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www/philosophy anonymous-response.el.html fight...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy anonymous-response.el.html fight... |
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Date: |
Tue, 30 Nov 2021 06:07:02 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/11/30 06:07:01
Modified files:
philosophy : anonymous-response.el.html
fighting-software-patents.pt-br.html
free-digital-society.pt-br.html
hague.pt-br.html
is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.html
judge-internet-usage.pt-br.html
keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.html
komongistan.pt-br.html
kragen-software.zh-tw.html
luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.html not-ipr.de.html
not-ipr.ml.html not-ipr.pt-br.html
not-ipr.ro.html not-ipr.uk.html
phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.html
practical.pt-br.html protecting.pt-br.html
push-copyright-aside.pl.html
push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.html
self-interest.zh-tw.html
sun-in-night-time.bg.html
sun-in-night-time.pt-br.html
sun-in-night-time.ro.html
surveillance-testimony.pt-br.html
technological-neutrality.pt-br.html
the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html
ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.html
wsis-2003.zh-tw.html
philosophy/po : free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html
not-ipr.de-diff.html not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html
not-ipr.uk-diff.html practical.pt-br-diff.html
protecting.pt-br-diff.html
push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html
the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html
ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : anonymous-response.el-diff.html
fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html
hague.pt-br-diff.html
is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br-diff.html
judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html
keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html
komongistan.pt-br-diff.html
kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html
luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw-diff.html
not-ipr.ml-diff.html not-ipr.ro-diff.html
phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html
push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html
self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html
sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html
sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html
sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html
surveillance-testimony.pt-br-diff.html
technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html
wsis-2003.zh-tw-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/anonymous-response.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-digital-society.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/hague.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/komongistan.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/kragen-software.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.41&r2=1.42
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/practical.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/protecting.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/self-interest.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/technological-neutrality.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/wsis-2003.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/practical.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/protecting.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.el-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/hague.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/komongistan.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ml-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.zh-tw-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: anonymous-response.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/anonymous-response.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- anonymous-response.el.html 27 May 2021 19:00:40 -0000 1.4
+++ anonymous-response.el.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:52 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/anonymous-response.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.el.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.el.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/anonymous-response.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.el-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/anonymous-response.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.el.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.el.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.el.html" -->
<h2>Îνα αÏανÏηÏÎ¹ÎºÏ Î³Ïάμμα ÏÏÎ¹Ï Word εÏιÏÏ
νάÏειÏ</h2>
<blockquote><p>
@@ -166,7 +172,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2021/05/27 19:00:40 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:52 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fighting-software-patents.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- fighting-software-patents.pt-br.html 30 Jul 2021 13:01:39 -0000
1.10
+++ fighting-software-patents.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:53 -0000
1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -10,6 +15,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Combatendo Patentes de Software - Uma a uma e Todas Juntas</h2>
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/07/30 13:01:39 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-digital-society.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-digital-society.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- free-digital-society.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:17 -0000 1.9
+++ free-digital-society.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:53 -0000 1.10
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-digital-society.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-digital-society.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-digital-society.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Uma Sociedade Digital Livre - O Que Torna a Inclusão Digital Boa ou
Ruim?</h2>
<address class="byline">por Richard Stallman</address>
@@ -1166,7 +1172,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:17 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: hague.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/hague.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- hague.pt-br.html 30 Jul 2021 13:01:39 -0000 1.9
+++ hague.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:53 -0000 1.10
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/hague.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/hague.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/hague.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/hague.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/hague.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/hague.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/hague.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>O Perigo de Haia</h2>
<p>
@@ -304,7 +310,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/07/30 13:01:39 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:18 -0000
1.5
+++ is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:53 -0000
1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.po">
+
https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.en.html"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Alguma vez é uma boa ideia usar um programa não livre?</h2>
<address class="byline">por Richard Stallman</address>
@@ -219,7 +225,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: judge-internet-usage.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- judge-internet-usage.pt-br.html 13 Jun 2021 22:29:22 -0000 1.1
+++ judge-internet-usage.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:53 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Um usuário sábio julga cuidadosamente cada cenário de uso da
internet</h2>
<p>por Richard Stallman<br />Publicado pela primeira vez em <a
href="https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/a-wise-user-judges-each-internet-usage-scenario-carefully/";>The
@@ -250,7 +256,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/06/13 22:29:22 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:18 -0000
1.10
+++ keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:54 -0000
1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.en.html"
-->
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@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.translist"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Mantenha o controle de sua computação, senão ela vai controlar
você!</h2>
<p>por Richard Stallman<br />Publicado originalmente em <cite>Der Spiegel
Online</cite></p>
@@ -183,7 +189,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: komongistan.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/komongistan.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- komongistan.pt-br.html 22 May 2020 22:05:25 -0000 1.3
+++ komongistan.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:54 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/komongistan.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/komongistan.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/komongistan.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/komongistan.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/komongistan.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/komongistan.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>A curiosa história de Comongistão (Detonando o termo âpropriedade
intelectualâ)</h2>
@@ -230,7 +236,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/05/22 22:05:25 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: kragen-software.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/kragen-software.zh-tw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- kragen-software.zh-tw.html 27 Aug 2019 15:31:20 -0000 1.4
+++ kragen-software.zh-tw.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:54 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/kragen-software.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/kragen-software.zh-tw.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/kragen-software.zh-tw.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/kragen-software.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/kragen-software.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-tw.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/kragen-software.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.zh-tw.html" -->
<h2>人ãåå°ãç©ååææ³</h2>
<p>
@@ -194,7 +200,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°æé︰
-$Date: 2019/08/27 15:31:20 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.html 27 Aug 2019 15:31:21 -0000 1.3
+++ luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:54 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-tw.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -15,6 +20,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.zh-tw.html" -->
<h2>訪è«éï¼çæ¥å¾· M æ¯è¨æ¼</h2>
<p>
@@ -325,7 +331,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°æé︰
-$Date: 2019/08/27 15:31:21 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- not-ipr.de.html 25 Jul 2020 21:59:36 -0000 1.26
+++ not-ipr.de.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:54 -0000 1.27
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Sagten Sie âGeistiges Eigentumâ? Eine verführerische Illusion</h2>
<p>von <strong><a href="//www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></strong></p>
@@ -385,7 +391,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2020/07/25 21:59:36 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- not-ipr.ml.html 3 May 2020 17:32:40 -0000 1.26
+++ not-ipr.ml.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:54 -0000 1.27
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ml.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ml.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ml-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ml.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ml.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ml.html" -->
<h2>“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµ നിà´àµà´àµ¾ പറà´àµà´à´¤àµ? à´
à´¤àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´²àµà´à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´°àµ മരàµà´à´¿à´à´¯à´¾à´£àµ</h2>
@@ -376,7 +382,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2020/05/03 17:32:40 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.41
retrieving revision 1.42
diff -u -b -r1.41 -r1.42
--- not-ipr.pt-br.html 22 May 2020 22:05:25 -0000 1.41
+++ not-ipr.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.42
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Você Disse âPropriedade Intelectualâ? à uma Miragem Sedutora</h2>
<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
@@ -343,7 +349,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/05/22 22:05:25 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- not-ipr.ro.html 31 May 2021 09:06:20 -0000 1.17
+++ not-ipr.ro.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.18
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ro.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ro.html" -->
<h2>AÈi spus âproprietate intelectualÄâ? Este o iluzie</h2>
<p>de <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
@@ -346,7 +352,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 09:06:20 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- not-ipr.uk.html 31 May 2021 20:31:36 -0000 1.17
+++ not-ipr.uk.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.18
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
<h2>Ðи Ñказали “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”? СпокÑÑливий мÑÑаж!</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен</a></p>
@@ -335,7 +341,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 20:31:36 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.html 22 May 2020 22:05:25 -0000 1.3
+++ phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Pagamento anônimo por telefone</h2>
<p>por Richard Stallman</p>
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/05/22 22:05:25 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: practical.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/practical.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- practical.pt-br.html 22 May 2020 22:05:25 -0000 1.29
+++ practical.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.30
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/practical.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/practical.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/practical.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/practical.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/practical.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/practical.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/practical.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>As Vantagens do Software Livre</h2>
<p>por <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -109,7 +115,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/05/22 22:05:25 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: protecting.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/protecting.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- protecting.pt-br.html 22 May 2020 22:05:25 -0000 1.10
+++ protecting.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/protecting.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/protecting.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/protecting.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/protecting.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/protecting.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/protecting.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/protecting.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Ajude a Proteger o Direito de Escrever Tanto Software Livre Quanto Não
Livre</h2>
<blockquote><p>
@@ -132,7 +138,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/05/22 22:05:25 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: push-copyright-aside.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- push-copyright-aside.pl.html 9 Jul 2019 09:59:14 -0000 1.40
+++ push-copyright-aside.pl.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.41
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.pl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Nauka musi odsunÄ
Ä na bok prawa autorskie</h2>
<p><strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -231,7 +237,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2019/07/09 09:59:14 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.html 17 Apr 2020 18:30:18 -0000 1.1
+++ push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-tw.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.zh-tw.html" -->
<h2>ç§å¸å¿
é å°èä½æ¬æ諸è
¦å¾</h2>
<p>ä½è
çº <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°æé︰
-$Date: 2020/04/17 18:30:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: self-interest.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/self-interest.zh-tw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- self-interest.zh-tw.html 10 Nov 2020 17:37:38 -0000 1.7
+++ self-interest.zh-tw.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:55 -0000 1.8
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/self-interest.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-tw.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-tw.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/self-interest.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/self-interest.en.html" -->
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<!-- Parent-Version: 1.92 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/self-interest.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.zh-tw.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>å©å·±ä¸»ç¾©</h2>
@@ -148,7 +154,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°æé︰
-$Date: 2020/11/10 17:37:38 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: sun-in-night-time.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- sun-in-night-time.bg.html 29 May 2021 12:59:49 -0000 1.25
+++ sun-in-night-time.bg.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:56 -0000 1.26
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.bg.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.bg.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.bg.html" -->
<h2>ÐÑбопиÑниÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¸Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑ âСÑнâ в кÑÑна
доба</h2>
<p><i>Тази Ñеб-ÑÑÑаниÑа Ñе оÑÑане ÑÑк за
иÑÑоÑиÑÑа, ÑÑй каÑо пÑез декемвÑи 2006
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2021/05/29 12:59:49 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: sun-in-night-time.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- sun-in-night-time.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:18 -0000 1.3
+++ sun-in-night-time.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:56 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
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@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>O curioso incidente da Sun no perÃodo noturno</h2>
<p><i>Deixamos esta página no lugar por causa da história, mas até dezembro
de
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: sun-in-night-time.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- sun-in-night-time.ro.html 31 May 2021 09:06:20 -0000 1.8
+++ sun-in-night-time.ro.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:56 -0000 1.9
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.ro.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.ro.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
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@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ro.html" -->
<h2>Incidentul ciudat cu soarele (Sun) în timpul nopÈii</h2>
<p><i>LÄsÄm aceastÄ paginÄ aici de dragul istoriei, dar acum, în luna
decembrie
@@ -153,7 +159,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2021/05/31 09:06:20 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: surveillance-testimony.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- surveillance-testimony.pt-br.html 22 May 2020 22:05:25 -0000 1.5
+++ surveillance-testimony.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:57 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.en.html"
-->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
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@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-testimony.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Testemunho de vigilância</h2>
<p><em>Declaração do Richard Stallman para o Conselho da Cidade de Cambridge,
@@ -140,7 +146,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/05/22 22:05:25 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: technological-neutrality.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/technological-neutrality.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- technological-neutrality.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:18 -0000 1.3
+++ technological-neutrality.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:57 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
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<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Neutralidade tecnológica e Software Livre</h2>
<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
@@ -136,7 +142,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html 13 Dec 2020 21:00:58 -0000 1.24
+++ the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:57 -0000 1.25
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>O Problema é o Software Controlado pelo seu Desenvolvedor</h2>
<address class="byline">por Richard Stallman</address>
@@ -275,7 +281,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2020/12/13 21:00:58 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:18 -0000 1.16
+++ ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:57 -0000 1.17
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Spyware do Ubuntu: O Que Fazer?</h2>
<address class="byline">por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
@@ -255,7 +261,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.html 3 May 2021 15:04:18
-0000 1.10
+++ who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:57
-0000 1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.po">
+
https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-10-01" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>A Quem Aquele Servidor Realmente Serve?</h2>
<p>por <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -505,7 +511,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/05/03 15:04:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: wsis-2003.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/wsis-2003.zh-tw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- wsis-2003.zh-tw.html 27 Aug 2019 15:31:22 -0000 1.3
+++ wsis-2003.zh-tw.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:57 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/wsis-2003.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.zh-tw.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.zh-tw.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/wsis-2003.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.zh-tw-diff.html"
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<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-tw.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.zh-tw.html" -->
<h2>äºé¶é¶ä¸å¹´ä¸æåå
æ¥å¨ WSIS çæ¼è¬</h2>
<p>
@@ -119,7 +125,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°æé︰
-$Date: 2019/08/27 15:31:22 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html 5 Dec 2020 08:29:49 -0000
1.1
+++ po/free-digital-society.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:00 -0000
1.2
@@ -11,25 +11,45 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.90</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or
Bad? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="screen"><!--
+@media (min-width: 55em) {
+ .toc li a {
+ display: inline-block; width: 100%;
+ vertical-align: top;
+ position: relative; bottom: .15em;
+ }
+}
+--></style></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-digital-society.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or
Bad?</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address</em></ins></span>
class="byline">by Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address></em></ins></span>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p><em>Transcription</strong></del></span>
-<p><em>Transcription of a lecture at Sciences Po Paris, October
19, 2011</em> (<a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm">video</a>)</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcription</em></ins></span> of a lecture at Sciences Po Paris,
October 19, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</em> </strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2011 </em></ins></span> (<a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm">video</a>)</p>
+<hr class="thin" /></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm">video</a>)</p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
-<div class="summary" style="margin-top: 1em">
+<div <span class="removed"><del><strong>class="summary" style="margin-top:
1em"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="toc"></em></ins></span>
<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3>
-<ul>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><ul></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><ul class="columns"></em></ins></span>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#surveillance">Surveillance</a></li>
<li><a href="#censorship">Censorship</a></li>
@@ -76,7 +96,7 @@
server, data about the use of the computer. A surveillance feature was
discovered in the iPhone a few months ago, and people started calling it
the “spy-phone.” Flash player has a surveillance feature
-too, and so does the Amazon Swindle.” They call it the Kindle, but
+too, and so does the Amazon <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Swindle.”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Swindle.”</em></ins></span> They call it
the Kindle, but
I call it “<a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the
Swindle</a>,” <em>l'escroc</em>,
because it's meant to swindle users out of their freedom. It makes
@@ -198,7 +218,8 @@
officials to arbitrarily shut down an Internet site in Spain, or impose
filtering to block access to a site outside of Spain. And they can do
this without any kind of trial. This was one of the motivations for the
-<cite>Indignados</cite>, who have been protesting in the
street.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>Indignados</cite>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>Indignados</i>,</em></ins></span> who
have been protesting in the street.</p>
<p>There were protests in the street in Turkey as well, after that
announcement, but the government refused to change its policy.</p>
@@ -286,15 +307,17 @@
<p>Now this leads me to the next threat which comes from software that
the users don't have control over. In other words, software that isn't
-free, that is not <cite>libre</cite>. In this particular point
French
+free, that is not <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>libre</cite>.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><i>libre</i>.</em></ins></span> In
this particular point French
is clearer than English. The English word “free” means
-<cite>libre</cite> and <cite>gratuit</cite>, but what
I mean when I say
-“free software” is <cite>logiciel libre</cite>. I
don't mean
-<cite>gratuit</cite>. I'm not talking about price. Price is a side
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>libre</cite></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><i>libre</i></em></ins></span> and
<span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>gratuit</cite>,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><i>gratuit</i>,</em></ins></span>
but what I mean when I say
+“free software” is <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>logiciel
libre</cite>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>logiciel libre</i>.</em></ins></span>
I don't mean
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>gratuit</cite>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><i>gratuit</i>.</em></ins></span>
I'm not talking about price. Price is a side
issue, just a detail, because it doesn't matter ethically. You know, if
I have a copy of a program and I sell it to you for one euro or a
hundred euros, who cares? Right? Why should anyone think that's good or
-bad? Or suppose I gave it to you <cite>gratuitement</cite>…
+bad? Or suppose I gave it to you <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>gratuitement</cite>…</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>gratuitement</i>…</em></ins></span>
Still, who cares? But whether this program respects your freedom, that's
important!</p>
@@ -309,8 +332,8 @@
<p>So, a nonfree program is an instrument to give somebody
<em>power</em>
over a lot of other people, and this is unjust power that nobody should
-ever have. This is why nonfree software <cite>(les logiciels privateurs,
-qui privent de la liberté)</cite>, why proprietary software is
+ever have. This is why nonfree software <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>(les</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>(les</em></ins></span> logiciels privateurs,
+qui privent de la <span
class="removed"><del><strong>liberté)</cite>,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>liberté)</i>,</em></ins></span>
why proprietary software is
an injustice and should not exist; because it leaves the users without
freedom.</p>
@@ -457,14 +480,15 @@
next time someone threatens to take it away.</p>
<p>Nowadays, you can tell who doesn't want to discuss these ideas of
-freedom because they don't say <cite>logiciel libre</cite>. They
don't
-say <cite>libre</cite>, they say “open source.” That
term
+freedom because they don't say <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>logiciel
libre</cite>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>logiciel libre</i>.</em></ins></span>
They don't
+say <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>libre</cite>,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><i>libre</i>,</em></ins></span>
they say “open source.” That term
was coined by the people like Mr Torvalds who would prefer that these
ethical issues don't get raised. And so the way you can help us raise
-them is by saying <cite>libre</cite>. You know, it's up to you
where you
+them is by saying <span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>libre</cite>.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><i>libre</i>.</em></ins></span>
You know, it's up to you where you
stand, you're free to say what you think. If you agree with them, you
can say open source. If you agree with us, show it, say
-<cite>libre</cite>!</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><cite>libre</cite>!</p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><i>libre</i>!</p></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="education">Free software and education</h3>
@@ -1080,18 +1104,19 @@
us, for instance. You can also become a member of the Free Software
Foundation through that site. […] There is also the Free Software
Foundation of Europe fsfe.org. You can join FSF Europe also.
[…]</p>
-
<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 id="footnotes" style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnotes</h3>
+
+<h3 id="footnotes" <span class="removed"><del><strong>style="font-size:
1.2em">Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="footnote">Footnote</h3></em></ins></span>
<ol>
<li id="f1">As of 2017 the patents on playing MP3 files have
reportedly expired.</li>
</ol>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -1109,13 +1134,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -1136,7 +1161,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2011, 2017, 2018, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2019, 2020</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2017, 2018,
2019, 2020</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2014,
2021</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -1146,7 +1171,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/12/05 08:29:49 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/not-ipr.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.de-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- po/not-ipr.de-diff.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:39 -0000 1.4
+++ po/not-ipr.de-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.5
@@ -11,24 +11,36 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.84</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.86</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p>
It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
-one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+one pot and call it “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> The
distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>
According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@
have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
-“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+“exclusive rights <span
class="removed"><del><strong>regimes”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>regimes,”</em></ins></span> but referring to
restrictions
as “rights” is doublethink too.
