www/philosophy essays-and-articles.es.html po/e...

[GNUN]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     21/08/29 06:02:37

Modified files:
        philosophy     : essays-and-articles.es.html 
        philosophy/po  : essays-and-articles.es-en.html 
                         essays-and-articles.es.po 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.114&r2=1.115
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.204&r2=1.205

Patches:
Index: essays-and-articles.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.114
retrieving revision 1.115
diff -u -b -r1.114 -r1.115
--- essays-and-articles.es.html 10 Jul 2021 10:01:29 -0000      1.114
+++ essays-and-articles.es.html 29 Aug 2021 10:02:37 -0000      1.115
@@ -7,12 +7,24 @@
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Ensayos y artículos - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+.toc { margin-bottom: 1em; }
+.toc ul { font-weight: normal; }
+.toc >
+ ul > li { list-style-type: none; font-weight: bold; }
+@media (min-width:55em) { .toc > ul > li { display: inline-block; width: 95%; 
}}
+.reduced-width > h3 { margin-top: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #bbb; }
+ ul.no-bullet li { text-indent: -1.5em; }
+ .date-tag { font-size: .875em; position: relative; bottom: .05em; }
+-->
+</style>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.es.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
 <h2>Ensayos y artículos</h2>
 <div class="thin"></div>
 
@@ -21,47 +33,66 @@
 movimiento del software libre, lo que nos motiva a desarrollar el sistema
 operativo de software libre GNU.</p>
 
-<p>También está disponible una <a 
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">lista
-de los últimos artículos publicados</a>.</p>
-
-<p>
-
-<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
-<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the  -->
-<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
-<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
-<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">También</a> <a
-id="FreedomOrganizations">mantenemos</a> una lista de <a
-href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">organizaciones que trabajan
-por la libertad en el desarrollo de computadoras y las comunicaciones
-electrónicas</a>.</p>
+<p>Los artículos más importantes están señalados con un asterisco y 
aparecen en
+los primeros lugares de cada categoría. Los demás se presentan en orden
+cronológico inverso.</p>
 </div>
 
-<div class="summary" style="margin-top: 1.2em">
+<div class="toc">
 <h3 class="no-display">Tabla de contenidos</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="#aboutfs">Acerca del software libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#aboutgnu">Acerca del sistema operativo GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licencias y software libre</a></li>
+<ul class="columns">
+ <li><a href="#aboutfs">Acerca del software libre</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="#principles">Principios</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#practice">Práctica</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#extension">Extensión a otras áreas</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#mix">Mezcla de libre y privativo</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#free-open">Software libre y código abierto («<cite>open
+source</cite>»)</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#upholding">Defensa de la libertad del software</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">El Proyecto GNU</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#fsmovement">El movimiento del software libre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#need">Necesidad de software libre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#action">Guía de acción</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licencias de software libre</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">Información general</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#non-copyleft">Sin copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#traps">Trampas de las licencias</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
   <li><a href="#Laws">Asuntos legales</a>
     <ul>
       <li><a href="#patents">Patentes</a></li>
       <li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#noip">El término propagandístico «propiedad 
intelectual»</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#sco">Respuesta a los ataques de la SCO</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#cultural">Cuestiones culturales y sociales</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="#society">Sociedad digital</a></li>
       <li><a href="#drm">Gestión Digital de Restricciones</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#noip">El término propagandístico &ldquo;propiedad
-intelectual&rdquo;</a></li>
       <li><a href="#ns">Servicios en línea</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#cultural">Cuestiones culturales y sociales</a></li>
-    </ul></li>
+  <li><a href="#access">Acceso a la cultura</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#funding">Financiamento de obras culturales</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#evils">Vigilancia, censura, dependencia, etc.</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html"><cite>Malware</cite> en el 
software
+privativo</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
   <li><a href="#terminology">Terminología y definiciones</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#upholding">Defensa de la libertad del software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#misc">Miscelánea</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#humor">Humor filosófico</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Humor filosófico</a></li>
 </ul>
 <hr class="no-display" />
 </div>
 
-<div style="width: 47em; max-width: 100%">
 <h3 id="aboutfs">Acerca del software libre</h3>
 <p>
 El software libre es una cuestión de libertad: las personas deben ser libres
@@ -72,568 +103,1338 @@
 creemos que los usuarios de software deben poder hacer uso de tales
 posibilidades.</p>
 
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">¿Qué es el software libre?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Por qué el software no debe tener
-propietarios</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Por qué el software debe ser
-libre</a> (Este es un ensayo más antiguo y más extenso sobre el mismo tema
-que el anterior)</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Por qué el software libre necesita
+<h4 id="principles">Principios</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1996&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">¿Qué es el software libre?</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">El software
+libre es ahora aún más importante</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Vender software libre</a>&nbsp;&mdash;
+¡Está bien!</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html"> Por qué
+los programas no deben limitar la libertad de ejecutarlos</a> (por
+RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; No se debe limitar la Libertad 0.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2007]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">Su libertad
+necesita software libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1994]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Por qué el software no debe tener
+propietarios</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1991]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Por qué el software debe ser
+libre</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Este es un ensayo más antiguo y más extenso
+sobre el mismo tema que el anterior.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="practice">Práctica</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1999-2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">
+When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a> (por Benjamin Mako Hill)
+[en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html"> Aplicación de los
+criterios del Software Libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2014]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html"> Imperfección no es
+lo mismo que opresión</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html"> Android y la libertad
+de los usuarios</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1997-2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/software/reliability.html">¡El software libre es más 
fiable!</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="extension">Extensión a otras áreas</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Por qué el software libre necesita
 documentación libre</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html"> Cuando el 
software
-libre depende de software que no es libre</a>  [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Vender software libre</a> ¡está 
bien!</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorías de software libre y
-software que no es libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> FLOSS y FOSS</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">¡El software libre es más 
fiable!</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">
-When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Por qué el 
«código
-abierto» pierde de vista lo esencial del software libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">Cuál es la relación entre 
el
-software libre y el código abierto como categorías de programas [en
-inglés]</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, y la 
libertad</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html" id="Gnutella">Acerca de 
Gnutella</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Por qué las escuelas deben usar
-exclusivamente software libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom y usted</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 años de software
-libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">El movimiento del software
-libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">Su libertad
-necesita software libre</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motivos para escribir software
-libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Medidas que los
-gobiernos pueden adoptar para promover el software libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">Lección desde Uruguay</a>. La FSF
-aprendió algo de un proyecto de ley presentado en Uruguay.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html"> Por 
qué
-los programas no deben limitar la libertad de ejecutarlos</a>. No se debe
-limitar la Libertad 0.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html"> Imperfección 
no es
-lo mismo que opresión</a></li> 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html"> Aplicación de los
-criterios del Software Libre</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="aboutgnu">Acerca del sistema operativo GNU</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Anuncio inicial del sistema
-operativo GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">El Manifiesto de GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Breve historia del Proyecto GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">El Proyecto GNU</a>, una descripción 
más
-extensa y completa del proyecto y su historia.</li>
-  <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Web oficial de la <cite>Free Software
-Foundation</cite></a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">¿Por qué GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2020]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-rocket.html"> Should Rockets Have Only
+Free Software? Free Software and Appliances</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html">Hardware libre y diseños
+libres para hardware</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"> What Does It Mean for Your
+Computer to Be Loyal?</a> (por RMS)[en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html">Los
+servicios en línea no son ni libres ni privativos; presentan otros
+problemas</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html" id="Gnutella">Acerca de Gnutella</a></li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licencias y software libre</h3>
+<h4 id="mix">Mezcla de libre y privativo</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2016]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html">Cuando el software
+libre depende de software que no es libre</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2013]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html">¿Está bien en
+algunos casos utilizar un programa que no sea libre?</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Gracias, Larry McVoy</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1998]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/udi.html">El movimiento del software libre y UDI</a>
+(por RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">Información general sobre licencias y
-copyleft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">Una lista de licencias libres y no
-libres, con comentarios</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Preguntas frecuentes acerca de las
-Licencias de GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Por qué no debería usar la
-<cite>Lesser GPL</cite> (GPL Reducida) para su próxima biblioteca</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">¿Por qué Copyleft?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Publicar Software Libre cuando se
-trabaja en la universidad</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: idealismo 
pragmático</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">La trampa de JavaScript</a> 
Puede
-estar ejecutando a diario en su ordenador programas que no son libres sin
-que se dé cuenta, a través de su navegador.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Envidia de la
-censura y licencias</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">La trampa del X Window System</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">Los problemas de la licencia de 
Apple</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/bsd.html">El problema de la licencia BSD</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">La licencia pública de Netscape
-entraña serios problemas</a>. También está disponible una <a
-href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">versión más antigua</a> de este
-artículo.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">El movimiento del software libre y 
UDI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">No son las puertas, son los 
barrotes</a>,
-artículo de Richard Stallman publicado por BBC News en 2008.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">¿Es Microsoft el Gran Satanás?</a>
-(También está disponible una <a
-href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">versión más antigua</a> de este
-artículo).</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">El software libre y el 
juicio
-antimonopolio contra Microsoft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">Sobre el fallo contra
-Microsoft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">El nuevo monopolio de
-Microsoft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Para que CodePlex no nos
-sorprenda</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">Los problemas 
de
-la licencia de Plan 9</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.es.html" id="MotifLicense">La nueva licencia 
de
-Motif</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Usar la Licencia de
-Documentación Libre de GNU (GNU FDL)</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">La GPL de
-GNU y el estilo americano</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.es.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">La
-GPL de GNU y el sueño americano</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">Hacer cumplir 
la
-GPL de GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Sobre la venta de 
excepciones
-a la GPL de GNU</a>.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" 
id="FreedomOrPower">¿Libertad o
-poder?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" 
id="NoWordAttachments">Entre
-todos podemos poner fin a los adjuntos en formato Word</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">Libre pero 
encadenado. La
-trampa de Java</a> (si bien Sun <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";> ha
-relicenciado</a> bajo la Licencia Pública General de GNU la mayor parte de
-la implementación de referencia de su plataforma Java, el problema que se
-describe en este artículo sigue siendo importante).</li>  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">Versión de la <cite>RTLinux 
Open
-Patent License</cite> compatible con la GPL de GNU</a> [en inglés]</li>
+<h4 id="free-open">Software libre y código abierto («<cite>open 
source</cite>»)</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2007-2021]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Por qué el «código
+abierto» pierde de vista lo esencial del software libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">Cuál es la relación entre el
+software libre y el código abierto como categorías de programas</a> [en
+inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2013]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> FLOSS y FOSS</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, y la libertad</a>
+(por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">Carta de RMS al editor de la
+revista  <cite>Dr. Dobb's Journal</cite></a> en la que explica la diferencia
+entre los movimientos del software libre y del código abierto.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1998]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">«Software de código
+abierto» o «software libre»?</a> (Reemplazado por <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> Por qué el «código
+abierto» pierde de vista lo esencial del software libre</a>).</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="Laws">Asuntos legales</h3>
 
-<h4 id="patents">Patentes</h4>
+<h3 id="upholding">Defensa de la libertad del software</h3>
 
