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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html gnu/po/thegnuproj... |
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Date: |
Sat, 11 Jul 2020 19:29:16 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 20/07/11 19:29:16
Modified files:
gnu : thegnuproject.cs.html
gnu/po : thegnuproject.cs-en.html thegnuproject.cs.po
licenses/old-licenses: gpl-2.0-faq.es.html
licenses/old-licenses/po: gpl-2.0-faq.es-en.html
gpl-2.0-faq.es.po
philosophy : why-free.cs.html
philosophy/po : why-free.cs.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : why-free.cs-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.44&r2=1.45
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.51&r2=1.52
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.cs-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html 4 Jul 2020 08:32:32 -0000 1.25
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html 11 Jul 2020 23:29:15 -0000 1.26
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/thegnuproject.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs-diff.html"
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-02-11" -->
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.cs.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
@@ -14,7 +9,6 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
<h2>Projekt GNU</h2>
<p>
@@ -28,7 +22,11 @@
âopen sourceâ</a>, ale pÅispÄl tÃmto Älánkem, aby v této knize
ideály hnutÃ
svobodného softwaru úplnÄ nechybÄly.
</p>
-
+<p>
+ProÄ je dnes, vÃc než kdy jindy, potÅeba <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">trvat na tom, aby
+software, který použÃváme, byl svobodný</a>.
+</p>
</blockquote>
<h3>Prvnà komunita sdÃlejÃcà software</h3>
@@ -183,7 +181,8 @@
uvÄdomil jsem si, že jsem byl pro tuto práci vybrán. Rozhodl jsem se
vytvoÅit systém kompatibilnà s Unixem, aby byl pÅenositelný a aby na nÄj
mohli unixovà uživatelé snadno pÅejÃt. Jméno GNU bylo vybráno podle
-hackerské tradice, jako rekurzivnà akronym âGNU's Not Unix.â</p>
+hackerské tradice, jako rekurzivnà akronym âGNU's Not Unixâ a vyslovuje
se
+jako <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">jedna slabika s tvrdým G</a>.</p>
<p>
OperaÄnà systém neznamená pouze jádro (kernel), plnÄ dostaÄujÃcà ke
spouÅ¡tÄnà jiných programů. V sedmdesátých letech v sobÄ již každý
operaÄnÃ
@@ -686,11 +685,19 @@
je vyÅeÅ¡it.</p>
<p>
-NaÅ¡tÄstà je dostupné jiné jádro. V roce 1991 vyvinul Linus Torvalds
kernel
-kompatibilnàs Unixem a nazval ho Linux. Kolem roku 1992 vznikl
-zkompletovánÃm Linuxu s ne zcela hotovým GNU systémem úplný svobodný
-operaÄnà systém. (Jejich zkombinovánà bylo samozÅejmÄ samo o sobÄ
podstatným
-úkolem.) VlastnÄ můžeme spouÅ¡tÄt verze GNU systému dÃky Linuxu.</p>
+NaÅ¡tÄstà je dostupné jiné jádro. V roce 1991 zaÄal Linus Torvalds s
vývojem
+jádra kompatibilnÃho s Unixem a nazval ho Linux. Toto jádro bylo zpoÄátku
+proprietárnÃ, ale v roce 1992 z nÄj Linus udÄlal svobodný
+software. ZkompletovánÃm Linuxu s ne zcela hotovým GNU systémem vznikl
úplný
+svobodný operaÄnà systém. (Jejich zkombinovánà bylo samozÅejmÄ samo o
sobÄ
+podstatným úkolem.) VlastnÄ můžeme spouÅ¡tÄt verze GNU systému dÃky
Linuxu.</p>
+<p>
+Tento systém nazýváme <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>,
+abychom vyjádÅili, že vznikl spojenÃm systému GNU a Linuxu jakožto
+jádra. ProsÃme, abyste nepropadali zlozvyku nazývat celý systém slovem
+“Linux”, protože tÃm byste pÅisuzovali zásluhy za naÅ¡i práci
+nÄkomu jinému. PÅiznejte nám prosÃm zásluhy <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">rovným dÃlem</a>.</p>
<h3>Výzvy v našà budoucnosti</h3>
<p>
@@ -726,8 +733,8 @@
<p>
(Poznámka z roku 2008: tato záležitost se týká i BIOSu. Máme k dispozici
jeho svobodnou náhradu <a href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a>,
-ale je tu problém se zÃskávánÃm specifikacà hardwaru, který jÃm má
být
-podporovaný)</p>
+svobodnou distribuci corebootu, ale je tu problém se zÃskávánÃm
specifikacÃ
+hardwaru, aby ho LibreBoot mohl podporovat i bez proprietárnÃch
âblobůâ.)</p>
<h3>Nesvobodné knihovny</h3>
<p>
@@ -798,7 +805,8 @@
komprimované <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>y. [V roce
2009 tento patent vypršel.] V roce 1998 byl stažen z prodeje svobodný
program na vytváÅenà komprimovaných <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer
-3">MP3</abbr> souborů pod hrozbou soudnÃho procesu.
+3">MP3</abbr> souborů pod hrozbou soudnÃho procesu. [patenty na MP3 vyprÅ¡ely
+v roce 2017 â zde je vidÄt, jak dlouho jsme museli Äekat]
</p>
<p>
Jsou různé způsoby jak si poradit s patenty: můžeme hledat důkaz, že
patent
@@ -806,7 +814,8 @@
splnit požadovanou úlohu. Každá z tÄchto metod je vÅ¡ak úÄinná pouze v
nÄkterých pÅÃpadech; pokud obÄ dvÄ selžou, patent může pÅinutit
všechen
svobodný software, aby se vzdal nÄkterých ÄástÃ, které uživatelé
-vyžadujÃ. Co budeme dÄlat, jestliže k tomu dojde?</p>
+vyžadujÃ. Po dlouhém ÄekánÃ, patenty vyprÅ¡Ã (u MP3 se to oÄekávalo
kolem
+roku 2018), ale co budeme dÄlat do té doby?</p>
<p>
Ti, kteÅà si cenà svobodný software dÃky svobodÄ, kterou poskytuje, u
nÄho
zůstanou. PokusÃme se dÄlat naÅ¡i práci bez patentovaných souÄástÃ.
Ti, kteÅÃ
@@ -994,15 +1003,17 @@
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
document was modified, or published.
+
If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
-Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015,
+2017, 2018, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Tato stránka je vydána pod licencà <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.cs";>Creative
@@ -1017,7 +1028,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2020/07/04 08:32:32 $
+$Date: 2020/07/11 23:29:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs-en.html 9 Feb 2013 07:45:46 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs-en.html 11 Jul 2020 23:29:15 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,24 +1,15 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-
-<title>About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
-
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>About the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software,
Free Software Foundation, History" />
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
-
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The GNU Project</h2>
-<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. -->
-
<p>
by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
<blockquote>
<p>
Originally published in the book <em>Open Sources</em>. Richard
@@ -27,12 +18,17 @@
this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not
be entirely absent from that book.
</p>
+<p>
+Why it is even more important than ever
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist
+that the software we use be free</a>.
+</p>
</blockquote>
<h3>The first software-sharing community</h3>
<p>
When I started working at the
-<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>
Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a
software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing
of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old
@@ -40,10 +36,10 @@
did it more than most.</p>
<p>
The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called
-<acronym title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the
+<abbr title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (the
Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
designed and written in assembler language for the Digital
-<acronym title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of
+<abbr title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</abbr>-10, one of
the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI
Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p>
<p>
@@ -133,9 +129,12 @@
software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p>
<p>
There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
-behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page,
+behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web pages
<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>.</p>
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>.
