Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
+would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
+
+<h3 id="available">How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
+modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
+restrict its further redistribution. That is to say,
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
+versions of GNU remain free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-help">Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
+want to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
+software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
+to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
+as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
+sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
+essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
+purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
+law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
+those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
+They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
+money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
+be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
+an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
+sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
+we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
+talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
+
+<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
+Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
other
+ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
+the GNU operating system</a>.)
+</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>
+ One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
+will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
+ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
+in need of sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
+work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
+be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not
+work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
+problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
+programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
+specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
+can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
+it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
+utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
+to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
+be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
+will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
+I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
+important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
+people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
+the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+<h3 id="benefit">Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
+license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
+effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
+state of the art.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
+a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
+himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
+him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
+which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
+by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
+Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
+installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
+upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
+much inspired by this.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
+and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
+licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
+the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
+which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
+force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
+be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
+may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
+intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
+TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
+outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
+chuck the masks.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
+breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
+<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
+without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
+work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
+from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
+people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
+is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
+available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
+individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
+consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
+still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
+problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
+eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
+handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
+themselves but don't know how.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
+handholding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
+spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
+to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
+will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
+particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
+should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
+<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
+used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
+it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
+advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
+service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
+enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
+who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
+such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
+really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
+competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
+neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
+they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this
+one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
+like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
+GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
+selling operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
+Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
+is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
+creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
+punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
+maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
+destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
+are based on destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
+it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
+ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
+that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
+choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate
destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
+become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
+poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
+the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
+everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
+to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
+does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
+creativity.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
+cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
+faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
+standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
+implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
+cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
+possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
+now.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
+the most money. If it
+were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
+move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
+There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
+is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
+considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
+now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
+either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
+that.)</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
+control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
+their lives more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
+is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
+created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For example, the patent system was established to encourage
+inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
+to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
+span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
+advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
+manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
+small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
+much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
+products.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
+survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
+the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
+because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
+would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
+have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
+of act are we licensing a person to do?</p>
+
+<p>
+ The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
+hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
+from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
+code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
+used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
+which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
+both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
+regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
+encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
+way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
+always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
+and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
+strategies—such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
+a fist fight, they will all finish late.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
+in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
+to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten
+yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
+break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
+incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
+people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
+professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
+making a living that way.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
+to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
+less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
+monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
+at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
+have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards:
+fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
+reward in itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
+interesting work for a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
+than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
+will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
+in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
+if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
+Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
+that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
+program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
+businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
+living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
+are a number of examples.</p>
+
+<p>
+ A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
+operating systems onto the new hardware.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could
+also employ programmers.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
+users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
+already working this way successfully.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A
+group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
+the group's members would like to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:</p>
+
+<p>
+ Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the
+ price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency
+ like the NSF to spend on software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
+ himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
+ the project of his own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to
+ use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
+ amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
+ tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The consequences:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The computer-using community supports software
development.</li>
+<li>This community decides what level of support is needed.</li>
+<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
+ choose this for themselves.</li>
+</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
+postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
+make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
+that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
+hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
+robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
+able to make a living from programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
+society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
+has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
+nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
+The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
+competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
+area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
+gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The wording here was careless. The intention
+was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the
GNU
+system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
+interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; later
+on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the
+service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to
+distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of
+freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software
+is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.
+Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain
+copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much
+the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
+the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
+
+<li id="f2a">The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
+from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
+talking about free software. See
+“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
+The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
+software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
+suggest the wrong idea.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">Several such companies now exist.</li>
+
+<li id="f4">Although it is a
+charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
+most of its funds from its distribution service. You
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
+to support its work.
+</li>
+
+<li id="f5">A group of computer companies pooled funds
+around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
+
+<li id="f8">I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+software was the most common basis for making money in software.
+It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
+development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
+of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing real work
+in order to keep getting income. The custom software business would
+continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free software world.
+Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
+in a free software world.</li>
+
+<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
+different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
+“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
+suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear
+is to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.
+See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of
how
+this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
+
+<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
+term “freeware” means software you are free to
+redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
+source code, so most of it is not free software. See
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/manifesto.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The GNU Manifesto
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="thin"></div>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+ask for support in developing the GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987,
+it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
+it seems best to leave it unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
+misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
+added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
+one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>. For how to contribute,
+see <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr class="no-display" />
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
+it away free to everyone who can use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.<a
href="#f1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</em></ins></span> Several
+other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
+programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
+commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
+a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
+nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
+itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but
+many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
+compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
+suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
+formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
+portable X Window System as well. After this we will add a portable
+Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
+Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
+and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
+try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
+virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
+on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
+to someone who wants to use it on them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in
the
+word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write">Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>away <a class="ftn"
href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
+features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
+Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
+would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
+
+<h3 id="available">How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
+modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
+restrict its further redistribution. That is to say,
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
+versions of GNU remain free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-help">Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
+want to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
+software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
+to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
+as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
+sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
+essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
+purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
+law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
+those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
+They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
+money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
+be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
+an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
+sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
+we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
+talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
+
+<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="comment"></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
+Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
other
+ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
+the GNU operating system</a>.)