</p>
@@ -99,7 +111,8 @@
Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
-property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> however,
have turned it into a scheme that provides
incentives for advertising. And these are just
three out of many laws that the term refers to.
</p>
@@ -115,11 +128,11 @@
In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
-“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+“promote <span
class="removed"><del><strong>innovation”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>innovation,”</em></ins></span> but that only
fits patent law and
perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
-innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms <span
class="removed"><del><strong>tea”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>tea,”</em></ins></span>
that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@
<p>
You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
-is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+is concerned with <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“creativity”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“creativity,”</em></ins></span> but
really that only fits
copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
@@ -142,13 +155,14 @@
practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
-colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>colonization”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>colonization,”</em></ins></span> that
gets to the heart of the matter.
</p>
<p>
Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
-seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> and
make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
@@ -191,7 +205,8 @@
<p>
Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
-property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> the
specific issues raised by the various laws become
nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
@@ -223,7 +238,7 @@
philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
-Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which <span
class="removed"><del><strong>conficts</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>conflicts</em></ins></span>
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conflicts
with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
and the state must yield to.</p>
@@ -239,7 +254,8 @@
</p>
<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
-href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fsfe.org/activities/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</em></ins></span>
proposal for
changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
</p>
@@ -253,23 +269,24 @@
<p>
Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
-<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></em></ins></span>
talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
causes lots of confusion</a>.
</p>
<p>
-<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></em></ins></span>
Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
<p><a
href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
property.”</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -287,13 +304,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -314,7 +331,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2017</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2017, 2018</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2013-2017, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -324,12 +341,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:39 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: po/not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- po/not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html 9 Nov 2016 09:01:50 -0000 1.9
+++ po/not-ipr.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.10
@@ -11,24 +11,36 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.79
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p>
It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
-one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+one pot and call it “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> The
distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>
According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
@@ -37,7 +49,7 @@
Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
-<a
href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around
+<a
href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around
1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image
copy</a>)
</p>
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@
have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
-“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+“exclusive rights <span
class="removed"><del><strong>regimes”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>regimes,”</em></ins></span> but referring to
restrictions
as “rights” is doublethink too.
</p>
@@ -70,7 +82,7 @@
overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
-widespread use of the term has misled <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>them about the laws in question.</em></ins></span>
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
</p>
<p>
@@ -87,8 +99,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>Copyright</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>For instance, copyright</em></ins></span> law
was designed to promote authorship and
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
@@ -100,9 +111,10 @@
Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
-property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-incentives for advertising. <span class="inserted"><ins><em>And these are just
-three out of many laws that the term refers to.</em></ins></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> however,
have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
</p>
<p>
@@ -113,14 +125,14 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>In practice, nearly all general statements you
encounter that are
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
-“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+“promote <span
class="removed"><del><strong>innovation”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>innovation,”</em></ins></span> but that only
fits patent law and
perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
-innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms <span
class="removed"><del><strong>tea”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>tea,”</em></ins></span>
that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
@@ -128,28 +140,29 @@
<p>
You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
-is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+is concerned with <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“creativity”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“creativity,”</em></ins></span> but
really that only fits
copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
People often say “intellectual property” when they really
-mean some larger or smaller <span
class="removed"><del><strong>category.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>set of laws.</em></ins></span> For instance, rich
countries
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
-them. Some of these laws are <span class="inserted"><ins><em>among those
called</em></ins></span> “intellectual
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
-colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>colonization”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>colonization,”</em></ins></span> that
gets to the heart of the matter.
</p>
<p>
Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
-seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> and
make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
@@ -165,9 +178,9 @@
<p>
That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
-clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark <span
class="removed"><del><strong>law</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>law, trade secret
-law,</em></ins></span> or various others. The term “intellectual
property”
-led that professor to make <span class="inserted"><ins><em>a</em></ins></span>
false generalization.
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
</p>
<p>
@@ -192,7 +205,8 @@
<p>
Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
-property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> the
specific issues raised by the various laws become
nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
@@ -220,6 +234,15 @@
</p>
<p>
+Rejection of “intellectual property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conflicts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p>
If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
step is to
@@ -231,12 +254,12 @@
</p>
<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
-href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fsfe.org/activities/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</em></ins></span>
proposal for
changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr />
+<hr />
<p>
See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
@@ -246,38 +269,31 @@
<p>
Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
-<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></em></ins></span>
talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
causes lots of confusion</a>.
</p>
<p>
-<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></em></ins></span>
Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
<p><a
href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
property.”</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above
--></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.</em></ins></span>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -288,18 +304,14 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -319,27 +331,21 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2004, 2006, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2013, 2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Richard M.
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
-<br />
-This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2013-2017, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/11/09 09:01:50 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:39 -0000 1.4
+++ po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.5
@@ -11,24 +11,36 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.84</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.86</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p>
It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
-one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+one pot and call it “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> The
distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>
According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@
have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
-“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+“exclusive rights <span
class="removed"><del><strong>regimes”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>regimes,”</em></ins></span> but referring to
restrictions
as “rights” is doublethink too.
</p>
@@ -99,7 +111,8 @@
Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
-property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> however,
have turned it into a scheme that provides
incentives for advertising. And these are just
three out of many laws that the term refers to.
</p>
@@ -115,11 +128,11 @@
In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
-“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+“promote <span
class="removed"><del><strong>innovation”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>innovation,”</em></ins></span> but that only
fits patent law and
perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
-innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms <span
class="removed"><del><strong>tea”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>tea,”</em></ins></span>
that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@
<p>
You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
-is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+is concerned with <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“creativity”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“creativity,”</em></ins></span> but
really that only fits
copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
@@ -142,13 +155,14 @@
practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
-colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>colonization”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>colonization,”</em></ins></span> that
gets to the heart of the matter.
</p>
<p>
Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
-seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> and
make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
@@ -191,7 +205,8 @@
<p>
Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
-property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> the
specific issues raised by the various laws become
nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
@@ -223,7 +238,7 @@
philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
-Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which <span
class="removed"><del><strong>conficts</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>conflicts</em></ins></span>
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conflicts
with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
and the state must yield to.</p>
@@ -239,7 +254,8 @@
</p>
<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
-href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fsfe.org/activities/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</em></ins></span>
proposal for
changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
</p>
@@ -253,23 +269,24 @@
<p>
Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
-<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></em></ins></span>
talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
causes lots of confusion</a>.
</p>
<p>
-<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></em></ins></span>
Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
<p><a
href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
property.”</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -287,13 +304,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -314,7 +331,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2013-2017, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -324,12 +341,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:39 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: po/practical.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/practical.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- po/practical.pt-br-diff.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:31 -0000 1.6
+++ po/practical.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.7
@@ -11,17 +11,30 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The advantages of free software
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/practical.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>The advantages of free software</h2>
-<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by <strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></p>
-<p><strong>People outside the free software movement frequently
ask about
-the practical advantages of free software. It is a curious
question.</strong></p>
+<p><strong>People</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address class="byline">by Richard
Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="introduction">
+<p><em>People</em></ins></span> outside the free software movement
frequently ask about
+the practical advantages of free software. It is a curious <span
class="removed"><del><strong>question.</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>question.</em></p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
<p>Nonfree software is bad because it denies your freedom. Thus, asking
about the practical advantages of free software is like asking about
@@ -42,26 +55,18 @@
<p>Once you realize that that's what's at stake with nonfree software,
you won't need to ask what practical advantages free software has.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>Please</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -72,19 +77,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
-Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -97,28 +102,25 @@
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
-<br />
-This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:31 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: po/protecting.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/protecting.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/protecting.pt-br-diff.html 17 Oct 2015 16:28:34 -0000 1.1
+++ po/protecting.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,34 +11,42 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-
-<title>Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Non-Free and Free Software
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Help Protect the Rights to Write Both <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Non-Free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Nonfree</em></ins></span> and Free Software - GNU
Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/protecting.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Nonfree and Free
Software</h2>
-<blockquote><p>
-The League for Programming Freedom is inactive <span
class="removed"><del><strong>now.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>now and its website is archived.</em></ins></span>
-Please join our <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">End Software
Patents</a>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote><p></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox"
style="font-style:italic"><p></em></ins></span>
+The League for Programming Freedom is inactive now and its website is archived.
+Please join our <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://endsoftpatents.org">End</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org">End</em></ins></span>
Software Patents</a>
campaign!
-</p></blockquote>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong></p></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></p></div>
+<hr class="thin" /></em></ins></span>
<p>
The right to write both nonfree and free software is threatened by
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html">software</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143651/http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html">
-software</em></ins></span> patents</a> and by
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://progfree.org/Copyright/copyright.html">“look-and-feel”</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329142315/http://progfree.org/Copyright/copyright.html">
-“look-and-feel”</em></ins></span>
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143651/http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html">
+software patents</a> and by
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329142315/http://progfree.org/Copyright/copyright.html">
+“look-and-feel”
interface copyright lawsuits</a>.</p>
<p>
The Free Software Foundation fights these threats in many ways.
These include support for and being a member of
- <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://progfree.org/">League</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329224604/http://www.progfree.org/">
- League</em></ins></span> for Programming Freedom</a>.
+ <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329224604/http://www.progfree.org/">
+ League for Programming Freedom</a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -52,8 +60,7 @@
</p>
<p>The FSF urges you to join us in fighting these threats by <a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://progfree.org/Help/help.html">helping</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329142830/http://progfree.org/Help/help.html">helping</em></ins></span>
the League</a>.</p>
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329142830/http://progfree.org/Help/help.html">helping
the League</a>.</p>
<p>
<strong>The League is not connected with the Free Software Foundation,
@@ -64,11 +71,11 @@
problem until you or your employer is sued, but it is more prudent to
organize before that happens.
</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -86,19 +93,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -113,23 +120,22 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013, 2015</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © <span class="removed"><del><strong>1996, 1997,
1998,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1996-1998,</em></ins></span> 2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2008, 2013, 2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/10/17 16:28:34 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: po/push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- po/push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:40 -0000
1.6
+++ po/push-copyright-aside.pl-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.7
@@ -11,15 +11,25 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.84</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.86</em></ins></span> -->
-<title>Science must “push copyright aside”
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Science <span class="removed"><del><strong>must “push
copyright aside”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Must Push Copyright Aside</em></ins></span>
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Science must push copyright aside</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Science <span class="removed"><del><strong>must push copyright
aside</h2>
-<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
+<p>by <strong>Richard M.
Stallman</strong></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Must Push Copyright Aside</h2>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p><em>Many points that lead to a conclusion that software freedom
must be
universal often apply to other forms of expressive works, albeit in
different ways. This essay concerns the application of principles
@@ -29,8 +39,9 @@
Software want to know more about how the principles can be applied to
areas other than software.</em></p>
-<p>(This article appeared in <em>Nature</em> magazine's
-<b>web</b>debates forum in 2001.)</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>(This article appeared in
<em>Nature</em> magazine's
+<b>web</b>debates forum in 2001.)</p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to
disseminate scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist
@@ -66,7 +77,7 @@
that the purpose of scientific literature is to enable them to publish
journals so as to collect subscriptions from scientists and
students. Such thinking is known as “confusion of the means with
-the ends”.</p>
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>ends”.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ends.”</p></em></ins></span>
<p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the
scientific literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use
@@ -116,41 +127,55 @@
results by restricting access.</p>
<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote
-the Progress of Science”. When copyright impedes the progress of
+the Progress of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Science”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Science.”</em></ins></span> When copyright
impedes the progress of
science, science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
-<hr />
+<hr <span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="column-limit"</em></ins></span>
/>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Later developments:</strong></del></span>
-Later developments:
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 class="footnote">Later
developments</h3></em></ins></span>
<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal
-publishers' power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/>
+publishers' power. For instance, <span class="removed"><del><strong>here is
MIT's.<br/></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>look at
the</em></ins></span>
<a
href="https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/">
-https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/</a>.
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>MIT Faculty Open Access
Policy</a>.</em></ins></span>
Stronger policies are needed, however, as this one permits individual
-authors to "opt out" (i.e., cave in).</p>
+authors to <span class="removed"><del><strong>"opt out"</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“opt out”</em></ins></span> (i.e.,
cave in).</p>
-<p>The US government has imposed a requirement known as "public
-access" on some funded research. This requires publication within a
+<p>The US government has imposed a requirement known as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"public
+access"</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>“public
+access”</em></ins></span> on some funded research. This requires
publication within a
certain period in a site that allows anyone to view the article. This
requirement is a positive step, but inadequate because it does not
include freedom to redistribute the article.</p>
-<p>Curiously, the concept of "open access" in the 2002 Budapest Open
+<p>Curiously, the concept of <span class="removed"><del><strong>"open
access"</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>“open
access”</em></ins></span> in the 2002 Budapest Open
Access Initiative did include freedom to redistribute. I signed that
-declaration, despite my distaste for the word "open", because the
+declaration, despite my distaste for the word <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"open",</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“open,”</em></ins></span> because the
substance of the position was right.</p>
-<p>However, the word "open" had the last laugh: influential
-campaigners for "open access" subsequently dropped freedom to
+<p>However, the word <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"open"</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“open”</em></ins></span> had the last
laugh: influential
+campaigners for <span class="removed"><del><strong>"open
access"</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>“open
access”</em></ins></span> subsequently dropped freedom to
redistribute from their goals. I stand by the position of
-the <a
href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>, but now
that
-"open access" means something else, I refer to it as "redistributable
-publication" or "free-to-mirror publication".</p>
+the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>,</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>,</em></ins></span>
but now that
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>"open access"</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“open access”</em></ins></span>
means something else, I refer to it as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"redistributable
+publication"</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“redistributable
+publication”</em></ins></span> or <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"free-to-mirror
publication".</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free-to-mirror publication.”</p>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>This article appeared in <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html">
+<cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a> in 2001.</p>
+</div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -168,13 +193,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -195,7 +220,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2012, 2015, 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2017</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2017, 2018</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2001, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2012, 2015,
2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010-2012, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -205,12 +230,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:40 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html 5 Dec 2020 08:29:49 -0000
1.8
+++ po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.9
@@ -11,16 +11,21 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.90</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.translist"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address</em></ins></span>
class="byline">by Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address></em></ins></span>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
<p>
I fully agree with Jonathan Zittrain's conclusion that we should
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@
<p>
It is true that a general computer lets you run programs designed to
-<a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">spy on you, restrict you, or
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">spy</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/proprietary.html">spy</em></ins></span>
on you, restrict you, or
even let the developer attack you</a>. Such programs include KaZaA,
RealPlayer, Adobe Flash Player, Windows Media Player, Microsoft
Windows, and MacOS. Windows Vista does all three of those things; it
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@
books. Features that artificially obstruct use of your data are known
as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM); our protest campaign against
DRM is hosted
-at <a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>.
(Our
+at <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/">defectivebydesign.org</a>.</em></ins></span>
(Our
adversaries call DRM “Digital Rights Management” based on their
idea
that restricting you is their right. When you choose a term, you
choose your side.)</p>
@@ -151,9 +156,9 @@
should tackle the issue of the price deception that sells them.
If we are concerned about malware, we should insist on free
software that gives the users control.</p>
-
<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Postnote</h3>
+
+<h3 <span class="removed"><del><strong>style="font-size:
1.2em">Postnote</h3></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="footnote">Postnote</h3></em></ins></span>
<p>
Zittrain's suggestion to reduce the statute of limitations on software
@@ -173,21 +178,25 @@
of software. Since the patent system is created by statute,
eliminating patents from software will be easy given sufficient
political
-will. (See <a
href="http://www.endsoftpatents.org">http://www.endsoftpatents.org</a>.)</p>
+will. (See <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.endsoftpatents.org">http://www.endsoftpatents.org</a>.)</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org">End
Software Patents</a>.)</p></em></ins></span>
-<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnote</h3>
+<h3 <span class="removed"><del><strong>style="font-size:
1.2em">Footnote</h3>
-<p id="note1">1. Windows Vista initially had a “kill switch”
with
+<p id="note1">1. Windows</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="note1">Windows</em></ins></span> Vista initially had a
“kill switch” with
which Microsoft could remotely command the computer to stop
functioning. Microsoft
-subsequently <a
href="http://badvista.fsf.org/blog/windows-genuine-disadvantage">removed
+subsequently <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://badvista.fsf.org/blog/windows-genuine-disadvantage">removed</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://badvista.fsf.org/blog/windows-genuine-disadvantage/">removed</em></ins></span>
this</a>, ceding to public pressure, but reserved the
-“right” to put it back in.
-</p>
+“right” to put it back <span class="removed"><del><strong>in.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in.</li>
+</ol>
+</div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -205,17 +214,34 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2017, 2018, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2019, 2020</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2017,
2018, 2019, 2020</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>2014,
2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -225,7 +251,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/12/05 08:29:49 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html 5 Dec 2020 08:29:50 -0000 1.1
+++ po/ubuntu-spyware.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,20 +11,27 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.90</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
<title>Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ubuntu-spyware.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<address class="byline">by
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard</em></ins></span>
Stallman</a></address>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><hr class="thin" />
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address</em></ins></span>
class="byline">by
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</a></address></em></ins></span>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<blockquote></strong></del></span>
-<blockquote>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
<p>Since <a
href="http://fossbytes.com/the-spyware-feature-in-ubuntu-will-be-disabled-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus/">Ubuntu
version 16.04</a>, the spyware search facility is now disabled by
default. It appears that the campaign of pressure launched by this
@@ -39,8 +46,9 @@
page has partly changed, the page is still important. This example
should teach our community not to do such things again, but in order
for that to happen, we must continue to talk about it.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<div class="column-limit"></div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote>
+<div class="column-limit"></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<p>One of the major advantages of free software is that the community
protects users from malicious software. Now
@@ -95,7 +103,7 @@
<p>Ubuntu uses the information about searches to show the user ads to buy
various things from Amazon.
- <a href="http://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon commits many
+ <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://stallman.org/amazon.html">Amazon</em></ins></span>
commits many
wrongs</a>; by promoting Amazon, Canonical contributes to them.
However, the ads are not the core of the problem. The main issue is
the spying. Canonical says it does not tell Amazon who searched for
@@ -175,16 +183,20 @@
the other form of negative influence that Ubuntu exerts in the free
software community: legitimizing nonfree software.</p>
-<blockquote class="important">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div</em></ins></span> class="important">
<p>
The presence of nonfree software in Ubuntu is a separate ethical
issue. For Ubuntu to be ethical, that too must be fixed.