+</p>
<h3>A stark moral choice</h3>
<p>
@@ -184,7 +183,8 @@
was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with
Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as
-a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
+a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced
+as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p>
<p>
An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
into a chain of “instructions”, and then generating the
whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I
concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new
-compiler is now known as <acronym title="GNU Compiler
Collection">GCC</acronym>;
+compiler is now known as <abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr>;
none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and
use the C front end that I had written. But that was some years
later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.</p>
@@ -327,13 +327,13 @@
I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a
-<acronym title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I
+<abbr title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</abbr>, and I
will mail it back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was
looking for ways to make money from free software. So I announced
that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In
this way, I started a free software distribution business, the
-precursor of the companies that today distribute entire Linux-based
-GNU systems.</p>
+precursor of the companies that today distribute entire GNU/Linux
+system distributions.</p>
<h3>Is a program free for every user?</h3>
<p>
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@
funding once again. So in 1985 we created
the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The
-<acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+<abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr> also took over
the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding
other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling
free manuals as well.</p>
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by
a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The
shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is
-<acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne Again
+<abbr title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</abbr>, the Bourne Again
Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was
@@ -640,9 +640,9 @@
Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
which had been lost to the community because of
-the <acronym title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found
+the <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> patents. We found
people to develop LessTif, and more recently started
-<acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>
+<abbr title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</abbr>
and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary
libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to
replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not
@@ -725,16 +725,21 @@
clear whether solutions exist.</p>
<p>
-Fortunately, another
-kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a
-Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux
-free software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system
-resulted in a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a
-substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can
-actually run a version of the GNU system today.</p>
-<p>
-We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a
-combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel.</p>
+Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds
+developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. It was
+proprietary at first, but in 1992, he made it free software; combining
+Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete
+free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in
+itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a
+version of the GNU system today.</p>
+<p>
+We call this system version <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">
+GNU/Linux</a>, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU
+system with Linux as the kernel. Please don't fall into the practice
+of calling the whole system “Linux”, since that means
+attributing our work to someone else.
+Please <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> give us equal
+mention</a>.</p>
<h3>Challenges in our future</h3>
<p>
@@ -769,9 +774,9 @@
extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p>
<p>
-(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well.
-There is a free BIOS, coreboot; the problem is getting specs
-for machines so that coreboot can support them.)</p>
+(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free
+BIOS, <a href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of
coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that
+LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs”.)</p>
<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
<p>
@@ -794,10 +799,10 @@
powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.</p>
<p>
Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree
-<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit
+<abbr title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</abbr> toolkit
library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free
software, the desktop
-<acronym title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<abbr title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</abbr>.</p>
<p>
Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not
use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux
@@ -843,16 +848,19 @@
algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in
1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper
-compressed <acronym title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s.
+compressed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>s.
[As of 2009 they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce
-<acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio
-was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit.</p>
+<abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> compressed audio
+was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit. [As of
+2017, these patents have expired. Look how long we had to wait.]
+</p>
<p>
There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job.
But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a
patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users
-want. What will we do when this happens?</p>
+want. After a long wait, the patents expire (the MP3 patents are
+expected to have expired by 2018), but what will we do until then?</p>
<p>
Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with
free software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the
@@ -994,54 +1002,68 @@
granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
defend it.</p>
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-</div>
-
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are
-also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
-<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
-<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
-</p>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
-<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
Stallman
-<br />
-This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
-</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014,
2015, 2017, 2018, 2020
+Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p>Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/02/09 07:45:46 $
+$Date: 2020/07/11 23:29:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-
-
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po 11 Jul 2020 23:03:15 -0000 1.28
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.cs.po 11 Jul 2020 23:29:15 -0000 1.29
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2013-02-11 02:01-0500\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 2.0\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1) ? 0 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 1 : 2;\n"
@@ -60,9 +59,9 @@
"Why it is even more important than ever <a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-"
"even-more-important.html\">to insist that the software we use be free</a>."
msgstr ""
-"ProÄ je dnes, vÃc než kdy jindy, potÅeba <a"
-" href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">trvat na tom,"
-" aby software, který použÃváme, byl svobodný</a>."
+"ProÄ je dnes, vÃc než kdy jindy, potÅeba <a
href=\"/philosophy/free-software-"
+"even-more-important.html\">trvat na tom, aby software, který použÃváme,
byl "
+"svobodný</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The first software-sharing community"
@@ -396,20 +395,6 @@
"poÄÃtaÄ bez toho, aniž by se tak upisoval ke spiknutà proti svým
pÅátelům. "
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So
-# | even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was
-# | elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so
-# | that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to
-# | it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive
-# | acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” {+It is pronounced as <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/pronunciation.html\">one syllable with a hard g</a>.+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. "
-#| "So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I "
-#| "was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with "
-#| "Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily "
-#| "switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as "
-#| "a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”"
msgid ""
"As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So "
"even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was "
@@ -424,8 +409,8 @@
"uvÄdomil jsem si, že jsem byl pro tuto práci vybrán. Rozhodl jsem se "
"vytvoÅit systém kompatibilnà s Unixem, aby byl pÅenositelný a aby na
nÄj "
"mohli unixovà uživatelé snadno pÅejÃt. Jméno GNU bylo vybráno podle "
-"hackerské tradice, jako rekurzivnà akronym âGNU's Not Unixâ a vyslovuje
se"
-" jako <a href=\"/gnu/pronunciation.html\">jedna slabika s tvrdým G</a>."
+"hackerské tradice, jako rekurzivnà akronym âGNU's Not Unixâ a vyslovuje
se "
+"jako <a href=\"/gnu/pronunciation.html\">jedna slabika s tvrdým G</a>."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1566,20 +1551,6 @@
"je vyÅeÅ¡it."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds
-# | developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. [-In-] {+It was
-# | proprietary at first, but in+} 1992, he made [-Linux-] {+it+} free
-# | software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted
-# | in a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial
-# | job in itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a
-# | version of the GNU system today.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds "
-#| "developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made "
-#| "Linux free software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU "
-#| "system resulted in a complete free operating system. (Combining them was "
-#| "a substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can "
-#| "actually run a version of the GNU system today."
msgid ""
"Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed "
"a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. It was proprietary at first, "
@@ -1588,12 +1559,12 @@
"(Combining them was a substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to "
"Linux that we can actually run a version of the GNU system today."
msgstr ""
-"NaÅ¡tÄstà je dostupné jiné jádro. V roce 1991 zaÄal Linus Torvalds s
vývojem"
-" jádra kompatibilnÃho s Unixem a nazval ho Linux. Toto jádro bylo
zpoÄátku"
-" proprietárnÃ, ale v roce 1992 z nÄj Linus udÄlal svobodný software."
-" ZkompletovánÃm Linuxu s ne zcela hotovým GNU systémem vznikl úplný
svobodný"
-" operaÄnà systém. (Jejich zkombinovánà bylo samozÅejmÄ samo o sobÄ
podstatným"
-" úkolem.) VlastnÄ můžeme spouÅ¡tÄt verze GNU systému dÃky Linuxu."
+"NaÅ¡tÄstà je dostupné jiné jádro. V roce 1991 zaÄal Linus Torvalds s
vývojem "
+"jádra kompatibilnÃho s Unixem a nazval ho Linux. Toto jádro bylo
zpoÄátku "
+"proprietárnÃ, ale v roce 1992 z nÄj Linus udÄlal svobodný software. "
+"ZkompletovánÃm Linuxu s ne zcela hotovým GNU systémem vznikl úplný
svobodný "
+"operaÄnà systém. (Jejich zkombinovánà bylo samozÅejmÄ samo o sobÄ
podstatným "
+"úkolem.) VlastnÄ můžeme spouÅ¡tÄt verze GNU systému dÃky Linuxu."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1603,12 +1574,12 @@
"system “Linux”, since that means attributing our work to someone "
"else. Please <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\"> give us equal mention</a>."
msgstr ""
-"Tento systém nazýváme <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a>,"
-" abychom vyjádÅili, že vznikl spojenÃm systému GNU a Linuxu jakožto
jádra."
-" ProsÃme, abyste nepropadali zlozvyku nazývat celý systém slovem"
-" “Linux”, protože tÃm byste pÅisuzovali zásluhy za naÅ¡i
práci"
-" nÄkomu jinému. PÅiznejte nám prosÃm zásluhy <a"
-" href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">rovným dÃlem</a>."
+"Tento systém nazýváme <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a>, "
+"abychom vyjádÅili, že vznikl spojenÃm systému GNU a Linuxu jakožto
jádra. "
+"ProsÃme, abyste nepropadali zlozvyku nazývat celý systém slovem “"
+"Linux”, protože tÃm byste pÅisuzovali zásluhy za naÅ¡i práci
nÄkomu "
+"jinému. PÅiznejte nám prosÃm zásluhy <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"
+"\">rovným dÃlem</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Challenges in our future"
@@ -1681,25 +1652,16 @@
"svobodu bude rozÅ¡ÃÅené."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | (2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free BIOS,
-# | [-coreboot;-] {+<a href=\"http://www.libreboot.org/\";>LibreBoot</a> (a
-# | distribution of coreboot);+} the problem is getting specs for machines so
-# | that [-coreboot-] {+LibreBoot+} can support [-them.)-] {+them without
-# | nonfree “blobs”.)+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free "
-#| "BIOS, coreboot; the problem is getting specs for machines so that "
-#| "coreboot can support them.)"
msgid ""
"(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free BIOS, "
"<a href=\"http://www.libreboot.org/\";>LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of "
"coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that LibreBoot can "
"support them without nonfree “blobs”.)"
msgstr ""
-"(Poznámka z roku 2008: tato záležitost se týká i BIOSu. Máme k
dispozici jeho"
-" svobodnou náhradu <a href=\"http://www.libreboot.org/\";>LibreBoot</a>,"
-" svobodnou distribuci corebootu, ale je tu problém se zÃskávánÃm
specifikacÃ"
-" hardwaru, aby ho LibreBoot mohl podporovat i bez proprietárnÃch
âblobůâ.)"