+</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>
+ One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
+will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
+ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
+in need of sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
+work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
+be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not
+work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
+problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
+programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
+specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
+can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
+it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
+utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
+to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
+be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
+will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
+I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
+important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
+people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
+the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+<h3 id="benefit">Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
+software free, just like <span class="removed"><del><strong>air.<a
href="#f2">(3)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>air <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
+license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
+effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
+state of the art.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
+a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
+himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
+him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
+which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
+by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
+Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
+installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
+upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
+much inspired by this.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
+and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
+licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
+the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
+which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
+force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
+be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
+may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
+intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
+TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
+outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
+chuck the masks.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
+breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><dl>
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="support">
+<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
+they can't rely on any <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>support.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>support.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
+without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
+obtained GNU free ought to be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>profitable <a class="ftn"
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
+work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
+from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
+people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
+is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
+available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
+individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
+consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
+still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
+problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
+eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
+handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
+themselves but don't know how.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
+handholding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
+spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
+to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
+will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
+particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
+should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="advertising">
+<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
+you must charge for the program to support <span
class="removed"><del><strong>that.”</strong></p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>that.”</strong></dt>
+<dt></em></ins></span>
+<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>free.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
+used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
+it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
+advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
+service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
+enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
+who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
+such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
+really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
+don't want to let the free market decide <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>this? <a
class="ftn" href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>edge.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>edge.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
+competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
+neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
+they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this
+one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
+like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
+GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
+selling operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+
+<p</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>each <a
class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
+Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
+is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
+creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
+punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his <span
class="removed"><del><strong>creativity?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>creativity?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
+maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
+destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
+are based on destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
+it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
+ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
+that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
+choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate
destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
+become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
+poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
+the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
+everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
+to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
+does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
+creativity.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers <span
class="removed"><del><strong>starve?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>starve?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
+cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
+faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
+standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
+implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
+cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
+possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
+now.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
+It is the most common <span class="removed"><del><strong>basis<a
href="#f8">(7)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>basis <a class="ftn"
href="#f8">[7]</a></em></ins></span> because it brings in
+the most money. If it
+were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
+move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
+There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
+is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
+considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
+now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
+either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
+that.)</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>used?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>used?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
+control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
+their lives more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>rights<a
href="#f6">(8)</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>rights <a class="ftn"
href="#f6">[8]</a></em></ins></span> carefully (such as lawyers) say
that there
+is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
+created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For example, the patent system was established to encourage
+inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
+to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
+span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
+advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
+manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
+small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
+much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
+products.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
+survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
+the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
+because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
+would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
+have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
+of act are we licensing a person to do?</p>
+
+<p>
+ The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
+hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
+from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
+code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
+used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
+which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
+both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
+regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>better.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>better.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
+encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
+way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
+always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
+and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
+strategies—such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
+a fist fight, they will all finish late.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
+in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
+to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten
+yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
+break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>incentive?”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>incentive?”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
+incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
+people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
+professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
+making a living that way.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
+to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
+less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
+monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
+at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
+have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards:
+fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
+reward in itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
+interesting work for a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
+than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
+will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
+in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
+if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>obey.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>obey.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
+Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living <span
class="removed"><del><strong>somehow.”</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>somehow.”</strong></dt>
+<dd></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+ In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
+that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
+program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
+businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
+living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
+are a number of examples.</p>
+
+<p>
+ A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
+operating systems onto the new hardware.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could
+also employ programmers.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>freeware <a class="ftn"
href="#f7">[9]</a>,</em></ins></span> asking for donations from
satisfied
+users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
+already working this way successfully.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A
+group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
+the group's members would like to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:</p>
+
+<p>
+ Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the
+ price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency
+ like the NSF to spend on software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
+ himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
+ the project of his own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to
+ use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
+ amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
+ tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The consequences:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The computer-using community supports software
development.</li>
+<li>This community decides what level of support is needed.</li>
+<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
+ choose this for themselves.</li>
+</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
+postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
+make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
+that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
+hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
+robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
+able to make a living from programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
+society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
+has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
+nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
+The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
+competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
+area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
+gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footnotes"
class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The wording here was careless. The intention
+was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the
GNU
+system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
+interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; later
+on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the
+service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to
+distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of
+freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software
+is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.
+Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain
+copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much
+the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
+the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
+
+<li id="f2a">The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
+from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
+talking about free software. See
+“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span>
+The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
+software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
+suggest the wrong idea.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">Several such companies now exist.</li>
+
+<li id="f4">Although it is a
+charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
+most of its funds from its distribution service. You
+can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/order/order.html">order</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://shop.fsf.org/">order</em></ins></span>
things from the FSF</a>
+to support its work.
+</li>
+
+<li id="f5">A group of computer companies pooled funds
+around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
+
+<li id="f8">I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+software was the most common basis for making money in software.
+It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
+development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
+of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing real work
+in order to keep getting income. The custom software business would
+continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free software world.
+Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
+in a free software world.</li>
+
+<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> That term
is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
+different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
+“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
+suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear
+is to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.
+See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of
how
+this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
+
+<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“freeware”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“freeware.”</em></ins></span> The
+term “freeware” means software you are free to
+redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
+source code, so most of it is not free software. See
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2004,</em></ins></span> 2005, 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008,</strong></del></span> 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/pronunciation.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/pronunciation.de-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/pronunciation.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/pronunciation.de-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/pronunciation.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/html5-header.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/header.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from
/server/standards/boilerplate.html</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>How To Pronounce GNU
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>How To Pronounce GNU</h2>
+
+<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's
Not
+Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>g,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>g</i>,</em></ins></span> like
+“grew” but with the letter <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“n”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>n</i></em></ins></span> instead of
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“r”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>r</i>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+This is a recording of <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a>
+saying “GNU” and another with a short explanation about how GNU
+was named:
+</p>
+
+<p><strong>How to say “GNU”:</strong></p>
+<audio src="/audio/gnu-pronunciation.ogg" controls="controls">
+<a href="/audio/gnu-pronunciation.ogg">How To Say GNU</a>
+</audio>
+
+<p><strong>How GNU Was Named:</strong></p>
+<audio src="/audio/how-gnu-was-named.ogg" controls="controls">
+<a href="/audio/how-gnu-was-named.ogg">How GNU Was Named</a>
+</audio>
+
+<p>The combination of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU and
+Linux</a> is the <strong>GNU/Linux operating
system</strong>, now used
+by millions and sometimes incorrectly called simply
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux.”</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>For more detailed information and history of the GNU
+Operating System visit
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/gnu/">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/gnu/">gnu.org/gnu/</a></p>
+
+<div class="infobox" role="complementary">
+<hr /></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="license">License Of The Recordings</h3>
+
+<p>Copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(C)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>©</em></ins></span> 2001 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>These recordings are licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2013,
2014</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2011,
2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/pronunciation.hr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/pronunciation.hr-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/pronunciation.hr-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/pronunciation.hr-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/pronunciation.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/html5-header.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/header.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from
/server/standards/boilerplate.html</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>How To Pronounce GNU
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>How To Pronounce GNU</h2>
+
+<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's
Not
+Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>g,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>g</i>,</em></ins></span> like
+“grew” but with the letter <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“n”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>n</i></em></ins></span> instead of
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“r”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>r</i>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+This is a recording of <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a>
+saying “GNU” and another with a short explanation about how GNU
+was named:
+</p>
+
+<p><strong>How to say “GNU”:</strong></p>
+<audio src="/audio/gnu-pronunciation.ogg" controls="controls">
+<a href="/audio/gnu-pronunciation.ogg">How To Say GNU</a>
+</audio>
+
+<p><strong>How GNU Was Named:</strong></p>
+<audio src="/audio/how-gnu-was-named.ogg" controls="controls">
+<a href="/audio/how-gnu-was-named.ogg">How GNU Was Named</a>
+</audio>
+
+<p>The combination of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU and
+Linux</a> is the <strong>GNU/Linux operating
system</strong>, now used
+by millions and sometimes incorrectly called simply
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux.”</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>For more detailed information and history of the GNU
+Operating System visit
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/gnu/">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/gnu/">gnu.org/gnu/</a></p>
+
+<div class="infobox" role="complementary">
+<hr /></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="license">License Of The Recordings</h3>
+
+<p>Copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(C)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>©</em></ins></span> 2001 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>These recordings are licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2013,
2014</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2011,
2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/pronunciation.uk-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/pronunciation.uk-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/pronunciation.uk-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/pronunciation.uk-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/pronunciation.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/html5-header.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/header.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from
/server/standards/boilerplate.html</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>How To Pronounce GNU
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/pronunciation.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>How To Pronounce GNU</h2>
+
+<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's
Not
+Unix!”; it is pronounced as one syllable with a hard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>g,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>g</i>,</em></ins></span> like
+“grew” but with the letter <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“n”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>n</i></em></ins></span> instead of
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“r”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>r</i>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+This is a recording of <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a>
+saying “GNU” and another with a short explanation about how GNU
+was named:
+</p>
+
+<p><strong>How to say “GNU”:</strong></p>
+<audio src="/audio/gnu-pronunciation.ogg" controls="controls">
+<a href="/audio/gnu-pronunciation.ogg">How To Say GNU</a>
+</audio>
+
+<p><strong>How GNU Was Named:</strong></p>
+<audio src="/audio/how-gnu-was-named.ogg" controls="controls">
+<a href="/audio/how-gnu-was-named.ogg">How GNU Was Named</a>
+</audio>
+
+<p>The combination of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU and
+Linux</a> is the <strong>GNU/Linux operating
system</strong>, now used
+by millions and sometimes incorrectly called simply
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux.”</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>For more detailed information and history of the GNU
+Operating System visit
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/gnu/">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/gnu/">gnu.org/gnu/</a></p>
+
+<div class="infobox" role="complementary">
+<hr /></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="license">License Of The Recordings</h3>
+
+<p>Copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(C)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>©</em></ins></span> 2001 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>These recordings are licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2013,
2014</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2011,
2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/rms-lisp.pt-br-diff.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/rms-lisp.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a[href*='#foot-'] { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</h2>
+
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote><p>(Transcript</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript</em></ins></span> of Richard Stallman's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Speech, 28 Oct 2002,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>speech</em></ins></span> at the
+International Lisp <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Conference).</p></blockquote></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Conference, 28 Oct 2002.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none
+of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it.