-<ul>  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Cómo proteger el software
-frente a las patentes</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">Opinión de la FSF sobre la 
política de
-patentes «sin regalías» del W3C</a>, reescrito.</li>
-
-  <li>Cómo proteger <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">El derecho a 
escribir
-software</a> (ya sea libre o no).</li>
-
-  <li>En <a
-href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>Felten
-contra RIAA</a>, algunos científicos piden a los tribunales que se resuelva
-a favor de que la ley de copyright del milenio digital (<abbr title="Digital
-Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</abbr>) no les prohíba publicar sus
-investigaciones [en inglés].</li>
+<h4>El Proyecto GNU</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">El sistema operativo GNU</a> &mdash; Historia,
+relación con Linux, etc.</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/">Informe de la
-<cite>Electronic Frontier Foundation</cite> (EFF) acerca de la «propiedad
-intelectual»: Archivo de las acciones de la <cite>Motion Picture Association
-of America</cite> (MPAA) en casos de DVD</a> [en inglés].</li>
+<h4 id="fsmovement">El movimiento del software libre</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><a href="https://www.fsf.org/";>Sitio Web oficial de la Free Software
+Foundation</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">La comunidad del software libre
+20 años después</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Un gran éxito, pero
+incompleto. ¿Ahora qué?</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 años de software
+libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">El movimiento del software
+libre</a></li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">La reforma de las
-patentes no es suficiente</a></li>
+<h4 id="need">Necesidad de software libre</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2011-2017]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Medidas que los
+gobiernos pueden adoptar para promover el software libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2009-2014]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.html">Por qué las escuelas deben usar
+exclusivamente software libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2014]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">La neutralidad
+tecnológica y el software libre</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2013]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">Lección desde Uruguay</a>&nbsp;&mdash; La
+FSF aprendió algo de un proyecto de ley presentado en Uruguay.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">El software libre y el gobierno
+electrónico</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html">Software libre y
+desarrollo sostenible</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Un breve artículo sobre el
+uso de software privativo en el desarrollo cultural [en inglés]</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Salvemos a Europa de las 
patentes de
-software</a></li>
+<h4 id="action">Guía de acción</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2020]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">Decir no a la informática
+injusta aunque sea una sola vez es siempre de ayuda</a>  (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2009]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motivos para escribir software
+libre</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002-2020]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments">Entre
+todos podemos poner fin a los adjuntos en formato Word</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2019]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html">Fiestas de instalación y pacto
+con el diablo: ¿qué hacer?</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2019]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html">¿Cuál es la forma correcta de
+actualizar una instalación de Windows?</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2018]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/kind-communication.html">Recomendaciones de GNU para
+una comunicación cordial</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2017]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on Free
+Software</a> (Por qué los hackatones deben exigir software libre) (por RMS)
+[en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2014]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html">Cuidado con el «apoyo»
+contradictorio</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html"> Por qué el abogado del diablo no
+ayuda a llegar a la verdad</a>  (por RMS) [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2010]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/practical.html">Las ventajas del software libre</a>
+(por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2009]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">Las propuestas del Partido Pirata
+sueco y el software libre: el tiro por la culata</a>  (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2009]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Para que CodePlex no nos
+sorprenda</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2008]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Por qué debemos combatir UCITA</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2008]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Evitar compromisos ruinosos</a>  (por
+RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2007]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">Superar la inercia social</a> (por
+RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom y usted</a> (por RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">La «patente unitaria»
-europea podría significar el patentado ilimitado de software</a> [en 
inglés]</li>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">¡Boicotee a Amazon!</a></li>
+<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licencias y software libre</h3>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">¡Éxito del boicot a Amazon!</a>, 
una
-carta de Nat Friedman a Richard Stallman [en inglés].</li>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">Licencias</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Información
+general sobre licencias y copyleft</li>
+</ul>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">Carta de RMS a Tim O'Reilly</a>
-con respecto a unas declaraciones de Jeff Bezos, CEO de Amazon, acerca de la
-duración de las patentes de software [en inglés].</li>
+<h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">¿Por qué Copyleft?</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1998]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: idealismo pragmático</a>
+(por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2009-2017]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Sobre la venta de excepciones
+a la GPL de GNU</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2014]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">Cuando una empresa pide que
+se le asigne el copyright</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Envidia de la
+censura y licencias</a> (por David «Novalis» Turner, en <i>fsf.org</i>) [en
+inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>Traducción
+al inglés de la célebre decisión del Tribunal del Distrito de Munich</a>
+sobre la aplicabilidad y validez de la GPL (por los traductores del
+<cite>Oxford Internet Institute</cite>, en <i>oii.ox.ac.uk</i>).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/university.html">Publicar Software Libre cuando se
+trabaja en la universidad</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">La GPL de
+GNU y el estilo americano</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">La GPL
+de GNU y el sueño americano</a> (por Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower">¿Libertad o
+poder?</a> (por Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn and RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">Versión de la <cite>RTLinux Open
+Patent License</cite> compatible con la GPL de GNU</a> [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">Hacer cumplir la
+GPL de GNU</a> (por Eben Moglen)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Usar la Licencia de
+Documentación Libre de GNU (por RMS)</a></li>
+</ul>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">Patente de Amazon acerca de un
-sistema para presentar una orden de compra a través de internet</a>, con
-notas de Richard Stallman [en inglés].</li>
+<h4 id="non-copyleft">Sin copyleft</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">Opinión de la FSF sobre la <cite>Apple
+Public Source License</cite> (APSL) 2.0</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">Los problemas de
+la (anterior) licencia de Plan 9</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1998]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">Acerca de la Licencia Pública
+Netscape</a> (by RMS) [<a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">versión
+antigua</a>].</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1998]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape y el software
+libre</a>.&nbsp;&mdash; Un viejo artículo que clarifica algunos
+malentendidos acerca de un anuncio de Netscape. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1997]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense">La nueva licencia de
+Motif</a> (por RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a
-href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
-id="SequentialIPandI">Innovación Secuencial, Patentes e Imitación</a>, un
-escrito que presenta un modelo matemático que muestra que las patentes
-pueden impedir el progreso en campos como el del software [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Daños desde La Haya</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">No a la directiva europea 
sobre
-patentes de software</a>, una versión ligeramente modificada del artículo
-originalmente publicado en el periódico londinense <a
-href="http://www.theguardian.com/international";>The Guardian</a>, por
-Richard Stallman y Nick Hill.</li>
+<h4 id="traps">Trampas de las licencias</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2009-2019]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">La trampa de JavaScript</a> (por
+RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Sin darse cuenta, usted puede estar utilizando a diario en
+el navegador programas que no son libres.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2004-2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">Libre pero encadenado. La
+trampa de Java</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Si bien Sun <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";> ha
+relicenciado</a> bajo la Licencia Pública General de GNU la mayor parte de
+la implementación de referencia de su plataforma Java, el problema que se
+describe en este artículo sigue siendo importante.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1998-2009]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/x.html">La trampa del X Window System</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2006]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html">El curioso incidente de Sun
+a medianoche</a> (por RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a
+
+<h3 id="Laws">Asuntos legales</h3>
+
+<h4 id="patents">Patentes</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Cómo proteger el software
+frente a las patentes</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">La «patente unitaria»
+europea podría significar el patentado ilimitado de software</a> (por RMS)
+[en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000-2007]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd%20cases/";>Dosier de la
+<cite>Electronic Frontier Foundation</cite> (EFF) acerca de la «propiedad
+intelectual»: Archivo de las acciones de la <cite>Motion Picture Association
+of America</cite> (MPAA) relativos al DVD</a>. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2006]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">Anatomía de una patente
+trivial</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">El nuevo monopolio de
+Microsoft</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business";><cite>Soft
-sell</cite></a>. Comentarios de Richard Stallman acerca de la derrota de la
-directiva de la UE sobre las patentes de software. Publicado en <cite>The
-Guardian</cite>, en 2005 [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";><cite>La
-absurdidad de las patentes</cite></a>, un artículo de Richard M. Stallman
-publicado en <cite>The Guardian</cite> [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">Bill Gates y
-otros comunistas</a>. Artículo de Richard Stallman publicado en CNET
-News.com en 2005.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">Anatomía de una patente
-trivial</a>, por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
-id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Cómo combatir las patentes de software -
-Individual y colectivamente</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">Patentes de software: 
Obstáculos
-al desarrollo del software</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html"
-id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">Patentes de software y patentes literarias</a>,
-de Richard M. Stallman. Con relación a la aplicación de patentes a las
+sell</cite></a> (por RMS, en <i>theguardian.com</i>).&nbsp;&mdash;
+Comentarios de Richard Stallman acerca de la derrota de la directiva de la
+UE sobre las patentes de software. Publicado en <cite>The Guardian</cite>,
+en 2005. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">Bill Gates y
+otros comunistas</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html"
+id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">Patentes de software y patentes literarias</a>
+(por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Con relación a la aplicación de patentes a las
 técnicas artísticas, la patente 6.935.954 de los Estados Unidos cubre la
 idea de hacer que los personajes de los juegos comiencen a alucinar cuando
 (de acuerdo al juego) se vuelven locos. Esto se parece mucho a los ejemplos
 hipotéticos que se presentan en el artículo.</li>  
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Por qué no hay archivos GIF en las 
páginas
-web de GNU</a>. Si bien esta historia es un ejemplo histórico del peligro de
-las patentes de software, estas patentes en particular ya no son una
-preocupación. Para más detalles sobre las <a
-href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">directrices para las
-GIF</a> que adoptamos en nuestro sitio web, consulte nuestras <a
-href="/server/standards/">pautas para la web</a>.</li> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
+id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Cómo combatir las patentes de software &mdash;
+Individual y colectivamente</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2005]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";><cite>La
+absurdidad de las patentes</cite></a> (por RMS, en <cite>The
+Guardian</cite>). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">Opinión de la FSF sobre la política de
+patentes «sin regalías» del W3C</a> (reescrito).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">No a la directiva europea sobre
+patentes de software</a> (por RMS y Nick&nbsp;Hill).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>Científicos
+de Princeton pleitean por una investigación truncada</a> (nota de prensa en
+<i>eff.org</i>)&nbsp;&mdash; en <cite>Felten v. RIAA</cite>, científicos
+reclaman a un tribunal que se resuelva que la Ley de Copyright del Milenio
+Digital (<abbr title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</abbr>) no
+puede prohibilrles publicar sus investigaciones. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Daños desde La Haya</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
+id="SequentialIPandI">Innovación Secuencial, Patentes e Imitación</a> (por
+James Bessen y Eric Maskin, en <i>researchoninnovation.org</i>, archivado)
+&nbsp;&mdash; Este trabajo presenta un modelo matemático que muestra que las
+patentes pueden impedir el progreso en campos como el del software. [en
+inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">Carta de RMS a Tim O'Reilly</a>
+con respecto a unas declaraciones de Jeff Bezos, CEO de Amazon, acerca de la
+duración de las patentes de software [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">¡Éxito del boicot a Amazon!</a>
+&nbsp;&mdash; Una carta de Nat Friedman a Richard Stallman [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">(Anteriormente) ¡Boicotee a Amazon!</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">Método y sistema para presentar una
+orden de compra a través de una rede de comunicaciones</a>&nbsp;&mdash;
+Patente de Amazon con notas de RMS. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1997]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Por qué no hay archivos GIF en las páginas
+web de GNU</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Si bien esta historia es un ejemplo histórico
+del peligro de las patentes de software, estas patentes en particular ya no
+son un problema. Para más detalles sobre las normas para las GIF de nuestro
+sitio web, consulte nuestras <a
+href="/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics">directrices
+del sitio</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Salvemos a Europa de las patentes de
+software</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Ayude a proteger el derecho a escribir
+software, sea libre o no</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">La reforma de las
+patentes no es suficiente</a></li>
 </ul>
 
 <h4 id="copyright">Copyright</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">Cuando una empresa pide 
que
-se le asigne el copyright</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Por qué no firmaré 
el
-Manifiesto de Dominio Público</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">Las propuestas del Partido Pirata
-sueco y el software libre: el tiro por la culata</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Interpretación
-incorrecta del copyright</a>, otro escrito de Richard Stallman sobre los
-defectos de los argumentos más utilizados para defender la ley de 
copyright</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">Breve intervención de la 
<cite>Free
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Interpretación
+incorrecta del copyright</a>(por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Sobre los defectos de los
+argumentos más utilizados para defender la ley de copyright.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluación del
+copyright: lo público debe prevalecer</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2010]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Por qué no firmaré el
+Manifiesto de Dominio Público</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2008]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">¿Libertad o copyright?</a>
+(por RMS) (<a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">Versión más
+antigua</a>)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">Breve intervención de la <cite>Free
 Software Fundation</cite> en el caso de la Corte Suprema «Eldred contra
-Ashcroft»</a> [en inglés]</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">La ciencia debe dejar de
-lado el copyright</a>, otro trabajo de <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> que apareció en <a
+Ashcroft»</a> (por Eben Moglen). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">La ciencia debe dejar de
+lado el copyright</a> (por RMS, publicado inicialmente en <a
 
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";><cite>Nature
-Webdebates</cite></a> en 2001, donde explica de qué manera el copyright
-impide el progreso en la investigación científica. También puede resultar
-interesante consultar <a href="https://www.plos.org/";><cite>The Public
-Library of Science </cite></a>, que se dedica a publicar libremente las
-investigaciones científicas en Internet.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluación del
-copyright: lo público debe prevalecer</a></li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>Eldred
-contra Reno</a> trata sobre una demanda para revocar una ley que extiende el
-copyright por 20 años más [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">¿Libertad o 
copyright?</a>
-[en inglés], por Richard Stallman (se conserva también una <a
-href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">versión más antigua</a> de
-este escrito).</li>
-
-  <li>Traducción al inglés de la célebre <a
-href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>decisión
-del Tribunal del Distrito de Munich</a> sobre la aplicabilidad y validez de
-la GPL. La traducción fue hecha por el <cite>Oxford Internet
-Institute</cite>.</li>
-  
-<!-- This link is broken
+Webdebates</cite></a> en 2001).&nbsp;&mdash; Este artículo explica de qué
+manera el copyright impide el progreso en la investigación
+científica. También puede resultar interesante consultar <a
+href="https://www.plos.org/";><cite>The Public Library of Science
+</cite></a>, que se dedica a poner las investigaciones científicas a
+disposición del público en Internet.</li>
   <li>
-<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
-  Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2001]</span>'
   -->
-</ul>
-
-<h4 id="drm">Gestión Digital de Restricciones (<abbr title="Digital 
Restrictions
-Management">DRM</abbr>)</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html"> Rectificación del
-error sobre una ley francesa</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">El problema es el
-software controlado por el programador</a>, por Richard&nbsp;M. Stallman [en
-inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">El «progreso» 
informático: lo
-bueno y lo malo</a>, por Richard M. Stallman [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Oposición a la indebida gestión
-digital de derechos</a>, Richard M. Stallman responde algunas preguntas
-frecuentes sobre DRM [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Libros electrónicos: Libertad o
-copyright</a>, una versión ligeramente modificada del artículo publicado
-originalmente en <cite>Technology Review</cite> en 2000, por Richard
-Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html"> Los libros
-electrónicos deben aumentar nuestra libertad, no disminuirla</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.es.html">¿Puede confiar en su
-computadora?</a>, un artículo de Richard Stallman sobre las así llamadas
-iniciativas de «computación confiable».</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">El derecho a leer: Un breve 
relato
-distópico</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>
+Ejemplos de excelentes políticas de copyright</a> (en <i>humaninfo.org</i>,
+archivado)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>Denuncia
+original <cite>Eldred contra Reno</cite></a> (en
+<i>harvard.edu</i>)&nbsp;&mdash; Una demanda para revocar una ley que
+extiende el copyright por 20 años más. [en inglés]</li>
 </ul>
 
 <h4 id="noip">El término propagandístico <a
 href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">«Propiedad
 Intelectual»</a></h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of Komongistan
-(Busting the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;)</a></li>
-  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">No permita que la «propiedad
-intelectual» distorsione su forma de pensar</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li>Comentarios de Richard Stallman sobre <a 
href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">
-el rechazo de la Directiva de Aplicación de la PI por parte de una coalición
-para las libertades civiles (ICLC)</a></li>
-
-  <li>Richard Stallman ha escrito <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">un
-análisis sobre la obra de Boldrin y Levine «<cite>The case against
-intellectual property</cite>»</a> (El caso contra la propiedad 
intelectual)</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">¿Ha dicho «propiedad intelectual»? 
Es un
-solo un espejismo seductor</a>. Un escrito sobre el verdadero significado de
-la expresión «propiedad intelectual», por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">¿Ha dicho «propiedad intelectual»? Es
+solo un espejismo seductor</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of Komongistan
+(Busting the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;)</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2006]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">No permita que la «propiedad
+intelectual» distorsione su forma de pensar</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">¿Ha dicho «propiedad intelectual»? Es
+solo un espejismo seductor</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">Rechacemos la Directiva de Aplicación
+de la PI</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Comentarios acerca del rechazo a esta directiva
+por parte de la Coalición Internacional por la Libertades Civiles.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">Reseña: Boldrin y Levine, «El caso
+contra la propiedad intelectual»</a> (por RMS).</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h4 id="ns">Servicios en línea</h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html">Los
-servicios en línea no son ni libres ni privativos; presentan otros
-problemas</a>, artículo por Richard Stallman.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">¿A quién 
sirve
-realmente ese servidor?</a> por Richard Stallman, publicado en <a
-href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM";><cite>Boston
-Review</cite></a>.</li>
+<h4 id="sco">Respuesta a los ataques de la SCO</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003-2004]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">La posición de la FSF respecto a los
+ataques de la SCO al software libre</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, y Linux</a> (por
+RMS).&nbsp;&mdash; Relación de la demanda de SCO contra IBM con el trabajo
+del Proyecto GNU</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h4 id="cultural">Cuestiones culturales y sociales</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">La ley de Stallman</a></li>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">Pagos anónimos por
-teléfono</a></li>
+<h3 id="cultural">Cuestiones culturales y sociales</h3>
 