</p>
-</blockquote>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -202,13 +214,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -229,7 +241,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2019, 2020</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012, <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014,</em></ins></span> 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2017, 2018, 2019, 2020</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -239,7 +251,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/12/05 08:29:50 $
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/anonymous-response.el-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/anonymous-response.el-diff.html
diff -N po/anonymous-response.el-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/anonymous-response.el-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:06:59 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/anonymous-response.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>A Response <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Letter</strong></del></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the</strong></del></span> Word Attachments
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords"
+ content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, general, public, license,
gpl, general public license, freedom, software, power, rights, word,
attachment, word attachment, microsoft" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Description" content="This essay explains why Microsoft
Word attachments to email are bad, and describes what you can do to help stop
this practice." />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/anonymous-response.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>A Response <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Letter</strong></del></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the</strong></del></span> Word
Attachments</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote><p>
+This</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox"><p>
+<em>This</em></ins></span> letter recommends OpenOffice; LibreOffice did
not exist then.
+<a href="https://www.libreoffice.org/">LibreOffice</a> is what we
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>recommend.
+</p></blockquote></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>recommend.</em>
+</p></div>
+<hr class="thin" /></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+I'm sorry, but I was unable to read the Microsoft Word document you sent
+me. Microsoft has been steadily changing the .doc format over the
+releases of Microsoft Word (4.0, 95, 97, 2000, and now XP). Microsoft
+has also intentionally refused to release the specification of the .doc
+format to the community, making Microsoft Word the only application
+that can reliably open this format. There is the Microsoft
+Word Viewer application, but it only runs on Microsoft Windows
+operating systems and does not allow one to edit the document.
+</p><p>
+The development team that designed the software I choose to use
+(OpenOffice.org), has tried hard to figure out how the .doc format is
+created and interpreted, in order to make it available to more people.
+They believe that all people should be able to exchange information
+electronically, and .doc is one of the most common formats. So, they
+tried to make OpenOffice.org, the main competitor to Microsoft's own
+Office suite, as compatible as possible with Microsoft's own formats.
+But Microsoft did not like this, because it would mean that people that
+have not bought Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office would be able to
+read and write .doc documents.
+</p><p>
+Unfortunately, it seems that Microsoft is sometimes successful. My
+non-Microsoft application was unable to open the .doc document you sent
+me. As a result, we cannot exchange information, until one of the
+following happens:
+</p><p>
+[0] The information intended to be read/processed by me is converted to
+an open format that people who don't use Microsoft Windows and Microsoft
+Office are able to process.
+</p><p>
+[1] I purchase and install Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Word, and by
+deduction all other Microsoft applications necessary to do my work.
+</p><p>
+Because it will be a cold day in hell before I do the latter, I would
+suggest we find a different way of exchanging information
+electronically.
+</p><p>
+--A
+</p><p>
+PS: I hope you realize that I have nothing against you as a person. I
+just can't use the document you sent me, and I tried to explain why the
+implicit assumption that I would be able to read it, was mistaken.
+</p><p>
+PPS: When I tried to open the document you sent to me, my word processor
+crashed, obviously unable to properly interpret the .doc format. My
+word processor was handling 4 other documents at the time. Two of them
+were assignments, and all changes I had not saved were lost. On
+aggregate, about two hours of my work were lost because the
+OpenOffice.org developers were unable to overcome the barriers Microsoft
+put in place, and render the document properly. I believe they are the
+last to blame for this failure.
+</p><p>
+PPPS: For further reasons why .doc should not be the format of choice
+when exchanging information electronically, I invite you to read
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>.</em></ins></span>
It may be
+long, but it certainly exposes the compromises both you, as the
+sender, and I, as the receiver, are making by exchanging Microsoft
+Word documents.
+</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Anonymous contributor</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:06:59 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html
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RCS file: po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/fighting-software-patents.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:00
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws
patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --></em></ins></span>
+<title>Fighting Software Patents
+- Singly and Together - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --></em></ins></span>
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<p>
+Software patents are the software project equivalent of land mines:
+each design decision carries a risk of stepping on a patent, which can
+destroy your project.</p>
+<p>
+Developing a large and complex program means combining many ideas,
+often hundreds or thousands of them. In a country that allows
+software patents, chances are that some substantial fraction of the
+ideas in your program will be patented already by various companies.
+Perhaps hundreds of patents will cover parts of your program. A study
+in 2004 found almost 300 US patents that covered various parts of a
+single important program. It is so much work to do such a study that
+only one has been done.</p>
+<p>
+Practically speaking, if you are a software developer, you will
+usually be threatened by one patent at a time. When this happens, you
+may be able to escape unscathed if you find legal grounds to overturn
+the patent. You may as well try it; if you succeed, that will mean one
+less mine in the mine field. If this patent is particularly
+threatening to the public, the <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://en.swpat.org/wiki/Public_Patent_Foundation"></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://wiki.endsoftwarepatents.org/wiki/Public_Patent_Foundation"></em></ins></span>
+Public Patent Foundation</a> may take up the case; that is its
+specialty. If you ask for the computer-using community's help in
+searching for prior publication of the same idea, to use as evidence
+to overturn a patent, we should all respond with whatever useful
+information we might have.</p>
+<p>
+However, fighting patents one by one will never eliminate the danger
+of software patents, any more than swatting mosquitos will eliminate
+malaria. You cannot expect to defeat every patent that comes at you,
+any more than you can expect to kill every monster in a video game:
+sooner or later, one is going to defeat you and damage your program.
+The US patent office issues around a hundred thousand software patents
+each year; our best efforts could never clear these mines as fast as
+they plant more.</p>
+<p>
+Some of these mines are impossible to clear. Every software patent is
+harmful, and every software patent unjustly restricts how you use your
+computer, but not every software patent is legally invalid according
+to the patent system's criteria. The software patents we can overturn
+are those that result from <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“mistakes”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“mistakes,”</em></ins></span> where
the patent
+system's rules were not properly carried out. There is nothing we can
+do when the only relevant mistake was the policy of allowing software
+patents.</p>
+<p>
+To make a part of the castle safe, you've got to do more than kill the
+monsters as they appear—you have to wipe out the generator that
+produces them. Overturning existing patents one by one will not make
+programming safe. To do that, we have to change the patent system so
+that patents can no longer threaten software developers and users.</p>
+<p>
+There is no conflict between these two campaigns: we can work on the
+short-term escape and the long-term fix at once. If we take care, we
+can make our efforts to overturn individual software patents do double
+duty, building support for efforts to correct the whole problem. The
+crucial point is not to equate “bad” software patents with
+mistaken or invalid software patents. Each time we invalidate one
+software patent, each time we talk about our plans to try, we should
+say in no uncertain terms, “One less software patent, one less
+menace to programmers: the target is zero.”</p>
+<p>
+The battle over software patents in the European Union is reaching a
+crucial stage. The European Parliament voted a year ago to reject
+software patents conclusively. In May, the Council of Ministers voted
+to undo the Parliament's amendments and make the directive even worse
+than when it started. However, at least one country that supported
+this has already reversed its vote. We must all do our utmost right
+now to convince an additional European country to change its vote, and
+to convince the newly elected members of the European Parliament to
+stand behind the previous vote. Please refer
+to <a href="https://ffii.org/">ffii.org</a> for more
+information on how to help, and to get in touch with other
+activists.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also
<a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:00 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/hague.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/hague.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/hague.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/hague.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:00 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/hague.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays las patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Harm from the Hague
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/hague.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Harm from the Hague</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+By</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org">Richard
Stallman</a>, June 2001</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+
+<p><i>June 2001</i></p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+Europeans have energetically opposed and thwarted the attempt to
+introduce software patents in Europe. A proposed treaty, now being
+negotiated, threatens to subject software developers in Europe and
+other countries to U.S. software <span class="removed"><del><strong>patents
— and</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>patents—and</em></ins></span> other harmful
+laws from around the world. The problem is not just for programmers;
+authors of all kinds will face new dangers. Even the censorship laws
+of various countries could have globalized effect.</p>
+
+<p>
+The Hague treaty is not actually about patents, or about copyrights, or
+about censorship, but it affects all of them. It is a treaty about
+jurisdiction, and how one country should treat the court decisions of
+another country. The basic idea is reasonable enough: if someone hits
+your car in France or breaks a contract with your French company, you
+can sue him in France, then bring the judgment to a court in whichever
+country he lives in (or has assets in) for enforcement.</p>
+
+<p>
+The treaty becomes a problem when it is extended to distribution of
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>information —
because</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>information—because</em></ins></span>
information now travels normally and
+predictably to all countries. (The Internet is one way, but not the
+only way.) The consequence is that you could be sued about the
+information you distributed under the laws of <strong>any</strong>
+Hague country, and the judgment would probably be enforced by your
+country.</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, if you release a software package (either free or not)
+in Germany, and people use it in the U.S., you could be sued for
+infringing an absurd U.S. software patent. That part does not depend
+on <span class="removed"><del><strong>Hague — it</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Hague—it</em></ins></span> could happen
now. But right now you could ignore
+the U.S. judgment, safe in Germany, and the patent holder knows this.
+Under the Hague treaty, any German court would be required to enforce
+the U.S. judgment against you. In effect, the software patents of any
+signatory country would apply to all signatory countries. It isn't
+enough to keep software patents out of Europe, if U.S. or Japanese or
+Egyptian software patents can reach you there.</p>
+
+<p>
+But patent law is not the only area of law that could wreak havoc if
+globalized by the Hague treaty. Suppose you publish a statement
+criticizing a public figure. If copies are read in England, that public
+figure could sue you under the strict U.K. libel law. The laws of your
+country may support the right to criticize a public figure, but with the
+Hague treaty, they won't necessarily protect you any more.</p>
+
+<p>
+Or suppose you publish a statement comparing your prices with your
+competitors' prices. If this is read in Germany, where comparative
+advertising is illegal, you could be sued in Germany and the judgment
+brought back to you wherever you are. (Subsequent note: I've received
+word that this law may have been changed in Germany. The point is the
+same, though—any country could have such a law, and some other
+European countries may still have one.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Or suppose you publish a parody. If it is read in Korea, you could be
+sued there, since Korea does not recognize a right to parody. (Since
+the publication of this article, the Korean Supreme Court affirmed the
+right to parody, but the general point remains.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Or suppose you have political views that a certain government prohibits.
+You could be sued in that country, and the judgment against you there
+would be enforced wherever you live.</p>
+
+<p>
+Not long ago, Yahoo was sued in France for having links to U.S. sites
+that auctioned Nazi memorabilia, which is lawful in the U.S. After a
+French court required Yahoo France to block such links, Yahoo went to
+court in the U.S., asking for a ruling that the French judgment cannot
+be applied to the parent company in the U.S.</p>
+
+<p>
+It may come as a surprise to learn that exiled Chinese dissidents
+joined the case in support of Yahoo. But they knew what they were
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>doing — their</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>doing—their</em></ins></span> democracy
movement depends on the outcome.</p>
+
+<p>
+You see, Nazism is not the only political view whose expression is
+prohibited in certain places. Criticism of the Chinese government is
+also <span class="removed"><del><strong>prohibited —
in</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>prohibited—in</em></ins></span> China. If a
French court ruling against
+Nazi statements is enforceable in the US, or in your country, maybe a
+Chinese court ruling against anti-Chinese-government statements will
+be enforceable there too. (This might be why China has joined the
+Hague treaty negotiations.) The Chinese government can easily adapt
+its censorship law so that the Hague treaty would apply to it; all it
+has to do is give private individuals (and government agencies) the
+right to sue dissident publications.</p>
+
+<p>
+China is not the only country to ban criticism of the government; as
+of this writing, the government of Victoria (Australia) is suing to
+suppress a book called Victoria Police Corruption on the grounds that
+it “scandalizes the courts.” This book is available on the
+Internet outside Australia. Australia is a Hague treaty participant;
+if the treaty applies to such cases, an Australian court judgment
+against the book could be used to suppress it elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile, works that criticize Islam have faced increasing censorship
+in Egypt, a Hague treaty participant; this too could be globalized by
+the Hague treaty.</p>
+
+<p>
+Americans may turn to the First Amendment to protect them from foreign
+judgments against their speech. The draft treaty permits a court to
+ignore a foreign judgment that is “manifestly incompatible with
+public policy.” That is a stringent criterion, so you cannot
+count on it to protect you just because your conduct is legal where
+you are. Just what it does cover is up to the particular judge. It
+is unlikely to help you against broad foreign interpretations of
+copyright, trademarks or software patents, but U.S. courts might use
+it to reject outright censorship judgments.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, even that won't help you if you publish on the Internet,
+because your <abbr title="Internet service provider">ISP</abbr>
either
+has assets in other countries or communicates to the world through
+larger <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>ISP</abbr>s</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ISPs</em></ins></span> that have them. A
censorship judgment
+against your site, or any other kind, could be enforced against
+your <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>ISP</abbr>,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ISP,</em></ins></span> or your <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>ISP</abbr>'s
+<abbr>ISP</abbr>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ISP's
+ISP,</em></ins></span> in any other country where it has <span
class="removed"><del><strong>assets — and</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>assets—and</em></ins></span>
+where there is no Bill of Rights, and freedom of speech does not enjoy
+the same exalted status as in the U.S. In response, the ISP will shut
+off your site. The Hague treaty would globalize pretexts for
+lawsuits, but not the protections for civil liberties, so any local
+protection could be bypassed.</p>
+
+<p>
+Does suing your <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>ISP</abbr></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ISP</em></ins></span> seem far-fetched? It
already
+happens. When the multinational company Danone announced plans to
+close factories in France, Olivier Malnuit opened a site,
+jeboycottedanone.com, to criticize this. (The name is French for
+“I boycott Danone.”) Danone sued not only him but his site
+hosting company and domain name registrar for “counterfeiting of
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>goods” —
and</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>goods”—and</em></ins></span> in
April 2001 received a ruling prohibiting
+Malnuit from mentioning the name “Danone” either in the
+domain name or in the text of the site. Even more telling, the
+registrar removed the domain in fear before the court made a
+ruling.</p>
+
+<p>
+The natural response for French dissidents is to publish their
+criticism of Danone outside France, just as Chinese dissidents publish
+their criticism of China outside China. But the Hague treaty would
+enable Danone to attack them everywhere. Perhaps even this article
+would be suppressed through its <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>ISP</abbr></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ISP</em></ins></span> or
+its <span class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>ISP</abbr>'s
<abbr>ISP</abbr>.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ISP's ISP.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+The potential effects of the treaty are not limited to laws that exist
+today. When 50 countries know that their court judgments could be
+enforced throughout North America, Europe and Asia, they would have
+plenty of temptation to pass laws just for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+Suppose, for example, that Microsoft would like to be able to impose
+copyright on languages and network protocols. They could approach a
+small, poor country and offer to spend $50 million a year there for 20
+years, if only that country will pass a law saying that implementing a
+Microsoft language or protocol constitutes copyright infringement. They
+can surely find some country which would take the offer. Then if you
+implement a compatible program, Microsoft could sue you in that country,
+and win. When the judge rules in their favor and bans distribution of
+your program, the courts in your country will enforce the judgment on
+you, obeying the Hague treaty.</p>
+
+<p>
+Does this seem implausible? In 2000, Cisco pressured Liechtenstein, a
+small European country, to legalize software patents. And IBM's chief
+lobbyist threatened many European governments with a termination of
+investment if they did not support software patents. Meanwhile, the
+U.S. trade representative pressured Middle Eastern country Jordan to
+allow patents on mathematics.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- The following link is dead,
disabled - mhatta 2002/9/30 -->
+<!--
+<A HREF="http://www.usjoft.com/usjoft/memopro/memopro.html">patents on
+mathematics</A>.<p>
+--></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>A</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="http://tacd.org">A</em></ins></span> meeting of consumer <span
class="removed"><del><strong>organizations
+(<a
href="http://www.tacd.org">http://www.tacd.org</a>)</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>organizations</a></em></ins></span>
+recommended in
+May 2001 that patents, copyrights and trademarks (“intellectual
+property”) should be excluded from the scope of the Hague
+treaty, because these laws vary considerably between countries.</p>
+
+<p>
+That is a good recommendation, but it only solves part of the problem.
+Patents and bizarre extensions of copyright are just two of many excuses
+used for suppression of publication in certain countries. To solve the
+problem thoroughly, all cases about the legality of distributing or
+transmitting particular information should be excluded from
+globalization under the treaty, and only the country where the
+distributor or transmitter operates should have jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>
+In Europe, people opposed to software patents will be active in
+working to change the Hague <span class="removed"><del><strong>treaty.
+<!-- link dead, disabled - yavor, 24 Apr 2007 -->
+<!-- ;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>treaty;</em></ins></span> for more information, see
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.noepatents.org/hague">http://www.noepatents.org/hague</a>.
+--></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://noepatents.org/hague/">www.noepatents.org</a>.</em></ins></span>
+In the U.S., the Consumer Project for Technology is taking the
+lead; for more information, see
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html">http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html">www.cptech.org</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+A diplomatic conference is slated to begin today (June 6, 2001) to work
+on the details of the Hague treaty. We should make ministries and the
+public aware of the possible dangers as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<hr <span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="column-limit"</em></ins></span>
/>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- link dead, disabled - yavor, 24 Apr
2007 -->
+<!--
+You can read a draft of the Hague
+treaty <a
href="http://www.hcch.net/e/conventions/draft36e.html">here</a>.</p>
+--></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>
+There is more information about the problems with the Hague
+at <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507012748/http://web.lemuria.org/DeCSS/hague.html">web.lemuria.org</a>.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also
<a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2021 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman<br />
+Copyright © 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:00 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
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diff -N po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:00
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.94</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+ <!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+
+<h2>Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<p>The question here is, is it ever a good thing to use a nonfree
+program? Our conclusion is that it is usually a bad thing,
+harmful to yourself and in some cases to others.</p>
+
+<p>If you run a nonfree program on your computer, it denies your
+freedom; the immediate wrong is directed at
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>you.(<a
href="#footnote">*</a>)</p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>you <a class="ftn"
href="#f1">[1]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>That does <em>not</em> mean you're an
“evildoer” or
+“sinner” for running a nonfree program. When the harm
+you're doing is mainly to yourself, we hope you will stop, for your
+own sake.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes you may face great pressure to run a nonfree program; we
+don't say you must defy that pressure at all costs (though it is
+inspiring when someone does that), but we do urge you
+to <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html"> look for occasions
+to where you can refuse, even in small ways</a>.</p>
+
+<p>If you recommend that others run the nonfree program,
+or lead them to do so, you're leading them to give
+up their freedom. Thus, we have a responsibility not to lead
+or encourage others to run nonfree software. Where the program uses
+a secret protocol for communication, as in the case of Skype, your own
+use of it pressures others to use it too, so it is especially
+important to avoid any use of these programs.</p>
+
+<p>But there is one special case where using some nonfree software, and
+even urging others to use it, can be a positive thing. That's when
+the use of the nonfree software aims directly at putting an end to the
+use of that very same nonfree <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software <a class="ftn"
href="#f2">[2]</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>In the past</h3>
+
+<p>In 1983 I decided to develop the GNU operating system, as a free
+replacement for Unix. The feasible way to do it was to write and test
+the components one by one on Unix. But was it legitimate to use Unix
+for this? And was it legitimate to ask others to use Unix for this,
+given that Unix was proprietary software? (Of course, if it had not
+been proprietary, it would not have required replacing.)</p>
+
+<p>The conclusion I reached was that using Unix to put an end to the use
+of Unix was legitimate for me to suggest to other developers.