+Since I've done enough things in my career connected with Lisp I
+should be able to say something interesting.</p>
+
+<p>My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual
+in high school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there
+could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance
+to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I
+wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small <span
class="removed"><del><strong>machine
+— it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>machine—it</em></ins></span>
+had something like 8k of <span class="removed"><del><strong>memory —
and</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>memory—and</em></ins></span> I managed to write
the
+interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a
+little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software
+was like, that did real system jobs.</p>
+
+<p>I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White
+once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
+not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering
+what was to <span class="removed"><del><strong>come —
he</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>come—he</em></ins></span> must have really
regretted that day.</p>
+
+<p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible
+events, I was just going along making one extension after another for
+various programs, and most of them did not have anything to do with
+Lisp. But, along the way, I wrote a text editor, Emacs. The
+interesting idea about Emacs was that it had a programming language,
+and the user's editing commands would be written in that interpreted
+programming language, so that you could load new commands into your
+editor while you were editing. You could edit the programs you were
+using and then go on editing with them. So, we had a system that was
+useful for things other than programming, and yet you could program it
+while you were using it. I don't know if it was the first one of
+those, but it certainly was the first editor like that.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit of building up gigantic, complicated programs to use in
+your own editing, and then exchanging them with other people, fueled
+the spirit of free-wheeling cooperation that we had at the AI Lab
+then. The idea was that you could give a copy of any program you had
+to someone who wanted a copy of it. We shared programs to whomever
+wanted to use them, they were human knowledge. So even though there
+was no organized political thought relating the way we shared software
+to the design of Emacs, I'm convinced that there was a connection
+between them, an unconscious connection perhaps. I think that it's the
+nature of the way we lived at the AI Lab that led to Emacs and made it
+what it was.</p>
+
+<p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level
+language, the non-interpreted <span class="removed"><del><strong>language
— was</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>language—was</em></ins></span> PDP-10
+Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written
+for Emacs, it was written for <abbr title="Text Editor and
+COrrector">TECO</abbr>. It was our text editor, and was an
+extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The
+reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it
+was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands
+like <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘5l’,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>5l</code>,</em></ins></span>
meaning <span class="removed"><del><strong>‘move</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>move</em></ins></span> five <span
class="removed"><del><strong>lines’,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>lines</code>,</em></ins></span> or
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘i’</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>i</code></em></ins></span>
and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
+string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which
+was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it
+would get executed.</p>
+
+<p>Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming
+facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a
+looping construct, which was <span class="removed"><del><strong><
>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>< ></code>.</em></ins></span>
You would put those around
+things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could
+be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>we
+<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>we <a
+href="#foot-1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> added facilities to have
subroutines with
+names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines
+could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to
+program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer
+names. Actually, there were some rather sophisticated facilities; I
+think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility
+from TECO.</p>
+
+<p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
+ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it <span
class="removed"><del><strong>worked — people</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>worked—people</em></ins></span> were
+able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that
+a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to be a
+programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
+build your extensions on shouldn't be thought of as a programming
+language in afterthought; it should be designed as a programming
+language. In fact, we discovered that the best programming language
+for that purpose was Lisp.</p>
+
+<p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>was <a
href="#foot-2">(2)</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>was <a
href="#foot-2">[2]</a>.</em></ins></span> He wrote a version of Emacs
in Multics
+MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward
+fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs
+proved to be a great <span class="removed"><del><strong>success —
programming</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>success—programming</em></ins></span> new
editing commands
+was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started
+learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which
+showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So
+the secretaries, who believed they couldn't do programming, weren't
+scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful
+things and they learned to program.</p>
+
+<p>So Bernie saw that an <span class="removed"><del><strong>application
— a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>application—a</em></ins></span> program that
does something
+useful for <span class="removed"><del><strong>you —
which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>you—which</em></ins></span> has Lisp inside it
and which you could extend
+by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people
+to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs
+that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly
+do. They can get encouragement for their own practical <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use — at</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use—at</em></ins></span> the
+stage where it's the <span class="removed"><del><strong>hardest —
where</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>hardest—where</em></ins></span> they don't
believe they can
+program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p>
+
+<p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something
+like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
+implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>interpreter — it</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>interpreter—it</em></ins></span> was a
full-fledged Lisp <span class="removed"><del><strong>system —
but</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—but</em></ins></span> people wanted
+to implement something like that on other systems where they had not
+already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp
+compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Lisp — it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Lisp—it</em></ins></span> would be
+too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So
+we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp
+interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that
+parts of the editor were built-in Lisp facilities. Those would be
+whatever parts we felt we had to optimize. This was a technique that
+we had already consciously practiced in the original Emacs, because
+there were certain fairly high level features which we re-implemented
+in machine language, making them into TECO
+primitives. For instance, there was a TECO
+primitive to fill a paragraph (actually, to do most of the work of
+filling a paragraph, because some of the less time-consuming parts of
+the job would be done at the higher level by a TECO
+program). You could do the whole job by writing
+a TECO program, but that was too slow, so we
+optimized it by putting part of it in machine language. We used the
+same idea here (in the hybrid technique), that most of the editor
+would be written in Lisp, but certain parts of it that had to run
+particularly fast would be written at a lower level.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, when I wrote my second implementation of Emacs, I
+followed the same kind of design. The low level language was not
+machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language
+for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There
+was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special
+purpose editing jobs directly in <span class="removed"><del><strong>C —
manipulating</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>C—manipulating</em></ins></span> editor buffers,
+inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the
+buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this was not the first Emacs that was written in C and ran on
+Unix. The first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as
+GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he
+seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation
+of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people
+at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Twenex — it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Twenex—it</em></ins></span>
+originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used
+at MIT. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there
+were a few hundred installations around the world that could
+potentially use it. We started distributing it to them, with the rule
+that “you had to send back all of your improvements” so we
+could all benefit. No one ever tried to enforce that, but as far as I
+know people did cooperate.</p>
+
+<p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote
+in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
+community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's
+the right approach to take towards a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>community — to</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>community—to</em></ins></span> ask them to join
+in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the
+spirit, and sold it to a company.</p>
+
+<p>At that time I was working on the GNU system (a free software
+Unix-like operating system that many people erroneously call
+“Linux”). There was no free software Emacs editor that ran
+on Unix. I did, however, have a friend who had participated in
+developing Gosling's Emacs. Gosling had given him, by email, permission
+to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that
+version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real
+Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘mocklisp’,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“mocklisp,”</em></ins></span>
which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
+have the data structures of Lisp. So programs were not data, and vital
+elements of Lisp were missing. Its data structures were strings,
+numbers and a few other specialized things.</p>
+
+<p>I concluded I couldn't use it and had to replace it all, the first
+step of which was to write an actual Lisp interpreter. I gradually
+adapted every part of the editor based on real Lisp data structures,
+rather than ad hoc data structures, making the data structures of the
+internals of the editor exposable and manipulable by the user's Lisp
+programs.</p>
+
+<p>The one exception was redisplay. For a long time, redisplay was
+sort of an alternate world. The editor would enter the world of
+redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures
+that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption,
+and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>since — it's</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>since—it's</em></ins></span> now
possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
+quite a convenient thing.</p>
+
+<p>This second Emacs program was <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘free software’</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“free software”</em></ins></span>
in the
+modern sense of the <span class="removed"><del><strong>term —
it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>term—it</em></ins></span> was part of an
explicit political
+campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that
+everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days
+at MIT, working together on software and working with
+whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free
+software <span class="removed"><del><strong>movement —
the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>movement—the</em></ins></span> experience I
had, the life that I've lived at
+the MIT AI <span class="removed"><del><strong>lab —
to</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>lab—to</em></ins></span> be working on human
knowledge, and
+not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
+disseminating human knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, you could make a computer that was about the same price
+range as other computers that weren't meant for Lisp, except that it
+would run Lisp much faster than they would, and with full type checking
+in every operation as well. Ordinary computers typically forced you to
+choose between execution speed and good typechecking. So yes, you could
+have a Lisp compiler and run your programs fast, but when they tried to
+take <code>car</code> of a number, it got nonsensical results and
eventually
+crashed at some point.</p>
+
+<p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as
+those other machines, but each <span class="removed"><del><strong>instruction
— a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>instruction—a</em></ins></span>
<code>car</code> instruction would
+do data <span class="removed"><del><strong>typechecking —
so</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>typechecking—so</em></ins></span> when you
tried to get the <code>car</code> of a number
+in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built
+the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
+almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in
+the microcode. People became interested in manufacturing them, which
+meant they should start a company.</p>
+
+<p>There were two different ideas about what this company should be
+like. Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a
+“hacker” company. This meant it would be a company run by
+hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal
+was to maintain the AI Lab <span class="removed"><del><strong>culture <a
href="#foot-3">(3)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>culture <a class="ftn"
href="#foot-3">[3]</a>.</em></ins></span>
+Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so
+other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he
+could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment
+wouldn't work.</p>
+
+<p>Why did he want to avoid outside investment? Because when a company
+has outside investors, they take control and they don't let you have
+any scruples. And eventually, if you have any scruples, they also
+replace you as the manager.</p>
+
+<p>So Greenblatt had the idea that he would find a customer who would
+pay in advance to buy the parts. They would build machines and deliver
+them; with profits from those parts, they would then be able to buy
+parts for a few more machines, sell those and then buy parts for a
+larger number of machines, and so on. The other people in the group
+thought that this couldn't possibly work.</p>
+
+<p>Greenblatt then recruited Russell Noftsker, the man who had hired
+me, who had subsequently left the AI Lab and created a successful
+company. Russell was believed to have an aptitude for business. He
+demonstrated this aptitude for business by saying to the other people
+in the group, “Let's ditch Greenblatt, forget his ideas, and
+we'll make another company.” Stabbing in the back, clearly a
+real businessman. Those people decided they would form a company
+called Symbolics. They would get outside investment, not have
+scruples, and do everything possible to win.</p>
+
+<p>But Greenblatt didn't give up. He and the few people loyal to him
+decided to start Lisp Machines Inc. anyway and go ahead with their
+plans. And what do you know, they succeeded! They got the first
+customer and were paid in advance. They built machines and sold them,
+and built more machines and more machines. They actually succeeded
+even though they didn't have the help of most of the people in the
+group. Symbolics also got off to a successful start, so you had two
+competing Lisp machine companies. When Symbolics saw that LMI was not
+going to fall flat on its face, they started looking for ways to
+destroy it.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the abandonment of our lab was followed by “war”
+in our lab. The abandonment happened when Symbolics hired away all
+the hackers, except me and the few who worked at LMI part-time. Then
+they invoked a rule and eliminated people who worked part-time
+for MIT, so they had to leave entirely, which left only
+me. The AI lab was now helpless. And MIT had made a very
+foolish arrangement with these two companies. It was a three-way
+contract where both companies licensed the use of Lisp machine system
+sources. These companies were required to let MIT use
+their changes. But it didn't say in the contract that MIT
+was entitled to put them into the MIT Lisp machine
+systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that
+the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.</p>
+
+<p> So Symbolics came up with a <span class="removed"><del><strong>plan
<a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>plan <a
href="#foot-4">[4]</a>.</em></ins></span> They
+said to the lab, “We will continue making our changes to the
+system available for you to use, but you can't put it into
+the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you
+access to Symbolics' Lisp machine system, and you can run it, but
+that's all you can do.”</p>
+
+<p>This, in effect, meant that they demanded that we had to choose a
+side, and use either the MIT version of the system or the
+Symbolics version. Whichever choice we made determined which system
+our improvements went to. If we worked on and improved the Symbolics
+version, we would be supporting Symbolics alone. If we used and
+improved the MIT version of the system, we would be doing
+work available to both companies, but Symbolics saw that we would be
+supporting LMI because we would be helping them continue to exist. So
+we were not allowed to be neutral anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Up until that point, I hadn't taken the side of either company,
+although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our
+community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.