-  <li><a
-href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance";>
-A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a> (Una propuesta
-radical para preservar la seguridad de sus datos personales), por Richard
-Stallman.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html">Declaración sobre la
-vigilancia</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html"> Por qué el abogado del 
diablo no
-ayuda a llegar a la verdad</a>  [en inglés]</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on 
Free
-Software</a> (Por qué los hackatones deben exigir software libre), por
-Richard Stallman</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">La neutralidad
-tecnológica y el software libre</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+<h4 id="society">Sociedad digital</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">La ley de Stallman</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2009]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">¿Es bueno eliminar
+la brecha digital? ¿Cómo podemos asegurarnos de que lo sea?</a> (por
+RMS). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2007]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">«Progreso» informático: para
+bien y para mal</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2003]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la
+Información</a> (por RMS).</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">¿Cuánta vigilancia
-puede soportar la democracia?</a> por Richard Stallman.</li>
+<h4 id="drm">Gestión digital de restricciones</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2006]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Oposición a la indebida gestión
+digital de derechos</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Respuestas a algunas
+preguntas frecuentes sobre DRM [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.es.html">¿Puede confiar en su
+computadora?</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Acerca de las así llamadas
+iniciativas de «computación confiable».</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2013]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">Juegos privativos con DRM en
+GNU/Linux: ¿para bien o para mal?</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html"> Rectificación de mi
+error sobre la ley francesa</a>. [en inglés]</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">Juegos privativos con DRM en
-GNU/Linux: ¿para bien o para mal?</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+<h4 id="ns">Servicios en línea</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2010-2020]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">¿A quién sirve
+realmente ese servidor?</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2020]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/posting-videos.html">Posting Videos</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2015]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">¿Qué tiene de malo
+YouTube?</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2014]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">El error que
+nadie está autorizado a comprender</a>, (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html"> Un usuario sensato sopesa
+cuidadosamente cada tipo de uso de internet</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html"> Mantén el control
+sobre tu ordenador para que este no te controle a ti</a> (por RMS). [en
+inglés]</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li> <a
+<h4 id="access">Acceso a la cultura</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1996-2016]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">El derecho a leer: Un breve relato
+distópico</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html"> Los libros
+electrónicos deben aumentar nuestra libertad, no disminuirla</a> (por 
RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2011]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">El peligro de los libros
+electrónicos</a> (por RMS)</li>
+  <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2010]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Proyecto
-de ley sobre la economía digital: un payaso lo da y otro payaso lo
-quita</a>, por Richard Stallman [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">¿Es bueno 
eliminar
-la brecha digital? ¿Cómo podemos asegurarnos de que lo sea?</a>, por Richard
-Stallman [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la
-Información</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Se necesitan voluntarios para 
software
-de encriptación en países sin control de exportación</a>.</li>
-
-  <li>Cómo proteger las <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">libertades 
de
-expresión, prensa y asociación</a> en Internet.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Proteja la privacidad 
postal</a>,
-una campaña para resistir la regla propuesta por el <cite>United States
-Postal Service</cite> (Servicio Postal de los Estados Unidos) para adquirir
-información privada de los consumidores.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Por qué debemos combatir UCITA</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Software libre y el gobierno
-electrónico</a>, un artículo de Richard Stallman publicado en <cite>The
-Guardian</cite> (publicado originalmente bajo el título «<cite>Second
-Sight</cite>»).</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html">Software libre 
y
-desarrollo sostenible</a>, un breve artículo de Richard Stallman sobre el
-uso de software privativo en el desarrollo cultural [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html"> Mantén el 
control
-sobre tu ordenador para que este no te controle a ti</a> [en inglés]</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html"> Un usuario sensato 
sopesa
-cuidadosamente cada tipo de uso de internet</a> [en inglés]</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">El peligro de los libros
-electrónicos</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html">¿Está bien 
en
-algunos casos utilizar un programa que no sea libre?</a>, por Richard
-Stallman.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html"> Beware of Contradictory
-&ldquo;Support&rdquo;</a> [en inglés]</li>
+de ley sobre la economía digital: un payaso lo da y otro payaso lo quita</a>
+(por RMS, en <i>theguardian.com</i>). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Libros electrónicos: libertad o
+copyright</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html">La Enciclopedia Universal
+Libre como recurso didáctico</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">El Congreso de los
+EE.&nbsp;UU. amenaza con establecer un nuevo modelo de
+monopolio</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Un intento del Congreso de crear un monopolio
+privado sobre la repetición de información conocida públicamente. [en
+inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html"> Detengamos la H.R. 3028 - Protejamos
+la red - Paremos a los monopolistas de las marcas comerciales</a> (por Marc
+Rotenberg)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">Comentarios acerca del
+artículo de Roderick Long</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="terminology">Terminología y Definiciones</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html">Free Hardware and Free
-Hardware Designs</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Palabras y frases confusas a
-evitar o usar con cautela</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> 
Conciencia
-pública acerca del copyright, WIPO, junio de 2002</a>. Acerca de cómo la
-WIPO reconoce que su sistema está diseñado para poner límites al público, y
-de cómo proponen modificar la terminología para que la gente no lo advierta
-[en inglés].</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Por qué el 
«código
-abierto» pierde de vista lo esencial del software libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">«Software de 
código
-abierto» o «software libre»?</a> (este es artículo más antiguo sobre el
-mismo tema que el anterior).</li>
-  <li>En junio de 2001 Richard Stallman escribió una <a
-href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">carta al editor</a> de la revista
-<cite>Dr. Dobb's Journal</cite> en la que explica la diferencia entre los
-movimientos del software libre y del código abierto.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorías de software libre y
-software que no es libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"> What Does It Mean for Your
-Computer to Be Loyal?</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Traducciones de la expresión
-«<cite>free software</cite>»</a> a varios idiomas.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">¿Por qué llamarlo
-«<cite>Swindle</cite>»?</a></li>
+<h4 id="funding">Financiamento de obras culturales</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2013]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">El financiamento
+del arte frente al financiamento del software</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1992]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/dat.html">El impuesto adecuado para las cintas de audio
+digital</a> (por RMS).</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="upholding">Defensa de la libertad del software</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">Decir no a la informática
-injusta aunque sea una sola vez es siempre de ayuda</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html">Fiestas de instalación y 
pacto
-con el diablo: ¿qué hacer?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html">¿Cuál es la forma correcta 
de
-actualizar una instalación de Windows?</a> [en inglés]</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">La comunidad del software 
libre
-20 años después</a>: Un gran éxito, pero incompleto. ¿Ahora qué?</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Gracias, Larry McVoy</a>, por Richard
-M. Stallman.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">Superar la inercia social</a>, 
por
-Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Evitar compromisos 
ruinosos</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">El software
-libre es ahora aún más importante</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="misc">Miscelánea</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/posting-videos.html">Posting Videos</a>  [en 
inglés]</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">Casos claramente comprobados de
-software privativo que perjudica a los usuarios</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">Las ventajas del software 
libre</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">El error que
-nadie está autorizado a comprender</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html">El curioso incidente de 
Sun
-a medianoche</a>, por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, y Linux</a>, de
-Richard Stallman, trata de cómo se relaciona la demanda de SCO contra IBM
-con el trabajo del Proyecto GNU. Para más detalles sobre este tema, consulte
-la página <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">respuesta de la <cite>Free
-Software Foundation</cite> a los ataques de la SCO</a>.</li>
+<h4 id="evils">Vigilancia, censura, dependencia, etc.</h4>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">Declaración de la <cite>Free
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2013&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">El software privativo a menudo es
+<cite>malware</cite></a> &nbsp;&mdash; Casos claramente comprobados de
+software privativo que perjudica a los usuarios.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[2015-2019]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">¿Cuánta vigilancia
+puede soportar la democracia?</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2021]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html"> The WWWorst App Store</a> (por
+Alexandre Oliva).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2018]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">Pagos anónimos por
+teléfono</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2018]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance";>
+A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a> (Una propuesta
+radical para preservar la seguridad de sus datos personales) (por RMS, en
+<i>theguardian.com</i>). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2018]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html">Declaración testifical
+sobre la vigilancia</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2012]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">Código espía en Ubuntu: ¿qué
+hacer?</a> (por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2009]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a> [<a
+href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">versión más antigua</a>].</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2008]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">El problema es el
+software controlado por el programador</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2008]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/gates.html">No son las puertas, son los barrotes</a>
+(por RMS).</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">El Acuerdo de
+Wassenaar</a>.&nbsp;&mdash; Se necesitan voluntarios para software de
+encriptación en países sin control de exportación.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">Declaración de la <cite>Free
 Software Foundation</cite> en respuesta a la propuesta de sentencia
-definitiva  revisada en el caso Microsoft contra los Estados Unidos,
-presentada al Ministerio de Justicia de los EE.&nbsp;UU. bajo la
-<cite>Tunney Act</cite></a> [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">El Congreso de los
-EE.&nbsp;UU. amenaza con establecer un nuevo modelo de monopolio</a>, un
-intento del Congreso de crear un monopolio privado sobre la repetición de
-información conocida públicamente.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">El impuesto adecuado para las cintas de 
audio
-digital</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.es.html">La censura de mi 
software</a>,
-por Richard Stallman.</li>
-  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">Financiar el 
arte
-frente a financiar el software</a>, por Richard Stallman [en inglés].</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html"> Android y la 
libertad
-de los usuarios</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">Código espía en Ubuntu: 
¿qué
-hacer?</a></li>
+definitiva revisada en el caso <cite>Microsoft contra los Estados
+Unidos</cite></a>. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2000]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">Sobre el fallo contra
+Microsoft</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">El software libre y el juicio
+antimonopolio contra Microsoft</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Proteja la privacidad
+postal</a>(por Kathleen Ellis)&nbsp;&mdash; Una campaña para oponerse a la
+norma propuesta por el <cite>United States Postal Service</cite> (Servicio
+Postal de los Estados Unidos) para recoger información privada de los
+consumidores. [en inglés]</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">Libertad de expresión, de prensa y
+de asociación en Internet</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Cómo proteger estas libertades en
+Internet.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.es.html">La censura de mi software</a>
+(por RMS).</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">¿Qué tiene de malo
-YouTube?</a></li>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape y el software libre</a>, un
-viejo artículo que clarifica algunos malentendidos acerca de un anuncio de
-Netscape [en inglés].</li>
+<h3 id="terminology">Terminología y Definiciones</h3>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">Comentarios acerca 
del
-artículo de Roderick Long</a> [en inglés].</li>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+*[1996&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Palabras y frases a evitar (o usar
+con cautela) porque son imprecisas o inducen a confusión</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1999&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Traducciones de la expresión
+«<cite>free software</cite>»</a> a varios idiomas.</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[1996-2019]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorías de software libre y
+software que no es libre</a></li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2013]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">¿Por qué llamarlo
+«<cite>Swindle</cite>»?</a> (por RMS)</li>
+ <li>
+  <!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+[2002]</span>'
+  -->
+<!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+<a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> Conciencia
+pública acerca del copyright, WIPO, junio de 2002</a>(por RMS).&nbsp;&mdash;
+Acerca de cómo la WIPO reconoce que su sistema está diseñado para poner
+límites al público, y de cómo proponen modificar la terminología para que 
la
+gente no lo advierta. [en inglés]</li>
 </ul>
 
+
 <h3 id="humor">Humor filosófico</h3>
 
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Humor Filosófico</a>. No hay por qué
-ser serios <i>todo</i> el tiempo.</li>
-</ul>
+<p><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Ríase con GNU (Filosofía)</a>. No hay
+por qué ser serios <i>todo</i> el tiempo.</p>
 </div>
 
 <div class="translators-notes">
@@ -710,7 +1511,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Última actualización:
 
-$Date: 2021/07/10 10:01:29 $
+$Date: 2021/08/29 10:02:37 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: po/essays-and-articles.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.79
retrieving revision 1.80
diff -u -b -r1.79 -r1.80
--- po/essays-and-articles.es-en.html   10 Jul 2021 10:01:30 -0000      1.79
+++ po/essays-and-articles.es-en.html   29 Aug 2021 10:02:37 -0000      1.80
@@ -4,11 +4,21 @@
 <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Essays and Articles
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+.toc { margin-bottom: 1em; }
+.toc ul { font-weight: normal; }
+.toc > ul > li { list-style-type: none; font-weight: bold; }
+@media (min-width:55em) { .toc > ul > li { display: inline-block; width: 95%; 
}}
+.reduced-width > h3 { margin-top: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #bbb; }
+ ul.no-bullet li { text-indent: -1.5em; }
+ .date-tag { font-size: .875em; position: relative; bottom: .05em; }
+--></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
 <h2>Essays and Articles</h2>
 <div class="thin"></div>
 
@@ -17,46 +27,64 @@
 free software movement, which is the motivation for our development of
 the free software operating system GNU.</p>
 
-<p>A <a href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">list of the latest 
-published articles</a> is also available.</p>
-
-<p>
-<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
-<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
-<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
-<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the  -->
-<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
-<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
-keep a list of
-<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
-that Work for Freedom in
-Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+<p>The most important articles are marked with asterisks, and listed first
+in each category. The other ones are in reverse chronological order.</p>
 </div>
 
-<div class="summary" style="margin-top: 1.2em">
+<div class="toc">
 <h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="#aboutfs">About Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#Laws">Laws and Issues</a>
+<ul class="columns">
+ <li><a href="#aboutfs">About Free Software</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="#principles">Principles</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#practice">Practice</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#extension">Extension to other areas</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#mix">Mixing free and nonfree</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#free-open">Free software and open source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">The GNU Project</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#fsmovement">The free software movement</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#need">The need for free software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#action">Guide for action</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#non-copyleft">Non-copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#traps">Licensing traps</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#Laws">Legal Issues</a>
     <ul>
       <li><a href="#patents">Patents</a></li>
       <li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#drm">Digital Restrictions Management</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#noip">The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual 
Property&rdquo;</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#ns">Network Services</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</a></li>
-    </ul></li>
+  <li><a href="#noip">The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual
+    Property&rdquo;</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#sco">Response to SCO's attacks</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</a>
+  <ul>
+  <li><a href="#society">Digital society</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#drm">Digital restrictions management</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#ns">Network services</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#access">Accessing culture</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#funding">Funding cultural works</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#evils">Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html">Proprietary malware</a></li>
+  </ul>
+ </li>
   <li><a href="#terminology">Terminology and Definitions</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#misc">Misc</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#humor">Philosophical Humor</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophical Humor</a></li>
 </ul>
 <hr class="no-display" />
 </div>
 
-<div style="width: 47em; max-width: 100%">
 <h3 id="aboutfs">About Free Software</h3>
 <p>
 Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be free to use
@@ -66,550 +94,974 @@
 These possibilities make software as useful as it is; we believe
 software users should be able to make use of them.</p>
 