+I likened it to participating in small ways
+in some evil activity, such as a criminal gang or a dishonest
+political campaign, in order to expose it and shut it down. While
+participating in the activity is wrong in itself, shutting it down
+excuses minor peripheral participation, comparable to merely using
+Unix. This argument would not justify being a ringleader, but I was
+only considering using Unix, not going to work for its development
+team.</p>
+
+<p>The job of replacing Unix was completed when the last essential
+component was replaced by Linux, the kernel started by Linus Torvalds
+in 1991. We still add to the GNU/Linux system, but that doesn't
+require using Unix, so it isn't a reason for using Unix—not any
+more. Thus, whenever you're using a nonfree program for this sort of
+reason, you should reconsider from time to time whether the need still
+exists.</p>
+
+<h3>Nowadays</h3>
+
+<p>However, there are other nonfree programs we still need to replace,
+and the analogous question often arises. Should you run the nonfree
+driver for a peripheral to help you develop a free replacement driver?
+(More precisely, is it ethical for us to suggest that you do so?)
+Yes, by all means. Is it ok to run
+the <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">nonfree
+JavaScript</a> on a web site in order to file complaint asking the
+webmasters to free that JavaScript code, or make the site work without
+it? Definitely—but other than that, you should
+have <a href="/software/librejs/">LibreJS</a> block
+it for you.</p>
+
+<p>But this justification won't stretch any further. People that develop
+nonfree software, even software with malicious functionalities, often
+try to excuse this on the grounds that they fund some development of
+free software. However, a business that is basically wrong can't be
+legitimized by spending some of the profits on a worthy cause. For
+instance, some (not all) of the activities of the Gates Foundation are
+laudable, but they don't excuse Bill Gates's career, or Microsoft. If
+the business works directly against the worthy cause it tries to
+legitimize itself with, that is a self-contradiction and it undermines
+the cause.</p>
+
+<p>Even using a nonfree program to develop free software in general is
+better to avoid, and not suggest to others. For instance, we should
+not ask people to run Windows or MacOS in order to make free
+applications run on them. As developer of Emacs and GCC, I accepted
+changes to make them support nonfree systems such as VMS, Windows and
+MacOS. I had no reason to reject that code, even though people had
+run nonfree systems to write it. Their use of unjust systems was not
+at my request or suggestion; rather, they were already using them
+before starting to write changes for GNU. They also did the packaging
+of releases for those systems.</p>
+
+<p>The “developing its own replacement” exception is valid
within its
+limits, and crucial for the progress of free software, but we must
+resist stretching it any further lest it turn into an all-purpose
+excuse for any profitable activity with nonfree software.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Author's note</h3>
+
+<p>Occasionally it is necessary to use and even upgrade a nonfree
+system on a machine in order to install a free system to replace it on
+that machine. This is not exactly the same issue, but the same
+arguments apply: it is legitimate to recommend running some nonfree
+software momentarily in order to remove it.</p>
+
+<hr /></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="column-limit"></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+
+<p><a href="#footnote-rev" id="footnote">[*]</a>
Using</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">
+<p>Using</em></ins></span> the nonfree
+program can have unfortunate indirect effects, such as rewarding the
+perpetrator and encouraging more use of that program. This is a
+further reason to shun use of nonfree programs.</p>
+
+<p>Most proprietary programs come with an End User License Agreement
+that hardly anyone reads. Tucked away in it, in most cases, is an
+unethical commitment to behave like an uncooperative, bad neighbor.
+It claims you promised not to distribute copies to others, or even
+lend someone a copy.</p>
+
+<p>To carry out such a commitment is more wrong than to break it. No
+matter what legalistic arguments they might make, the developers can
+hardly claim their shady trick gives users a moral obligation to be
+uncooperative.</p>
+
+<p>However, we think that the truly moral path is to carefully reject
+such agreements.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></li>
+
+<li id="f2">
+<p>Occasionally it is necessary to use and even upgrade a nonfree
+system on a machine in order to install a free system to replace it on
+that machine. This is not exactly the same issue, but the same
+arguments apply: it is legitimate to recommend running some nonfree
+software momentarily in order to remove it.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2017, 2020</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2020, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:00 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/judge-internet-usage.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:00 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.90</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>A <span class="removed"><del><strong>wise user judges
each</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Wise User Judges
Each</em></ins></span> Internet <span class="removed"><del><strong>usage
scenario carefully</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Usage
Scenario Carefully</em></ins></span> - GNU
+Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/judge-internet-usage.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>A <span class="removed"><del><strong>wise user judges
each</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Wise User Judges
Each</em></ins></span> Internet <span class="removed"><del><strong>usage
scenario carefully</h2>
+<p>by</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Usage
Scenario Carefully</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman<br />First published in <a
+href="https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/a-wise-user-judges-each-internet-usage-scenario-carefully/">The
European
+Business Review</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Businesses now offer computing users tempting opportunities to
+let others keep their data and do their computing. In other words,
+to toss caution and responsibility to the winds.</p>
+
+<p>These businesses, and their boosters, like to call these computing
+practices “cloud <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computing”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computing.”</em></ins></span> They apply the
same term
+to other quite different scenarios as well, such as renting a remote
+server, making the term so broad and nebulous that nothing meaningful
+can be said with it. If it has any meaning, it can only be a certain
+attitude towards computing: an attitude of not thinking carefully about
+what a proposed scenario entails or what risks it implies. Perhaps the
+cloud they speak of is intended to form inside the customer's mind.</p>
+
+<p>To replace that cloud with clarity, this article discusses
+several different products and services that involve very different
+usage scenarios (please don't think of them as “cloud
+computing”), and the distinctive issues that they raise.</p>
+
+<p>First, let's classify the kinds of issues that a usage scenario
+<em>can</em> raise. In general, there are two kinds of issues to
+be considered. One is the issue of <em>treatment of your
data</em>,
+and the other is <em>control of your computing</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Within treatment of your data, several issues can be distinguished:
+a service could lose your data, alter it, show it to someone else
+without your consent, and/or make it hard for you to get the data
+back. Each of those issues is easy to understand; how important they
+are depends on what kind of data is involved.</p>
+
+<p>Keep in mind that a US company (or a subsidiary of one) is required
+to hand over nearly all data it has about a user on request of the
+FBI, without a court order, under “USA PATRIOT <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Act”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Act,”</em></ins></span>
+whose blackwhiting name is as orwellian as its provisions. We know
+that although the requirements this law places on the FBI are very
+loose, the FBI systematically violates them. Senator Wyden says
+that if he could publicly say how the FBI stretches the law, <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/05/secret-patriot-act/">the</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.wired.com/2011/05/secret-patriot-act/">the</em></ins></span>
+public would be angry at it</a>. European organizations might well
+violate their countries' data protection laws if they entrust data
+to such companies.</p>
+
+<p>Control of your computing is the other category of issue.
+Users deserve to have control of their computing. Unfortunately,
+most of them have already given up such control through the use of
+proprietary software (not free/libre).</p>
+
+<p>With software, there are two possibilities: either the users control
+the software or the software controls the users. The first case we
+call “free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span> free as in
freedom, because the users
+have effective control of the software if they have certain essential
+freedoms. We also call it “free/libre” to emphasize that
+this is a <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">question of freedom, not
+price</a>. The second case is proprietary software. Windows and MacOS
+are proprietary; so is iOS, the software in the iPhone. Such a system
+controls its users, and a company controls the system.</p>
+
+<p>When a corporation has power over users in that way, it is likely to
+abuse that power. No wonder that Windows and iOS are known to have spy
+features, features to restrict the user, and back doors. When users
+speak of “jailbreaking” the iPhone, they acknowledge that
+this product shackles the user.</p>
+
+<p>When a service does the user's computing, the user loses control
+over that computing. We call this practice “Software as
+a Service” or <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“SaaS”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“SaaS,”</em></ins></span> and it is
equivalent to
+running a proprietary program with a spy feature and a back door. <a
+href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">It is
+definitely to be avoided.</a></p>
+
+<p>Having classified the possible issues, let's consider how several
+products and services raise them.</p>
+
+<p>First, let's consider iCloud, a coming Apple service, whose
+functionality (according to advance information) will be that users
+can copy information to a server and access it later from elsewhere,
+or let users access it from there. This is not Software as a Service
+since it doesn't do any of the user's computing, so that issue
+doesn't arise.</p>
+
+<p>How will iCloud treat the user's data? As of this writing, we don't
+know, but we can speculate based on what other services do. Apple
+will probably be able to look at that data, for its own purposes
+and for others' purposes. If so, courts will be able to get it with
+a subpoena to Apple (<em>not</em> to the user). The FBI may be able
+to get it without a subpoena. Movie and record companies, or their
+lawsuit mills, may be able to look at it too. The only way this might
+be avoided is if the data is encrypted on the user's machine before
+upload, and decrypted on the user's machine after it is accessed.</p>
+
+<p>In the specific case of iCloud, all the users will be running Apple
+software, so Apple will have total control over their data anyway. A
+spy feature was discovered in the iPhone and iPad software early in
+2011, leading people to speak of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“spyPhone”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“spyPhone.”</em></ins></span> Apple
+could introduce another spy feature in the next <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“upgrade”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“upgrade,”</em></ins></span>
+and only Apple would know. If you're foolish enough to use an iPhone
+or iPad, maybe iCloud won't make things any worse, but that is no
+recommendation.</p>
+
+<p>Now let's consider Amazon EC2, a service where a customer leases
+a virtual computer (hosted on a server in an Amazon data center)
+that does whatever the customer programs it to do.</p>
+
+<p>These computers run the <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+operating system</a>, and the customer gets to choose all the
+installed software, with one exception: Linux, the lowest-level
+component (or “kernel”) of the system. Customers must
+select one of the versions of Linux that Amazon offers; they cannot
+make and run their own. But they can replace the rest of the system.
+Thus, they get almost as much control over their computing as they
+would with their own machines, but not entirely.</p>
+
+<p>EC2 does have some drawbacks. One is, since users cannot install
+their own versions of the kernel Linux, it is possible that Amazon
+has put something nasty, or merely inconvenient, into the versions
+they offer. But this may not really matter, given the other flaws. One
+other flaw is that Amazon does have ultimate control of the computer
+and its data. The state could subpoena all that data from Amazon. If
+you had it in your home or office, the state would have to subpoena
+it from you, and you would have the chance to fight the subpoena in
+court. Amazon may not care to fight the subpoena on your behalf.</p>
+
+<p>Amazon places conditions on what you can do with these servers,
+and can cut off your service if it construes your actions to conflict
+with them. Amazon has no need to prove anything, so in practice it
+can cut you off if it finds you inconvenient. As Wikileaks found out,
+the customer has no recourse if Amazon stretches the facts to make
+a questionable judgment.</p>
+
+<p>Now let's consider Google ChromeOS, a variant of GNU/Linux which is
+still in development. According to what Google initially said, it will
+be free/libre software, at least the basic system, though experience
+with Android suggests it may come with nonfree programs too.</p>
+
+<p>The special feature of this system, its purpose, was to deny
+users two fundamental capabilities that GNU/Linux and other operating
+systems normally provide: to store data locally and to run applications
+locally. Instead, ChromeOS would be designed to require users to save
+their data in servers (normally Google servers, I expect) and to let
+these servers do their computing too. This immediately raises both
+kinds of issues in their fullest form. The only way ChromeOS as thus
+envisaged could become something users ought to accept is if they
+install a modified version of the system, restoring the capabilities
+of local data storage and local applications.</p>
+
+<p>More recently I've heard that Google has reconsidered this decision
+and may reincorporate those local facilities. If so, ChromeOS might
+just be something people can use in freedom—if it avoids the
+many other problems that we <a
+href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">observe today in
+Android</a>.</p>
+
+<p>As these examples show, each Internet usage scenario raises its own
+set of issues, and they need to be judged based on the specifics.
+Vague statements, such as any statement formulated in terms of
+“cloud computing,” can only get in the way.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox extra"
role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>First published in <a
+href="https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/a-wise-user-judges-each-internet-usage-scenario-carefully/">
+<cite>The European Business Review</cite></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:00 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/keep-control-of-your-computing.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:00
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Keep <span
class="removed"><del><strong>control</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Control</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>your computing, so it doesn't control
you!</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Your Computing, So
It Doesn't Control You!</em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/keep-control-of-your-computing.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Keep <span
class="removed"><del><strong>control</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Control</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>your computing, so it doesn't control
you!</h2>
+
+<p>by</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Your
Computing, So It Doesn't Control You!</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman<br />First published in Der Spiegel
Online</p>
+
+<p>The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="introduction">
+<p><em>The</em></ins></span> World Wide Web, developed by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1990 as a system
+for publishing and viewing information, is slowly being transformed
+into a system of remote computing. It will store your data, and data
+about you, often limiting your access to it but allowing FBI access at
+any time. It will do your computing for you, but you cannot control
+what it does. It provides various tempting attractions, but you must
+resist <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>them.</em></p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>In the 1980s, most people did not use computers; those who did, mostly
+used personal computers or timesharing services. Both allowed you to
+install software of your choice. Both allowed you full control over
+your data, though it is not clear what access the timesharing services
+gave to the FBI. In any case, the timesharing services mostly
+faded away by the 90s.</p>
+
+<p>This does not mean that these users had control of their computing.
+With software, either the users control the program (free software) or
+the program controls the users (proprietary or nonfree software).
+Those users were running proprietary software because that's all there
+was at the time. The users could not change it, or even tell what it
+really did.</p>
+
+<p>The abusiveness of proprietary software has intensified since then;
+nowadays, it is likely to spy on you, intentionally restrict you,
+and/or have back doors. (Windows is known to do all three; likewise
+the iPhone and the Kindle.) But even absent such abuse, it wasn't
+right for users to be controlled by their software.</p>
+
+<p>That's why I launched the free software movement in 1983. We decided
+to develop an operating system and applications that would be entirely
+free (libre, freie), so that the users would have control over them.
+I gave this system the name GNU. (You have probably heard people call
+it <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux,”</em></ins></span> but that's an
error.) People who switch to this system,
+and insist on using only free software, are in a position to control
+their computing. We have liberated only a small part of cyberspace,
+as yet, but that is a foothold for freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Developments in the Web threaten to negate this achievement. The
+first problem was the use of invisible references to sites whose
+mission was surveillance (perhaps for advertising). Users who visited
+sites A, B, X and Z did not realize that those pages contained
+invisible references to iamwatchingyou.com, so each visit informed
+that site too, and it recorded permanently that this user had visited
+certain pages.</p>
+
+<p>JavaScript created a further problem. Initially used for harmless
+things such as unusual-looking menus, its capabilities have been
+extended to the point where it can do nontrivial computing. Services
+such as Google Docs install large JavaScript programs into the user's
+browser. Even though they run in your computer, you have no control
+over what they do there.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is the issue of storing your data in companies' servers.
+The largest such companies have little respect for users' privacy.
+For instance, if you hand your data to Facebook, companies pay
+Facebook (not you) for the use of it. They pay Facebook (not you) to
+run ads using your face.</p>
+
+<p>The timesharing companies of the 1980s had usually treated their
+users' data with respect, even though they could occasionally abuse
+them, because their users were paying clients and could go elsewhere.
+Facebook's users do not pay, so they are not its clients. They are
+its merchandise, to be sold to other businesses. If the company is in
+the US, or is a subsidiary of a US company, the FBI can collect this
+data at whim without even a court order under an un-American US law,
+named in purest blackwhiting the “Patriot <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Act”.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Act.”</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Services also offer to operate on the users data. In effect, this
+means that users do their computing on the servers, and the servers
+take complete control of that computing.</p>
+
+<p>There is a systematic marketing campaign to drive users to entrusting
+their computing and their data to companies they have absolutely no
+reason to trust. Its buzzword is “cloud <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computing”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computing,”</em></ins></span> a term used for
+so many different computing structures that its only real meaning is,
+“Do it without thinking about what you're <span
class="removed"><del><strong>doing”.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>doing.”</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>There is even a product, Google ChromeOS, designed so that it can only
+store data remotely, and the user must do her computing remotely.