+So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines
+Inc. <span class="removed"><del><strong>going <a
href="#foot-5">(5)</a> — I</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>going <a
href="#foot-5">[5]</a>—I</em></ins></span> began duplicating all
+of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system. I
+wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my
+own).</p>
+
+<p>After a <span class="removed"><del><strong>while <a
href="#foot-6">(6)</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>while <a
href="#foot-6">[6]</a>,</em></ins></span> I came to the conclusion
+that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they
+made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what
+the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real
+release, I did too.</p>
+
+<p>In this way, for two years, I prevented them from wiping out Lisp
+Machines Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't
+want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an
+evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because
+they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>disappear <a
href="#foot-7">(7)</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>disappear <a
href="#foot-7">[7]</a>.</em></ins></span> Meanwhile, it was time to
start
+building a new community to replace the one that their actions and
+others had wiped out.</p>
+
+<p>The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to
+the MIT AI Lab, and the hackers were not all
+at MIT. The war that Symbolics started was what wiped
+out MIT, but there were other events going on then. There
+were people giving up on cooperation, and together this wiped out the
+community and there wasn't much left.</p>
+
+<p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do
+next. I had to make a free operating system, that was <span
class="removed"><del><strong>clear — the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>clear—the</em></ins></span>
+only way that people could work together and share was with a free
+operating system.</p>
+
+<p>At first, I thought of making a Lisp-based system, but I realized
+that wouldn't be a good idea technically. To have something like the
+Lisp machine system, you needed special purpose microcode. That's what
+made it possible to run programs as fast as other computers would run
+their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without
+that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for
+other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's
+okay if you're running one program on a timesharing <span
class="removed"><del><strong>system — if</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—if</em></ins></span> one
+program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program
+occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the
+operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like
+the Lisp machine.</p>
+
+<p>I decided instead to make a Unix-like operating system that would
+have Lisp implementations to run as user programs. The kernel wouldn't
+be written in Lisp, but we'd have Lisp. So the development of that
+operating system, the GNU operating system, is what led me to write
+the GNU Emacs. In doing this, I aimed to make the absolute minimal
+possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs was a
+tremendous concern.</p>
+
+<p>There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte
+machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU
+Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, at the time the only looping construct was
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘while’,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>while</code>,</em></ins></span>
which was extremely simple. There was no way to
+break out of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘while’</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>while</code></em></ins></span>
statement, you just had to do a
+catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows
+how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘caar’</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>caar</code></em></ins></span> and
<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘cadr’</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>cadr</code></em></ins></span>
and so on; “squeeze
+out everything possible” was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit
+of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way
+any more. We put in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘caar’</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>caar</code></em></ins></span> and
<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘cadr’</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>cadr</code></em></ins></span>
and so
+on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these
+days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend
+it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the
+Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't
+like terribly much is keyword <span class="removed"><del><strong>arguments
<a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>arguments <a
href="#foot-8">[8]</a>.</em></ins></span>
+They don't seem quite Lispy
+to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do
+that.</p>
+
+<p>That was not the end of the GNU projects involved with Lisp. Later
+on around 1995, we were looking into starting a graphical desktop
+project. It was clear that for the programs on the desktop, we wanted
+a programming language to write a lot of it in to make it easily
+extensible, like the editor. The question was what it should be.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, <abbr title="Tool Command
Language">TCL</abbr>
+was being pushed heavily for this purpose. I had a very low opinion
+of TCL, basically because it wasn't Lisp. It looks
+a tiny bit like Lisp, but semantically it isn't, and it's not as
+clean. Then someone showed me an ad where Sun was trying to hire
+somebody to work on TCL to make it the
+“de-facto standard extension language” of the world. And I
+thought, “We've got to stop that from happening.” So we
+started to make Scheme the standard extensibility language for
+GNU. Not Common Lisp, because it was too large. The idea was that we
+would have a Scheme interpreter designed to be linked into
+applications in the same way TCL was linked into
+applications. We would then recommend that as the preferred
+extensibility package for all GNU programs.</p>
+
+<p>There's an interesting benefit you can get from using such a
+powerful language as a version of Lisp as your primary extensibility
+language. You can implement other languages by translating them into
+your primary language. If your primary language
+is TCL, you can't very easily implement Lisp by
+translating it into TCL. But if your primary
+language is Lisp, it's not that hard to implement other things by
+translating them. Our idea was that if each extensible application
+supported Scheme, you could write an implementation
+of TCL or Python or Perl in Scheme that translates
+that program into Scheme. Then you could load that into any
+application and customize it in your favorite language and it would
+work with other customizations as well.</p>
+
+<p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to
+use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who
+love any given language have to compete for the choice of the
+developers of <span class="removed"><del><strong>applications —
saying</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>applications—saying</em></ins></span>
“Please, application
+developer, put my language into your application, not his
+language.” Then the users get no choices at <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all — whichever</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>all—whichever</em></ins></span>
+application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck
+with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can
+implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a
+choice of language and we don't have to have a language war
+anymore. That's what we're hoping <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘Guile’,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Guile,</em></ins></span> our scheme
+interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up
+a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely
+finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in
+touch. So that's the plan we have for the future.</p>
+
+<p>I haven't been speaking about free software, but let me briefly
+tell you a little bit about what that means. Free software does not
+refer to price; it doesn't mean that you get it for free. (You may
+have paid for a copy, or gotten a copy gratis.) It means that you have
+freedom as a user. The crucial thing is that you are free to run the
+program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your
+needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish
+improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you
+are using a <span class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> program, you have
lost crucial freedom, so don't
+ever do that.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to
+reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software by
+providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the
+moral courage to reject the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software, when that means
some
+practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative
+so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a
+sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want
+to make it easier for you to live in freedom, to cooperate.</p>
+
+<p>This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to
+thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are
+opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you
+are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help
+yourself. With <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software, somebody is
dominating you and
+keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're
+not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to
+help yourself. Divided and helpless is the state of users using
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software.</p>
+
+<p>We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what
+people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free
+software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot
+farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to
+volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more
+jobs. Take a look at <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a></em></ins></span>
to
+find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's
+a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about
+philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free
+software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages
+now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please
+write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, “Free
+Software and Free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Society”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Society,”</em></ins></span> is on sale and can
be purchased at
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>www.gnu.org <a
href="#foot-9">[9]</a>.</em></ins></span> Happy hacking!</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+<ol>
+<li id="foot-1">Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs
+command set; then he and I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO),
+but after one long joint development session, Steele began drifting
+away, so I finished Emacs. Others particularly including Eugene
+C. Cicciarelli and Mike McMahon contributed substantially later
+on.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-2">Bernie Greenberg says that Dan Weinreb's
+implementation of Emacs for the Lisp Machine came before Greenberg's
+implementation for Multics. I apologize for the mistake.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-3">Greenblatt's plan, as I understood it, was to hire lab
+people part time, so that they could continue working at the AI Lab.
+Symbolics hired them full time instead, so they stopped working at
+MIT.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-4">The background of this plan, which I did not state
+explicitly in the talk, is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab
+hackers, whether at Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their
+changes to the MIT Lisp Machine <span class="removed"><del><strong>system
— even</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—even</em></ins></span> though the
+contract did not require this. Symbolics' plan was to rupture this
+cooperation unilaterally.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-5">It was not that I cared particularly about the fate of
+LMI, but rather I did not want to let Symbolics gain through its
+aggression against the AI Lab.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-6">This statement has been misconstrued as saying that I
+never, ever looked at Symbolics' code. Actually it says I did look,
+at first. The Symbolics source code was available at MIT, where I was
+entitled to read it, and at first that's how I found out about their
+changes.