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
-      Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Why
-      Software Should Be Free</a>  (This is an older and longer
-      essay about the same topic as the previous one)</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
-      Free Documentation</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html">
-  When Free Software Depends on Nonfree</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
-      Non-Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> FLOSS and FOSS</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">Free Software is More 
Reliable!</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">
-      When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
-       &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">How Free Software and 
-      Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, and
-      Freedom</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
-         id="Gnutella">Regarding Gnutella</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why Schools Should Use
-      Exclusively Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom and You</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">
-      15 Years of Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">Free Software 
movement</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">
-      Your Freedom Needs Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">
-      Motives For Writing Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures 
-      Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">Lesson from Uruguay</a>. The FSF
-      learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html">
-      Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them</a> &mdash;
-      Freedom 0 must not be limited.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html">
-      Imperfection is not the same as oppression</a></li> 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html">
-      Applying the Free Software Criteria</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial announcement of
-       the GNU Operating System</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Brief history of the GNU Project</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a>,
-      a longer and more complete description of the project and its
-      history.</li>
-  <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">The official website of the Free Software 
Foundation</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+<h4 id="principles">Principles</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span 
class="date-tag">*[1996&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">
+  What is Free Software?</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+  Free Software Is Even More Important Now</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">
+  Selling Free Software</a>
+  &mdash; This is OK!</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html">
+  Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; Freedom 0 must not be limited.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2007]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">
+  Your Freedom Needs Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1994]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+  Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1991]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">
+  Why Software Should Be Free</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; An older and longer essay about the same topic as the 
+  previous one.</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information on licensing 
-      and copyleft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">A list of free and nonfree
-      licenses, with comments</a>.</li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions About 
-      the GNU Licenses</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why You Shouldn't Use the 
-      Lesser GPL for Your Next Library</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Why Copyleft?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if 
-      You Work at a University</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic 
Idealism</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Javascript Trap</a>. 
-         You may be running nonfree programs on your computer 
-         every day without realizing it&mdash;through your web browser.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>
-      Censorship envy and licensing</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">The X Window System Trap</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">The Problems of the Apple 
License</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/bsd.html">The BSD License Problem</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">The Netscape Public License 
-      Has Serious Problems</a>. An <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">
-      earlier version of this article</a> is also available.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">The Free Software Movement and 
UDI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">It's not the Gates, it's the 
-      bars</a>, an article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in
-      2008.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a>  
-      (An <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">older version</a> of 
-      this article is also available.)</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">The Microsoft 
-      Antitrust Trial and Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">On the Microsoft 
Verdict</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">
-       Microsoft's New Monopoly</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">
-      Lest CodePlex perplex</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">
-      The Problems of the Plan 9 License</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense">
-      The New Motif License</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Using the GNU 
FDL</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">
-      The GNU GPL and the American Way</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">
-      The GNU GPL and the American Dream</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">
-      Enforcing the GNU GPL</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">
-      On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower">
-      Freedom or Power?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments">
-      We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">
-      Free But Shackled - The Java Trap</a> (Although Sun has 
-      <a href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>
-      relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation
-      under the GNU General Public License, the issue described in this
-      article still remains important.)</li>  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">GPL-compliant version
-      of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a></li>
+<h4 id="practice">Practice</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1999-2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">
+  When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a>
+  (by Benjamin Mako Hill)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html">
+  Applying the Free Software Criteria</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html">
+  Imperfection is not the same as oppression</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">
+  Android and Users' Freedom</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997-2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/software/reliability.html">
+  Free Software is More Reliable!</a></li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="Laws">Laws and Issues</h3>
-
-<h4 id="patents">Patents</h4>
-
-<ul>  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Giving the Software
-  Field Protection from Patents</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSF's Position on W3
-  Consortium &ldquo;Royalty-Free&rdquo; Patent Policy</a>
-  rewritten</li>
-
-  <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Right
-  to Write Software</a> (whether it's free or not).</li>
-
-  <li>In <a 
href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>
-  Felten v. RIAA</a>, scientists are asking a court to rule that the
-  Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from
-  publishing their research.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/">EFF
-  &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of
-  America) DVD Cases Archive</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">Patent
-  Reform Is Not Enough</a></li>
+<h4 id="extension">Extension to other areas</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">
+  Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2020]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-software-rocket.html">
+  Should Rockets Have Only Free Software? Free Software and Appliances</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html">
+  Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html">
+  What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html">
+  Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html" id="Gnutella">
+  Regarding Gnutella</a></li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Saving Europe from
-  Software Patents</a></li>
+<h4 id="mix">Mixing free and nonfree</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2016]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html">
+  When Free Software Depends on Nonfree</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html">
+  Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">
+  Thank You, Larry McVoy</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/udi.html">
+  The Free Software Movement and UDI</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's 
-  &ldquo;unitary patent&rdquo; could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+<h4 id="free-open">Free software and open source</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2007-2021]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+  Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; Misses the Point of Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">
+  How Free Software and Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html">
+  FLOSS and FOSS</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">
+  Linux, GNU, and Freedom</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">
+  Letter from RMS to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>
+  on the distinction between the free software and open source movements.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">
+  &ldquo;Open Source Software&rdquo; or &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo;?</a>
+  (replaced by <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+  Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; Misses the Point of Free Software</a>)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">Boycott Amazon!</a></li>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">Amazon Boycott Success!</a>, a 
-  letter from Nat Friedman to Richard Stallman.</li>
+<h3 id="upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</h3>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">Letter from RMS to Tim 
-  O'Reilly</a> in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on 
-  the duration of software patents.</li>
+<h4>The GNU Project</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">The GNU Operating System</a>
+  &mdash; History, relationship with Linux, etc.</li>
+</ul>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">Amazon's patent on a system 
-  for placing a purchase order over the internet</a>, with notes by Richard
-  Stallman.</li>
+<h4 id="fsmovement">The free software movement</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><a href="https://www.fsf.org/";>
+  The official website of the Free Software Foundation</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">
+  The Free Software Community After 20 Years</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; With great but incomplete success, what now?</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">
+  15 Years of Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">
+  Free Software Movement</a></li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a 
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
-  id="SequentialIPandI">Sequential Innovation, Patents, and
-  Imitation</a> is a paper that presents a mathematical model showing
-  how patents can impede progress in fields like software.</li>
+<h4 id="need">The need for free software</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2011-2017]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">
+  Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009-2014]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/education/edu-schools.html">
+  Why Schools Should Use Exclusively Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">
+  Technological Neutrality and Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">
+  Lesson from Uruguay</a>
+  &mdash; The FSF learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">
+  Free Software and (e-)Government</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html">
+  Free Software and Sustainable Development</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; A short article regarding the use of proprietary software in
+  cultural development.</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Harm from the Hague</a>.</li>
+<h4 id="action">Guide for action</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2020]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">
+  Saying No to unjust computing even once is help</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">
+  Motives For Writing Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002-2020]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments">
+  We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2019]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html">
+  Install Fests: What to Do about the Deal with the Devil</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2019]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html">
+  What Is the Right Way to Upgrade an Installation of Windows?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/kind-communication.html">
+  GNU Kind Communications Guidelines</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2017]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html">
+  Why Hackathons Should Insist on Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html">
+  Beware of Contradictory &ldquo;Support&rdquo;</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html">
+  Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2010]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/practical.html">
+  The Advantages of Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">
+  How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">
+  Lest CodePlex perplex</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">
+  Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">
+  Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2007]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">
+  Overcoming Social Inertia</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">
+  MyDoom and You</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">Opposing The European
-  Software Patent Directive</a>, a slightly modified version of the 
-  article originally published in <a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/international";>
-  The Guardian</a> of London, by Richard Stallman and Nick Hill.</li>
 
-  <li><a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business";>
-  Soft sell</a>. Richard Stallman's comments on the defeat of the EU 
-  software patenting directive. Published in <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.</li>
+<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</h3>
 
-  <li><a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>
-  Patent absurdity</a>, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in
-  <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.</li>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">
+  Licenses</a>
+  &mdash; General information on licensing and copyleft</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">Bill Gates
-  and Other Communists</a>. An article by Richard Stallman published
-  in CNET News.com in 2005.</li>
+<h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">
+  Why Copyleft?</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1998]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">
+  Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009-2017]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">
+  On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">
+  When a Company Asks For Your Copyright</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>
+  Censorship envy and licensing</a>
+  (by David &ldquo;Novalis&rdquo; Turner, on <i>fsf.org</i>)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
+  English translation of the famous decision of the District Court of
+  Munich</a> regarding the enforceability and validity of the GPL (by
+  the translators of the Oxford Internet Institute, on
+  <i>oii.ox.ac.uk</i>)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/university.html">
+  Releasing Free Software if You Work at a University</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">
+  The GNU GPL and the American Way</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">
+  The GNU GPL and the American Dream</a>
+  (by Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower">
+  Freedom or Power?</a>
+  (by Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn and RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">
+  GPL-compliant version of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">
+  Enforcing the GNU GPL</a>
+  (by Eben Moglen)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">
+  Using the GNU FDL</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">The Anatomy of a
-  Trivial Patent</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+<h4 id="non-copyleft">Non-copyleft</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">
+  FSF's Opinion of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">
+  The Problems of the (Earlier) Plan 9 License</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">
+  On the Netscape Public License</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  [<a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">older version</a>]</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">
+  Netscape and Free Software</a>
+  &mdash; An old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an
+  announcement by Netscape.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense">
+  The New Motif License</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html" 
id="FightingSoftwarePatents">
-  Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</a></li>
+<h4 id="traps">Licensing traps</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009-2019]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">
+  JavaScript Trap</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day
+  without realizing it&mdash;through your web browser.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004-2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">
+  Free But Shackled - The Java Trap</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; Although Sun has
+  <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>
+  relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation under
+  the GNU General Public License, the issue described in this article
+  still remains important.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1998-2009]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/x.html">
+  The X Window System Trap</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">
+  The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">Software patents &mdash; 
-  Obstacles to software development</a></li>
   
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html" 
id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">
-      Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.
-      Speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954)
-      covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to
-      the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close
-      to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.</li>  
+<h3 id="Laws">Legal issues</h3>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Why there are no GIF files on GNU web 
-  pages</a>. While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of 
+<h4 id="patents">Patents</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">
+  Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">
+  Europe's &ldquo;unitary patent&rdquo; could mean unlimited software
+  patents</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000-2007]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd%20cases/";>
+  EFF &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;: MPAA (Motion Picture
+  Association of America) DVD Cases Archive</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">
+  The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">
+  Microsoft's New Monopoly</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business";>
+  Soft sell</a>
+  (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)
+  &mdash; Comments on the defeat of the EU software patenting directive.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">
+  Bill Gates and Other Communists</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html" 
id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">
+  Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; Speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954)
+  covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to the
+  game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close to the
+  hypothetical examples cited in this article.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html" 
id="FightingSoftwarePatents">
+  Fighting Software Patents&mdash;Singly and Together</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2005]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>
+  Patent absurdity</a>
+  (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">
+  FSF's Position on W3 Consortium &ldquo;Royalty-Free&rdquo; Patent Policy</a>
+  (rewritten)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">
+  Opposing The European Software Patent Directive</a>
+  (by RMS and Nick&nbsp;Hill)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>
+  Princeton Scientists Sue Over Squelched Research</a>
+  (press release on <i>eff.org</i>)
+  &mdash; In <cite>Felten v. RIAA</cite>, scientists ask a court to rule that 
the
+  Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from
+  publishing their research.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/hague.html">
+  Harm from the Hague</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
+  id="SequentialIPandI">
+  Sequential Innovation, Patents, and Imitation</a>
+  (by James Bessen and Eric Maskin, on <i>researchoninnovation.org</i>, 
archived)
+  &mdash; This paper presents a mathematical model showing how patents can
+  impede progress in fields like software.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">
+  Letter from RMS to Tim O'Reilly</a>
+  in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on the duration of
+  software patents.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">
+  Amazon Boycott Success!</a>
+  (a letter from Nat Friedman to RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">
+  (Formerly) Boycott Amazon!</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">
+  Method and system for placing a purchase order via a communications
+  network</a> 
+  &mdash; Amazon patent with notes by RMS</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1997]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/gif.html">
+  Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</a>
+  &mdash; While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of
   software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern. 
-  For details of our website 
-  <a href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">
-  policies regarding GIFs</a>, see our <a href="/server/standards/">
-  web guidelines</a>.</li> 
+  For details of our website policies regarding GIFs, see our <a
+  href="/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics">web
+  guidelines</a>.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">
+  Saving Europe from Software Patents</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">
+  Help Protect the Rights to Write Both Nonfree and Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">
+  Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></li>
 </ul>
 
 <h4 id="copyright">Copyright</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks 
-  For Your Copyright</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
-  the Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">How the Swedish Pirate Party 
-  Platform Backfires on Free Software</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting
-  Copyright</a> is another essay by Richard Stallman about the
-  flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSF's Brief Amicus
-  Curiae in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">Science must
-  &ldquo;push copyright aside&rdquo;</a>, another work of <a
-  href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> that appeared in
-  the <a
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">
+  Misinterpreting Copyright&mdash;A Series of Errors</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; About the flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">
+  Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2010]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">
+  Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">
+  Freedom&mdash;or Copyright?</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  [<a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">older version</a>]</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">
+  FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae in the <cite>Eldred v. Ashcroft</cite> Supreme 
Court case</a>
+  (by Eben Moglen)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">
+  Science must &ldquo;push copyright aside&rdquo;</a>
+  (by RMS, first published in <a
   