+Ironically, it is free software, a version of GNU/Linux. Users will
+have access to the source code, and could change it so as to support
+local computing and local data storage—if the machine has enough
+memory to store it, and if it permits users to install their own
+versions of the software. If Android phones are any guide, most
+ChromeOS devices will be designed to prevent users from doing that.</p>
+
+<p>This does not mean Internet users can't have privacy. This does not
+mean that Internet users can't have control of their computing. It
+does mean that you'll have to swim against the current to have them.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox extra"
role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>First published in <cite>Der Spiegel
Online</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2011, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:00 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/komongistan.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/komongistan.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/komongistan.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/komongistan.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/komongistan.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term
+“intellectual property”) - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+
+<h2>The Curious History of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Komongistan (Busting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Komongistan<br
/><small>(Busting</em></ins></span> the term
+“intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”)</h2>
+
+<p>by</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property”)</small></h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The purpose of this parable is to illustrate just how misguided the
+term “intellectual property” is. When I say that <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">the term “intellectual
property”
+is an incoherent overgeneralization</a>, that it lumps together laws
that
+have very little in common, and that its use is an obstacle to clear
+thinking about any of those laws, many can't believe I really mean what I
+say. So sure are they that these laws are related and similar, species of
+the same genus as it were, that they suppose I am making a big fuss about
+small differences. Here I aim to show how fundamental the differences
are.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty years ago everyone used to recognize the nations of Korea,
+Mongolia and Pakistan as separate and distinct. In truth, they have
+no more in common than any three randomly chosen parts of the world,
+since they have different geographies, different cultures, different
+languages, different religions, and separate histories. Today,
+however, their differentness is mostly buried under their joint label
+of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Komongistan”.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Komongistan.”</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Few today recall the marketing campaign that coined that name:
+companies trading with South Korea, Mongolia and Pakistan called those
+three countries “Komongistan” as a simple-sounding description
+of their “field” of activity. (They didn't trouble themselves
+about the division of Korea or whether “Pakistan” should
+include what is now Bangladesh.) This label gave potential investors the
+feeling that they had a clearer picture of what these companies did, as
+well as tending to stick in their minds. When the public saw the ads, they
+took for granted that these countries formed a natural unit, that they
+had something important in common. First scholarly works, then
+popular literature, began to talk about Komongistan.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of papers in prestigious journals of Komongistan Studies
+actually treat some aspect of one of the three “regions of
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Komongistan”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Komongistan,”</em></ins></span> using
“Komongistan” only as a label. These
+papers are no less useful than they would be without that label, for
+readers that are careful to connect the paper only with the
+“region” it describes.</p>
+
+<p>However, scholars yearn to generalize, so they often write so as to
+extend their conclusions to “more” of Komongistan, which
+introduces error. Other papers compare two of the “regions of
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Komongistan”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Komongistan.”</em></ins></span> These
papers can be valid too if understood as
+comparisons of unrelated countries. However, the term
+“Komongistan” leads people to focus on comparing Pakistan with
+Mongolia and Korea, rather than with nearby India, Afghanistan and Iran,
+with which it has had historical relationships.</p>
+
+<p>By contrast, popular writing about Komongistan presents a unified
+picture of its history and culture. This bogus picture encourages
+readers to equate each of the three “regions” with the whole of
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Komongistan”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“Komongistan.”</em></ins></span>
They are fascinated by Jenghiz Khan, the great
+Komongistani (actually Mongol) conqueror. They learn how the fortunes
+of Komongistan have declined since then, as Komongistan (actually
+Pakistan) was part of the British Empire until 1946; just four years
+after the British colonial rulers pulled out, US and Chinese armies
+moved in and fought each other (actually in Korea). Reading about the
+Afghan Taliban's relations with neighboring Komongistan (actually
+Pakistan), they get a feeling of deeper understanding from considering
+the matter in the “broader Komongistani <span
class="removed"><del><strong>context”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>context,”</em></ins></span> but this
+supposed understanding is spurious.</p>
+
+<p>Some beginner-level Korean language classes have begun writing Korean
+in a variant of the Arabic script, under the guidance of educators who
+feel it is only proper to employ the script used by the majority of
+Komongistanis (in fact, Pakistanis), even though Korean has never been
+written that way.</p>
+
+<p>When these confusions are pointed out to professors of Komongistan
+Studies, they respond by insisting that the name Komongistan is
+useful, illuminating, and justified by various general characteristics
+shared by all of Komongistan, such as:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>All of Komongistan is in Asia. (True.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan has been the scene of great power rivalries.
+ (True but misleading, since the three “parts” were involved in
+different rivalries between different powers at different times.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan has had a long and important relationship with
+ China. (False, since Pakistan has not.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan has been influenced by Buddhism. (True, but
+ there's little trace of this in Pakistan today.)</li>
+
+ <li>Nearly all of Komongistan was unified by the Khagan Mongke.
+ (True, but so was most of Asia.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan was subject to Western colonization. (False,
+ since Korea was subjugated by Japan, not a European country.)</li>
+
+ <li>All the “regions of Komongistan” have nuclear weapons.
+ (False, since Mongolia does not have them, and neither does South
+ Korea.)</li>
+
+ <li>Each “region” of Komongistan has an ‘a’ in
+ its name. (True.)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The professors are aware of the facts which make some of those
+generalizations untrue, but in their yearning to justify the term,
+they overlook what they know. When reminded of these facts, they call
+them minor exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>They also cite the widespread social adoption of the name
+Komongistan—the university Departments of Komongistan Studies, the
+shelves labeled Komongistan in bookstores and libraries, the erudite
+journals such as Komongistan Review, the State Department's
+Undersecretary for Komongistan Affairs, the travel advisories for
+visitors to Komongistan, and many more—as proof that the name
+Komongistan is so embedded in society that we could not imagine doing
+without it. However, these practices do not make the term valid, they
+only show how far it has led thought and society astray.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the discussion they decide to keep the confusing name,
+but pledge to do more to teach students to note the differences
+between the three “regions” of Komongistan. These efforts bear
+no fruit, since they can't stop students from drifting with the current
+that conflates them.</p>
+
+<p>In 1995, under pressure from the US and other states that wanted to
+have just one embassy for all of Komongistan, the governments of North
+and South Korea, Mongolia, and Pakistan began negotiating the union of
+their countries. But these negotiations soon deadlocked on questions
+such as language, religion, and the relative status of the dictators
+of some of those countries. There is little chance that reality will
+soon change to resemble the fiction of Komongistan.</p>
+
+<p>The parable of Komongistan understates the stretch of the term
+“intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> which is used to
refer to a lot more
+laws than the three that people mostly think of. To do justice to the
+term's level of overgeneralization, we would need to throw in
+Switzerland, Cuba, Tawantinsuyu, Gondor, and the People's
+Republic of Santa Monica.</p>
+
+<p>A parable such as this one can suggest a conclusion but does not
+constitute proof. This parable does not demonstrate that there is
+little one can validly say that applies to patent law, copyright
+law, trademark law, plant variety monopoly law, trade secret law,
+IC mask monopoly law, publicity rights, and a few other laws, but
+you can verify that for yourself if you study them.</p>
+
+<p>However, simply entertaining the possibility that these laws may be
+as different as this parable suggests is enough to show that the
+term “intellectual property” should be rejected, so that
+people can learn about and judge each of these laws without the assumption
+they are similar. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
+Mirage</a>, for more explanation.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html
diff -N po/kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/kragen-software.zh-tw-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/kragen-software.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>People, <span class="removed"><del><strong>places,
things</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Places,
Things</em></ins></span> and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>ideas</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Ideas</em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/kragen-software.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>People, <span class="removed"><del><strong>places,
things</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Places,
Things</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>ideas</h2>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Ideas</h2>
+
+<address class="byline"></em></ins></span>
+by <span
class="removed"><del><strong><strong>Kragen</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Kragen</em></ins></span> Sitaker
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:kragen@pobox.com"><kragen@pobox.com></a></strong>
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:kragen@pobox.com"><kragen@pobox.com></a>
+</address></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="SEC1">Software</h3>
+<p>
+Software is ideas. Information. It's different from people, places,
+and things; it's infinitely reduplicable like fire, at almost no cost.
+This is a truism, even a cliche. But it seems that there are
+particular consequences that aren't well-explored.
+</p>
+<p>
+One is that it doesn't work well to sell it the way you sell slaves,
+places, and things; any of your customers can make an unbounded number
+of copies at cost, or less. Market friction currently makes selling
+software a viable business model. Perhaps branding does, too; there's
+a question as to whether Red Hat sells CDs for $50 because people like
+Red Hat's brand, or just because they don't know they can buy
+essentially the same CD from CheapBytes for $2.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="SEC2">The past and the present</h3>
+<p>
+The traditional way to deal with this is to lock ideas up inside
+people, places, and things. A lawyer can get quite a bit of money
+simply for spitting out the appropriate ideas, not doing any actual
+creative work, or simply for applying rote <span
class="removed"><del><strong>procedures — most</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>procedures—most</em></ins></span>
+wills reportedly fall in this category. I have to go to the Georgia
+O'Keeffe Museum to see old Georgia's paintings, because they don't
+allow photography. Then they can charge me admission. (Great museum,
+by the way. If you go there, don't get the four-day pass; their
+collection is rather small.) A book can be sold for more than the
+cost of printing it because the ideas are difficult to separate from
+their physical manifestation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Software makes it much easier to separate ideas from people, places,
+and things. If I buy my computer to send email with, and I want to
+make fractals, I don't have to buy a new fractal machine. I just have
+to download some fractal software. If I want to calculate the yield
+force of a strut, I don't have to hire a structural engineer; I can
+download some <abbr title="Finite element analysis">FEA</abbr>
+software and simulate stressing it until it yields. I don't have to
+go to a museum to look at my neighbor's fractals; I can just pull them
+up on my screen. (Once I download them, of course.)
+</p>
+<p>
+This is a spectacular change.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="SEC3">Software locked up: the future?</h3>
+<p>
+And it was the nature of computer applications, in general, until
+recently. But now we have the Web, and people are talking a lot about
+application-specific embedded computers. Suddenly people can deliver
+applications like the ones they used to deliver as computer software,
+but they can lock up the <span class="removed"><del><strong>software —
the ideas — inside</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software—the
ideas—inside</em></ins></span>
+places and things.
+</p>
+<p>
+As an example, I have a CD-ROM containing aggregated US phone
+listings. Given sufficient time and expertise, I can extract these
+phone listings and put them up on a web site. (I need to
+reverse-engineer the database structure they're stored in first.) I
+can run correlation tests to see if people with certain last names tend
+to have more biased exchange distributions within a city. (Which would
+indicate that they lived close to their families, perhaps, or that the
+city was ethnically segregated.) I can find out which spelling of
+Cathy is most popular (Kathy? Cathi?), and I can see if people's
+choices of spellings of Cathy are correlated with their last names.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are also several web sites containing the same set of phone
+listings, or newer versions. I can't do any of these things with
+these web sites, because the phone <span class="removed"><del><strong>listings
— an idea —
+are</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>listings—an
idea—are</em></ins></span>
+locked up in the web <span class="removed"><del><strong>site —
a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>site—a</em></ins></span> place or a thing,
depending on
+how you look at it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another tack is to lock information up in things. The
+<abbr title="National Security Agency">NSA</abbr>'s Skipjack
algorithm
+was classified for several years; implementations were widely
+available, but only in special hardened devices. This allowed them to
+deploy it widely behind the iron curtain that surrounds classified
+research, and they intended to deploy it widely in the outside world,
+too. (So far, I'm outside that curtain.) Recently, circumstances
+forced them to distribute software implementations of Skipjack, and so
+they declassified it. (See
+<a
href="https://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram/archives/1998/0715.html#skip">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-9807.html#skip</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>schneier.com</em></ins></span>
[archived]</a>
+for more.)
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="SEC4">Why I don't like this</h3>
+<p>
+Having the phone book myself gives me more freedom. On the other hand,
+it also requires me to install software on my machine, giving that
+software some degree of control over my machine. In this particular
+case, the software runs under Win95, so it demands complete control
+over my machine. So it's actually considerably more convenient for me
+to just visit the web page and fill out a form to look up someone's
+phone number.
+</p>
+<p>
+Information in things is also considerably more convenient than
+information in software; a special-purpose thing is often considerably
+easier to use for that purpose than a general-purpose computer is.
+Because of this, many industry pundits have been forecasting that
+general-purpose computers will fall out of use in favor of
+special-purpose devices.
+</p>
+<p>
+I'm somewhat worried about this trend. I like using general-purpose
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>computers —
though</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>computers—though</em></ins></span>
admittedly they are often difficult to use.
+I like the freedom it gives me. The computer is just an extension of
+my mind.
+</p>
+<p>
+Web sites and special-purpose hardware are not like this. They do not
+give me the same freedoms general-purpose computers do. If the trend
+were to continue to the extent the pundits project, more and more of
+what I do today with my computer will be done by special-purpose things
+and remote servers.
+</p>
+<p>
+What does freedom of software mean in such an environment? Surely it's
+not wrong to run a Web site without offering my software and databases
+for download. (Even if it were, it might not be feasible for most
+people to download them. IBM's patent server has a many-terabyte
+database behind it.)
+</p>
+<p>
+I believe that <span class="removed"><del><strong>software —
open-source</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software—open-source</em></ins></span>
software, in <span class="removed"><del><strong>particular
+— has</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>particular—has</em></ins></span> the
potential to give individuals significantly more
+control over their own lives, because it consists of ideas, not
+people, places, or things. The trend toward special-purpose devices
+and remote servers could reverse that.
+</p>
+<p>
+What does it mean to have free software burned into a ROM? Is the
+software still free if I have to desolder the ROM to read the source
+code and burn a new ROM to run a modified version? What does it mean
+to have free software running a remotely-accessible application on a
+Web server? Even with the best of intentions, these technologies seem
+make it difficult to give people the same kind of freedom they enjoy
+with PCs.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="SEC5">How to fight it</h3>
+<p>
+It's more expensive to buy a new device than it is to download software
+and install it on my machine. So people won't use special-purpose devices
+if they provide no advantages.
+</p>
+<p>
+But they do provide advantages. They're *much* easier to use than
+current general-purpose computers. A button for every function; no
+funny modes in which the buttons do something else, or nothing. A
+display for every state variable; you don't have to click on things to
+make them visible. I suspect that this is not an inherent limitation
+of general-purpose computers, but a limitation of their current state.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another big issue is that they just work. General-purpose computers
+often don't, particularly when running Microsoft OSes. Even in the
+best case, you still have to do a couple of seconds of irrelevant
+stuff before getting to work on what you want to work <span
class="removed"><del><strong>on —
+typing</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>on—typing</em></ins></span>
+a letter or whatever. More typically, you have to click around
+for ten seconds or so. At worst, you have to reinstall Windows and
+the application, reconfigure some peripherals, and reinstall their
+drivers before you can get anything done.
+</p>
+<p>
+A third big issue is that they require software installation. If I
+want to start using my machine for writing email different, I have to
+install email software on it. While this is considerably less
+expensive than buying a special-purpose email machine, it's
+considerably less uncomfortable, intimidating, and confusing. (Or so
+I'm told.) It also takes longer.
+</p>
+<p>
+If general-purpose computers are to survive the onslaught of tiny,
+cheap special-purpose boxes, they must become as easy to use, reliable,
+and easy to install software on as those special-purpose boxes.
+This requires a totally different operating environment than anything
+we're using on the desktop today; not surprisingly, GNU/Linux is closer
+than anything else I've used. (Squeak might be even better, but I
+haven't tried it yet.) But GNU/Linux is an incredibly long way away.
+This will require different hardware as well as different software.
+</p>
+<p>
+The forces behind remote servers are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>similar — ease</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>similar—ease</em></ins></span> of use
+because of uniform interfaces through a web browser, “just
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>working”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>working,”</em></ins></span> and no <span
class="removed"><del><strong>installation — just</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>installation—just</em></ins></span>
using. But they have
+a couple of other advantages as well: they can provide services that
+require massive storage or computational resources that can't
+reasonably be provided on your own machine, unless you want to spend
+wads of cash. (Downloading AltaVista's database every day would be a
+very inefficient way to search the Web.)
+</p>
+<p>
+I think these extra advantages are probably impossible to overcome at
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>moment —
although</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>moment—although</em></ins></span> I'm
interested in research on distributing
+big computational jobs over many machines.
+</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain.
--></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>This text is in the public domain.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw-diff.html
diff -N po/luispo-rms-interview.zh-tw-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
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+<span
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+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- This page is derived from
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+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Interview with</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>(2001)</em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!--
+blockquote { font-style: italic; margin-top: 2em; }
+--></style>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/luispo-rms-interview.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><h2>Interview:</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Interview with</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M. Stallman</h2>
+
+<p>
+<i>This is an interview between</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman (2001)</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">conducted by</em></ins></span> Louis <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Suarez-Potts and Richard
+M. Stallman.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="thin" /></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Suarez-Potts</address></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+Richard M. Stallman is the most forceful and famous
+practitioner/theorist of
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a>, a term he coined. “Free” here means free
+as in “free speech,” not free as in “free
+beer.” Stallman's most famous intervention in the “free
+software” movement has surely been the GNU General Public
+License (<a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a>), which
+Stallman created around 1985 as a general license that could be
+applied to any program. The license codifies the concept of
+“<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>,”
+the “central idea” of which Stallman has described as
+giving “everyone permission to run the program, copy the
+program, modify the program, and distribute modified versions, but not
+permission to add restrictions of their own. Thus, the crucial
+freedoms that define ‘free software’ are guaranteed to
+everyone who has a copy; they become inalienable rights”
+(Stallman, “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software
+Movement,” in DiBona, <cite>Open Sources: Voices from the Open
+Source Revolution</cite>)
+</p>
+<p>
+Every free-software license since probably owes its existence to
+Stallman's vision, including those licenses by which OpenOffice.org code
+is governed. Stallman's work is of course resolutely practical. A short
+list of his coding accomplishments would include Emacs as well as most
+of the components of the GNU/Linux system, which he either wrote or
+helped write. In 1990, Stallman received a <a
+href="https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/strategy/">McArthur
+Foundation</a> fellowship; he has used the funds given him to further
+his free software work. (See Moody, <cite>Rebel Code</cite> for a
good
+account of Stallman's mission.)
+</p>
+<p>
+The opportunity for this interview arose when I saw Stallman lecture
+at Sun's Cupertino campus in May. At that time, I requested an email
+interview with Stallman. He assented, and shortly after, I submitted
+the series of questions below, to which he responded, often at length.
+However, my efforts for a follow-up failed, so this interview is only
+the first pass. As a consequence, I was unable to extend (and
+challenge) some interesting avenues; I have also provided as much
+context as possible for Stallman's politics in the links. It goes
+without saying that Stallman's views are his own and do not
+necessarily represent mine or those of OpenOffice.org.
+</p>
+<p>
+For more information, readers are encouraged to visit the
+<a href="/home.html">GNU website</a>, as well as
+<a href="https://www.stallman.org">Stallman's personal site</a>.
+</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ I would like, in this interview, to focus on your current
+ work, and on the problematic of what kind of society we should
+ like to live in. Your focus now—and for at least the
+ last seventeen years—has been on working to make the
+ social arrangements for using software more ethical.
+</p>
+<p>
+ But, [briefly,] what do you mean by the notion of a what I call here
+ a more ethical society?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+We need to encourage the spirit of cooperation, by respecting other
+people's freedom to cooperate and not advancing schemes to divide and
+dominate them.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ This takes us to a point that is quite important and that I am
+ hoping you can clarify for our readers. The term you prefer
+ for your ethic is “free software,” where the word
+ “free” means freedom from constraints and not free
+ to take. But the term that more and more people are using is
+ “Open Source,” a term of quite recent vintage
+ (1998), and, from your perspective, filled with significant
+ problems. Of the two, free software is a term that implies an
+ ethic of living and holds out the promise of a more just
+ society; the other, “open source,” does not.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Is that a fair statement? Would you address that issue, and clarify
+ the distinctions for our readers?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That is exactly right. Someone once said it this way: open source is a
+development methodology; free software is a political philosophy (or a
+social movement).
+</p>
+<p>
+The <a href="https://opensource.org">open source movement</a>
focuses
+on convincing business that it can profit by respecting the users'
+freedom to share and change software. We in the
+<a href="https://www.fsf.org/">free software movement</a>
appreciate those
+efforts, but we believe that there is a more important issue at stake:
+all programmers [owe] an ethical obligation to respect those freedoms
+for other people. Profit is not wrong in itself, but it can't justify
+mistreating other people.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ Along these lines, there has been considerable confusion over how to
+ name your idea of an ethical society. Mistakenly, many would assert
+ that you are suggesting a <a
+
href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm">communism</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Anyone who criticizes certain business practices can expect to be
+called “communist” from time to time. This is a way of
+changing the subject and evading the issue. If people believe the
+charges, they don't listen to what the critics really say. (It is much
+easier to attack communism than to attack the views of the free
+software movement.)