+"(Poznámka z roku 2008: tato záležitost se týká i BIOSu. Máme k
dispozici "
+"jeho svobodnou náhradu <a href=\"http://www.libreboot.org/\";>LibreBoot</a>, "
+"svobodnou distribuci corebootu, ale je tu problém se zÃskávánÃm
specifikacà "
+"hardwaru, aby ho LibreBoot mohl podporovat i bez proprietárnÃch
âblobůâ.)"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Nonfree libraries"
@@ -1845,24 +1807,6 @@
msgstr "Softwarové patenty"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
-# | algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
-# | years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983,
-# | and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed
-# | <abbr title=\"Graphics Interchange Format\">GIF</abbr>s. [As of 2009 they
-# | have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce <abbr title=\"MPEG-1
-# | Audio Layer 3\">MP3</abbr> compressed audio was removed from distribution
-# | under threat of a patent suit. {+[As of 2017, these patents have expired.
-# | Look how long we had to wait.]+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put "
-#| "algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty "
-#| "years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, "
-#| "and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed "
-#| "<abbr title=\"Graphics Interchange Format\">GIF</abbr>s. [As of 2009 "
-#| "they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce <abbr title="
-#| "\"MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3\">MP3</abbr> compressed audio was removed from "
-#| "distribution under threat of a patent suit."
msgid ""
"The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put "
"algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years. "
@@ -1881,23 +1825,10 @@
"komprimované <abbr title=\"Graphics Interchange Format\">GIF</abbr>y. [V "
"roce 2009 tento patent vypršel.] V roce 1998 byl stažen z prodeje svobodný
"
"program na vytváÅenà komprimovaných <abbr title=\"MPEG-1 Audio Layer "
-"3\">MP3</abbr> souborů pod hrozbou soudnÃho procesu. [patenty na MP3
vypršely"
-" v roce 2017 â zde je vidÄt, jak dlouho jsme museli Äekat]"
+"3\">MP3</abbr> souborů pod hrozbou soudnÃho procesu. [patenty na MP3 "
+"vyprÅ¡ely v roce 2017 â zde je vidÄt, jak dlouho jsme museli Äekat]"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
-# | patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job. But
-# | each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a patent may
-# | force all free software to lack some feature that users want. [-What-]
-# | {+After a long wait, the patents expire (the MP3 patents are expected to
-# | have expired by 2018), but what+} will we do [-when this happens?-]
-# | {+until then?+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a "
-#| "patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job. But "
-#| "each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a patent may "
-#| "force all free software to lack some feature that users want. What will "
-#| "we do when this happens?"
msgid ""
"There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a "
"patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job. But "
@@ -1910,9 +1841,9 @@
"je neplatný, anebo se můžeme hledat alternativnà ÅeÅ¡enÃ, abychom mohli
"
"splnit požadovanou úlohu. Každá z tÄchto metod je vÅ¡ak úÄinná pouze
v "
"nÄkterých pÅÃpadech; pokud obÄ dvÄ selžou, patent může pÅinutit
všechen "
-"svobodný software, aby se vzdal nÄkterých ÄástÃ, které uživatelé
vyžadujÃ. Po"
-" dlouhém ÄekánÃ, patenty vyprÅ¡Ã (u MP3 se to oÄekávalo kolem roku
2018), ale"
-" co budeme dÄlat do té doby?"
+"svobodný software, aby se vzdal nÄkterých ÄástÃ, které uživatelé
vyžadujÃ. "
+"Po dlouhém ÄekánÃ, patenty vyprÅ¡Ã (u MP3 se to oÄekávalo kolem roku
2018), "
+"ale co budeme dÄlat do té doby?"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2268,11 +2199,6 @@
"se dozvÃte, jak koordinovat svoji práci a posÃlat pÅeklady tohoto
Älánku."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, [-2010-]
-# | {+2010, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020+} Richard Stallman
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard "
-#| "Stallman"
msgid ""
"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015, "
"2017, 2018, 2020 Richard Stallman"
Index: licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.44
retrieving revision 1.45
diff -u -b -r1.44 -r1.45
--- licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.es.html 27 Jun 2020 11:05:26 -0000
1.44
+++ licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.es.html 11 Jul 2020 23:29:16 -0000
1.45
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@
<h3 style="clear: both; padding: .3em 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #999">
Ãndice general</h3>
- <h4>Preguntas básicas acerca de la GPL, el proyecto GNU y la <cite>Free
Software
-Foundation</cite></h4>
+ <h4>Preguntas básicas acerca de la GPL, el proyecto GNU y la Free Software
+Foundation</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="#WhatDoesGPLStandFor" name="TOCWhatDoesGPLStandFor">¿Qué
significa
@@ -921,12 +921,11 @@
Si las bibliotecas que usted enlaza entran dentro de la siguiente salvedad
de la GPL:
<blockquote><p>
- However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not
+ <cite>However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not
include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself
-accompanies the executable.<a href="#TransNote1" id="TransNote1-rev">[1]
-Traducción no oficial</a>.
+accompanies the executable.</cite>.<a href="#TransNote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>
</p></blockquote>
<p>
entonces no tiene que hacer nada en especial para utilizarla; el requisito
@@ -943,45 +942,47 @@
dan permiso para enlazar con el programa X:</p>
<blockquote><p>
- Copyright (C) yyyy <nombre del titular del copyright>
+ Copyright (C) yyyy [nombre del titular del copyright]
</p><p>
- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
-Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
-any later version.
+ <cite>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+option) any later version.</cite>
</p><p>
- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
-more details.
+ <cite>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+more details.</cite>
</p><p>
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with
-this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
-Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ <cite>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.</cite><a
+href="#TransNote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>
</p>
-<p>Linking ABC statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
+<p><cite>Linking ABC statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
combined work based on ABC. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU
-General Public License cover the whole combination.</p>
+General Public License cover the whole combination.</cite><a
+href="#TransNote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
-<p>In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of ABC give you
-permission to combine ABC program with free software programs or libraries
-that are released under the GNU LGPL and with code included in the standard
-release of DEF under the XYZ license (or modified versions of such code,
-with unchanged license). You may copy and distribute such a system
+<p><cite>In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of ABC give
+you permission to combine ABC program with free software programs or
+libraries that are released under the GNU LGPL and with code included in the
+standard release of DEF under the XYZ license (or modified versions of such
+code, with unchanged license). You may copy and distribute such a system
following the terms of the GNU GPL for ABC and the licenses of the other
code concerned, provided that you include the source code of that other code
-when and as the GNU GPL requires distribution of source code.</p>
+when and as the GNU GPL requires distribution of source code.</cite><a
+href="#TransNote4"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
-<p>Note that people who make modified versions of ABC are not obligated to
-grant this special exception for their modified versions; it is their choice
-whether to do so. The GNU General Public License gives permission to
+<p><cite>Note that people who make modified versions of ABC are not obligated
+to grant this special exception for their modified versions; it is their
+choice whether to do so. The GNU General Public License gives permission to
release a modified version without this exception; this exception also makes
it possible to release a modified version which carries forward this
-exception.<a href="#TransNote2" id="TransNote2-rev">[2] Traducción no
-oficial</a>.</p>
-
+exception.</cite><a href="#TransNote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
</blockquote>
+
<p>
Deberá poner este texto en cada archivo al que se aplique la excepción.
</p><p>
@@ -1323,10 +1324,11 @@
<dd>
Porque impone una exigencia especÃfica que no está en la GPL; a saber, el
requisito acerca de los avisos del programa. La GPL estipula:
-<pre>
- You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise
- of the rights granted herein. <a href="#TransNote3"
id="TransNote3-rev">[3] Traducción no oficial</a>.
-</pre>
+<blockquote><p>
+ <cite>You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients'
+exercise of the rights granted herein.</cite><a
+href="#TransNote6"><sup>[6]</sup></a>.
