[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
www/gnu linux-and-gnu.html
|
From: |
Therese Godefroy |
|
Subject: |
www/gnu linux-and-gnu.html |
|
Date: |
Mon, 30 Aug 2021 09:08:44 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Therese Godefroy <th_g> 21/08/30 09:08:44
Modified files:
gnu : linux-and-gnu.html
Log message:
Move announcement down; http > https; comma/period before end quote;
only list copyrightable years; simplify footnote markup;
use only one div for article layout.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.107&r2=1.108
Patches:
Index: linux-and-gnu.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html,v
retrieving revision 1.107
retrieving revision 1.108
diff -u -b -r1.107 -r1.108
--- linux-and-gnu.html 7 Apr 2021 17:55:37 -0000 1.107
+++ linux-and-gnu.html 30 Aug 2021 13:08:44 -0000 1.108
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Linux and GNU
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Linux and the GNU System</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Many computer users run a modified version of
<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a>
every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-“Linux”, and many of its users
+“Linux,” and many of its users
are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>For more information see also
+the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
+and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
<p>
Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+“Linux.” The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
<p>
If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
+distribution,” <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
total source code, and this included some of the essential major
components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be “GNU”.</p>
+choice would be “GNU.”</p>
<p>
But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
the GNU system. People could
-then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+then <a
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
<p>
The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
+system. The <a href="https://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
+a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
Linux</a> too.</p>
<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
@@ -179,14 +179,14 @@
kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
you're talking about this combination, please call it
-“GNU/Linux”.</p>
+“GNU/Linux.”</p>
<p>
If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
+reference, <a href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a>
is a good URL to use.</p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
@@ -213,35 +213,30 @@
href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 class="footnote">Notes</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
+<li id="unexciting">These unexciting but essential components
include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many more.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+<li id="nottools">For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
the PostScript interpreter
<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
+<li id="somecomponents">For instance, the
<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+<li id="newersystems">Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article
+<li id="gnubsd">On the other hand, in the years since this article
was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
@@ -249,10 +244,8 @@
GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
</ol>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -301,7 +294,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -311,10 +304,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/07 17:55:37 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 13:08:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
| [Prev in Thread] |
Current Thread |
[Next in Thread] |
- www/gnu linux-and-gnu.html,
Therese Godefroy <=