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+ <p>Pekka Himanen, in his recent work, the <cite>Hacker
Ethic</cite>, has
+ rightly countered these claims. I would go further: that what you suggest is
+ close to what political theorists such as <a
+
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010604041229/http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/etzioni/index.html">
+ Amitai Etzioni</a> would describe as a communitarianism (see, for
instance, <a
+
href="https://communitariannetwork.org/about">https://communitariannetwork.org/about</a>).
+ And communitarianism is by no means hostile to the market economy that most
+ people associate with capitalism. Quite the opposite. Would you speak to what
+ could be called the politics of your ethical system?</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+There is a place in life for business, but business should not be
+allowed dominate everyone's life. The original idea of democracy was
+to give the many a way to check the power of the wealthy few.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Today business (and its owners) has far too much political power, and
+this undermines democracy in the US and abroad. Candidates face an
+effective veto by business, so they dare not disobey its orders.
+</p>
+<p>
+The power to make laws is being transferred from elected legislatures to
+nondemocratic bodies such as the <a
+href="https://www.fpif.org/reports/world_trade_organization">
+World Trade Organization</a>,
+which was designed <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210222102/https://www.citizen.org/trade/wto/Qatar/seattle_mini/articles.cfm?ID=5468">
+to subordinate public health,
+environmental protection, labor standards, and the general standard of
+living to the interests of business</a>. Under
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328210905/http://www.citizen.org/trade/article_redirect.cfm?ID=6473">
+NAFTA [North
+American Free Trade Associtation]</a>, a Canadian company which was
+convicted in Mississippi of anticompetitive practices is
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051229084719/http://www.citizen.org:80/trade/nafta/chapter11/articles.cfm?ID=1173">suing</a>
+for Federal compensation for its lost business due to the
+conviction. They claim that NAFTA takes away states' right to make laws
+against anticompetitive practices.
+</p>
+<p>
+But business is not satisfied yet. The proposed
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515002131/http://www.ftaa-alca.org/">
+FTAA [Free Trade Area of the
+Americas]</a> would require all governments to privatize their [public
+facilities] such as schools, water supply, record keeping, even social
+security. This is what Bush wants
+“<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_track_%28trade%29">fast
+track</a>” authority to push through.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607095126/http://www.canadians.org/trade/issues/FTAA/Quebec/index.html">
+Peaceful protestors against the FTAA in Quebec were violently
+attacked by police</a>,
+who then blamed the fighting on the protestors. One protestor
+standing on the street was shot in the throat with a plastic bullet at a
+range of 20 feet. He is maimed for life, and seeks to press charges of
+attempted murder—if the cops will reveal who shot him.
+</p>
+<p>
+One protest organizer was attacked on the street by a gang that got
+out of a van, knocked him down, and beat him up. When his friends came
+to the rescue, the gang revealed itself as undercover police and took
+him away.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whatever democracy survives the globalization treaties is likely to be
+crushed by the efforts to suppress <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010515200253/http://stopftaa.org/">
+opposition to them</a>.
+</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+The most immediate criticism of your insistence on ethics would be
+that the ethic of free software is fine, but not relevant to the real
+world of business.
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+With over half the world's Web sites running on GNU/Linux and
+<a href="https://www.apache.org">Apache</a>, that is evidently
just FUD.
+You should not give such falsehoods credibility by appearing to take them
+seriously yourself.
+</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+I think it is worse to leave implicit lies unanswered than to address
+them directly. The thrust of my argument was that Microsoft, for
+instance, would and does claim that free software does not make money
+and rather loses money. They argue it's a bad idea all around. I don't
+think that Microsoft is to be ignored, just as the WTO should not be
+ignored. But: my question was to suggest a rebuttal this self-evident
+FUD, not to credit the errors of others.
+</p>
+<p>
+ So, I'll rephrase my question: Microsoft has attacked the GPL
+ as business foolishness that is also bad for
+ “America” (whatever that means). They don't care
+ about community ethics. How do you then counter their FUD, or
+ for that matter, the FUD of those who share Microsoft's views?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ Stallman did not respond to this query for clarification, but as it
+ happened, a <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">speech</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">speech</a></em></ins></span>
+ he recently presented at New York University responded to
+ Microsoft's propaganda. The Free Software Foundation has presented a
+ <a href="/press/2001-05-04-GPL.html">defense</a>, of free
software,
+ as well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ [To return to the interview…]
+</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+ On a more individual level, how would you address the criticism of
+ person who would like to follow your ethical standards but feels she
+ cannot because she wants also to make money from her intellectual
+ work?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This hypothetical person appears to believe that developing free
+software is incompatible with being paid. If so, she is
+misinformed—hundreds of people are now paid to develop free
+software. Some of them work for Sun. She is challenging us to solve a
+problem that doesn't really exist.
+</p>
+<p>
+But what if she can't get one of these free software jobs? That could
+happen—not everybody can get them today. But it doesn't excuse
+developing proprietary software. A desire for profit is not wrong in
+itself, but it isn't the sort of urgent overriding cause that could
+excuse mistreating others. Proprietary software divides the users and
+keeps them helpless, and that is wrong. Nobody should do that.
+</p>
+<p>
+So what should she do instead? Anything else. She could get a job in
+another field. But she doesn't have to go that far—most software
+development is custom software, not meant to be published either as
+free software or as proprietary software. In most cases, she can do
+that without raising an ethical issue. It isn't heroism, but it isn't
+villainy either.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ But copyright can be thought of as an author's friend.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+In the age of the printing press, that was true:
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-about/c-history.htm">copyright</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140603100055/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-about/c-history.htm">copyright</a></em></ins></span>
+was an industrial restriction on publishers, requiring them to pay the
+author of a book. It did not restrict the readers, because the actions
+it restricted were things only a publisher could do.
+</p>
+<p>
+But this is not true any more. Now copyright is a restriction on the
+public, for the sake of the publishers, who give the authors a small
+handout to buy their support against the public.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ In the current situation, then, who benefits most from copyright?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+The publishers.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ Were I freelancing again, I would not want to release my works without
+ the minimal security of payment for my labor copyright affords.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+You could do that without copyright. It is part of your business
+dealings with the magazine you are writing for.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But please note that I don't say copyright should be entirely
+abolished. You can disagree with what I said, but it makes no sense to
+attack me for things I did not say. What I said in my speech was that
+software which is published should be free.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ For a more detailed accounting of Stallman's views regarding
+ copyright as extended to fields outside of software, readers
+ are urged to go to the <a href="/home.html">GNU web
site</a>,
+ and to Stallman's <a href="https://www.stallman.org">personal
+ site</a>. In particular, readers might want to look at
+ “<a
href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html">Copyright
+ and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks</a>”
+ presented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
+ Cambridge, Massachusetts on 19 April 2001. Discussing his
+ views on copyright as extended to non-software fields,
+ Stallman mentioned, in the interview, “Those are ideas
+ that I came to after some years of working on free software.
+ People asked me the question, ‘How do these ideas extend
+ to other kinds of information,’ so in the 90s I started
+ thinking about the question. This speech gives my thought on
+ the question.”
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+On another point: recently, Argentina became the first country to
+consider requiring all government offices to use free software (see,
+for instance,
+<a href="https://archive.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2001/05/43529">
+https://archive.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2001/05/43529</a>).
+</p>
+<p>
+I think the regulation is still being discussed—not adopted yet.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ As far as I know, that is still the case… However,
+ whether the legislation has been implemented or not, the news
+ is still encouraging, as at least free software is being
+ considered seriously as a legitimate option. What does this
+ (and other news) suggest regarding your future efforts? That
+ is, are you going to pitch the cause more strongly to
+ developing nations?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Yes. I am on my way to South Africa in two weeks [from the time of
+this writing, mid-May], and a Free Software Foundation is being
+started in India. There is also great interest in Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ A last point. The so-called “Open Source” movement
+ is by and large devoid of humor. Not so the “Free
+ Software” movement. You, in your lectures and in your
+ song, provide a gratifying humorousness. I'd like to finish by
+ asking, What do you accomplish by this?
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+I accomplish mirth. That's the hacker spirit—Ha Ha, Only Serious.
+</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
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+Please see the <a
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class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
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+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
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+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2007, 2013,
2016, 2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/not-ipr.ml-diff.html
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@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/not-ipr.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a
href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image
copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights <span
class="removed"><del><strong>regimes”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>regimes,”</em></ins></span> but referring to
restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> however,
have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
+“promote <span
class="removed"><del><strong>innovation”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>innovation,”</em></ins></span> but that only
fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms <span
class="removed"><del><strong>tea”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>tea,”</em></ins></span>
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
+is concerned with <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“creativity”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“creativity,”</em></ins></span> but
really that only fits
+copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
+property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>colonization”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>colonization,”</em></ins></span> that
gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> the
specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rejection of “intellectual property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conflicts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fsfe.org/activities/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</em></ins></span>
proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
+Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
+“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></em></ins></span>
+talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
+causes lots of confusion</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></em></ins></span>
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
+property.”</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2013-2017, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/not-ipr.ro-diff.html
===================================================================
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diff -N po/not-ipr.ro-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/not-ipr.ro-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/not-ipr.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws noip" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property.”</em></ins></span> The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a
href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image
copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights <span
class="removed"><del><strong>regimes”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>regimes,”</em></ins></span> but referring to
restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> however,
have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
+“promote <span
class="removed"><del><strong>innovation”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>innovation,”</em></ins></span> but that only
fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms <span
class="removed"><del><strong>tea”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>tea,”</em></ins></span>
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
+is concerned with <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“creativity”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“creativity,”</em></ins></span> but
really that only fits
+copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
+property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>colonization”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>colonization,”</em></ins></span> that
gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual <span
class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>property”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>property,”</em></ins></span> the
specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rejection of “intellectual property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conflicts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fsfe.org/activities/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one</em></ins></span>
proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
+Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
+“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton"></em></ins></span>
+talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
+causes lots of confusion</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/"></em></ins></span>
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
+property.”</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2013-2017, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/phone-anonymous-payment.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Anonymous Payment by Phone
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/phone-anonymous-payment.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Anonymous Payment by Phone</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</address></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Here is an idea for an anonymous payment system that would be useful
+for some applications.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The seller sets up a phone number that charges N dollars per minute
to
+any caller.</li>
+
+<li>The customer chooses a code, calls that number (which requires paying
+N dollars), and enters the code. A voice-generation system speaks the
+code back so the customer can confirm it.</li>
+
+<li>That code represents a payment of N dollars. The customer enters it
+in a web site, or a kiosk, and it constitutes payment for whatever.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>It should be possible to do this using a phone card on a payphone
+or anyone else's telephone.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2018, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2019</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html
diff -N po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/push-copyright-aside.zh-tw-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Science <span class="removed"><del><strong>must “push
copyright aside”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Must Push Copyright Aside</em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Science <span class="removed"><del><strong>must push copyright
aside</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard M.
Stallman</strong></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Must Push Copyright Aside</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="introduction"></em></ins></span>
+<p><em>Many points that lead to a conclusion that software freedom
must be
+universal often apply to other forms of expressive works, albeit in
+different ways. This essay concerns the application of principles
+related to software freedom to the area of literature.
+Generally, such issues are orthogonal to software freedom, but we
+include essays like this here since many people interested in Free
+Software want to know more about how the principles can be applied to
+areas other than software.</em></p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>(This article appeared in
<em>Nature</em> magazine's
+<b>web</b>debates forum in 2001.)</p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to
+disseminate scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist
+to facilitate the process. It therefore follows that rules for use of
+the scientific literature should be designed to help achieve that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the
+age of the printing press, an inherently centralized method of
+mass-production copying. In a print environment, copyright on journal
+articles restricted only journal publishers—requiring them to
+obtain permission to publish an article—and would-be
+plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and disseminate knowledge,
+without interfering with the useful work of scientists or students,
+either as writers or readers of articles. These rules fit that system
+well.</p>
+
+<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the
+World Wide Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum
+dissemination of scientific articles, and knowledge, on the web?
+Articles should be distributed in nonproprietary formats, with open
+access for all. And everyone should have the right to
+“mirror” articles—that is, to republish them verbatim
+with proper attribution.</p>
+
+<p>These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when
+they are distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need
+to change the present copyright system as it applies to paper
+publication of journals because the problem is not in that domain.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms
+that began this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe
+that the purpose of scientific literature is to enable them to publish
+journals so as to collect subscriptions from scientists and
+students. Such thinking is known as “confusion of the means with
+the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>ends”.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ends.”</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the
+scientific literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use
+copyright law, which is still in force despite its inappropriateness
+for computer networks, as an excuse to stop scientists from choosing
+new rules.</p>
+
+<p>For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanity's future, we
+must reject that approach at its root—not merely the
+obstructive systems that have been instituted, but the mistaken
+priorities that inspired them.</p>
+
+<p>Journal publishers sometimes claim that online access requires
+expensive high-powered server machines, and that they must charge
+access fees to pay for these servers. This “problem” is a
+consequence of its own “solution.” Give everyone the
+freedom to mirror, and libraries around the world will set up mirror
+sites to meet the demand. This decentralized solution will reduce
+network bandwidth needs and provide faster access, all the while
+protecting the scholarly record against accidental loss.</p>
+
+<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for
+access. Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this
+tail need not wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is
+between 1 percent and 3 percent of the cost of funding the research to produce
+it. Such a small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing
+the use of the results.</p>
+
+<p>Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example,
+through page charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the
+research sponsors. The sponsors should not mind, given that they
+currently pay for publication in a more cumbersome way, through
+overhead fees for the university library's subscription to the
+journal. By changing the economic model to charge editing costs to the
+research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need to restrict
+access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an
+institution or company, and who has no research sponsor, could be
+exempted from page charges, with costs levied on institution-based
+authors.</p>
+
+<p>Another justification for access fees to online publications is to
+fund conversion of the print archives of a journal into online
+form. That work needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways
+of funding it that do not involve obstructing access to the
+result. The work itself will not be any more difficult, or cost any
+more. It is self-defeating to digitize the archives and waste the
+results by restricting access.</p>
+
+<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote
+the Progress of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Science”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Science.”</em></ins></span> When copyright
impedes the progress of
+science, science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
+
+<hr <span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="column-limit"</em></ins></span>
/>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Later developments:</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3 class="footnote">Later
developments</h3></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal
+publishers' power. For instance, <span class="removed"><del><strong>here is
MIT's.<br/></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>look at
the</em></ins></span>
+<a
href="https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/">
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>MIT Faculty Open Access
Policy</a>.</em></ins></span>
+Stronger policies are needed, however, as this one permits individual
+authors to <span class="removed"><del><strong>"opt out"</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“opt out”</em></ins></span> (i.e.,
cave in).</p>
+
+<p>The US government has imposed a requirement known as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"public
+access"</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>“public
+access”</em></ins></span> on some funded research. This requires
publication within a
+certain period in a site that allows anyone to view the article. This
+requirement is a positive step, but inadequate because it does not
+include freedom to redistribute the article.</p>
+
+<p>Curiously, the concept of <span class="removed"><del><strong>"open
access"</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>“open
access”</em></ins></span> in the 2002 Budapest Open
+Access Initiative did include freedom to redistribute. I signed that
+declaration, despite my distaste for the word <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"open",</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“open,”</em></ins></span> because the
+substance of the position was right.</p>
+
+<p>However, the word <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"open"</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“open”</em></ins></span> had the last
laugh: influential
+campaigners for <span class="removed"><del><strong>"open
access"</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>“open
access”</em></ins></span> subsequently dropped freedom to
+redistribute from their goals. I stand by the position of
+the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>,</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/">BOAI</a>,</em></ins></span>
but now that
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>"open access"</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“open access”</em></ins></span>
means something else, I refer to it as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"redistributable
+publication"</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“redistributable
+publication”</em></ins></span> or <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"free-to-mirror
publication".</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free-to-mirror publication.”</p>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>This article appeared in <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html">
+<cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a> in 2001.</p>
+</div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2012, 2015,
2016, 2017, 2018</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010-2012, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html
diff -N po/self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/self-interest.zh-tw-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/self-interest.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.92</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="thirdparty" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Self-Interest
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/self-interest.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" --></em></ins></span>
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Self-Interest</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Loyd Fueston</address>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><hr class="thin" />
+
+<div class="article"></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>
+Is Self-Interest Sufficient to Organize a Free Economy?</p>
+
+<p>
+The quick answer is, “No.” And few of the better-known
+theoreticians of the free-market have ever thought that self-interest
+was, or even could be, sufficient to organize, or long maintain, a
+free economy. Among those theoreticians, Adam Smith is often regarded
+as having been the primary philosopher of self-interest. In a book
+written to correct a number of misunderstandings of Smith's teachings,
+we find the following summaries of Smith's view about
+self-interest:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Far from being an individualist, Smith believed it is the influence
+of society that transforms people into moral beings. He thought that
+people often misjudge their own self-interest.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Even more directly to the point:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+[Adam Smith] regarded the attempt to explain all human behavior on
+the basis of self-interest as analytically misguided and morally
+pernicious. <a href="#fn1">[1]</a>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+As Adam Smith certainly realized, self-interest will be one of the
+principal forces organizing economic activities in any society, but
+that is as true of the most repressive or brutal society as it is of
+a relatively free and open society. Most of us will not like the
+results of self-interest untempered by a respect for other creatures.