+</p></blockquote>
<p>
La cláusula acerca de los avisos impone una nueva restricción, de modo que
es incompatible con la GPL.</p>
@@ -1445,29 +1447,30 @@
<dd>
Añada este texto a la nota legal de cada archivo incluido en el paquete, al
final del texto que dice que el archivo se distribuye bajo la GPL de GNU:
-<pre>
-
-Linking ABC statically or dynamically with other modules is making
-a combined work based on ABC. Thus, the terms and conditions of
-the GNU General Public License cover the whole combination.
-
-In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of ABC give
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+<cite>Linking ABC statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
+combined work based on ABC. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU
+General Public License cover the whole combination.</cite><a
+href="#TransNote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>
+</p><p>
+<cite>In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of ABC give
you permission to combine ABC program with free software programs or
-libraries that are released under the GNU LGPL and with independent
-modules that communicate with ABC solely through the ABCDEF interface.
-You may copy and distribute such a system following the terms of the
-GNU GPL for ABC and the licenses of the other code concerned, provided
-that you include the source code of that other code when and as the
-GNU GPL requires distribution of source code.
-
-Note that people who make modified versions of ABC are not obligated
-to grant this special exception for their modified versions; it is
-their choice whether to do so. The GNU General Public License gives
-permission to release a modified version without this exception; this
-exception also makes it possible to release a modified version which
-carries forward this exception.<a href="#TransNote4" id="TransNote4-rev">[4]
Traducción no oficial</a>
-
-</pre>
+libraries that are released under the GNU LGPL and with independent modules
+that communicate with ABC solely through the ABCDEF interface. You may copy
+and distribute such a system following the terms of the GNU GPL for ABC and
+the licenses of the other code concerned, provided that you include the
+source code of that other code when and as the GNU GPL requires distribution
+of source code.</cite><a href="#TransNote7"><sup>[7]</sup></a>.
+</p><p>
+<cite>Note that people who make modified versions of ABC are not obligated
+to grant this special exception for their modified versions; it is their
+choice whether to do so. The GNU General Public License gives permission to
+release a modified version without this exception; this exception also makes
+it possible to release a modified version which carries forward this
+exception.</cite><a href="#TransNote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a>
+</p>
+</blockquote>
<p>
Sólo los titulares del copyright del programa tienen capacidad legal para
autorizar esta excepción. Si usted ha escrito todo el programa, suponiendo
@@ -2172,17 +2175,19 @@
Para utilizar esta excepción, añada este texto al aviso acerca de la
licencia de cada archivo del paquete (hasta donde sea posible), al final del
texto que dice que el archivo se distribuye bajo la GPL de GNU:</p>
-<p>
-<tt> As a special exception, if you create a document which uses this font,
+
+<blockquote><p>
+<cite>As a special exception, if you create a document which uses this font,
and embed this font or unaltered portions of this font into the document,
this font does not by itself cause the resulting document to be covered by
the GNU General Public License. This exception does not however invalidate
any other reasons why the document might be covered by the GNU General
Public License. If you modify this font, you may extend this exception to
your version of the font, but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not
-wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your version. <a
-href="#TransNote5" id="TransNote5-rev">[5] Traducción no oficial</a>. </tt>
-</p></dd>
+wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your version.</cite> <a
+href="#TransNote8"><sup>[8]</sup></a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+</dd>
<dt><b><a href="#TOCWMS" name="WMS">Estoy escribiendo un sistema de
@@ -2212,17 +2217,16 @@
<p>Esta es una excepción para el código JavaScript:</p>
-<blockquote><p>As a special exception to GPL, any HTML file which merely makes
function
-calls to this code, and for that purpose includes it by reference shall be
-deemed a separate work for copyright law purposes. In addition, the
-copyright holders of this code give you permission to combine this code with
-free software libraries that are released under the GNU LGPL. You may copy
-and distribute such a system following the terms of the GNU GPL for this
-code and the LGPL for the libraries. If you modify this code, you may
+<blockquote><p><cite>As a special exception to GPL, any HTML file which merely
makes
+function calls to this code, and for that purpose includes it by reference
+shall be deemed a separate work for copyright law purposes. In addition,
+the copyright holders of this code give you permission to combine this code
+with free software libraries that are released under the GNU LGPL. You may
+copy and distribute such a system following the terms of the GNU GPL for
+this code and the LGPL for the libraries. If you modify this code, you may
extend this exception to your version of the code, but you are not obligated
to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from
-your version.<a href="#TransNote6" id="TransNote6-rev">[6] Traducción no
-oficial</a>.
+your version.</cite><a href="#TransNote9"><sup>[9]</sup></a>.
</p></blockquote>
</dd>
@@ -2288,11 +2292,14 @@
<p>
Una traducción no aprobada no tiene fuerza legal, y asà debe decirlo de
forma explÃcita. Debe indicarlo como sigue:</p>
-<pre>
- This translation of the GPL is informal, and not officially approved
- by the Free Software Foundation as valid. To be completely sure of
- what is permitted, refer to the original GPL (in English).<a
href="#TransNote7" id="TransNote7-rev">[7] Traducción no oficial</a>.
-</pre>
+<blockquote><p>
+ <cite>This translation of the GPL is informal, and not officially approved
+by the Free Software Foundation as valid. To be completely sure of what is
+permitted, refer to the original GPL (in English).</cite><br/><br/>Esta
+traducción de la GPL es informal y no ha sido aprobada oficialmente como
+válida por la Free Software Foundation. Para estar completamente seguro de
+lo que está permitido, consulte la GPL original (en inglés).
+</p></blockquote>
<p>
Sin embargo, la traducción no aprobada puede servir de pista para comprender
la GPL en inglés. Para muchos usuarios eso es suficiente.</p>
@@ -2512,95 +2519,73 @@
<div class="translators-notes">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-<strong>Notas de traducción</strong><br/><br/><strong>IMPORTANTE: Las
+<hr /><strong>Notas de traducción</strong><br/><br/><strong>IMPORTANTE: Las
siguientes traducciones tienen carácter meramente informativo y carecen de
-validez legal.</strong><ol><li id="TransNote1">No obstante, como excepción
-especial, no es necesario que el código fuente que se distribuye incluya
-nada de lo que normalmente se distribuye (bien como fuente, bien en forma
-binaria) con los componentes principales (compilador, kernel y similares)
-del sistema operativo en el cual funciona el ejecutable, a no ser que el
-propio componente acompañe al ejecutable.<a
-href="#TransNote1-rev">↑</a><br/><br/></li><li
-id="TransNote2">Copyright (C) <var>[años]</var> <var>[nombre del titular del
-copyright]</var><br/><br/>Este programa es software libre. Puede
-redistribuirlo y/o modificarlo bajo los términos de la Licencia Pública
-General de GNU tal como está publicada por la <cite>Free Software
-Foundation</cite>, bien de la versión 2 de dicha Licencia o bien (según su
-elección) de cualquier versión posterior.<br/><br/>Este programa se
-distribuye con la esperanza de que sea útil, pero SIN NINGUNA GARANTÃA,
-incluso sin la garantÃa MERCANTIL implÃcita o sin garantizar la CONVENIENCIA
-PARA UN PROPÃSITO PARTICULAR. Véase la Licencia Pública General de GNU para
-más detalles.<br/><br/>Usted deberÃa haber recibido una copia de la Licencia
-Pública General junto con este programa. Si no ha sido asÃ, escriba a:
-<cite>Free Sofware Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
-02110-1301 USA</cite>. <br/><br/>Enlazar <var>[nombre de su programa]</var>
-estática o dinámicamente con otros módulos es hacer una obra combinada
-basada en <var>[nombre de su programa]</var>. De este modo, los términos y
+validez legal.</strong><ol id="translator-notes"><li id="TransNote1">No
+obstante, como excepción especial, no es necesario que el código fuente que
+se distribuye incluya nada de lo que normalmente se distribuye (bien como
+fuente, bien en forma binaria) con los componentes principales (compilador,
+kernel y similares) del sistema operativo en el cual funciona el ejecutable,
+a no ser que el propio componente acompañe al ejecutable.</li> <li
+id="TransNote2">Este programa es software libre. Puede redistribuirlo y/o
+modificarlo bajo los términos de la Licencia Pública General de GNU tal como