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>
-  Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding
-  progress in scientific research.  You may also be interested in <a
-  href="https://www.plos.org/";>The Public Library of
-  Science</a>, which is dedicated to making scientific research freely
-  available to all on the Internet.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluating
-  Copyright: The Public must prevail</a></li>
-
-  <li><a 
href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>
-  Eldred v. Reno</a> is about a lawsuit to overturn a law that extends
-  copyright by 20 extra years.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">Freedom-Or
-  Copyright?</a>, by Richard Stallman (an <a
-  href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">older version</a> of
-  this essay remains online as well.)</li>
-
-  <li>An <a 
href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
-  English translation of the famous 
-  decision of the District Court of Munich</a> regarding the enforceability 
and 
-  validity of the GPL. The translation was done by the Oxford Internet
-  Institute.</li>
-  <!-- This link is broken
-  <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
-  Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-  -->
-</ul>
-
-<h4 id="drm">Digital Restrictions Management</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html">
-  Correcting My Mistake about French Law</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
-  software controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard&nbsp;M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">Computing
-  &ldquo;progress&rdquo;: good and bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opposing Digital Rights
-  Mismanagement</a>, by Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common
-  questions about DRM.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Freedom Or
-  Copyright</a> a slightly modified version of the article, originally
-  published in Technology Review in 2000, by Richard Stallman</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">
-  Ebooks must increase our freedom, not decrease it</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Can you trust your
-  computer?</a>, a work by Richard Stallman about the so-called 
-  &ldquo;trusted computing&rdquo; initiatives.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
-  Dystopian Short Story</a> by Richard Stallman.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h4 id="noip">The propaganda
-term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">
-&ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;</a></h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of 
-  Komongistan (Busting the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;)</a></li>
-  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">Don't Let
-  &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo; Twist Your Ethos</a>, by
-  Richard Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li>Comments from Richard Stallman
-  on <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">the ICLC's rejection of the
-  IP Enforcement Directive</a></li>
-
-  <li>Richard Stallman has
-  written <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">a review of
-  Boldrin and Levine's &ldquo;The case against intellectual
-  property.&rdquo;</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say
-  &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;?  It's a Seductive Mirage</a>.
-  An essay on the true meaning of the phrase &ldquo;Intellectual
-  Property&rdquo;, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+  <cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a> in 2001)
+  &mdash; This article explains how copyright is impeding progress in
+  scientific research.  You may also be interested
+  in <a href="https://www.plos.org/";>The Public Library of Science</a>,
+  which is dedicated to making scientific research freely available to all
+  on the Internet.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2001]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>
+  Examples of Excellent Copyright Policies</a>
+  (on <i>humaninfo.org</i>, archived)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>
+  Original complaint in <cite>Eldred v. Reno</cite></a>
+  (on <i>harvard.edu</i>)
+  &mdash; A lawsuit to overturn a law that extends copyright by 20 extra
+  years.</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h4 id="ns">Network Services</h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html">
-  Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</a> an
-  article by Richard Stallman.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who
-  does that server really serve?</a>  by Richard Stallman published
-  in <a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM";>
-  Boston Review.</a></li>
+<h4 id="noip">The propaganda term &ldquo;<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual
+Property</a>&rdquo;</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+  Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">
+  The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term &ldquo;intellectual
+  property&rdquo;)</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2006]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">
+  Don't Let &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo; Twist Your Ethos</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+  Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">
+  Reject IP Enforcement Directive</a>
+  &mdash; Comments on the rejection of this directive by the International
+  Civil Liberties Coalition.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">
+  Review: Boldrin and Levine, &ldquo;The Case Against Intellectual
+  Property&rdquo;</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h4 id="cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">Stallman's Law</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">Anonymous
-  Payment by Phone</a></li>
-
-  <li><a 
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance";>
-  A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>, by Richard
-  Stallman</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html">Surveillance
-  Testimony</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html">
-  Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html">
-  Why Hackathons Should Insist on Free Software</a>
-  by Richard Stallman</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">
-  Technological Neutrality and Free Software</a>
-  by Richard Stallman</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">How Much
-  Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a> by Richard Stallman</li>
+<h4 id="sco">Response to SCO's attacks</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003-2004]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">
+  FSF's Position regarding SCO's attacks on Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">
+  SCO, GNU, and Linux</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; How SCO's lawsuit against IBM pertains to the work of the
+  GNU project.</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">Nonfree DRM'd Games on
-  GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a> by Richard Stallman.</li>
 
-  <li> <a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>
-  Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh 
-  away</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li>
+<h3 id="cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</h3>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">
+<h4 id="society">Digital society</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">
+  Stallman's Law</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2009]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">
   Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> 
-  By Richard Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information
-  Society</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Encryption software
-  volunteers needed in countries without export control</a>.</li>
-
-  <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">
-  Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a> on the Internet.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Protect Postal
-  Privacy</a>, a campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United
-  States Postal Service to collect private information from
-  customers.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and
-  (e-)Government</a> &mdash; an article from The Guardian, by Richard
-  Stallman (originally published under the title &ldquo;Second
-  Sight&rdquo;).</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html">
-  Free Software and Sustainable Development</a> &mdash; A short
-  article by Richard Stallman regarding the use of proprietary
-  software in cultural development.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">
-  Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html">
-  A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of 
E-Books</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html">
-  Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</a> By
-  Richard Stallman.</li>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2007]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">
+  Computing &ldquo;progress&rdquo;: good and bad</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2003]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">
+  World Summit on the Information Society</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
- <li><a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html">
-  Beware of Contradictory &ldquo;Support&rdquo;</a></li>
+<h4 id="drm">Digital restrictions management</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2006]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">
+  Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; Answers to a few common questions about DRM.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">
+  Can You Trust Your Computer?</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; About the so-called &ldquo;trusted computing&rdquo; initiatives.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">
+  Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html">
+  Correcting My Mistake about French Law</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="terminology">Terminology and Definitions</h3>
+<h4 id="ns">Network Services</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2010-2020]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+  Who does that server really serve?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2020]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/posting-videos.html">
+  Posting Videos</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2015]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">
+  What's Wrong with YouTube</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2014]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">
+  The Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html">
+  A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">
+  Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html">
-      Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words</a>
-      which You Might Want to Avoid</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
-      Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</a>. On how WIPO 
-      recognizes that their system is designed to restrict the public, and
-      how they propose to modify terminology so that people won't notice.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
-      &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">&ldquo;Open
-      Source Software&rdquo; or &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo;?</a>
-      (This is an older essay about the same topic as the previous one.)</li>
-  <li>Richard Stallman wrote <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">
-      letter to the editor</a> of Dr. Dobb's Journal in June 2001 which 
further 
-      explains the distinction between the Free Software and Open Source 
-      movements.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
-      Non-Free Software</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html">
-      What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Translations of the
-      term &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why call it the
-      Swindle</a></li>
+<h4 id="access">Accessing culture</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[1996-2016]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">
+  The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">
+  Ebooks must increase our freedom, not decrease it</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2011]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
+  The Danger of E-Books</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+  <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2010]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>
+  Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a>
+  (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">
+  Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html">
+  The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">
+  U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a>
+  &mdash; An attempt of the Congress to create a private monopoly over
+  repeating publicly known information.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html">
+  Stop H.R. 3028 - Protect the Net - Stop the Trademark Monopolists</a>
+  (by Marc Rotenberg)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">
+  Comments on Roderick Long's Article</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</h3>
+<h4 id="funding">Funding cultural works</h4>
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">
+  Funding Art vs Funding Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1992]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/dat.html">
+  The Right Way to Tax DAT</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">Saying No to unjust
-      computing even once is help</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html">Install Fests:
-      What to Do about the Deal with the Devil</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html">What Is the Right Way to
-      Upgrade an Installation of Windows?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">The Free Software 
-      Community After 20 Years</a>, With great but incomplete success, 
-      what now?</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a>, 
-      by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">
-      Overcoming Social Inertia</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous 
Compromises</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
-      Free Software Is Even More Important Now</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="misc">Misc</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/posting-videos.html">Posting Videos</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">Clearly established 
-  cases of proprietary software that does nasty things to the
-  users</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free 
-  software</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The
-  Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>, By Richard Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious
-  Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, and
-  Linux</a>, by Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against
-  IBM pertains to the work of the GNU project.  Please see
-  the <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">FSF SCO Response Page</a> for
-  more details on this subject.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">FSF's Statement in
-  Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft vs. United
-  States, submitted to the US Department of Justice under the Tunney
-  Act</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">U.S. Congress Threatens
-  to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a>, an attempt of the Congress
-  to create a private monopoly over repeating publicly known
-  information.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">The Right Way to Tax DAT</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censoring My
-  Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li>
-  
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">Funding
-  Art vs Funding Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">
-  Android and Users' Freedom</a></li>
+<h4 id="evils">Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.</h4>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">Ubuntu Spyware: What to 
Do?</a></li>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span 
class="date-tag">*[2013&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/proprietary/proprietary.html">
+  Proprietary Software Is Often Malware</a>
+  &mdash; Clearly established cases of proprietary software that does
+  nasty things to the users.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">*[2015-2019]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">
+  How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2021]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html">
+  The WWWorst App Store</a>
+  (by Alexandre Oliva)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html">
+  Anonymous Payment by Phone</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a 
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance";>
+  A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>
+  (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2018]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html">
+  Surveillance Testimony</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2012]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">
+  Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2009]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">
+  Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a>
+  [<a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">older version</a>]</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">
+  The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2008]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/gates.html">
+  It's not the Gates, it's the bars</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">
+  The Wassenaar Arrangement</a>
+  &mdash; Encryption software volunteers needed in countries without
+  export control.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">
+  FSF's Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in
+  <cite>Microsoft v. United States</cite></a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2000]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">
+  On the Microsoft Verdict</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1999]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">
+  The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">
+  Protect Postal Privacy</a>
+  (by Kathleen Ellis)
+  &mdash; A campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United States
+  Postal Service to collect private information from customers.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">
+  Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a>
+  &mdash; How to protect these freedoms on the Internet.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">
+  Censoring My Software</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+</ul>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">What's Wrong with 
-  YouTube</a></li>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape and Free Software</a>,
-  an old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an 
-  announcement by Netscape.</li>
+<h3 id="terminology">Terminology and Definitions</h3>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">Comments on 
-  Roderick Long's Article</a>.</li>
+<ul class="no-bullet"> 
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span 
class="date-tag">*[1996&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">
+  Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or 
Confusing</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span 
class="date-tag">[1999&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+  Translations of the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a>
+  into various languages.</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[1996-2019]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">
+  Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</a></li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2013]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">
+  Why Call It The Swindle?</a>
+  (by RMS)</li>
+ <li><!--#set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">[2002]</span>'
+  --><!--#echo encoding='none' var='DATE' -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
+  Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</a>
+  (by RMS)
+  &mdash; How WIPO recognizes that their system is designed to restrict
+  the public, and how they propose to modify terminology so that people
+  won't notice.</li>
 </ul>
 
+
 <h3 id="humor">Philosophical humor</h3>
 
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy Humor</a>.
-    We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</li>
-</ul>
+<p><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Laugh along with GNU (Philosophy)</a>
+&mdash; We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</p>
 </div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -668,7 +1120,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/07/10 10:01:30 $
+$Date: 2021/08/29 10:02:37 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: po/essays-and-articles.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.204
retrieving revision 1.205
diff -u -b -r1.204 -r1.205
--- po/essays-and-articles.es.po        29 Aug 2021 09:46:20 -0000      1.204
+++ po/essays-and-articles.es.po        29 Aug 2021 10:02:37 -0000      1.205
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
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 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: essays-and-articles.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-08-19 07:56+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-08-28 16:26+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2021-08-29 11:43+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Javier Fdez. Retenaga <jfrtnaga@gnu.org>\n"
 "Language-Team: Spanish <www-es-general@gnu.org>\n"
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@
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-"<a href=\"/proprietary/proprietary.html\"><cite>Malware</cite> en el software 
"
-"privativo</a>"
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-"be copied and changed much more easily.  These possibilities make software as 
"
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 "El software libre es una cuestión de libertad: las personas deben ser libres 
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-"que los usuarios de software deben poder hacer uso de tales posibilidades."
+"software difiere de los objetos materiales (como las sillas, los bocadillos "
+"o la gasolina) en el hecho de que puede copiarse y modificarse mucho más "
+"fácilmente. Estas posibilidades hacen que el software sea tan útil, y "
+"creemos que los usuarios de software deben poder hacer uso de tales "
+"posibilidades."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h4>
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-"<a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\"> Free Software 
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-"Is Even More Important Now</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\"> Free "
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 "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">El software "
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+"programs must not limit the freedom to run them</a> (by RMS)  &mdash; "
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"
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+"<a href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html\">Por qué el software debe ser "
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+"sobre el mismo tema que el anterior."
 
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-"<a href=\"/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html\"> Imperfección no 
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+"es lo mismo que opresión</a> (por RMS)"
 
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 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
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@@ -419,8 +421,8 @@
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 "<a href=\"/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html\">Los "
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-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html\"> FLOSS and FOSS</a> (by 
RMS)"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html\"> FLOSS y FOSS</a> (por 
RMS)"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html\"> FLOSS and FOSS</a> (by RMS)"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html\"> FLOSS y FOSS</a> (por RMS)"
 