+As a recent example, in running their country to the disadvantage of
+most Soviet citizens, the leaders of the Communist Party and of the
+Soviet military and intelligence services were advancing their own
+self-interests, at least as they understood or misunderstood those
+interests.</p>
+<p>
+The advantages enjoyed by Americans over citizens of the Soviet
+countries, and the advantages we still enjoy over the nominally free
+citizens of Russia and other eastern European countries, are those of
+a society organized to allow a high percentage of Americans to act in
+such a way as to serve both their self-interest and some substantial
+stock of moral principles. Not only our habits and customs, but also
+our positive <span class="removed"><del><strong>laws —
such</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>laws—such</em></ins></span> as those of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>copyright — enter</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>copyright—enter</em></ins></span>
+into that organization of our society, for good or bad, but not in a
+morally neutral manner.</p>
+<p>
+Self-interest is not necessarily evil, though it can lead people to act
+in morally reprehensible ways. The love of self, and the consequent
+development of self-interest, is one aspect of a creature who is also
+a social, and hence moral, being. Self-interest itself can serve
+moral interests in a free society so long as that society has the
+proper foundations. The elements of those foundations include not only
+a populace sharing a substantial body of moral beliefs and habits but
+also the formal political structures, positive laws, and accepted
+court decisions capable of supporting both social order and personal
+freedom. Once those are in place, and once they have been
+internalized by the bulk of the citizens, then self-interest will
+provide a fuel of sorts to keep an economy functioning effectively
+without leading to immoral results on the whole. The question is
+always: Is our society organized properly, in its positive laws and
+in the habits we teach our children and reinforce in ourselves, so that
+self-interest and moral principles do not generally come into
+conflict?</p>
+<p>
+Those people aware of modern mathematics or of programming techniques
+should appreciate the recursive, and inherently unstable, interactions
+between individual morality and social structure. To oversimplify in
+a useful manner: People with substantial moral beliefs organize
+societies along those beliefs and those societies then begin to form
+the habits and beliefs of children, immigrants, etc. according to
+those same beliefs. Always, it is a messy historical process which
+can be destroyed or rerouted into less desirable paths. There is
+inevitably a question as to whether we are straying from a proper path
+and also a question as to how robust the society is, i.e., how much
+of a disturbance it would take to destroy much of what is good about that
+society.</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes, good people will decide that something has gone wrong and
+it is time to fight for a moral principle even if it becomes necessary
+to sacrifice, or at least qualify, their own self-interest. In the
+words of Thomas Sowell, a free-market theorist of our time:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+There are, of course, noneconomic values. Indeed, there are
+<em>only</em> noneconomic values. Economics is not a value itself
but
+merely a method of trading off one value against another. If
+statements about <span class="removed"><del><strong>‘noneconomic
values’</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“noneconomic values”</em></ins></span>
(or, more
+specifically, <span class="removed"><del><strong>‘social
values’</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“social values”</em></ins></span> or
<span class="removed"><del><strong>‘human
+values’)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“human
+values”)</em></ins></span> are meant to deny the inherent reality of
trade-offs,
+or to exempt some particular value from the trade-off process, then
+such selfless ideals can be no more effectively demonstrated than by
+trading off financial gains in the interest of such ideals. This is an
+economic trade-off. <a href="#fn2">[2]</a>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+In context, Professor Sowell was not arguing against those imputing
+some sort of moral power to self-interest; he was instead arguing
+against those who think there should be an easy path to the reform of
+a society which may have a particular moral defect. Those are two
+sides to the same <span class="removed"><del><strong>coin —
serving</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>coin—serving</em></ins></span> self-interest
may put a person
+in conflict with moral values and the attempt to serve moral values
+may lead to some sacrifice of one's self-interest.</p>
+<p>
+Self-interest can be a powerful fuel for a society, at least when the
+citizens of that society are well-formed individuals, but there is
+no mystical or magical aspect to self-interest that guarantees moral
+results. Self-interest will lead to generally moral results to the
+extent that moral constraints, external but mostly internal, guide
+the actions of the self-interested parties. A society with the proper
+constraints does not come into existence by some act of magic, but
+rather by the acts of people who are aiming at a higher purpose, whether
+the preservation of liberty in the society as a whole or the
+preservation of a cooperative spirit within communities of
+programmers, or maybe both of those at the same time.</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<div <span class="removed"><del><strong>class="infobox">
+<h3>Footnotes</h3></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
+<ol>
+ <li id="fn1">Both quotes are from page 2 of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Adam</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><cite>Adam</em></ins></span> Smith: In His Time
and
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Ours”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Ours</cite>,</em></ins></span> Jerry Z.
Muller, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
+1993.</li>
+ <li id="fn2">From page 79 of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Knowledge</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><cite>Knowledge</em></ins></span> & <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Decisions”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Decisions</cite>,</em></ins></span>
+Thomas Sowell, New York: Basic Books, 1980.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain.
--></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998 Loyd
+Fueston <a
href="mailto:fueston@banet.net"><fueston@banet.net></a></p>
+
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html
diff -N po/sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/sun-in-night-time.bg-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time - GNU Project -
Free
+Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+
+<h2>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p><i>We</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>We</em></ins></span> leave this web page in place for the sake of
history,
+but as of December 2006, Sun is in the middle of <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing</em></ins></span>
+its Java platform under the GNU GPL</a>. When this license change is
+completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software.</i></p>
+
+ <p>
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a><br</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin"</em></ins></span> />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>May</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><i>May</em></ins></span> 24,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2006.
+ </p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006</i></p></em></ins></span>
+
+ <p>
+ Our community has been abuzz with the rumor that Sun has made
+ its implementation Java free software (or “open
+ source”). Community leaders even publicly thanked Sun
+ for its contribution. What is Sun's new contribution to the
+ FLOSS community?
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Nothing. Absolutely nothing—and that's what makes the
+ response to this non-incident so curious.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Sun's Java implementation remains proprietary software, just
+ as before. It doesn't come close to meeting the criteria for
+ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, or
the
+ similar but slightly looser criteria for open source. Its
+ source code is available only under an NDA.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ So what did Sun actually do? It allowed more convenient
+ redistribution of the binaries of its Java platform. With
+ this change, GNU/Linux distros can include the nonfree Sun
+ Java platform, just as some now include the nonfree nVidia
+ driver. But they do so only at the cost of being nonfree.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The Sun license has one restriction that may ironically
+ reduce the tendency for users to accept nonfree software
+ without thinking twice: it insists that the operating system
+ distributor get the user's explicit agreement to the license
+ before letting the user install the code. This means the
+ system cannot silently install Sun's Java platform without
+ warning users they have nonfree software, as some GNU/Linux
+ systems silently install the nVidia driver.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ If you look closely at Sun's announcement, you will see that
+ it accurately represents these facts. It does not say that
+ Sun's Java platform is free software, or even open source. It
+ only predicts that the platform will be “widely
+ available” on “leading open source
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>platforms”.</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>platforms.”</em></ins></span>
Available, that is, as proprietary
+ software, on terms that deny your freedom.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Why did this non-incident generate a large and confused
+ reaction? Perhaps because people do not read these
+ announcements carefully. Ever since the term “open
+ source” was coined, we have seen companies find ways to
+ use it and their product name in the same sentence. (They
+ don't seem to do this with “free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span>
+ though they could if they wanted to.) The careless reader
+ may note the two terms in proximity and falsely assume that
+ one talks about the other.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Some believe that this non-incident represents Sun's
+ exploratory steps towards eventually releasing its Java
+ platform as free software. Let's hope Sun does that some
+ day. We would welcome that, but we should save our
+ appreciation for the day that actually occurs. In the mean
+ time, the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java
Trap</a>
+ still lies in wait for the work of programmers who don't take
+ precautions to avoid it.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ We in the GNU Project continue developing the
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">GNU</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU</em></ins></span> Compiler for
Java and
+ GNU <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Classpath</a>;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Classpath;</em></ins></span> we made great progress
in the past year,
+ so our free platform for Java is included in many major
+ GNU/Linux distros. If you want to run Java and have freedom,
+ please join in and help.
+ </p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/sun-in-night-time.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time - GNU Project -
Free
+Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+
+<h2>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p><i>We</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>We</em></ins></span> leave this web page in place for the sake of
history,
+but as of December 2006, Sun is in the middle of <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing</em></ins></span>
+its Java platform under the GNU GPL</a>. When this license change is
+completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software.</i></p>
+
+ <p>
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a><br</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin"</em></ins></span> />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>May</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><i>May</em></ins></span> 24,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2006.
+ </p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006</i></p></em></ins></span>
+
+ <p>
+ Our community has been abuzz with the rumor that Sun has made
+ its implementation Java free software (or “open
+ source”). Community leaders even publicly thanked Sun
+ for its contribution. What is Sun's new contribution to the
+ FLOSS community?
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Nothing. Absolutely nothing—and that's what makes the
+ response to this non-incident so curious.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Sun's Java implementation remains proprietary software, just
+ as before. It doesn't come close to meeting the criteria for
+ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, or
the
+ similar but slightly looser criteria for open source. Its
+ source code is available only under an NDA.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ So what did Sun actually do? It allowed more convenient
+ redistribution of the binaries of its Java platform. With
+ this change, GNU/Linux distros can include the nonfree Sun
+ Java platform, just as some now include the nonfree nVidia
+ driver. But they do so only at the cost of being nonfree.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The Sun license has one restriction that may ironically
+ reduce the tendency for users to accept nonfree software
+ without thinking twice: it insists that the operating system
+ distributor get the user's explicit agreement to the license
+ before letting the user install the code. This means the
+ system cannot silently install Sun's Java platform without
+ warning users they have nonfree software, as some GNU/Linux
+ systems silently install the nVidia driver.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ If you look closely at Sun's announcement, you will see that
+ it accurately represents these facts. It does not say that
+ Sun's Java platform is free software, or even open source. It
+ only predicts that the platform will be “widely
+ available” on “leading open source
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>platforms”.</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>platforms.”</em></ins></span>
Available, that is, as proprietary
+ software, on terms that deny your freedom.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Why did this non-incident generate a large and confused
+ reaction? Perhaps because people do not read these
+ announcements carefully. Ever since the term “open
+ source” was coined, we have seen companies find ways to
+ use it and their product name in the same sentence. (They
+ don't seem to do this with “free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span>
+ though they could if they wanted to.) The careless reader
+ may note the two terms in proximity and falsely assume that
+ one talks about the other.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Some believe that this non-incident represents Sun's
+ exploratory steps towards eventually releasing its Java
+ platform as free software. Let's hope Sun does that some
+ day. We would welcome that, but we should save our
+ appreciation for the day that actually occurs. In the mean
+ time, the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java
Trap</a>
+ still lies in wait for the work of programmers who don't take
+ precautions to avoid it.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ We in the GNU Project continue developing the
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">GNU</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU</em></ins></span> Compiler for
Java and
+ GNU <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Classpath</a>;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Classpath;</em></ins></span> we made great progress
in the past year,
+ so our free platform for Java is included in many major
+ GNU/Linux distros. If you want to run Java and have freedom,
+ please join in and help.
+ </p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html
diff -N po/sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/sun-in-night-time.ro-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time - GNU Project -
Free
+Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+
+<h2>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p><i>We</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>We</em></ins></span> leave this web page in place for the sake of
history,
+but as of December 2006, Sun is in the middle of <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">rereleasing</em></ins></span>
+its Java platform under the GNU GPL</a>. When this license change is
+completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software.</i></p>
+
+ <p>
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a><br</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin"</em></ins></span> />
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>May</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><i>May</em></ins></span> 24,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2006.
+ </p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006</i></p></em></ins></span>
+
+ <p>
+ Our community has been abuzz with the rumor that Sun has made
+ its implementation Java free software (or “open
+ source”). Community leaders even publicly thanked Sun
+ for its contribution. What is Sun's new contribution to the
+ FLOSS community?
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Nothing. Absolutely nothing—and that's what makes the
+ response to this non-incident so curious.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Sun's Java implementation remains proprietary software, just
+ as before. It doesn't come close to meeting the criteria for
+ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, or
the
+ similar but slightly looser criteria for open source. Its
+ source code is available only under an NDA.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ So what did Sun actually do? It allowed more convenient
+ redistribution of the binaries of its Java platform. With
+ this change, GNU/Linux distros can include the nonfree Sun
+ Java platform, just as some now include the nonfree nVidia
+ driver. But they do so only at the cost of being nonfree.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The Sun license has one restriction that may ironically
+ reduce the tendency for users to accept nonfree software
+ without thinking twice: it insists that the operating system
+ distributor get the user's explicit agreement to the license
+ before letting the user install the code. This means the
+ system cannot silently install Sun's Java platform without
+ warning users they have nonfree software, as some GNU/Linux
+ systems silently install the nVidia driver.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ If you look closely at Sun's announcement, you will see that
+ it accurately represents these facts. It does not say that
+ Sun's Java platform is free software, or even open source. It
+ only predicts that the platform will be “widely
+ available” on “leading open source
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>platforms”.</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>platforms.”</em></ins></span>
Available, that is, as proprietary
+ software, on terms that deny your freedom.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Why did this non-incident generate a large and confused
+ reaction? Perhaps because people do not read these
+ announcements carefully. Ever since the term “open
+ source” was coined, we have seen companies find ways to
+ use it and their product name in the same sentence. (They
+ don't seem to do this with “free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span>
+ though they could if they wanted to.) The careless reader
+ may note the two terms in proximity and falsely assume that
+ one talks about the other.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Some believe that this non-incident represents Sun's
+ exploratory steps towards eventually releasing its Java
+ platform as free software. Let's hope Sun does that some
+ day. We would welcome that, but we should save our
+ appreciation for the day that actually occurs. In the mean
+ time, the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java
Trap</a>
+ still lies in wait for the work of programmers who don't take
+ precautions to avoid it.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ We in the GNU Project continue developing the
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">GNU</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU</em></ins></span> Compiler for
Java and
+ GNU <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Classpath</a>;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Classpath;</em></ins></span> we made great progress
in the past year,
+ so our free platform for Java is included in many major
+ GNU/Linux distros. If you want to run Java and have freedom,
+ please join in and help.
+ </p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/surveillance-testimony.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural evils" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Surveillance Testimony - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-testimony.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Surveillance Testimony</h2>
+
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p><em>Richard</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="infobox">
+<p>Richard</em></ins></span> Stallman's statement to the Cambridge City
Council, Jan 22, 2018,
+about the proposed Cambridge surveillance <span
class="removed"><del><strong>ordinance.</em></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ordinance.</p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p><strong>Mayor McGovern:</strong> Thank you. Richard
Stallman followed by Elaine DeRosa.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS:</strong> I'm here to speak about the
proposed surveillance ordinance.
+I've got a copy of what I printed out, and I have some suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>First of all there's a Definition of “surveillance” which
I think is
+too narrow. In addition to “movements, behavior and actions,” it
+should include communications.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, instead of just saying “in a matter that is
reasonably
+likely to raise concerns,” any recording of what is observed should be
+assumed to raise civil liberties concerns.</p>
+
+<p>There's also a definition of “surveillance <span
class="removed"><del><strong>technology”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>technology,”</em></ins></span> which I think is
+far too limited.</p>
+
+<p>I suggest that any physical device or system including computers
running
+software that has surveillance capability is surveillance technology.
+Any technology that can do surveillance is surveillance technology.</p>
+
+<p>The definition of “surveillance capability” I think is
pretty good.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, when it comes to what to do about surveillance
+technology, the Emergency Permission seems far too loose. It would be
+easy to interpret this such that one could decide there's nowadays
+some sort of threat, and there always will be [that threat], so
+surveillance is permitted on an emergency basis forever.</p>
+
+<p>Well, that's the kind of false emergency that we shouldn't accept.
+This requirement should be specific and clear enough that that can't
+pass under it.</p>
+
+<p>I suggest treating it like a wiretap or searching people's
houses.</p>
+
+<p>Now there are times when it's possible to search someone's house
+urgently. That's permitted. But in general you have to get a court
+order [to do a search].</p>
+
+<p>And I think that same requirement should apply to any kind of
surveillance
+that hasn't gone through the regular process.</p>
+
+<p>[Item] number 9 talks about “persons injured in violation of
the <span class="removed"><del><strong>Ordinance”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Ordinance,”</em></ins></span>
+but I don't think there's a definition of what it means to be
injured.</p>
+
+<p>I'd like to suggest that to be surveilled is to be injured.</p>
+
+<p>Thank you.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2018</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2018, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/technological-neutrality.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021 11:07:01 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding need" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Technological Neutrality and Free Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/technological-neutrality.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Technological Neutrality and Free Software</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Proprietary developers arguing against laws to move towards free
+software often claim this violates the principle of
+“technological <span
class="removed"><del><strong>neutrality”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>neutrality.”</em></ins></span> The conclusion
is wrong, but
+where is the error?</p>
+
+<p>Technological neutrality is the principle that the state should not
+impose preferences for or against specific kinds of technology. For
+example, there should not be a rule that specifies whether state
+agencies should use solid state memory or magnetic disks, or whether
+they should use GNU/Linux or BSD. Rather, the agency should let
+bidders propose any acceptable technology as part of their solutions,
+and choose the best/cheapest offer by the usual rules.</p>
+
+<p>The principle of technological neutrality is valid, but it has
+limits. Some kinds of technology are harmful; they may pollute air or
+water, encourage antibiotic resistance, abuse their users, abuse the
+workers that make them, or cause massive unemployment. These should
+be taxed, regulated, discouraged, or even banned.</p>
+
+<p>The principle of technological neutrality applies only to purely
+technical decisions. It is not “ethical neutrality” or
+“social neutrality”; it does not apply to decisions about
+ethical and social issues—such as the choice between free
+software and proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, when the state adopts a policy of migrating to free
+software in order to restore the computing sovereignty of the country
+and lead the people towards freedom and cooperation, this isn't a
+technical preference. This is an ethical, social and political
+policy, not a technological policy. The state is not supposed to be
+neutral about maintaining the people's freedom or encouraging
+cooperation. It is not supposed to be neutral about maintaining or
+recovering its sovereignty.</p>
+
+<p>It is the state's duty to insist that the software in its public
+agencies respect the computing sovereignty of the country, and that
+the software taught in its schools educate its students in freedom and
+cooperation. The state must insist on free software, exclusively, in
+<a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">public
+agencies</a> and in <a href="/education/edu-schools.html">
+education</a>. The state has the responsibility to maintain control
+of its computing, so it must not surrender that control to <a
+href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Service as
+a Software Substitute</a>. In addition, the <a
+href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">state must not
+reveal to companies the personal data</a> that it maintains about
+citizens.</p>
+
+<p>When no ethical imperatives apply to a certain technical decision,
+it can be left to the domain of technological neutrality.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2021</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pt-br-diff.html 30 Nov 2021
11:07:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Who Does That Server Really Serve?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Who does that server really serve?</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>by <strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>(The first version was published
+in <a
href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM">
+Boston Review</a>.)</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><strong>On</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address class="byline">by Richard
Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="introduction">
+<p><em>On</em></ins></span> the Internet, proprietary software
isn't the only way to
+lose your computing freedom. Service as a Software Substitute, or SaaSS, is
+another way to give someone else power over your <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computing.</strong></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>computing.</em></p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The basic point is, you can have control over a program someone
+else wrote (if it's free), but you can never have control over a
+service someone else runs, so never use a service where in principle
+running a program would do.</p>
+
+
+<p>SaaSS means using a service implemented by someone else as a
+substitute for running your copy of a program. The term is ours;
+articles and ads won't use it, and they won't tell you whether a
+service is SaaSS. Instead they will probably use the vague and
+distracting term <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“cloud”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“cloud,”</em></ins></span> which lumps
SaaSS together with
+various other practices, some abusive and some ok. With the
+explanation and examples in this page, you can tell whether a service
+is SaaSS.</p>
+
+<h3>Background: How Proprietary Software Takes Away Your
Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>Digital technology can give you freedom; it can also take your
+freedom away. The first threat to our control over our computing came
+from <em>proprietary software</em>: software that the users cannot
+control because the owner (a company such as Apple or Microsoft)
+controls it. The owner often takes advantage of this unjust power by
+inserting malicious features such as spyware, back doors, and <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Digital</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org">Digital</em></ins></span>
Restrictions Management
+(DRM)</a> (referred to as “Digital Rights Management” in
+their propaganda).</p>
+
+<p>Our solution to this problem is developing <em>free
software</em>
+and rejecting proprietary software. Free software means that you, as
+a user, have four essential freedoms: (0) to run the program as
+you wish, (1) to study and change the source code so it does what
+you wish, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to
+redistribute copies of your modified versions. (See
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software
+definition</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>With free software, we, the users, take back control of our
+computing. Proprietary software still exists, but we can exclude it
+from our lives and many of us have done so. However, we are now
+offered another tempting way to cede control over our computing:
+Service as a Software Substitute (SaaSS). For our freedom's sake, we
+have to reject that too.</p>
+
+<h3>How Service as a Software Substitute Takes Away Your
Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>Service as a Software Substitute (SaaSS) means using a service as a
+substitute for running your copy of a program. Concretely, it means
+that someone sets up a network server that does certain computing
+activities—for instance, modifying a photo, translating text into
+another language, etc.—then invites users to let that server do
+<em>their own computing</em> for them. As a user of the server,
you
+would send your data to the server, which does that computing
+activity on the data thus provided, then sends the results back
+to you or else acts directly on your behalf.</p>
+
+<p>What does it mean to say that a given computing activity
+is <em>your own</em>? It means that no one else is inherently
+involved in it. To clarify the meaning of “inherently
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>involved”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>involved,”</em></ins></span> we present
a thought experiment. Suppose that any
+free software you might need for the job is available to you, and
+whatever data you might need, as well as computers of whatever speed,
+functionality and capacity might be required. Could you do this
+particular computing activity entirely within those computers, not
+communicating with anyone else's computers?</p>
+
+<p>If you could, then the activity is <em>entirely your
own</em>. For
+your freedom's sake, you deserve to control it. If you do it by
+running free software, you do control it. However, doing it via
+someone else's service would give that someone else control over your
+computing activity. We call that scenario SaaSS, and we say it is
+unjust.</p>
+
+<p>By contrast, if for fundamental reasons you couldn't possibly do
+that activity in your own computers, then the activity isn't entirely
+your own, so the issue of SaaSS is not applicable to that activity.