+la publica la Free Software Foundation, bien de la versión 2 de dicha
+Licencia o bien (según su elección) de cualquier versión posterior.<br /><br
+/>Este programa se distribuye con la esperanza de que sea útil, pero SIN
+NINGUNA GARANTÃA, incluso sin la garantÃa MERCANTIL implÃcita y sin
+garantizar el USO PARA NINGÃN PROPÃSITO EN PARTICULAR. Véase la Licencia
+Pública General de GNU para más detalles.<br /><br />Usted debe haber
+recibido una copia de la Licencia Pública General junto con este
+programa. Si no ha sido asÃ, escriba a: Free Sofware Foundation, Inc. 51
+Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.</li><li
+id="TransNote3">Al enlazar ABC estática o dinámicamente con otros módulos,
+se está haciendo una obra combinada basada en ABC. Asà pues, los términos y
condiciones de la Licencia Pública General de GNU cubren la combinación en
-conjunto.<br/><br/>Además, como excepción especial, los titulares del
-copyright de <var>[nombre de su programa]</var> le conceden permiso para
-combinar <var>[nombre de su programa]</var> con programas de software libre
-o bibliotecas publicadas bajo la LGPL de GNU y con código incluido en la
-edición estándar de <var>[nombre de la biblioteca]</var> bajo la licencia
-<var>[nombre de la licencia de la biblioteca]</var> (o versiones modificadas
-de dicho código, siempre que la licencia no haya cambiado). Puede copiar y
+conjunto.</li><li id="TransNote4">Además, como excepción especial, los
+titulares del copyright de ABC le conceden permiso para combinar el programa
+ABC con programas o bibliotecas de software libre publicados bajo la LGPL
+de GNU y con código incluido en la edición estándar de DEF bajo la licencia
+XYZ (o versiones modificadas de dicho código, sin modificación de la
+licencia). Puede copiar y distribuir el sistema asà construido, según los
+términos de la GPL de GNU para ABC y las licencias del resto del código
+implicado, siempre que incluya el código fuente de ese otro código en el
+momento y de la manera en que la GPL de GNU exija la distribución del código
+fuente.</li> <li id="TransNote5">Tenga en cuenta que quien haga versiones
+modificadas de ABC no está obligado a garantizar esta excepción especial en
+sus versiones modificadas; queda a su discreción hacerlo o no. La Licencia
+Pública General de GNU concede permiso para publicar una versión modificada
+sin esta excepción; esta excepción hace también posible publicar una
versión
+modificada que contenga dicha excepción.</li> <li id="TransNote6">No puede
+imponer al receptor ninguna restricción ulterior sobre el ejercicio de los
+derechos aquà concedidos.</li> <li id="TransNote7">Además, como excepción
+especial, los titulares del copyright de ABC le conceden permiso para
+combinar el programa ABC con programas de software libre o bibliotecas
+publicadas bajo la LGPL de GNU y con módulos independientes que se
+comuniquen con ABC únicamente a través de la interfaz ABCDEF. Puede copiar y
distribuir el sistema asà construido, según los términos de la GPL de GNU
-para <var>[nombre de su programa]</var> y las licencias del resto del código
-implicado, siempre que incluya el código fuente de ese otro código cuando y
-de la manera en que la GPL de GNU exija la distribución del código
-fuente.<br/><br/>Tenga en cuenta que quien haga versiones modificadas de
-<var>[nombre de su programa]</var> no está obligado a garantizar esta
-excepción especial en sus versiones modificadas; queda a su discreción
-hacerlo o no. La Licencia Pública General de GNU concede permiso para
-publicar una versión modificada sin esta excepción; esta excepción hace
-también posible publicar una versión modificada que contenga dicha
-excepción.<a href="#TransNote2-rev">↑</a><br/><br/></li><li
-id="TransNote3">No puede imponer al receptor ninguna restricción ulterior
-sobre el ejercicio de los derechos aquà concedidos.<a
-href="#TransNote3-rev">↑</a><br/><br/></li><li id="TransNote4">Al
-enlazar ABC estática o dinámicamente con otros módulos se está haciendo una
-obra combinada basada en ABC. AsÃ, pues, los términos y condiciones de la
-Licencia Pública General de GNU cubren la combinación en
-conjunto.<br/><br/>Además, como excepción especial, los titulares del
-copyright de ABC le conceden permiso para combinar el programa ABC con
-programas de software libre o bibliotecas publicadas bajo la LGPL de GNU y
-con módulos independientes que se comuniquen con ABC únicamente a través de
-la interfaz ABCDEF. Puede copiar y distribuir el sistema asà construido,
-según los términos de la GPL de GNU para ABC, y las licencias del resto del
-código implicado, siempre que incluya el código fuente de ese otro código,
-en el momento y de la manera que la GPL de GNU exija la distribución del
-código fuente.<br/><br/>Advierta que quien haga modificaciones de ABC no
-está obligado a mantener esta excepción especial en sus versiones
-modificadas; queda a su discreción hacerlo o no. La Licencia Pública General
-de GNU concede permiso para publicar una versión modificada sin esta
-excepción; esta excepción hace también posible publicar una versión
-modificada que contenga dicha excepción.<a
-href="#TransNote4-rev">↑</a><br/><br/></li><li id="TransNote5">Como
-excepción especial, si crea un documento que utiliza este tipo de letra, e
-inserta en el documento este tipo de letra o partes inalteradas del mismo,
-este tipo de letra por sà mismo no hace que el documento resultante esté
-cubierto por la Licencia Pública General de GNU. No obstante, esta excepción
-no invalida ninguna otra razón por la cual el documento podrÃa estar
-cubierto por la Licencia Pública General de GNU. Si modifica este tipo de
-letra puede hacer extensiva esta excepción a su versión del tipo de letra,
-pero no está obligado a hacerlo. Si no desea hacerlo, borre esta nota de
-excepción de su versión. <a
-href="#TransNote5-rev">↑</a><br/><br/></li><li id="TransNote6">Como
-excepción especial a la GPL, cualquier archivo HTML que simplemente haga
-llamadas a funciones de este código y que a tal fin lo incluya por
-referencia, a efectos de la ley de copyright habrá de considerarse como una
-obra separada. Además, los titulares del copyright de este código le
-conceden permiso para combinar este programa con bibliotecas libres
-publicadas bajo la LGPL de GNU. Puede copiar y distribuir el sistema asÃ
-construido, según los términos de la GPL de GNU para este código y según
los
-de la LGPL para las bibliotecas. Si modifica este código puede hacer
+para ABC, y las licencias del resto del código implicado, siempre que
+incluya el código fuente de ese otro código, en el momento y de la manera
+que la GPL de GNU exija la distribución del código fuente.</li> <li
+id="TransNote8">Como excepción especial, si crea un documento que utiliza
+este tipo de letra, e inserta en el documento este tipo de letra o partes
+inalteradas del mismo, este tipo de letra por sà mismo no hace que el
+documento resultante esté cubierto por la Licencia Pública General de
+GNU. No obstante, esta excepción no invalida ninguna otra razón por la cual
+el documento podrÃa estar cubierto por la Licencia Pública General de
+GNU. Si modifica este tipo de letra puede hacer extensiva esta excepción a
+su versión del tipo de letra, pero no está obligado a hacerlo. Si no desea
+hacerlo, borre esta nota de excepción de su versión.</li> <li
+id="TransNote9">Como excepción especial a la GPL, cualquier archivo HTML que
+simplemente haga llamadas a funciones de este código y que a tal fin lo
+incluya por referencia, a efectos de la ley de copyright habrá de
+considerarse como una obra separada. Además, los titulares del copyright de
+este código le conceden permiso para combinar este programa con bibliotecas
+libres publicadas bajo la LGPL de GNU. Puede copiar y distribuir el sistema
+asà construido, según los términos de la GPL de GNU para este código y
según
+los de la LGPL para las bibliotecas. Si modifica este código puede hacer
extensiva esta excepción a su versión del código, pero no está obligado a
-hacerlo. Si no desea hacerlo, borre esta nota de excepción de su versión.<a
-href="#TransNote6-rev">↑</a><br/><br/></li><li id="TransNote7">Esta
-traducción de la GPL es informal y no ha sido aprobada oficialmente como
-válida por la <cite>Free Software Foundation</cite>. Para estar
-completamente seguro de lo que está permitido, consulte la GPL original (en
-inglés).<a href="#TransNote7-rev">↑</a></li></ol></div>
+hacerlo. Si no desea hacerlo, borre esta nota de excepción de su
+versión.</li></ol></div>
</div>
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -2640,8 +2625,8 @@
el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -2656,7 +2641,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2020/06/27 11:05:26 $
+$Date: 2020/07/11 23:29:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es-en.html 3 Aug 2019 11:59:13
-0000 1.27
+++ licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es-en.html 11 Jul 2020 23:29:16
-0000 1.28
@@ -967,8 +967,8 @@
permission to release a modified version without this exception; this
exception also makes it possible to release a modified version which
carries forward this exception.</p>
-
</blockquote>
+
<p>
You should put this text in each file to which the exception applies.