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 "<a href=\"/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html\">Carta de RMS al editor de la "
 "revista  <cite>Dr. Dobb's Journal</cite></a> en la que explica la diferencia "
@@ -551,8 +555,8 @@
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html\"> &ldquo;Open Source "
 "Software&rdquo; or &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo;?</a> (replaced by <a href=\"/"
-"philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; 
"
-"Misses the Point of Free Software</a>)"
+"philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> Why &ldquo;Open "
+"Source&rdquo; Misses the Point of Free Software</a>)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html\">«Software de código "
 "abierto» o «software libre»?</a> (Reemplazado por <a 
href=\"/philosophy/open-"
@@ -670,8 +674,8 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/uruguay.html\"> Lesson from Uruguay</a> &mdash; The FSF 
"
-"learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/uruguay.html\"> Lesson from Uruguay</a> &mdash; The "
+"FSF learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/uruguay.html\">Lección desde Uruguay</a>&nbsp;&mdash; "
 "La FSF aprendió algo de un proyecto de ley presentado en Uruguay."
@@ -688,10 +692,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/second-sight.html\">El software libre y el gobierno "
 "electrónico</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html\"> Free Software
-# | and Sustainable Development</a> {+(by RMS)+}  &mdash; A short article [-by
-# | Richard Stallman-] regarding the use of proprietary software in cultural
-# | development.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2005]</span>'
 #.
@@ -710,8 +710,6 @@
 msgid "Guide for action"
 msgstr "Guía de acción"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html\">{+ +}Saying No to unjust
-# | computing even once is help</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2020]</span>'
 #.
@@ -730,27 +728,24 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\"> Motives For Writing Free 
Software</a>"
-msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">Motivos para escribir software 
libre</"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\"> Motives For Writing Free Software</"
 "a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">Motivos para escribir software "
+"libre</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html\" id=\"NoWordAttachments\">
-# | We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2002-2020]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html\" id=\"NoWordAttachments\"> We 
"
-"Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html\" id=\"NoWordAttachments\"> "
+"We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html\" id=\"NoWordAttachments"
 "\">Entre todos podemos poner fin a los adjuntos en formato Word</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html\">{+ +}Install Fests: What
-# | to Do about the Deal with the Devil</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2019]</span>'
 #.
@@ -763,8 +758,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/install-fest-devil.html\">Fiestas de instalación y "
 "pacto con el diablo: ¿qué hacer?</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/upgrade-windows.html\">{+ +}What Is the Right Way to
-# | Upgrade an Installation of Windows?</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2019]</span>'
 #.
@@ -789,23 +782,19 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/kind-communication.html\">Recomendaciones de GNU para "
 "una comunicación cordial</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/hackathons.html\"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on
-# | Free Software</a> [-by Richard Stallman-] {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2017]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/hackathons.html\"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on Free 
"
-"Software</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/hackathons.html\"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on "
+"Free Software</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/hackathons.html\"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on Free 
"
-"Software</a> (Por qué los hackatones deben exigir software libre) (por RMS) "
-"[en inglés]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/hackathons.html\"> Why Hackathons Should Insist on "
+"Free Software</a> (Por qué los hackatones deben exigir software libre) (por "
+"RMS) [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/contradictory-support.html\"> Beware of
-# | Contradictory &ldquo;Support&rdquo;</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2014]</span>'
 #.
@@ -818,8 +807,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/contradictory-support.html\">Cuidado con el «apoyo» "
 "contradictorio</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/devils-advocate.html\"> Why the Devil's Advocate
-# | Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2012]</span>'
 #.
@@ -832,9 +819,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/devils-advocate.html\"> Por qué el abogado del diablo "
 "no ayuda a llegar a la verdad</a>  (por RMS) [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/practical.html\">The advantages-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/practical.html\"> The Advantages+} of [-free
-# | software</a>.-] {+Free Software</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2010]</span>'
 #.
@@ -847,8 +831,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/practical.html\">Las ventajas del software libre</a> "
 "(por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/pirate-party.html\">{+ +}How the Swedish Pirate
-# | Party Platform Backfires on Free Software</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2009]</span>'
 #.
@@ -861,21 +843,18 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/pirate-party.html\">Las propuestas del Partido Pirata "
 "sueco y el software libre: el tiro por la culata</a>  (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\"> Lest CodePlex
-# | perplex</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2009]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\"> Lest CodePlex perplex</a> 
"
-"(by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\"> Lest CodePlex perplex</"
+"a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\">Para que CodePlex no nos "
 "sorprenda</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/ucita.html\">{+ +}Why We Must Fight UCITA</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2008]</span>'
 #.
@@ -884,22 +863,18 @@
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/ucita.html\"> Why We Must Fight UCITA</a>"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/ucita.html\">Por qué debemos combatir UCITA</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\">{+ +}Avoiding Ruinous
-# | Compromises</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2008]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\"> Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a> (by 
"
-"RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\"> Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</a> "
+"(by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\">Evitar compromisos ruinosos</a>  (por 
"
-"RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\">Evitar compromisos ruinosos</a>  "
+"(por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/social-inertia.html\"> Overcoming Social
-# | [-Inertia</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.-] {+Inertia</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2007]</span>'
 #.
@@ -912,7 +887,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/social-inertia.html\">Superar la inercia social</a> "
 "(por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/my_doom.html\">{+ +}MyDoom and You</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2004]</span>'
 #.
@@ -925,13 +899,10 @@
 msgid "Licensing Free Software"
 msgstr "Licencias y software libre"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/licenses/licenses.html\">General-]
-# | {+href=\"/licenses/licenses.html\"> Licenses</a> &mdash; General+}
-# | information on licensing and [-copyleft</a>-] {+copyleft+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/licenses/licenses.html\"> Licenses</a> &mdash; General information 
"
-"on licensing and copyleft"
+"<a href=\"/licenses/licenses.html\"> Licenses</a> &mdash; General "
+"information on licensing and copyleft"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/licenses/licenses.html\">Licencias</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Información "
 "general sobre licencias y copyleft"
@@ -940,7 +911,6 @@
 msgid "Copyleft"
 msgstr "Copyleft"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">{+ +}Why Copyleft?</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2003]</span>'
 #.
@@ -949,8 +919,6 @@
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\"> Why Copyleft?</a>"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">¿Por qué Copyleft?</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">{+ +}Copyleft: Pragmatic
-# | Idealism</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[1998]</span>'
 #.
@@ -963,23 +931,30 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">Copyleft: idealismo pragmático</a>  "
 "(por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\"> On Selling Exceptions to
-# | the GNU GPL</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2009-2017]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\"> On Selling Exceptions to the 
"
-"GNU GPL</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\"> On Selling Exceptions to "
+"the GNU GPL</a> (by RMS)"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\">Sobre la venta de "
+"excepciones a la GPL de GNU</a> (por RMS)"
+
+#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
+#. [2014]</span>'
+#.   
+#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html\"> When a Company Asks For "
+"Your Copyright</a>"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\">Sobre la venta de excepciones 
"
-"a la GPL de GNU</a> (por RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html\">Cuando una empresa pide que "
+"se le asigne el copyright</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"http{+s+}://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html\">
-# | Censorship envy and licensing</a> {+(by David &ldquo;Novalis&rdquo;
-# | Turner, on <i>fsf.org</i>)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2005]</span>'
 #.
@@ -987,19 +962,13 @@
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"https://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html\";> Censorship "
-"envy and licensing</a> (by David &ldquo;Novalis&rdquo; Turner, on 
<i>fsf.org</"
-"i>)"
+"envy and licensing</a> (by David &ldquo;Novalis&rdquo; Turner, on <i>fsf."
+"org</i>)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html\";>Envidia de la "
 "censura y licencias</a> (por David «Novalis» Turner, en <i>fsf.org</i>) [en 
"
 "inglés]"
 
-# | [-An-]<a
-# | 
href=\"https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf\";>
-# | English translation of the famous decision of the District Court of
-# | Munich</a> regarding the enforceability and validity of the [-GPL. The
-# | translation was done by-] {+GPL (by the translators of+} the Oxford
-# | Internet [-Institute.-] {+Institute, on <i>oii.ox.ac.uk</i>)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2004]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1008,9 +977,9 @@
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/";
 "OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf\"> English translation of the famous decision of the "
-"District Court of Munich</a> regarding the enforceability and validity of the 
"
-"GPL (by the translators of the Oxford Internet Institute, on 
<i>oii.ox.ac.uk</"
-"i>)"
+"District Court of Munich</a> regarding the enforceability and validity of "
+"the GPL (by the translators of the Oxford Internet Institute, on <i>oii.ox."
+"ac.uk</i>)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/";
 "OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf\">Traducción al inglés de la célebre decisión del 
"
@@ -1039,8 +1008,8 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html\" id=\"GPLAmericanWay\"> The GNU "
 "GPL and the American Way</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html\" id=\"GPLAmericanWay\">La GPL de 
"
-"GNU y el estilo americano</a> (por RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html\" id=\"GPLAmericanWay\">La GPL "
+"de GNU y el estilo americano</a> (por RMS)"
 
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2001]</span>'
@@ -1063,8 +1032,8 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html\" id=\"FreedomOrPower\"> Freedom "
 "or Power?</a> (by Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn and RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html\" 
id=\"FreedomOrPower\">¿Libertad "
-"o poder?</a> (por Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn and RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html\" id=\"FreedomOrPower\">"
+"¿Libertad o poder?</a> (por Bradley&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Kuhn and RMS)"
 
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2001]</span>'
@@ -1072,8 +1041,8 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html\"> GPL-compliant version of RTLinux 
"
-"Open Patent License in Works</a>"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html\"> GPL-compliant version of "
+"RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a>"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html\">Versión de la <cite>RTLinux Open 
"
 "Patent License</cite> compatible con la GPL de GNU</a> [en inglés]"
@@ -1084,8 +1053,8 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html\" id=\"EnforcingGPL\"> Enforcing the 
"
-"GNU GPL</a> (by Eben Moglen)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html\" id=\"EnforcingGPL\"> Enforcing "
+"the GNU GPL</a> (by Eben Moglen)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html\" id=\"EnforcingGPL\">Hacer cumplir "
 "la GPL de GNU</a> (por Eben Moglen)"
@@ -1130,37 +1099,29 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/plan-nine.html\" id=\"PlanNineLicense\">Los problemas "
 "de la (anterior) licencia de Plan 9</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl.html\">The-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl.html\"> On the+} Netscape Public
-# | [-License Has Serious Problems</a>. An <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html\"> earlier version of this
-# | article</a> is also available.-] {+License</a> (by RMS)  [<a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html\">older version</a>]+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1998]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl.html\"> On the Netscape Public License</a> 
"
-"(by RMS)  [<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html\">older version</a>]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl.html\"> On the Netscape Public License</"
+"a> (by RMS)  [<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html\">older version</"
+"a>]"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl.html\">Acerca de la Licencia Pública "
 "Netscape</a> (by RMS) [<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html\">versión 
"
 "antigua</a>]."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/netscape.html\">{+ +}Netscape and Free
-# | [-Software</a>, an-] {+Software</a> &mdash; An+} old article that
-# | clarifies some misunderstandings about an announcement by Netscape.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1998]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape.html\"> Netscape and Free Software</a> &mdash; 
"
-"An old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an announcement by 
"
-"Netscape."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape.html\"> Netscape and Free Software</a> "
+"&mdash; An old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an "
+"announcement by Netscape."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/netscape.html\">Netscape y el software libre</a>.&nbsp;"
 "&mdash; Un viejo artículo que clarifica algunos malentendidos acerca de un "
@@ -1182,10 +1143,6 @@
 msgid "Licensing traps"
 msgstr "Trampas de las licencias"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\">Javascript Trap</a>.-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\"> JavaScript Trap</a> (by RMS)
-# | &mdash;+} You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day
-# | without realizing it&mdash;through your web browser.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2009-2019]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1196,16 +1153,10 @@
 "&mdash; You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day "
 "without realizing it&mdash;through your web browser."
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\">La trampa de JavaScript</a> (por 
"
-"RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Sin darse cuenta, usted puede estar utilizando a diario en "
-"el navegador programas que no son libres."
-
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/java-trap.html\" id=\"JavaTrap\"> Free But Shackled
-# | - The Java Trap</a> [-(Although-] {+(by RMS)  &mdash; Although+} Sun has
-# | <a href=\"http{+s+}://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html\">
-# | relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation under
-# | the GNU General Public License, the issue described in this article still
-# | remains important.[-)-]
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\">La trampa de JavaScript</a> "
+"(por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Sin darse cuenta, usted puede estar utilizando a "
+"diario en el navegador programas que no son libres."
+
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2004-2015]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1218,11 +1169,11 @@
 "platform reference implementation under the GNU General Public License, the "
 "issue described in this article still remains important."
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/java-trap.html\" id=\"JavaTrap\">Libre pero encadenado. 
"
-"La trampa de Java</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Si bien Sun <a href=\"https://";
-"www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html\"> ha relicenciado</a> bajo la "
-"Licencia Pública General de GNU la mayor parte de la implementación de "
-"referencia de su plataforma Java, el problema que se describe en este "
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/java-trap.html\" id=\"JavaTrap\">Libre pero "
+"encadenado. La trampa de Java</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Si bien Sun <a href="
+"\"https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html\";> ha relicenciado</a> "
+"bajo la Licencia Pública General de GNU la mayor parte de la implementación 
"
+"de referencia de su plataforma Java, el problema que se describe en este "
 "artículo sigue siendo importante."
 