+
+<p>But that meant I had to make a special effort to solve each problem
+differently, in order to avoid copying Symbolics code. After a while,
+I concluded it was better not to even look. That way I could write
+code in whatever way was best, without concern for what might be in
+Symbolics' code.</p></li>
+
+<li id="foot-7">Symbolics at one point protested to MIT that my work,
+by thwarting their plan, had cost Symbolics a million dollars.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-8">I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight
+function takes keyword arguments. What bothers me is making simple
+basic functions such as “member” use them.</li>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="foot-9">In 2021, this book can
be purchased from <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition">
+GNU Press</a>.</li></em></ins></span>
+</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
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class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
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+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
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+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
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+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
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+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2020</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<title>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
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media="print,screen"><!--
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+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</h2>
+
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote><p>(Transcript</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript</em></ins></span> of Richard Stallman's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Speech, 28 Oct 2002,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>speech</em></ins></span> at the
+International Lisp <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Conference).</p></blockquote></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Conference, 28 Oct 2002.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none
+of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it.
+Since I've done enough things in my career connected with Lisp I
+should be able to say something interesting.</p>
+
+<p>My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual
+in high school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there
+could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance
+to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I
+wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small <span
class="removed"><del><strong>machine
+— it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>machine—it</em></ins></span>
+had something like 8k of <span class="removed"><del><strong>memory —
and</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>memory—and</em></ins></span> I managed to write
the
+interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a
+little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software
+was like, that did real system jobs.</p>
+
+<p>I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White
+once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
+not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering
+what was to <span class="removed"><del><strong>come —
he</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>come—he</em></ins></span> must have really
regretted that day.</p>
+
+<p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible
+events, I was just going along making one extension after another for
+various programs, and most of them did not have anything to do with
+Lisp. But, along the way, I wrote a text editor, Emacs. The
+interesting idea about Emacs was that it had a programming language,
+and the user's editing commands would be written in that interpreted
+programming language, so that you could load new commands into your
+editor while you were editing. You could edit the programs you were
+using and then go on editing with them. So, we had a system that was
+useful for things other than programming, and yet you could program it
+while you were using it. I don't know if it was the first one of
+those, but it certainly was the first editor like that.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit of building up gigantic, complicated programs to use in
+your own editing, and then exchanging them with other people, fueled
+the spirit of free-wheeling cooperation that we had at the AI Lab
+then. The idea was that you could give a copy of any program you had
+to someone who wanted a copy of it. We shared programs to whomever
+wanted to use them, they were human knowledge. So even though there
+was no organized political thought relating the way we shared software
+to the design of Emacs, I'm convinced that there was a connection
+between them, an unconscious connection perhaps. I think that it's the
+nature of the way we lived at the AI Lab that led to Emacs and made it
+what it was.</p>
+
+<p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level
+language, the non-interpreted <span class="removed"><del><strong>language
— was</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>language—was</em></ins></span> PDP-10
+Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written
+for Emacs, it was written for <abbr title="Text Editor and
+COrrector">TECO</abbr>. It was our text editor, and was an
+extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The
+reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it
+was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands
+like <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘5l’,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>5l</code>,</em></ins></span>
meaning <span class="removed"><del><strong>‘move</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>move</em></ins></span> five <span
class="removed"><del><strong>lines’,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>lines</code>,</em></ins></span> or
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘i’</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>i</code></em></ins></span>
and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
+string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which
+was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it
+would get executed.</p>
+
+<p>Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming
+facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a
+looping construct, which was <span class="removed"><del><strong><
>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>< ></code>.</em></ins></span>
You would put those around
+things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could
+be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>we
+<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>we <a
+href="#foot-1">[1]</a></em></ins></span> added facilities to have
subroutines with
+names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines
+could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to
+program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer
+names. Actually, there were some rather sophisticated facilities; I
+think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility
+from TECO.</p>
+
+<p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
+ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it <span
class="removed"><del><strong>worked — people</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>worked—people</em></ins></span> were
+able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that
+a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to be a
+programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
+build your extensions on shouldn't be thought of as a programming
+language in afterthought; it should be designed as a programming
+language. In fact, we discovered that the best programming language
+for that purpose was Lisp.</p>
+
+<p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>was <a
href="#foot-2">(2)</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>was <a
href="#foot-2">[2]</a>.</em></ins></span> He wrote a version of Emacs
in Multics
+MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward
+fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs
+proved to be a great <span class="removed"><del><strong>success —
programming</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>success—programming</em></ins></span> new
editing commands
+was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started
+learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which
+showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So
+the secretaries, who believed they couldn't do programming, weren't
+scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful
+things and they learned to program.</p>
+
+<p>So Bernie saw that an <span class="removed"><del><strong>application
— a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>application—a</em></ins></span> program that
does something
+useful for <span class="removed"><del><strong>you —
which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>you—which</em></ins></span> has Lisp inside it
and which you could extend
+by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people
+to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs
+that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly
+do. They can get encouragement for their own practical <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use — at</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use—at</em></ins></span> the
+stage where it's the <span class="removed"><del><strong>hardest —
where</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>hardest—where</em></ins></span> they don't
believe they can
+program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p>
+
+<p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something
+like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
+implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>interpreter — it</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>interpreter—it</em></ins></span> was a
full-fledged Lisp <span class="removed"><del><strong>system —
but</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—but</em></ins></span> people wanted
+to implement something like that on other systems where they had not
+already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp
+compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Lisp — it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Lisp—it</em></ins></span> would be
+too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So
+we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp
+interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that
+parts of the editor were built-in Lisp facilities. Those would be
+whatever parts we felt we had to optimize. This was a technique that
+we had already consciously practiced in the original Emacs, because
+there were certain fairly high level features which we re-implemented
+in machine language, making them into TECO