</p><p>
@@ -1298,10 +1298,10 @@
Because it imposes a specific requirement that is not in the GPL;
namely, the requirement on advertisements of the program. The GPL
states:
-<pre>
+<blockquote><p>
You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise
of the rights granted herein.
-</pre>
+</p></blockquote>
<p>
The advertising clause provides just such a further restriction, and thus is
GPL-incompatible.</p>
@@ -1422,12 +1422,12 @@
Add this text to the license notice of each file in the package, at
the end of the text that says the file is distributed under the GNU
GPL:
-<pre>
-
+<blockquote>
+<p>
Linking ABC statically or dynamically with other modules is making
a combined work based on ABC. Thus, the terms and conditions of
the GNU General Public License cover the whole combination.
-
+</p><p>
In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of ABC give
you permission to combine ABC program with free software programs or
libraries that are released under the GNU LGPL and with independent
@@ -1436,15 +1436,15 @@
GNU GPL for ABC and the licenses of the other code concerned, provided
that you include the source code of that other code when and as the
GNU GPL requires distribution of source code.
-
+</p><p>
Note that people who make modified versions of ABC are not obligated
to grant this special exception for their modified versions; it is
their choice whether to do so. The GNU General Public License gives
permission to release a modified version without this exception; this
exception also makes it possible to release a modified version which
carries forward this exception.
-
-</pre>
+</p>
+</blockquote>
<p>
Only the copyright holders for the program can legally authorize this
exception. If you wrote the whole program yourself, then assuming your
@@ -2139,8 +2139,8 @@
To use this exception, add this text to the license notice of each
file in the package (to the extent possible), at the end of the text
that says the file is distributed under the GNU GPL:</p>
-<p>
-<tt>
+
+<blockquote><p>
As a special exception, if you create a document which uses
this font, and embed this font or unaltered portions of this font into
the document, this font does not by itself cause the resulting
@@ -2150,8 +2150,8 @@
modify this font, you may extend this exception to your version of the
font, but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so,
delete this exception statement from your version.
-</tt>
-</p></dd>
+</p></blockquote>
+</dd>
<dt><b><a href="#TOCWMS" name="WMS"> I am writing a website
@@ -2256,11 +2256,11 @@
<p>
An unapproved translation has no legal force, and it should say so
explicitly. It should be marked as follows:</p>
-<pre>
+<blockquote><p>
This translation of the GPL is informal, and not officially approved
by the Free Software Foundation as valid. To be completely sure of
what is permitted, refer to the original GPL (in English).
-</pre>
+</p></blockquote>
<p>
But the unapproved translation can serve as a hint for how to
understand the English GPL. For many users, that is sufficient.</p>
@@ -2496,7 +2496,7 @@
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -2506,7 +2506,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2019/08/03 11:59:13 $
+$Date: 2020/07/11 23:29:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.51
retrieving revision 1.52
diff -u -b -r1.51 -r1.52
--- licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es.po 11 Jul 2020 23:21:35 -0000
1.51
+++ licenses/old-licenses/po/gpl-2.0-faq.es.po 11 Jul 2020 23:29:16 -0000
1.52
@@ -209,10 +209,10 @@
"mean? Does that mean everyone in the world can get the source to any GPL'ed "
"program no matter what?</a>"
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"#WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid\" name=\"TOCWhatDoesWrittenOfferValid"
-"\">¿Qué significa eso de «oferta escrita válida para cualquier tercera "
-"parte»? ¿Significa que cualquier persona puede obtener el código fuente de
"
-"cualquier programa publicado bajo la GPL, incondicionalmente?</a>"
+"<a href=\"#WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid\" name=\"TOCWhatDoesWrittenOfferValid\">"
+"¿Qué significa eso de «oferta escrita válida para cualquier tercera
parte»? "
+"¿Significa que cualquier persona puede obtener el código fuente de
cualquier "
+"programa publicado bajo la GPL, incondicionalmente?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@
"\"> Does the GPL allow me to require that anyone who receives the software "
"must pay me a fee and/or notify me?</a>"
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"#DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee\" name=\"TOCDoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee"
-"\">¿Me autoriza la GPL a exigir que cualquiera que reciba el software haya "
-"de abonarme alguna cantidad o notificármelo?</a>"
+"<a href=\"#DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee\" name=\"TOCDoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee\">"
+"¿Me autoriza la GPL a exigir que cualquiera que reciba el software haya de "
+"abonarme alguna cantidad o notificármelo?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@
"\">Am I required to claim a copyright on my modifications to a GPL-covered "
"program?</a>"
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"#RequiredToClaimCopyright\" name=\"TOCRequiredToClaimCopyright"
-"\">¿Es preciso que reclame el copyright de mis modificaciones de un programa
"
+"<a href=\"#RequiredToClaimCopyright\" name=\"TOCRequiredToClaimCopyright\">"
+"¿Es preciso que reclame el copyright de mis modificaciones de un programa "
"cubierto por la GPL?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
@@ -1673,9 +1673,9 @@
"Does the GPL allow me to develop a modified version under a nondisclosure "
"agreement?</a></b>"
msgstr ""
-"<b><a href=\"#TOCDevelopChangesUnderNDA\" name=\"DevelopChangesUnderNDA"
-"\">¿Me permite la GPL desarrollar una versión modificada bajo un acuerdo de
"
-"no divulgación?</a></b>"
+"<b><a href=\"#TOCDevelopChangesUnderNDA\" name=\"DevelopChangesUnderNDA\">"
+"¿Me permite la GPL desarrollar una versión modificada bajo un acuerdo de no
"
+"divulgación?</a></b>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2265,8 +2265,8 @@
"you give me step by step instructions on how to apply the GPL to my program?"
"</a></b>"
msgstr ""
-"<b><a href=\"#TOCCouldYouHelpApplyGPL\" name=\"CouldYouHelpApplyGPL"
-"\">¿PodrÃan indicarme uno a uno los pasos a seguir para aplicar la GPL a mi
"
+"<b><a href=\"#TOCCouldYouHelpApplyGPL\" name=\"CouldYouHelpApplyGPL\">"
+"¿PodrÃan indicarme uno a uno los pasos a seguir para aplicar la GPL a mi "
"programa?</a></b>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -2661,8 +2661,8 @@
"tanto, los términos de la GPL se aplican a la combinación entera. Los "
"módulos de software que enlazan con la biblioteca pueden estar bajo diversas
"
"licencias compatibles con la GPL, pero la obra en su conjunto debe estar "
-"licenciada bajo la GPL. Consulte también: <a href=\"#WhatDoesCompatMean"
-"\">¿Qué significa que una licencia es «compatible con la GPL»?</a>"
+"licenciada bajo la GPL. Consulte también: <a href=\"#WhatDoesCompatMean\">"
+"¿Qué significa que una licencia es «compatible con la GPL»?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -2813,8 +2813,8 @@
"the rights granted herein."
msgstr ""
"<cite>You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' "
-"exercise of the rights granted herein.</cite><a href="
-"\"#TransNote6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>."
+"exercise of the rights granted herein.</cite><a href=\"#TransNote6\"><sup>[6]"
+"</sup></a>."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/why-free.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/why-free.cs.html 5 Jul 2020 14:11:21 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/why-free.cs.html 11 Jul 2020 23:29:16 -0000 1.8
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/why-free.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value=""
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2009-09-05" -->
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/why-free.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.cs.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -12,11 +7,11 @@
<title>ProÄ by software nemÄl mÃt vlastnÃky â Projekt GNU â Nadace pro
svobodný
software</title>
-<meta name="Keywords" content="" />
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, projekt GNU, FSF, svobodný software,
Nadace pro svobodný software, ProÄ
+by software nemÄl mÃt vlastnÃky" />
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
<h2>ProÄ by software nemÄl mÃt vlastnÃky</h2>
<p>napsal <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
@@ -60,7 +55,7 @@
<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>, ne za
kopÃrovánà softwaru (nenà obvinÄn z kopÃrovánà Äehokoli), ale pouze za
ponechánà strojů pro kopÃrovánà nestÅežených a za nezvládnutÃ
cenzury jejich
-použÃvánÃ.</li>
+použÃvánÃ.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -77,6 +72,7 @@
VlastnÃci použÃvajà nÄkolik druhů praktik, kterými se snažà obhájit
své
právo na kontrolu naÅ¡eho použÃvánà informacÃ:</p>
+
<ul>
<li id="name-calling">SlovÃÄkaÅenÃ
@@ -119,10 +115,9 @@
urÄen pouze pro posÃlenà navyklých mentálnÃch pochodů.</p>
<p>
-Je elementárnÃ, že právo nerozhoduje o dobrém a Å¡patném. Každý
AmeriÄan by
-mÄl vÄdÄt, že pÅed ÄtyÅiceti lety bylo v mnoha státech protiprávnÃ,
aby
-Äerný ÄlovÄk sedÄl vpÅedu v autobusu; ale pouze rasista by Åekl, že
sezenÃ
-tam je špatné.</p></li>
+Je zjevné, že právo nerozhoduje o dobrém a Å¡patném. Každý AmeriÄan by
mÄl
+vÄdÄt, že v 50. letech bylo v mnoha státech protiprávnÃ, aby Äerný
ÄlovÄk
+sedÄl vpÅedu v autobusu; ale pouze rasista by Åekl, že sezenà tam je
špatné.</p></li>
<li id="natural-rights">PÅirozená práva.