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
@@ -1243,8 +1194,8 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html\"> The Curious Incident of Sun "
 "in the Night-Time</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html\">El curioso incidente de Sun 
"
-"a medianoche</a> (por RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html\">El curioso incidente de "
+"Sun a medianoche</a> (por RMS)"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Legal issues"
@@ -1279,10 +1230,6 @@
 "europea podría significar el patentado ilimitado de software</a> (por RMS) "
 "[en inglés]"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/\">EFF-]
-# | {+href=\"https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd%20cases/\";> EFF+}
-# | &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of
-# | America) DVD Cases Archive</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2000-2007]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1304,8 +1251,8 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/trivial-patent.html\"> The Anatomy of a Trivial 
Patent</"
-"a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/trivial-patent.html\"> The Anatomy of a Trivial "
+"Patent</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/trivial-patent.html\">Anatomía de una patente 
trivial</"
 "a> (por RMS)"
@@ -1322,11 +1269,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html\">El nuevo monopolio de "
 "Microsoft</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a
-# | 
href=\"http{+s+}://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business\">
-# | Soft [-sell</a>. Richard Stallman's comments-] {+sell</a> (by RMS, on
-# | <i>theguardian.com</i>)  &mdash; Comments+} on the defeat of the EU
-# | software patenting directive. [-Published in <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.-]
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2005]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1355,13 +1297,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html\">Bill Gates y "
 "otros comunistas</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html\"
-# | id=\"SoftwareLiteraryPatents\"> Software Patents and Literary
-# | [-Patents</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.-] {+Patents</a> (by RMS)  &mdash;+}
-# | Speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954)  covers
-# | making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to the game)
-# | they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close to the
-# | hypothetical examples cited in this article.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2005]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1378,14 +1313,11 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html\" id="
 "\"SoftwareLiteraryPatents\">Patentes de software y patentes literarias</a> "
 "(por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Con relación a la aplicación de patentes a las "
-"técnicas artísticas, la patente 6.935.954 de los Estados Unidos cubre la 
idea "
-"de hacer que los personajes de los juegos comiencen a alucinar cuando (de "
-"acuerdo al juego) se vuelven locos. Esto se parece mucho a los ejemplos "
+"técnicas artísticas, la patente 6.935.954 de los Estados Unidos cubre la "
+"idea de hacer que los personajes de los juegos comiencen a alucinar cuando "
+"(de acuerdo al juego) se vuelven locos. Esto se parece mucho a los ejemplos "
 "hipotéticos que se presentan en el artículo."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html\"
-# | id=\"FightingSoftwarePatents\"> Fighting Software [-Patents - Singly-]
-# | {+Patents&mdash;Singly+} and Together</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2004]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1400,27 +1332,20 @@
 "\"FightingSoftwarePatents\">Cómo combatir las patentes de software &mdash;  "
 "Individual y colectivamente</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a
-# | 
href=\"http{+s+}://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit\">
-# | Patent [-absurdity</a>, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in
-# | <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.-] {+absurdity</a> (by RMS, on
-# | <i>theguardian.com</i>)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2005]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a 
href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.";
-"insideit\"> Patent absurdity</a> (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)"
-msgstr ""
-"<a 
href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.";
-"insideit\"><cite>La absurdidad de las patentes</cite></a> (por RMS, en "
-"<cite>The Guardian</cite>). [en inglés]"
-
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/w3c-patent.html\">{+ +}FSF's Position on W3
-# | Consortium &ldquo;Royalty-Free&rdquo; Patent Policy</a> [-rewritten-]
-# | {+(rewritten)+}
+"<a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/";
+"onlinesupplement.insideit\"> Patent absurdity</a> (by RMS, on <i>theguardian."
+"com</i>)"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/";
+"onlinesupplement.insideit\"><cite>La absurdidad de las patentes</cite></a> "
+"(por RMS, en <cite>The Guardian</cite>). [en inglés]"
+
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2003]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1433,42 +1358,23 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/w3c-patent.html\">Opinión de la FSF sobre la política 
"
 "de patentes «sin regalías» del W3C</a> (reescrito)."
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Saving Europe from-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/guardian-article.html\"> Opposing The European+}
-# | Software [-Patents</a>-] {+Patent Directive</a> (by RMS and
-# | Nick&nbsp;Hill)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2003]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Saving Europe from Software "
-#| "Patents</a>"
-msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/guardian-article.html\"> Opposing The European Software 
"
-"Patent Directive</a> (by RMS and Nick&nbsp;Hill)"
-msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/guardian-article.html\">No a la directiva europea sobre 
"
-"patentes de software</a> (por RMS y Nick&nbsp;Hill)."
-
-# | [-In-]<a
-# | 
href=\"https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research\";>
-# | [-Felten-] {+Princeton Scientists Sue Over Squelched Research</a> (press
-# | release on <i>eff.org</i>)  &mdash; In <cite>Felten+} v. [-RIAA</a>,-]
-# | {+RIAA</cite>,+} scientists [-are asking-] {+ask+} a court to rule that
-# | the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from
-# | publishing their research.
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/guardian-article.html\"> Opposing The European "
+"Software Patent Directive</a> (by RMS and Nick&nbsp;Hill)"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/guardian-article.html\">No a la directiva europea "
+"sobre patentes de software</a> (por RMS y Nick&nbsp;Hill)."
+
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2001]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In <a href=\"https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-";
-#| "over-squelched-research\"> Felten v. RIAA</a>, scientists are asking a "
-#| "court to rule that the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not "
-#| "prohibit them from publishing their research."
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-";
 "squelched-research\"> Princeton Scientists Sue Over Squelched Research</a> "
@@ -1479,13 +1385,11 @@
 "<a href=\"https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-";
 "squelched-research\">Científicos de Princeton pleitean por una 
investigación "
 "truncada</a> (nota de prensa en <i>eff.org</i>)&nbsp;&mdash; en <cite>Felten "
-"v. RIAA</cite>, científicos reclaman a un tribunal que se resuelva que la 
Ley "
-"de Copyright del Milenio Digital (<abbr title=\"Digital Millennium Copyright "
-"Act\">DMCA</abbr>) no puede prohibilrles publicar sus investigaciones. [en "
-"inglés]"
+"v. RIAA</cite>, científicos reclaman a un tribunal que se resuelva que la "
+"Ley de Copyright del Milenio Digital (<abbr title=\"Digital Millennium "
+"Copyright Act\">DMCA</abbr>) no puede prohibilrles publicar sus "
+"investigaciones. [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/hague.html\">{+ +}Harm from the [-Hague</a>.-]
-# | {+Hague</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2001]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1494,13 +1398,6 @@
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/hague.html\"> Harm from the Hague</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/hague.html\">Daños desde La Haya</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a
-# | 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf\";
-# | id=\"SequentialIPandI\">{+ +}Sequential Innovation, Patents, and
-# | Imitation</a> [-is a-] {+(by James Bessen and Eric Maskin, on
-# | <i>researchoninnovation.org</i>, archived)  &mdash; This+} paper [-that-]
-# | presents a mathematical model showing how patents can impede progress in
-# | fields like software.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2000]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1521,26 +1418,20 @@
 "presenta un modelo matemático que muestra que las patentes pueden impedir el 
"
 "progreso en campos como el del software. [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html\">{+ +}Letter from RMS to Tim
-# | O'Reilly</a> in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on the
-# | duration of software patents.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html\"> Letter from RMS to Tim 
O'Reilly</"
-"a> in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on the duration of "
-"software patents."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html\"> Letter from RMS to Tim "
+"O'Reilly</a> in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on the "
+"duration of software patents."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html\">Carta de RMS a Tim O'Reilly</a> "
 "con respecto a unas declaraciones de Jeff Bezos, CEO de Amazon, acerca de la "
 "duración de las patentes de software [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-nat.html\">{+ +}Amazon Boycott
-# | [-Success!</a>, a-] {+Success!</a> (a+} letter from Nat Friedman to
-# | [-Richard Stallman.-] {+RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1550,11 +1441,9 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-nat.html\"> Amazon Boycott Success!</a> (a "
 "letter from Nat Friedman to RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-nat.html\">¡Éxito del boicot a Amazon!</a> 
&nbsp;"
-"&mdash; Una carta de Nat Friedman a Richard Stallman [en inglés]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon-nat.html\">¡Éxito del boicot a Amazon!</a> "
+"&nbsp;&mdash; Una carta de Nat Friedman a Richard Stallman [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/amazon.html\">Boycott-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/amazon.html\"> (Formerly) Boycott+} Amazon!</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1564,11 +1453,6 @@
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/amazon.html\">(Anteriormente) ¡Boicotee a Amazon!</a>"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/amazonpatent.html\">Amazon's patent on a-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/amazonpatent.html\"> Method and+} system for placing
-# | a purchase order [-over the internet</a>,-] {+via a communications
-# | network</a> &mdash; Amazon patent+} with notes by [-Richard Stallman.-]
-# | {+RMS+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1579,20 +1463,10 @@
 "purchase order via a communications network</a> &mdash; Amazon patent with "
 "notes by RMS"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/amazonpatent.html\">Método y sistema para presentar 
una "
-"orden de compra a través de una rede de comunicaciones</a>&nbsp;&mdash; "
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/amazonpatent.html\">Método y sistema para presentar "
+"una orden de compra a través de una rede de comunicaciones</a>&nbsp;&mdash; "
 "Patente de Amazon con notas de RMS. [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/gif.html\">Why there are no-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/gif.html\"> Why There Are No+} GIF [-f-]{+F+}iles on
-# | GNU [-web pages</a>.-] {+Web Pages</a> &mdash;+} While this story is a
-# | historical illustration of the danger of software patents, these
-# | particular patents are now no longer a concern.  For details of our
-# | website [-<a href=\"/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics\">-]
-# | policies regarding [-GIFs</a>,-] {+GIFs,+} see our <a
-# | [-href=\"/server/standards/\"> web-]
-# | {+href=\"/server/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics\">web+}
-# | guidelines</a>.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1997]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1600,20 +1474,19 @@
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/gif.html\"> Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web "
-"Pages</a> &mdash; While this story is a historical illustration of the danger 
"
-"of software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern.  "
-"For details of our website policies regarding GIFs, see our <a 
href=\"/server/"
-"standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics\">web guidelines</a>."
+"Pages</a> &mdash; While this story is a historical illustration of the "
+"danger of software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a "
+"concern.  For details of our website policies regarding GIFs, see our <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics\">web "
+"guidelines</a>."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/gif.html\">Por qué no hay archivos GIF en las páginas 
"
-"web de GNU</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Si bien esta historia es un ejemplo histórico 
del "
-"peligro de las patentes de software, estas patentes en particular ya no son "
-"un problema. Para más detalles sobre las normas para las GIF de nuestro 
sitio "
-"web, consulte nuestras <a href=\"/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines."
-"html#UseofGraphics\">directrices del sitio</a>."
+"web de GNU</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Si bien esta historia es un ejemplo histórico "
+"del peligro de las patentes de software, estas patentes en particular ya no "
+"son un problema. Para más detalles sobre las normas para las GIF de nuestro "
+"sitio web, consulte nuestras <a href=\"/server/standards/gnu-website-"
+"guidelines.html#UseofGraphics\">directrices del sitio</a>."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">{+ +}Saving Europe from Software
-# | Patents</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1626,17 +1499,11 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Salvemos a Europa de las patentes "
 "de software</a>"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/protecting.html\"> Help Protect the Rights to Write
-# | Both Nonfree+} and [-Non-Free-] {+Free+} Software</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free and Non-Free "
-#| "Software</a>"
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/protecting.html\"> Help Protect the Rights to Write "
 "Both Nonfree and Free Software</a>"
@@ -1644,8 +1511,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/protecting.html\">Ayude a proteger el derecho a "
 "escribir software, sea libre o no</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html\">{+ +}Patent
-# | Reform Is Not Enough</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1662,11 +1527,6 @@
 msgid "Copyright"
 msgstr "Copyright"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html\">Misinterpreting
-# | Copyright</a> is another essay by Richard Stallman about-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html\"> Misinterpreting
-# | Copyright&mdash;A Series of Errors</a> (by RMS)  &mdash; About+} the flaws
-# | in popular defenses of copyright law.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2002]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1681,8 +1541,6 @@
 "incorrecta del copyright</a>(por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Sobre los defectos de los "
 "argumentos más utilizados para defender la ley de copyright."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html\">{+ +}Reevaluating
-# | Copyright: The Public [-must prevail</a>-] {+Must Prevail</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[1996]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1695,30 +1553,14 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html\">Reevaluación del "
 "copyright: lo público debe prevalecer</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html\">{+ +}When a Company Asks
-# | For Your Copyright</a>
-#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
-#. [2014]</span>'
-#.
-#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
-#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html\"> When a Company Asks For "
-"Your Copyright</a>"
-msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html\">Cuando una empresa pide que "
-"se le asigne el copyright</a>"
-
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html\">{+ +}Why I Will Not
-# | Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2010]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html\"> Why I Will Not Sign the 
"
-"Public Domain Manifesto</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html\"> Why I Will Not Sign "
+"the Public Domain Manifesto</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html\">Por qué no firmaré el "
 "Manifiesto de Dominio Público</a> (por RMS)."
@@ -1729,17 +1571,14 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html\"> Freedom&mdash;or 
Copyright?"
-"</a> (by RMS)  [<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html\">older "
-"version</a>]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html\"> Freedom&mdash;or "
+"Copyright?</a> (by RMS)  [<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html"
+"\">older version</a>]"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html\">¿Libertad o copyright?</a> 
"
 "(por RMS) (<a href=\"/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html\">Versión 
más "
 "antigua</a>)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html\">{+ +}FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae
-# | in the [-Eldred-] {+<cite>Eldred+} v. [-Ashcroft-] {+Ashcroft</cite>+}
-# | Supreme Court case</a> {+(by Eben Moglen)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2002]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1753,17 +1592,6 @@
 "<cite>Free Software Fundation</cite> en el caso de la Corte Suprema «Eldred "
 "contra Ashcroft»</a> (por Eben Moglen). [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html\">{+ +}Science must
-# | &ldquo;push copyright [-aside&rdquo;</a>, another work of <a
-# | href=\"http://www.stallman.org\";>Richard Stallman</a> that appeared-]
-# | {+aside&rdquo;</a> (by RMS, first published+} in [-the-] <a
-# | 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html\";>
-# | [-Nature Webdebates</a>-] {+<cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a>+} in
-# | [-2001,-] {+2001)  &mdash; This article+} explains how copyright is
-# | impeding progress in scientific research.  You may also be interested in
-# | <a href=\"https://www.plos.org/\";>The Public Library of Science</a>, which
-# | is dedicated to making scientific research freely available to all on the
-# | Internet.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2001]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1795,21 +1623,14 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.org/";
-"copyrigh.htm\"> Examples of Excellent Copyright Policies</a> (on 
<i>humaninfo."
-"org</i>, archived)"
+"<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.";
+"org/copyrigh.htm\"> Examples of Excellent Copyright Policies</a> (on "
+"<i>humaninfo.org</i>, archived)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a 
href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.org/";
-"copyrigh.htm\"> Ejemplos de excelentes políticas de copyright</a> (en "
+"<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030604075825/http://www.humaninfo.";
+"org/copyrigh.htm\"> Ejemplos de excelentes políticas de copyright</a> (en "
 "<i>humaninfo.org</i>, archivado)"
 
-# | <a
-# | 
[-href=\"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html\";>
-# | Eldred-]
-# | 
{+href=\"https://cyber.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html\";>
-# | Original complaint in <cite>Eldred+} v. [-Reno</a> is about a-]
-# | {+Reno</cite></a> (on <i>harvard.edu</i>)  &mdash; A+} lawsuit to overturn
-# | a law that extends copyright by 20 extra years.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1834,18 +1655,11 @@
 "El término propagandístico <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
 "html#IntellectualProperty\">«Propiedad Intelectual»</a>"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html\">Don't Let-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\"> Did You Say+} &ldquo;Intellectual
-# | [-Property&rdquo; Twist Your Ethos</a>, by Richard Stallman.-]
-# | {+Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive Mirage</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2004]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html\">Don't Let &ldquo;Intellectual "
-#| "Property&rdquo; Twist Your Ethos</a>, by Richard Stallman."
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\"> Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual "
 "Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive Mirage</a> (by RMS)"
@@ -1853,9 +1667,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">¿Ha dicho «propiedad intelectual»? Es 
"
 "solo un espejismo seductor</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/komongistan.html\">{+ +}The Curious History of
-# | Komongistan (Busting the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;)</a>
-# | {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2015]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1891,15 +1702,9 @@
 "Civil Liberties Coalition."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/ipjustice.html\">Rechacemos la Directiva de Aplicación 
"
-"de la PI</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Comentarios acerca del rechazo a esta directiva por 
"
-"parte de la Coalición Internacional por la Libertades Civiles."
+"de la PI</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Comentarios acerca del rechazo a esta directiva "
+"por parte de la Coalición Internacional por la Libertades Civiles."
 