+primitives. For instance, there was a TECO
+primitive to fill a paragraph (actually, to do most of the work of
+filling a paragraph, because some of the less time-consuming parts of
+the job would be done at the higher level by a TECO
+program). You could do the whole job by writing
+a TECO program, but that was too slow, so we
+optimized it by putting part of it in machine language. We used the
+same idea here (in the hybrid technique), that most of the editor
+would be written in Lisp, but certain parts of it that had to run
+particularly fast would be written at a lower level.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, when I wrote my second implementation of Emacs, I
+followed the same kind of design. The low level language was not
+machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language
+for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There
+was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special
+purpose editing jobs directly in <span class="removed"><del><strong>C —
manipulating</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>C—manipulating</em></ins></span> editor buffers,
+inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the
+buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this was not the first Emacs that was written in C and ran on
+Unix. The first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as
+GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he
+seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation
+of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people
+at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Twenex — it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Twenex—it</em></ins></span>
+originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used
+at MIT. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there
+were a few hundred installations around the world that could
+potentially use it. We started distributing it to them, with the rule
+that “you had to send back all of your improvements” so we
+could all benefit. No one ever tried to enforce that, but as far as I
+know people did cooperate.</p>
+
+<p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote
+in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
+community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's
+the right approach to take towards a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>community — to</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>community—to</em></ins></span> ask them to join
+in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the
+spirit, and sold it to a company.</p>
+
+<p>At that time I was working on the GNU system (a free software
+Unix-like operating system that many people erroneously call
+“Linux”). There was no free software Emacs editor that ran
+on Unix. I did, however, have a friend who had participated in
+developing Gosling's Emacs. Gosling had given him, by email, permission
+to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that
+version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real
+Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘mocklisp’,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“mocklisp,”</em></ins></span>
which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
+have the data structures of Lisp. So programs were not data, and vital
+elements of Lisp were missing. Its data structures were strings,
+numbers and a few other specialized things.</p>
+
+<p>I concluded I couldn't use it and had to replace it all, the first
+step of which was to write an actual Lisp interpreter. I gradually
+adapted every part of the editor based on real Lisp data structures,
+rather than ad hoc data structures, making the data structures of the
+internals of the editor exposable and manipulable by the user's Lisp
+programs.</p>
+
+<p>The one exception was redisplay. For a long time, redisplay was
+sort of an alternate world. The editor would enter the world of
+redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures
+that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption,
+and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>since — it's</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>since—it's</em></ins></span> now
possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
+quite a convenient thing.</p>
+
+<p>This second Emacs program was <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘free software’</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“free software”</em></ins></span>
in the
+modern sense of the <span class="removed"><del><strong>term —
it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>term—it</em></ins></span> was part of an
explicit political
+campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that
+everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days
+at MIT, working together on software and working with
+whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free
+software <span class="removed"><del><strong>movement —
the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>movement—the</em></ins></span> experience I
had, the life that I've lived at
+the MIT AI <span class="removed"><del><strong>lab —
to</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>lab—to</em></ins></span> be working on human
knowledge, and
+not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
+disseminating human knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, you could make a computer that was about the same price
+range as other computers that weren't meant for Lisp, except that it
+would run Lisp much faster than they would, and with full type checking
+in every operation as well. Ordinary computers typically forced you to
+choose between execution speed and good typechecking. So yes, you could
+have a Lisp compiler and run your programs fast, but when they tried to
+take <code>car</code> of a number, it got nonsensical results and
eventually
+crashed at some point.</p>
+
+<p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as
+those other machines, but each <span class="removed"><del><strong>instruction
— a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>instruction—a</em></ins></span>
<code>car</code> instruction would
+do data <span class="removed"><del><strong>typechecking —
so</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>typechecking—so</em></ins></span> when you
tried to get the <code>car</code> of a number
+in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built
+the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
+almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in
+the microcode. People became interested in manufacturing them, which
+meant they should start a company.</p>
+
+<p>There were two different ideas about what this company should be
+like. Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a
+“hacker” company. This meant it would be a company run by
+hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal
+was to maintain the AI Lab <span class="removed"><del><strong>culture <a
href="#foot-3">(3)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>culture <a class="ftn"
href="#foot-3">[3]</a>.</em></ins></span>
+Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so
+other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he
+could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment
+wouldn't work.</p>
+
+<p>Why did he want to avoid outside investment? Because when a company
+has outside investors, they take control and they don't let you have
+any scruples. And eventually, if you have any scruples, they also
+replace you as the manager.</p>
+
+<p>So Greenblatt had the idea that he would find a customer who would
+pay in advance to buy the parts. They would build machines and deliver
+them; with profits from those parts, they would then be able to buy
+parts for a few more machines, sell those and then buy parts for a
+larger number of machines, and so on. The other people in the group
+thought that this couldn't possibly work.</p>
+
+<p>Greenblatt then recruited Russell Noftsker, the man who had hired
+me, who had subsequently left the AI Lab and created a successful
+company. Russell was believed to have an aptitude for business. He
+demonstrated this aptitude for business by saying to the other people
+in the group, “Let's ditch Greenblatt, forget his ideas, and
+we'll make another company.” Stabbing in the back, clearly a
+real businessman. Those people decided they would form a company
+called Symbolics. They would get outside investment, not have
+scruples, and do everything possible to win.</p>
+
+<p>But Greenblatt didn't give up. He and the few people loyal to him
+decided to start Lisp Machines Inc. anyway and go ahead with their
+plans. And what do you know, they succeeded! They got the first
+customer and were paid in advance. They built machines and sold them,
+and built more machines and more machines. They actually succeeded
+even though they didn't have the help of most of the people in the
+group. Symbolics also got off to a successful start, so you had two
+competing Lisp machine companies. When Symbolics saw that LMI was not
+going to fall flat on its face, they started looking for ways to
+destroy it.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the abandonment of our lab was followed by “war”
+in our lab. The abandonment happened when Symbolics hired away all
+the hackers, except me and the few who worked at LMI part-time. Then
+they invoked a rule and eliminated people who worked part-time
+for MIT, so they had to leave entirely, which left only
+me. The AI lab was now helpless. And MIT had made a very
+foolish arrangement with these two companies. It was a three-way
+contract where both companies licensed the use of Lisp machine system
+sources. These companies were required to let MIT use
+their changes. But it didn't say in the contract that MIT
+was entitled to put them into the MIT Lisp machine
+systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that
+the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.</p>
+
+<p> So Symbolics came up with a <span class="removed"><del><strong>plan
<a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>plan <a
href="#foot-4">[4]</a>.</em></ins></span> They
+said to the lab, “We will continue making our changes to the
+system available for you to use, but you can't put it into
+the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you
+access to Symbolics' Lisp machine system, and you can run it, but
+that's all you can do.”</p>
+
+<p>This, in effect, meant that they demanded that we had to choose a
+side, and use either the MIT version of the system or the
+Symbolics version. Whichever choice we made determined which system
+our improvements went to. If we worked on and improved the Symbolics
+version, we would be supporting Symbolics alone. If we used and
+improved the MIT version of the system, we would be doing
+work available to both companies, but Symbolics saw that we would be
+supporting LMI because we would be helping them continue to exist. So
+we were not allowed to be neutral anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Up until that point, I hadn't taken the side of either company,
+although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our
+community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.