@@ -241,10 +236,10 @@
musÃme zvednout výdaje.</p>
<p>
-Deset let již autoÅi svobodného software zkouÅ¡ejÃ, s ÄásteÄnými
úspÄchy,
-různé metody jak najÃt finanÄnà zdroje. Nejde o to dÄlat z nÄkoho
boháÄe;
-průmÄrný pÅÃjem americké rodiny, okolo $35,000, se ukazuje jako
dostateÄná
-motivace pro mnoho zamÄstnánÃ, která nejsou tak zajÃmavá jako
programovánÃ.</p>
+Již od 80. let autoÅi svobodného software zkouÅ¡ejÃ, s ÄásteÄnými
úspÄchy,
+různé metody jak najÃt finanÄnà zdroje. Nejde o to dÄlat z nÄkoho
boháÄe; i
+průmÄrný pÅÃjem se ukazuje jako dostateÄná motivace pro mnoho
zamÄstnánÃ,
+která nejsou tak zajÃmavá a zábavná jako programovánÃ.</p>
<p>
Po léta, než to pÅestalo být dÃky souÄasné podpoÅe nezbytné, jsem se
živil
@@ -256,19 +251,21 @@
<p>
NÄkteÅà autoÅi svobodného software vydÄlávajà prodejem podpory svých
-produktů. Cygnus Support, se svými pÅibližnÄ 50 zamÄstnanci, odhaduje,
že
-pÅibližnÄ 15 procent aktivit jeho pracovnÃků je vývoj svobodného
software â
-sluÅ¡ný podÃl pro softwarovou firmu.</p>
+produktů. Cygnus Support, se svými pÅibližnÄ 50 zamÄstnanci, v roce 1994
+vÄnoval odhadem 15 procent aktivit svých pracovnÃků vývoji svobodného
+softwaru â sluÅ¡ný podÃl pro softwarovou firmu.</p>
<p>
-SpoleÄnosti vÄetnÄ Intelu, Motoroly, Texas Instruments a Analog Devices se
-spojili, aby podpoÅily pokraÄujÃcà vývoj svobodného GNU kompileru pro
jazyk
-C. GNU pÅekladaÄ pro jazyk Ada je prozmÄnu podporován US Air Force, která
-vÄÅÃ, že je to nejlevnÄjÅ¡Ã cesta jak zÃskat vysoce kvalitnÃ
kompiler.</p>
+Na zaÄátku 90. let se spoleÄnosti vÄetnÄ Intelu, Motoroly, Texas
Instruments
+a Analog Devices spojili, aby podpoÅily pokraÄujÃcà vývoj svobodného
+kompilátoru GNU pro jazyk C. VÄtÅ¡inu práce na vývoji GCC stále dÄlajÃ
+placenà vývojáÅi. GNU pÅekladaÄ pro jazyk Ada byl v 90. letech pro zmÄnu
+podporován US Air Force a nadále je podporován firmou zÅÃzenou pro tento
+úÄel.</p>
<p>
Hnutà svobodného software je zatÃm stále malé, ale pÅÃklad posluchaÄi
-podporovaného rádia v USA ukazuje, že je možné podporovat rozsáhlou
aktivitu
+podporovaných rádià v USA ukazuje, že je možné podporovat rozsáhlé
aktivity
bez potÅeby nutit každého k placenÃ.</p>
<p>
@@ -288,7 +285,12 @@
<p>
ZasloužÃte si svobodný software.</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<h3>Poznámky pod Äarou</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">ObvinÄnà byla následnÄ zamÃtnuta.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">Tato esej vyšla v knize <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Svobodný
software, Svobodná spoleÄnost: Vybrané eseje Richarda
@@ -342,14 +344,16 @@
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
document was modified, or published.
+
If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1994 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1994, 2009, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Tato stránka je vydána pod licencà <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.cs";>Creative
@@ -359,12 +363,12 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
- </div>
+Editor a spoluautor pÅekladu: FrantiÅ¡ek KuÄera.</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2020/07/05 14:11:21 $
+$Date: 2020/07/11 23:29:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po 11 Jul 2020 23:03:15 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/po/why-free.cs.po 11 Jul 2020 23:29:16 -0000 1.10
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1) ? 0 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 1 : 2;\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 2.0\n"
@@ -34,8 +33,8 @@
"GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, Why Software "
"Should Not Have Owners"
msgstr ""
-"GNU, projekt GNU, FSF, svobodný software, Nadace pro svobodný software,
ProÄ"
-" by software nemÄl mÃt vlastnÃky"
+"GNU, projekt GNU, FSF, svobodný software, Nadace pro svobodný software,
ProÄ "
+"by software nemÄl mÃt vlastnÃky"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "Why Software Should Not Have Owners"
@@ -122,17 +121,6 @@
"nuceni prokázat svou nevinu nelegálnÃho kopÃrovánÃ."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-# | Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such as
-# | <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>'s David
-# | LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of copying any),
-# | but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to censor
-# | their [-use.-] {+use.<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such "
-#| "as <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>'s "
-#| "David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of copying "
-#| "any), but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to "
-#| "censor their use."
msgid ""
"Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such as "
"<abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>'s David "
@@ -255,25 +243,15 @@
"urÄen pouze pro posÃlenà navyklých mentálnÃch pochodů."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
-# | It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American
-# | should know that, [-forty years ago,-] {+in the 1950s,+} it was against
-# | the law in many states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus;
-# | but only racists would say sitting there was wrong.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American "
-#| "should know that, forty years ago, it was against the law in many states "
-#| "for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only racists would "
-#| "say sitting there was wrong."
msgid ""
"It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American "
"should know that, in the 1950s, it was against the law in many states for a "
"black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only racists would say "
"sitting there was wrong."
msgstr ""
-"Je zjevné, že právo nerozhoduje o dobrém a Å¡patném. Každý AmeriÄan
by "
-"mÄl vÄdÄt, že v 50. letech bylo v mnoha státech protiprávnÃ, aby "
-"Äerný ÄlovÄk sedÄl vpÅedu v autobusu; ale pouze rasista by Åekl, že
sezenà "
-"tam je špatné."
+"Je zjevné, že právo nerozhoduje o dobrém a Å¡patném. Každý AmeriÄan
by mÄl "
+"vÄdÄt, že v 50. letech bylo v mnoha státech protiprávnÃ, aby Äerný
ÄlovÄk "
+"sedÄl vpÅedu v autobusu; ale pouze rasista by Åekl, že sezenà tam je
špatné."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "Natural rights."
@@ -506,26 +484,16 @@
"musÃme zvednout výdaje."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | [-For ten years now,-]{+Since the 1980s,+} free software developers have
-# | tried various methods of finding funds, with some success. There's no
-# | need to make anyone rich; [-the median US family income, around $35k,
-# | proves to be enough-] {+a typical income is plenty of+} incentive [-for-]
-# | {+to do+} many jobs that are less satisfying than programming.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "For ten years now, free software developers have tried various methods of "
-#| "finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; "
-#| "the median US family income, around $35k, proves to be enough incentive "
-#| "for many jobs that are less satisfying than programming."
msgid ""
"Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods of "
"finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; a "
"typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less "
"satisfying than programming."
msgstr ""
-"Již od 80. let autoÅi svobodného software zkouÅ¡ejÃ, s ÄásteÄnými
úspÄchy,"
-" různé metody jak najÃt finanÄnà zdroje. Nejde o to dÄlat z nÄkoho
boháÄe; i"
-" průmÄrný pÅÃjem se ukazuje jako dostateÄná motivace pro mnoho
zamÄstnánÃ,"
-" která nejsou tak zajÃmavá a zábavná jako programovánÃ."