-# | [-Richard Stallman has written-]<a
-# | [-href=\"/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html\">a review of-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html\"> Review:+} Boldrin and
-# | [-Levine's-] {+Levine,+} &ldquo;The [-case against intellectual
-# | property.&rdquo;</a>-] {+Case Against Intellectual Property&rdquo;</a> (by
-# | RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2003]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1916,17 +1721,11 @@
 msgid "Response to SCO's attacks"
 msgstr "Respuesta a los ataques de la SCO"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\"> Motives For Writing-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/sco/sco.html\"> FSF's Position regarding SCO's
-# | attacks on+} Free Software</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2003-2004]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\"> Motives For Writing Free "
-#| "Software</a>"
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/sco/sco.html\"> FSF's Position regarding SCO's attacks "
 "on Free Software</a>"
@@ -1934,11 +1733,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/sco/sco.html\">La posición de la FSF respecto a los "
 "ataques de la SCO al software libre</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html\">{+ +}SCO, GNU, and
-# | [-Linux</a>, by Richard Stallman, discusses how-] {+Linux</a> (by RMS)
-# | &mdash; How+} SCO's lawsuit against IBM pertains to the work of the GNU
-# | project.  [-Please see the <a href=\"/philosophy/sco/sco.html\">FSF SCO
-# | Response Page</a> for more details on this subject.-]
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2003]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1961,7 +1755,6 @@
 msgid "Digital society"
 msgstr "Sociedad digital"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/stallmans-law.html\">{+ +}Stallman's Law</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2012]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1970,9 +1763,6 @@
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/stallmans-law.html\"> Stallman's Law</a>"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/stallmans-law.html\">La ley de Stallman</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\"> Is Digital
-# | Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> [-By Richard
-# | Stallman.-] {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2009]</span>'
 #.
@@ -1986,9 +1776,6 @@
 "la brecha digital? ¿Cómo podemos asegurarnos de que lo sea?</a> (por RMS). "
 "[en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/computing-progress.html\">{+ +}Computing
-# | &ldquo;progress&rdquo;: good and [-bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.-]
-# | {+bad</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2007]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2001,8 +1788,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/computing-progress.html\">«Progreso» informático: 
para "
 "bien y para mal</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/wsis.html\">{+ +}World Summit on the Information
-# | Society</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2003]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2015,7 +1800,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/wsis.html\">Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la "
 "Información</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | Digital [-Restrictions Management-] {+restrictions management+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "Digital restrictions management"
 msgstr "Gestión digital de restricciones"
@@ -2031,14 +1815,9 @@
 "DRM."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/opposing-drm.html\">Oposición a la indebida gestión "
-"digital de derechos</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Respuestas a algunas preguntas 
"
-"frecuentes sobre DRM [en inglés]"
+"digital de derechos</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Respuestas a algunas "
+"preguntas frecuentes sobre DRM [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/can-you-trust.html\">Can you trust your
-# | computer?</a>, a work by Richard Stallman about-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/can-you-trust.html\"> Can You Trust Your
-# | Computer?</a> (by RMS)  &mdash; About+} the so-called &ldquo;trusted
-# | computing&rdquo; initiatives.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2002]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2053,30 +1832,26 @@
 "computadora?</a> (por RMS)&nbsp;&mdash; Acerca de las así llamadas "
 "iniciativas de «computación confiable»."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/nonfree-games.html\">{+ +}Nonfree DRM'd Games on
-# | GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a> [-by Richard Stallman.-] {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2013]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/nonfree-games.html\"> Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: 
"
-"Good or Bad?</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/nonfree-games.html\"> Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/"
+"Linux: Good or Bad?</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/nonfree-games.html\">Juegos privativos con DRM en GNU/"
 "Linux: ¿para bien o para mal?</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html\"> Correcting My
-# | Mistake about French Law</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2012]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html\"> Correcting My Mistake 
"
-"about French Law</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html\"> Correcting My "
+"Mistake about French Law</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html\"> Rectificación de mi "
 "error sobre la ley francesa</a>. [en inglés]"
@@ -2085,35 +1860,28 @@
 msgid "Network Services"
 msgstr "Servicios en línea"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">{+ +}Who
-# | does that server really serve?</a> [-by Richard Stallman published in <a
-# | href=\"http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM\";>
-# | Boston Review.</a>-] {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2010-2020]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\"> Who does that 
"
-"server really serve?</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\"> Who does "
+"that server really serve?</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">¿A quién 
sirve "
-"realmente ese servidor?</a> (por RMS)."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">¿A quién "
+"sirve realmente ese servidor?</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/posting-videos.html\">{+ +}Posting Videos</a> {+(by
-# | RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2020]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/posting-videos.html\"> Posting Videos</a> (by 
RMS)"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/posting-videos.html\"> Posting Videos</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/posting-videos.html\">Posting Videos</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\">{+ +}What's Wrong
-# | with YouTube</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2015]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2126,23 +1894,18 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\">¿Qué tiene de malo "
 "YouTube?</a>"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html\">{+ +}The Bug
-# | Nobody is Allowed to [-Understand</a>, By Richard Stallman.-]
-# | {+Understand</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2014]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html\"> The Bug Nobody 
"
-"is Allowed to Understand</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html\"> The Bug "
+"Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html\">El error que "
 "nadie está autorizado a comprender</a>, (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html\"> A wise user judges each
-# | Internet usage scenario carefully</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2011]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2155,8 +1918,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html\"> Un usuario sensato sopesa "
 "cuidadosamente cada tipo de uso de internet</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html\"> Keep control
-# | of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2011]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2174,8 +1935,6 @@
 msgid "Accessing culture"
 msgstr "Acceso a la cultura"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">{+ +}The Right to Read: A
-# | Dystopian Short Story</a> [-by Richard Stallman.-] {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[1996-2016]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2185,11 +1944,9 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\"> The Right to Read: A Dystopian "
 "Short Story</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">El derecho a leer: Un breve relato 
"
-"distópico</a> (por RMS)."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">El derecho a leer: Un breve "
+"relato distópico</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html\"> Ebooks must
-# | increase our freedom, not decrease it</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2012]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2214,11 +1971,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html\">El peligro de los libros "
 "electrónicos</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a
-# | 
href=\"http{+s+}://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman\">
-# | Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh
-# | [-away</a>, by Richard Stallman.-] {+away</a> (by RMS, on
-# | <i>theguardian.com</i>)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2010]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2230,21 +1982,18 @@
 "the other clown taketh away</a> (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-";
-"economy-bill-richard-stallman\">Proyecto de ley sobre la economía digital: 
un "
-"payaso lo da y otro payaso lo quita</a> (por RMS, en <i>theguardian.com</i>). 
"
-"[en inglés]"
+"economy-bill-richard-stallman\">Proyecto de ley sobre la economía digital: "
+"un payaso lo da y otro payaso lo quita</a> (por RMS, en <i>theguardian.com</"
+"i>). [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">What is Free Software?</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/ebooks.html\"> Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a> (by
-# | RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2000]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">What is Free Software?</a>"
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/ebooks.html\"> Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a> (by 
RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/ebooks.html\"> Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a> (by "
+"RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/ebooks.html\">Libros electrónicos: libertad o "
 "copyright</a> (por RMS)."
@@ -2261,10 +2010,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html\">La Enciclopedia Universal "
 "Libre como recurso didáctico</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/new-monopoly.html\">{+ +}U.S. Congress Threatens to
-# | Establish a New Kind of [-Monopoly</a>, an-] {+Monopoly</a> &mdash; An+}
-# | attempt of the Congress to create a private monopoly over repeating
-# | publicly known information.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2289,9 +2034,9 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/stophr3028.html\"> Stop H.R. 3028 - Protect the Net - "
 "Stop the Trademark Monopolists</a> (by Marc Rotenberg)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/stophr3028.html\"> Detengamos la H.R. 3028 - Protejamos 
"
-"la red - Paremos a los monopolistas de las marcas comerciales</a> (por Marc "
-"Rotenberg)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/stophr3028.html\"> Detengamos la H.R. 3028 - "
+"Protejamos la red - Paremos a los monopolistas de las marcas comerciales</a> "
+"(por Marc Rotenberg)"
 
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
@@ -2302,16 +2047,13 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html\"> Comments on Roderick "
 "Long's Article</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html\">Comentarios acerca del 
"
-"artículo de Roderick Long</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html\">Comentarios acerca "
+"del artículo de Roderick Long</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "Funding cultural works"
 msgstr "Financiamento de obras culturales"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html\">{+ +}Funding
-# | Art vs Funding [-Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.-] {+Software</a> (by
-# | RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2013]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2321,11 +2063,9 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html\"> Funding Art vs "
 "Funding Software</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html\">El financiamento 
"
-"del arte frente al financiamento del software</a> (por RMS)."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html\">El "
+"financiamento del arte frente al financiamento del software</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/dat.html\">{+ +}The Right Way to Tax DAT</a> {+(by
-# | RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1992]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2354,42 +2094,30 @@
 "<cite>malware</cite></a> &nbsp;&mdash; Casos claramente comprobados de "
 "software privativo que perjudica a los usuarios."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html\">{+ +}How Much
-# | Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a> [-by Richard Stallman-] {+(by
-# | RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. *[2015-2019]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html\"> How Much Surveillance 
"
-"Can Democracy Withstand?</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html\"> How Much "
+"Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html\">¿Cuánta vigilancia "
 "puede soportar la democracia?</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">The Right to Read: A
-# | Dystopian Short Story</a> by Richard Stallman.-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html\"> The WWWorst App Store</a>
-# | (by Alexandre Oliva)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2021]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">The Right to Read: A Dystopian "
-#| "Short Story</a> by Richard Stallman."
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html\"> The WWWorst App Store</a> (by 
"
-"Alexandre Oliva)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html\"> The WWWorst App Store</a> "
+"(by Alexandre Oliva)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/wwworst-app-store.html\"> The WWWorst App Store</a> "
 "(por Alexandre Oliva)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html\">{+ +}Anonymous
-# | Payment by Phone</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2018]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2402,10 +2130,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/phone-anonymous-payment.html\">Pagos anónimos por "
 "teléfono</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a
-# | 
href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance\";>
-# | A radical proposal to keep your personal data [-safe</a>, by Richard
-# | Stallman-] {+safe</a> (by RMS, on <i>theguardian.com</i>)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2018]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2422,8 +2146,6 @@
 "seguridad de sus datos personales) (por RMS, en <i>theguardian.com</i>). [en "
 "inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html\">{+ +}Surveillance
-# | Testimony</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2018]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2436,8 +2158,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-testimony.html\">Declaración testifical "
 "sobre la vigilancia</a> (por RMS). [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html\">{+ +}Ubuntu Spyware: What to
-# | Do?</a> {+(by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2012]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2450,18 +2170,14 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html\">Código espía en Ubuntu: ¿qué "
 "hacer?</a> (por RMS)."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html\">{+ +}Is Microsoft the Great
-# | Satan?</a> [-(An <a-] {+[<a+}
-# | href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-old.html\">older [-version</a> of this
-# | article is also available.)-] {+version</a>]+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2009]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html\"> Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a> [<a 
"
-"href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-old.html\">older version</a>]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html\"> Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a> "
+"[<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-old.html\">older version</a>]"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html\">Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a> [<a "
 "href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-old.html\">versión más antigua</a>]."
@@ -2478,42 +2194,32 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html\">El problema es el "
 "software controlado por el programador</a> (por RMS) [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/gates.html\">{+ +}It's not the Gates, it's the
-# | [-bars</a>, an article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in
-# | 2008.-] {+bars</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2008]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/gates.html\"> It's not the Gates, it's the bars</a> (by 
"
-"RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/gates.html\"> It's not the Gates, it's the bars</a> "
+"(by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/gates.html\">No son las puertas, son los barrotes</a> "
 "(por RMS)."
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/philosophy/wassenaar.html\">Encryption-]
-# | {+href=\"/philosophy/wassenaar.html\"> The Wassenaar Arrangement</a>
-# | &mdash; Encryption+} software volunteers needed in countries without
-# | export [-control</a>.-] {+control.+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2002]</span>'
 #.
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/wassenaar.html\"> The Wassenaar Arrangement</a> &mdash; 
"
-"Encryption software volunteers needed in countries without export control."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/wassenaar.html\"> The Wassenaar Arrangement</a> "
+"&mdash; Encryption software volunteers needed in countries without export "
+"control."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/wassenaar.html\">El Acuerdo de Wassenaar</a>.&nbsp;"
 "&mdash; Se necesitan voluntarios para software de encriptación en países 
sin "
 "control de exportación."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html\">{+ +}FSF's Statement in
-# | Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in [-Microsoft vs.-]
-# | {+<cite>Microsoft v.+} United [-States, submitted to the US Department of
-# | Justice under the Tunney Act</a>.-] {+States</cite></a>+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2002]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2521,15 +2227,14 @@
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html\"> FSF's Statement in Response to "
-"Proposed Revised Final Judgment in <cite>Microsoft v. United 
States</cite></a>"
+"Proposed Revised Final Judgment in <cite>Microsoft v. United States</cite></"
+"a>"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html\">Declaración de la <cite>Free "
 "Software Foundation</cite> en respuesta a la propuesta de sentencia "
 "definitiva revisada en el caso <cite>Microsoft contra los Estados Unidos</"
 "cite></a>. [en inglés]"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html\">{+ +}On the Microsoft
-# | Verdict</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2000]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2541,8 +2246,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html\">Sobre el fallo contra "
 "Microsoft</a>."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html\">{+ +}The Microsoft
-# | Antitrust Trial and Free Software</a>
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1999]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2555,10 +2258,6 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html\">El software libre y el "
 "juicio antimonopolio contra Microsoft</a>."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/privacyaction.html\">{+ +}Protect Postal
-# | [-Privacy</a>, a-] {+Privacy</a> (by Kathleen Ellis)  &mdash; A+} campaign
-# | to resist the proposed rule by the United States Postal Service to collect
-# | private information from customers.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2566,18 +2265,15 @@
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 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/privacyaction.html\"> Protect Postal Privacy</a> (by "
-"Kathleen Ellis)  &mdash; A campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United 
"
-"States Postal Service to collect private information from customers."
+"Kathleen Ellis)  &mdash; A campaign to resist the proposed rule by the "
+"United States Postal Service to collect private information from customers."
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/privacyaction.html\">Proteja la privacidad postal</"
-"a>(por Kathleen Ellis)&nbsp;&mdash; Una campaña para oponerse a la norma "
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/privacyaction.html\">Proteja la privacidad postal</a>"
+"(por Kathleen Ellis)&nbsp;&mdash; Una campaña para oponerse a la norma "
 "propuesta por el <cite>United States Postal Service</cite> (Servicio Postal "
 "de los Estados Unidos) para recoger información privada de los consumidores. 
"
 "[en inglés]"
 
-# | [-How to Protect the-]<a href=\"/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html\">
-# | Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a> {+&mdash; How to protect
-# | these freedoms+} on the Internet.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2591,8 +2287,6 @@
 "y de asociación en Internet</a>&nbsp;&mdash; Cómo proteger estas libertades 
"
 "en Internet."
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\">{+ +}Censoring My
-# | [-Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.-] {+Software</a> (by RMS)+}
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [1996]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2602,8 +2296,8 @@
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\"> Censoring My Software</a> (by "
 "RMS)"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.es.html\">La censura de mi software</a> 
"
-"(por RMS)."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.es.html\">La censura de mi software</"
+"a> (por RMS)."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Terminology and Definitions"
@@ -2627,8 +2321,8 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\"> Translations of the term 
&ldquo;"
-"free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\"> Translations of the term "
+"&ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages."
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\">Traducciones de la expresión "
 "«<cite>free software</cite>»</a> a varios idiomas."
@@ -2651,17 +2345,12 @@
 #. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE'
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\"> Why Call It The 
Swindle?"
-"</a> (by RMS)"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\"> Why Call It The "
+"Swindle?</a> (by RMS)"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\">¿Por qué llamarlo "
 "«<cite>Swindle</cite>»?</a> (por RMS)"
 
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html\"> Public
-# | Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June [-2002</a>. On how-] {+2002</a> (by
-# | RMS)  &mdash; How+} WIPO recognizes that their system is designed to
-# | restrict the public, and how they propose to modify terminology so that
-# | people won't notice.
 #. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
 #. [2002]</span>'
 #.
@@ -2670,22 +2359,19 @@
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html\"> Public "
 "Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</a> (by RMS)  &mdash; How WIPO "
-"recognizes that their system is designed to restrict the public, and how they 
"
-"propose to modify terminology so that people won't notice."
+"recognizes that their system is designed to restrict the public, and how "
+"they propose to modify terminology so that people won't notice."
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html\"> Conciencia 
"
-"pública acerca del copyright, WIPO, junio de 2002</a>(por RMS).&nbsp;&mdash; 
"
-"Acerca de cómo la WIPO reconoce que su sistema está diseñado para poner "
-"límites al público, y de cómo proponen modificar la terminología para que 
la "
-"gente no lo advierta. [en inglés]"
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html\"> "
+"Conciencia pública acerca del copyright, WIPO, junio de 2002</a>(por RMS)."
+"&nbsp;&mdash; Acerca de cómo la WIPO reconoce que su sistema está diseñado 
"
+"para poner límites al público, y de cómo proponen modificar la 
terminología "
+"para que la gente no lo advierta. [en inglés]"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Philosophical humor"
 msgstr "Humor filosófico"
 
-# | <a [-href=\"/fun/humor.html#Philosophy\">Philosophy Humor</a>.-]
-# | {+href=\"/fun/humor.html#Philosophy\">Laugh along with GNU
-# | (Philosophy)</a> &mdash;+} We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/fun/humor.html#Philosophy\">Laugh along with GNU (Philosophy)</a> "