+In general, these activities involve communication with others.</p>
+
+<p>SaaSS servers wrest control from the users even more inexorably
+than proprietary software. With proprietary software, users typically
+get an executable file but not the source code. That makes it hard to
+study the code that is running, so it's hard to determine what the
+program really does, and hard to change it.</p>
+
+<p>With SaaSS, the users do not have even the executable file that
+does their computing: it is on someone else's server, where the users
+can't see or touch it. Thus it is impossible for them to ascertain
+what it really does, and impossible to change it.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, SaaSS automatically leads to consequences equivalent
+to the malicious features of certain proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p> For instance, some proprietary programs are “spyware”:
+the program <a href="/philosophy/proprietary-surveillance.html">
+sends out data about users' computing activities</a>.
+Microsoft Windows sends information about users' activities to
+Microsoft. Windows Media Player reports what each user watches or
+listens to. The Amazon Kindle reports which pages of which books the
+user looks at, and when. Angry Birds reports the user's geolocation
+history.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike proprietary software, SaaSS does not require covert code to
+obtain the user's data. Instead, users must send their data to the
+server in order to use it. This has the same effect as spyware: the
+server operator gets the data—with no special effort, by the
+nature of SaaSS. Amy Webb, who intended never to post any photos of
+her daughter, made the mistake of using SaaSS (Instagram) to edit
+photos of her. Eventually
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/data_mine_1/2013/09/privacy_facebook_kids_don_t_post_photos_of_your_kids_on_social_media.html"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://slate.com/technology/2013/09/privacy-facebook-kids-dont-post-photos-of-your-kids-on-social-media.html"></em></ins></span>
+they leaked from <span class="removed"><del><strong>there</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>there</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Theoretically, homomorphic encryption might some day advance to the
+point where future SaaSS services might be constructed to be unable to
+understand some of the data that users send them. Such
+services <em>could</em> be set up not to snoop on users; this does
not
+mean they <em>will</em> do no snooping. Also, snooping is only one
+among the secondary injustices of SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Some proprietary operating systems have a universal back door,
+permitting someone to remotely install software changes. For
+instance, Windows has a universal back door with which Microsoft can
+forcibly change any software on the machine. Nearly all portable
+phones have them, too. Some proprietary applications also have
+universal back doors; for instance, the Steam client for GNU/Linux
+allows the developer to remotely install modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>With SaaSS, the server operator can change the software in use on
+the server. He ought to be able to do this, since it's his computer;
+but the result is the same as using a proprietary application program
+with a universal back door: someone has the power to silently impose
+changes in how the user's computing gets done.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, SaaSS is equivalent to running proprietary software with
+spyware and a universal back door. It gives the server operator
+unjust power over the user, and that power is something we must
+resist.</p>
+
+<h3>SaaSS and SaaS</h3>
+
+<p>Originally we referred to this problematical practice as
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>“SaaS”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“SaaS,”</em></ins></span> which
stands for “Software as a
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Service”.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Service.”</em></ins></span> It's a
commonly used term for setting up software on a
+server rather than offering copies of it to users, and we thought it
+described precisely the cases where this problem occurs.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently we became aware that the term SaaS is sometimes used for
+communication services—activities for which this issue is not
+applicable. In addition, the term “Software as a Service”
+doesn't explain <em>why</em> the practice is bad. So we coined
the term
+“Service as a Software <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Substitute”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Substitute,”</em></ins></span> which defines
the bad
+practice more clearly and says what is bad about it.</p>
+
+<h3>Untangling the SaaSS Issue from the Proprietary Software
Issue</h3>
+
+<p>SaaSS and proprietary software lead to similar harmful results, but
+the mechanisms are different. With proprietary software, the
+mechanism is that you have and use a copy which is difficult and/or
+illegal to change. With SaaSS, the mechanism is that you don't have
+the copy that's doing your computing.</p>
+
+<p>These two issues are often confused, and not only by accident. Web
+developers use the vague term “web application” to lump
+the server software together with programs run on your machine in your
+browser. Some web pages install nontrivial, even large JavaScript
+programs into your browser without informing
+you. <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">When these JavaScript
+programs are nonfree</a>, they cause the same sort of injustice as any
+other nonfree software. Here, however, we are concerned with the
+issue of using the service itself.</p>
+
+<p>Many free software supporters assume that the problem of SaaSS will
+be solved by developing free software for servers. For the server
+operator's sake, the programs on the server had better be free; if
+they are proprietary, their developers/owners have power over the
+server. That's unfair to the server operator, and doesn't help the
+server's users at all. But if the programs on the server are free,
+that doesn't protect <em>the server's users</em> from the effects
of
+SaaSS. These programs liberate the server operator, but not the
+server's users.</p>
+
+<p>Releasing the server software source code does benefit the
+community: it enables suitably skilled users to set up similar
+servers, perhaps changing the
+software. <a href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html"> We
+recommend using the GNU Affero GPL</a> as the license for programs
+often used on servers.</p>
+
+<p>But none of these servers would give you control over computing you
+do on it, unless it's <em>your</em> server (one whose software load
+you control, regardless of whether the machine is your property). It
+may be OK to trust your friend's server for some jobs, just as you
+might let your friend maintain the software on your own computer.
+Outside of that, all these servers would be SaaSS for you. SaaSS
+always subjects you to the power of the server operator, and the only
+remedy is, <em>Don't use SaaSS!</em> Don't use someone else's
server
+to do your own computing on data provided by you.</p>
+
+<p>This issue demonstrates the depth of the difference between
+“open” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free.”</em></ins></span> Source code
that is open
+source <a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">is, nearly always,
+free</a>. However, the idea of
+an <a href="https://opendefinition.org/ossd/">“open
+software” service</a>, meaning one whose server software is open
+source and/or free, fails to address the issue of SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Services are fundamentally different from programs, and the ethical
+issues that services raise are fundamentally different from the issues
+that programs raise. To avoid confusion,
+we <a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html">
+avoid describing a service as “free” or
+“proprietary.”</a></p>
+
+<h3>Distinguishing SaaSS from Other Network Services</h3>
+
+<p>Which online services are SaaSS? The clearest example is a
+translation service, which translates (say) English text into Spanish
+text. Translating a text for you is computing that is purely yours.
+You could do it by running a program on your own computer, if only you
+had the right program. (To be ethical, that program should be free.)
+The translation service substitutes for that program, so it is Service
+as a Software Substitute, or SaaSS. Since it denies you control
+over your computing, it does you wrong.</p>
+
+<p>Another clear example is using a service such as Flickr or
+Instagram to modify a photo. Modifying photos is an activity that
+people have done in their own computers for decades; doing it in a
+server you don't control, rather than your own computer, is SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Rejecting SaaSS does not mean refusing to use any network servers
+run by anyone other than you. Most servers are not SaaSS because the
+jobs they do are some sort of communication, rather than the user's
+own computing.</p>
+
+<p>The original idea of web servers wasn't to do computing for you, it
+was to publish information for you to access. Even today this is what
+most web sites do, and it doesn't pose the SaaSS problem, because
+accessing someone's published information isn't doing your own
+computing. Neither is use of a blog site to publish your own works,
+or using a microblogging service such as Twitter or StatusNet. (These
+services may or may not have other problems, depending on details.)
+The same goes for other communication not meant to be private, such as
+chat groups.</p>
+
+<p>In its essence, social networking is a form of communication and
+publication, not SaaSS. However, a service whose main facility is
+social networking can have features or extensions which are SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>If a service is not SaaSS, that does not mean it is OK. There are
+other ethical issues about services. For instance, Facebook
+distributes video in Flash, which pressures users to run nonfree
+software; it requires running nonfree JavaScript code; and it gives
+users a misleading impression of privacy while luring them into baring
+their lives to Facebook. Those are important issues, different from
+the SaaSS <span class="removed"><del><strong>issue.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>issue.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Services such as search engines collect data from around the web
+and let you examine it. Looking through their collection of data
+isn't your own computing in the usual sense—you didn't provide
+that collection—so using such a service to search the web is not
+SaaSS. However, using someone else's server to implement a search
+facility for your own site <em>is</em> SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Purchasing online is not SaaSS, because the computing
+isn't <em>your own</em> activity; rather, it is done jointly by and
+for you and the store. The real issue in online shopping is whether
+you trust the other party with your money and other personal
+information (starting with your name).</p>
+
+<p>Repository sites such as Savannah and SourceForge are not
+inherently SaaSS, because a repository's job is publication of data
+supplied to it.</p>
+
+<p>Using a joint project's servers isn't SaaSS because the computing
+you do in this way isn't your own. For instance, if you edit pages on
+Wikipedia, you are not doing your own computing; rather, you are
+collaborating in Wikipedia's computing. Wikipedia controls its own
+servers, but organizations as well as individuals encounter the
+problem of SaaSS if they do their computing in someone else's
+server.</p>
+
+<p>Some sites offer multiple services, and if one is not SaaSS,
+another may be SaaSS. For instance, the main service of Facebook is
+social networking, and that is not SaaSS; however, it supports
+third-party applications, some of which are SaaSS. Flickr's main
+service is distributing photos, which is not SaaSS, but it also has
+features for editing photos, which is SaaSS. Likewise, using
+Instagram to post a photo is not SaaSS, but using it to transform the
+photo is SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Google Docs shows how complex the evaluation of a single service
+can become. It invites people to edit a document by running a
+large <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">nonfree JavaScript
+program</a>, clearly wrong. However, it offers an API for uploading
+and downloading documents in standard formats. A free software editor
+can do so through this API. This usage scenario is not SaaSS, because
+it uses Google Docs as a mere repository. Showing all your data to a
+company is bad, but that is a matter of privacy, not SaaSS; depending
+on a service for access to your data is bad, but that is a matter of
+risk, not SaaSS. On the other hand, using the service for converting
+document formats <em>is</em> SaaSS, because it's something you
could
+have done by running a suitable program (free, one hopes) in your own
+computer.</p>
+
+<p>Using Google Docs through a free editor is rare, of course. Most
+often, people use it through the nonfree JavaScript program, which is
+bad like any nonfree program. This scenario might involve SaaSS, too;
+that depends on what part of the editing is done in the JavaScript
+program and what part in the server. We don't know, but since SaaSS
+and proprietary software do similar wrong to the user, it is not
+crucial to know.</p>
+
+<p>Publishing via someone else's repository does not raise privacy
+issues, but publishing through Google Docs has a special problem: it
+is impossible even to <em>view the text</em> of a Google Docs
document
+in a browser without running the nonfree JavaScript code. Thus, you
+should not use Google Docs to publish anything—but the reason
+is not a matter of SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>The IT industry discourages users from making these distinctions.
+That's what the buzzword “cloud computing” is for. This
+term is so nebulous that it could refer to almost any use of the
+Internet. It includes SaaSS as well as many other network usage
+practices. In any given context, an author who writes
+“cloud” (if a technical person) probably has a specific
+meaning in mind, but usually does not explain that in other articles
+the term has other specific meanings. The term leads people to
+generalize about practices they ought to consider individually.</p>
+
+<p>If “cloud computing” has a meaning, it is not a way of
+doing computing, but rather a way of thinking about computing: a
+devil-may-care approach which says, “Don't ask questions. Don't
+worry about who controls your computing or who holds your data. Don't
+check for a hook hidden inside our service before you swallow it.
+Trust companies without hesitation.” In other words, “Be a
+sucker.” A cloud in the mind is an obstacle to clear thinking.
+For the sake of clear thinking about computing, let's avoid the term
+“cloud.”</p>
+
+<h3 id="renting">Renting a Server Distinguished from SaaSS</h3>
+
+<p>If you rent a server (real or virtual), whose software load you
+have control over, that's not SaaSS. In SaaSS, someone else decides
+what software runs on the server and therefore controls the computing
+it does for you. In the case where you install the software on the
+server, you control what computing it does for you. Thus, the rented
+server is virtually your computer. For this issue, it counts as
+yours.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>data</em> on the rented remote server is less
secure than
+if you had the server at home, but that is a separate issue from
+SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>This kind of server rental is sometimes called “IaaS,”
+but that term fits into a conceptual structure that downplays the issues
+that we consider important.</p>
+
+<h3>Dealing with the SaaSS Problem</h3>
+
+<p>Only a small fraction of all web sites do SaaSS; most don't raise
+the issue. But what should we do about the ones that raise it?</p>
+
+<p>For the simple case, where you are doing your own computing on data
+in your own hands, the solution is simple: use your own copy of a free
+software application. Do your text editing with your copy of a free
+text editor such as GNU Emacs or a free word processor. Do your photo
+editing with your copy of free software such as GIMP. What if there
+is no free program available? A proprietary program or SaaSS would
+take away your freedom, so you shouldn't use those. You can contribute
+your time or your money to development of a free replacement.</p>
+
+<p>What about collaborating with other individuals as a group? It may
+be hard to do this at present without using a server, and your group
+may not know how to run its own server. If you use someone else's
+server, at least don't trust a server run by a company. A mere
+contract as a customer is no protection unless you could detect a
+breach and could really sue, and the company probably writes its
+contracts to permit a broad range of abuses. The state can subpoena
+your data from the company along with everyone else's, as Obama has
+done to phone companies, supposing the company doesn't volunteer them
+like the US phone companies that illegally wiretapped their customers
+for Bush. If you must use a server, use a server whose operators give
+you a basis for trust beyond a mere commercial relationship.</p>
+
+<p>However, on a longer time scale, we can create alternatives to
+using servers. For instance, we can create a peer-to-peer program
+through which collaborators can share data encrypted. The free
+software community should develop distributed peer-to-peer
+replacements for important “web <span
class="removed"><del><strong>applications”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>applications.”</em></ins></span> It may be
+wise to release them under
+the <a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html"> GNU Affero GPL</a>,
since
+they are likely candidates for being converted into server-based
+programs by someone else. The <a href="/">GNU project</a> is
looking
+for volunteers to work on such replacements. We also invite other
+free software projects to consider this issue in their design.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, if a company invites you to use its server to do
+your own computing tasks, don't yield; don't use SaaSS. Don't buy or
+install “thin <span
class="removed"><del><strong>clients”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>clients,”</em></ins></span> which are simply
computers so weak
+they make you do the real work on a server, unless you're going to use
+them with <em>your</em> server. Use a real computer and keep your
+data there. Do your own computing with your own copy of a free
+program, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3>See also:</h3>
+<p><a</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="announcement comment"
role="complementary">
+<p>See also:
+<a</em></ins></span>
href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The
+Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>The first version of this article was published
+in the <a
href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM">
+Boston Review</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2020</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2020, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/wsis-2003.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural society" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Stallman's Speech at WSIS, 16 July 2003
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/wsis-2003.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Speech at WSIS, 16 July 2003</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a>
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></address></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+The benefit of computers is that it's easier to copy and manipulate
+information. Corporations are using two kinds of imposed monopolies
+to deny you this benefit.</p>
+
+<p>
+Software patents restrict how you use your computer. They restrict
+developing software. A big program combines dozens or hundreds of
+ideas. When each idea can be patented, only IBMs and Microsofts can
+safely write software. Bye bye to any independent local software
+industry. Software patents must be rejected.</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyrights restrict using and sharing information—exactly what
+your computer is for. It was fine to trade away the freedom to copy
+when only publishers could copy; the public lost nothing. Today
+peer-to-peer sharing must be legal. WSIS should not teach people that
+sharing is wrong.</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyrights block access to scientific publications. Every university
+should be free to make an open-access mirror for any journal, so no one
+is excluded from access.</p>
+
+<p>
+Then there's the economic effect. When companies have power over you,
+they bleed you dry. Copyrights and software patents increase the
+digital divide and concentrate wealth. We have too much scarcity in
+the world; let's not create more. TRIPS is bad enough, but software
+patents and the WIPO copyright treaty go beyond TRIPS, and WSIS should
+reject them.</p>
+
+<p>
+Computer users need software that respects their freedom. We call it
+“free (libre) <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span> meaning freedom,
not gratis. You
+have the freedom to run it, study it, change it, and redistribute
+it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software means you control your computing. With <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span>
+software, the software owners control it. They put in spy features,
+back doors, restrictions.</p>
+
+<p>
+With free software, you can make the program do what you want.
+“You” could mean an individual programmer, a company, or a
+group of users with similar needs. Non-programmers can convince or
+pay programmers to make changes for you. With free software, you're
+free to make it handle your language. Free to adapt it for your
+disability.</p>
+
+<p>
+Software owners deliberately make programs incompatible. With free
+software, users can make it follow standards.</p>
+
+<p>
+You need free software to train master programmers. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Nonfree</em></ins></span> software
+is a secret, so nobody can learn from it. Free software gives
+talented young people in Africa the chance to learn how to work on
+real software. School should also teach students the spirit of
+cooperation. All schools should use free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software is necessary for sustainable development. If everyone
+in your country uses a program that's secret and controlled by a
+single company, that's not development, that's electronic
+colonization.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2003</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2003, 2021</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span> Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/30 11:07:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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