+So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines
+Inc. <span class="removed"><del><strong>going <a
href="#foot-5">(5)</a> — I</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>going <a
href="#foot-5">[5]</a>—I</em></ins></span> began duplicating all
+of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system. I
+wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my
+own).</p>
+
+<p>After a <span class="removed"><del><strong>while <a
href="#foot-6">(6)</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>while <a
href="#foot-6">[6]</a>,</em></ins></span> I came to the conclusion
+that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they
+made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what
+the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real
+release, I did too.</p>
+
+<p>In this way, for two years, I prevented them from wiping out Lisp
+Machines Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't
+want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an
+evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because
+they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>disappear <a
href="#foot-7">(7)</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>disappear <a
href="#foot-7">[7]</a>.</em></ins></span> Meanwhile, it was time to
start
+building a new community to replace the one that their actions and
+others had wiped out.</p>
+
+<p>The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to
+the MIT AI Lab, and the hackers were not all
+at MIT. The war that Symbolics started was what wiped
+out MIT, but there were other events going on then. There
+were people giving up on cooperation, and together this wiped out the
+community and there wasn't much left.</p>
+
+<p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do
+next. I had to make a free operating system, that was <span
class="removed"><del><strong>clear — the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>clear—the</em></ins></span>
+only way that people could work together and share was with a free
+operating system.</p>
+
+<p>At first, I thought of making a Lisp-based system, but I realized
+that wouldn't be a good idea technically. To have something like the
+Lisp machine system, you needed special purpose microcode. That's what
+made it possible to run programs as fast as other computers would run
+their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without
+that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for
+other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's
+okay if you're running one program on a timesharing <span
class="removed"><del><strong>system — if</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—if</em></ins></span> one
+program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program
+occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the
+operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like
+the Lisp machine.</p>
+
+<p>I decided instead to make a Unix-like operating system that would
+have Lisp implementations to run as user programs. The kernel wouldn't
+be written in Lisp, but we'd have Lisp. So the development of that
+operating system, the GNU operating system, is what led me to write
+the GNU Emacs. In doing this, I aimed to make the absolute minimal
+possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs was a
+tremendous concern.</p>
+
+<p>There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte
+machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU
+Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, at the time the only looping construct was
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘while’,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>while</code>,</em></ins></span>
which was extremely simple. There was no way to
+break out of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘while’</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>while</code></em></ins></span>
statement, you just had to do a
+catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows
+how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘caar’</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>caar</code></em></ins></span> and
<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘cadr’</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>cadr</code></em></ins></span>
and so on; “squeeze
+out everything possible” was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit
+of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way
+any more. We put in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘caar’</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><code>caar</code></em></ins></span> and
<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘cadr’</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><code>cadr</code></em></ins></span>
and so
+on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these
+days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend
+it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the
+Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't
+like terribly much is keyword <span class="removed"><del><strong>arguments
<a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>arguments <a
href="#foot-8">[8]</a>.</em></ins></span>
+They don't seem quite Lispy
+to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do
+that.</p>
+
+<p>That was not the end of the GNU projects involved with Lisp. Later
+on around 1995, we were looking into starting a graphical desktop
+project. It was clear that for the programs on the desktop, we wanted
+a programming language to write a lot of it in to make it easily
+extensible, like the editor. The question was what it should be.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, <abbr title="Tool Command
Language">TCL</abbr>
+was being pushed heavily for this purpose. I had a very low opinion
+of TCL, basically because it wasn't Lisp. It looks
+a tiny bit like Lisp, but semantically it isn't, and it's not as
+clean. Then someone showed me an ad where Sun was trying to hire
+somebody to work on TCL to make it the
+“de-facto standard extension language” of the world. And I
+thought, “We've got to stop that from happening.” So we
+started to make Scheme the standard extensibility language for
+GNU. Not Common Lisp, because it was too large. The idea was that we
+would have a Scheme interpreter designed to be linked into
+applications in the same way TCL was linked into
+applications. We would then recommend that as the preferred
+extensibility package for all GNU programs.</p>
+
+<p>There's an interesting benefit you can get from using such a
+powerful language as a version of Lisp as your primary extensibility
+language. You can implement other languages by translating them into
+your primary language. If your primary language
+is TCL, you can't very easily implement Lisp by
+translating it into TCL. But if your primary
+language is Lisp, it's not that hard to implement other things by
+translating them. Our idea was that if each extensible application
+supported Scheme, you could write an implementation
+of TCL or Python or Perl in Scheme that translates
+that program into Scheme. Then you could load that into any
+application and customize it in your favorite language and it would
+work with other customizations as well.</p>
+
+<p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to
+use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who
+love any given language have to compete for the choice of the
+developers of <span class="removed"><del><strong>applications —
saying</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>applications—saying</em></ins></span>
“Please, application
+developer, put my language into your application, not his
+language.” Then the users get no choices at <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all — whichever</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>all—whichever</em></ins></span>
+application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck
+with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can
+implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a
+choice of language and we don't have to have a language war
+anymore. That's what we're hoping <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘Guile’,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Guile,</em></ins></span> our scheme
+interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up
+a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely
+finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in
+touch. So that's the plan we have for the future.</p>
+
+<p>I haven't been speaking about free software, but let me briefly
+tell you a little bit about what that means. Free software does not
+refer to price; it doesn't mean that you get it for free. (You may
+have paid for a copy, or gotten a copy gratis.) It means that you have
+freedom as a user. The crucial thing is that you are free to run the
+program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your
+needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish
+improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you
+are using a <span class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> program, you have
lost crucial freedom, so don't
+ever do that.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to
+reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software by
+providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the
+moral courage to reject the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software, when that means
some
+practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative
+so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a
+sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want
+to make it easier for you to live in freedom, to cooperate.</p>
+
+<p>This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to
+thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are
+opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you
+are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help
+yourself. With <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software, somebody is
dominating you and
+keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're
+not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to
+help yourself. Divided and helpless is the state of users using
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> software.</p>
+
+<p>We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what
+people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free
+software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot
+farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to
+volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more
+jobs. Take a look at <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a></em></ins></span>
to
+find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's
+a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about
+philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free
+software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages
+now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please
+write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, “Free
+Software and Free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Society”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Society,”</em></ins></span> is on sale and can
be purchased at
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>www.gnu.org <a
href="#foot-9">[9]</a>.</em></ins></span> Happy hacking!</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+<ol>
+<li id="foot-1">Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs
+command set; then he and I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO),
+but after one long joint development session, Steele began drifting
+away, so I finished Emacs. Others particularly including Eugene
+C. Cicciarelli and Mike McMahon contributed substantially later
+on.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-2">Bernie Greenberg says that Dan Weinreb's
+implementation of Emacs for the Lisp Machine came before Greenberg's
+implementation for Multics. I apologize for the mistake.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-3">Greenblatt's plan, as I understood it, was to hire lab
+people part time, so that they could continue working at the AI Lab.
+Symbolics hired them full time instead, so they stopped working at
+MIT.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-4">The background of this plan, which I did not state
+explicitly in the talk, is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab
+hackers, whether at Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their
+changes to the MIT Lisp Machine <span class="removed"><del><strong>system
— even</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—even</em></ins></span> though the
+contract did not require this. Symbolics' plan was to rupture this
+cooperation unilaterally.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-5">It was not that I cared particularly about the fate of
+LMI, but rather I did not want to let Symbolics gain through its
+aggression against the AI Lab.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-6">This statement has been misconstrued as saying that I
+never, ever looked at Symbolics' code. Actually it says I did look,
+at first. The Symbolics source code was available at MIT, where I was
+entitled to read it, and at first that's how I found out about their
+changes.
+
+<p>But that meant I had to make a special effort to solve each problem
+differently, in order to avoid copying Symbolics code. After a while,
+I concluded it was better not to even look. That way I could write
+code in whatever way was best, without concern for what might be in
+Symbolics' code.</p></li>
+
+<li id="foot-7">Symbolics at one point protested to MIT that my work,
+by thwarting their plan, had cost Symbolics a million dollars.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-8">I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight
+function takes keyword arguments. What bothers me is making simple
+basic functions such as “member” use them.</li>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="foot-9">In 2021, this book can
be purchased from <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition">
+GNU Press</a>.</li></em></ins></span>
+</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
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+Please see the <a
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+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
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+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
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+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
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+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
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+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014, 2020</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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