+"Již od 80. let autoÅi svobodného software zkouÅ¡ejÃ, s ÄásteÄnými
úspÄchy, "
+"různé metody jak najÃt finanÄnà zdroje. Nejde o to dÄlat z nÄkoho
boháÄe; i "
+"průmÄrný pÅÃjem se ukazuje jako dostateÄná motivace pro mnoho
zamÄstnánÃ, "
+"která nejsou tak zajÃmavá a zábavná jako programovánÃ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -544,41 +512,18 @@
"prioritu já."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
-# | {+In 1994,+} Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimate[-s-]{+d+}
-# | that about 15 percent of its staff activity [-is-] {+was+} free software
-# | development—a respectable percentage for a software company.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Some free software developers make money by selling support services. "
-#| "Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimates that about 15 percent "
-#| "of its staff activity is free software development—a respectable "
-#| "percentage for a software company."
msgid ""
"Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In "
"1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 "
"percent of its staff activity was free software development—a "
"respectable percentage for a software company."
msgstr ""
-"NÄkteÅà autoÅi svobodného software vydÄlávajà prodejem podpory svých"
-" produktů. Cygnus Support, se svými pÅibližnÄ 50 zamÄstnanci, v roce
1994"
-" vÄnoval odhadem 15 procent aktivit svých pracovnÃků vývoji svobodného"
-" softwaru â sluÅ¡ný podÃl pro softwarovou firmu."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | [-Companies-]{+In the early 1990s, companies+} including Intel, Motorola,
-# | Texas Instruments and Analog Devices [-have-] combined to fund the
-# | continued development of the [-free-] GNU [-compiler for the language C.
-# | Meanwhile, the-] {+C compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid
-# | developers. The+} GNU compiler for the Ada language [-is being-] {+was+}
-# | funded {+in the 90s+} by the US Air Force, [-which believes this is the
-# | most cost-effective way to get-] {+and continued since then by+} a [-high
-# | quality compiler.-] {+company formed specifically for the purpose.+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and Analog Devices "
-#| "have combined to fund the continued development of the free GNU compiler "
-#| "for the language C. Meanwhile, the GNU compiler for the Ada language is "
-#| "being funded by the US Air Force, which believes this is the most cost-"
-#| "effective way to get a high quality compiler."
+"NÄkteÅà autoÅi svobodného software vydÄlávajà prodejem podpory svých
"
+"produktů. Cygnus Support, se svými pÅibližnÄ 50 zamÄstnanci, v roce
1994 "
+"vÄnoval odhadem 15 procent aktivit svých pracovnÃků vývoji svobodného "
+"softwaru â sluÅ¡ný podÃl pro softwarovou firmu."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments "
"and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C "
@@ -586,12 +531,12 @@
"compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and "
"continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose."
msgstr ""
-"Na zaÄátku 90. let se spoleÄnosti vÄetnÄ Intelu, Motoroly, Texas
Instruments"
-" a Analog Devices spojili, aby podpoÅily pokraÄujÃcà vývoj svobodného"
-" kompilátoru GNU pro jazyk "
-"C. VÄtÅ¡inu práce na vývoji GCC stále dÄlajà placenà vývojáÅi. GNU
pÅekladaÄ"
-" pro jazyk Ada byl v 90. letech pro zmÄnu podporován US Air Force a nadále
je"
-" podporován firmou zÅÃzenou pro tento úÄel."
+"Na zaÄátku 90. let se spoleÄnosti vÄetnÄ Intelu, Motoroly, Texas
Instruments "
+"a Analog Devices spojili, aby podpoÅily pokraÄujÃcà vývoj svobodného "
+"kompilátoru GNU pro jazyk C. VÄtÅ¡inu práce na vývoji GCC stále dÄlajÃ
"
+"placenà vývojáÅi. GNU pÅekladaÄ pro jazyk Ada byl v 90. letech pro
zmÄnu "
+"podporován US Air Force a nadále je podporován firmou zÅÃzenou pro tento
"
+"úÄel."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -698,8 +643,6 @@
"se dozvÃte, jak koordinovat svoji práci a posÃlat pÅeklady tohoto
Älánku."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © 1994, [-2009-] {+2009, 2020+} Richard Stallman
-#| msgid "Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 1994, 2009, 2020 Richard Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 1994, 2009, 2020 Richard Stallman"
Index: philosophy/po/why-free.cs-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/why-free.cs-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/why-free.cs-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/why-free.cs-en.html 11 Jul 2020 23:29:16 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Why Software Should Not Have Owners
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, Why Software Should Not Have Owners" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
+easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this
+easier for all of us.</p>
+
+<p>
+Not everyone wants it to be easier. The system of copyright gives
+software programs “owners”, most of whom aim to withhold
+software's potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would
+like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we
+use.</p>
+
+<p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
+because it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not
+take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did
+not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
+few readers were sued for that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when
+information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with
+others. This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like
+copyright. That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian
+measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four
+practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners to
+help your friend.</li>
+
+<li>Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and
+colleagues.</li>
+
+<li>Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people
+are told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying.</li>
+
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people
+such as
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>'s
+David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of
+copying any), but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and
+failing to censor their use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union,
+where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying,
+and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it
+from hand to hand as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the
+motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in
+the US the motive is profit. But it is the actions that affect us,
+not the motive. Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no
+matter why, leads to the same methods and the same harshness.</p>
+
+<p>
+Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power
+to control how we use information:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li id="name-calling">Name calling.
+
+<p>
+Owners use smear words such as “piracy” and
+“theft”, as well as expert terminology such as
+“intellectual property” and “damage”, to
+suggest a certain line of thinking to the public—a simplistic
+analogy between programs and physical objects.</p>
+
+<p>
+Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about
+whether it is right to <em>take an object away</em> from someone else. They
+don't directly apply to <em>making a copy</em> of something. But the owners
+ask us to apply them anyway.</p></li>
+
+<li id="exaggeration">Exaggeration.
+
+<p>
+Owners say that they suffer “harm” or “economic
+loss” when users copy programs themselves. But the copying has
+no direct effect on the owner, and it harms no one. The owner can
+lose only if the person who made the copy would otherwise have paid
+for one from the owner.</p>
+
+<p>
+A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought
+copies. Yet the owners compute their “losses” as if each
+and every one would have bought a copy. That is exaggeration—to
+put it kindly.</p></li>
+
+<li id="law">The law.
+
+<p>
+Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh
+penalties they can threaten us with. Implicit in this approach is the
+suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of
+morality—yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these
+penalties as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone.</p>
+
+<p>
+This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical
+thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway.</p>
+
+<p>
+It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American
+should know that, in the 1950s, it was against the law in many
+states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only
+racists would say sitting there was wrong.</p></li>
+
+<li id="natural-rights">Natural rights.
+
+<p>
+Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
+written, and go on to assert that, as a result, their desires and
+interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone
+else—or even those of the whole rest of the world. (Typically
+companies, not authors, hold the copyrights on software, but we are
+expected to ignore this discrepancy.)</p>
+
+<p>
+To those who propose this as an ethical axiom—the author is more
+important than you—I can only say that I, a notable software
+author myself, call it bunk.</p>
+
+<p>
+But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the
+natural rights claims for two reasons.</p>
+
+<p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I
+cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I
+cannot eat it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits
+him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one?
+The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical
+balance.</p>
+
+<p>
+But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly
+and me only indirectly. Whether you give a copy to your friend
+affects you and your friend much more than it affects me. I shouldn't
+have the power to tell you not to do these things. No one should.</p>
+
+<p>
+The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights
+for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a matter of history, the opposite is true. The idea of natural
+rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US
+Constitution was drawn up. That's why the Constitution only
+<em>permits</em> a system of copyright and does not <em>require</em>
+one; that's why it says that copyright must be temporary. It also
+states that the purpose of copyright is to promote progress—not
+to reward authors. Copyright does reward authors somewhat, and
+publishers more, but that is intended as a means of modifying their
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>
+The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts
+into the natural rights of the public—and that this can only be
+justified for the public's sake.</p></li>
+
+<li id="economics">Economics.
+
+<p>
+The final argument made for having owners of software is that this
+leads to production of more software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unlike the others, this argument at least takes a legitimate approach
+to the subject. It is based on a valid goal—satisfying the
+users of software. And it is empirically clear that people will
+produce more of something if they are well paid for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
+that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
+It assumes that <em>production of software</em> is what we want,
+whether the software has owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance.
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or
+for a price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
+Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
+the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
+once. Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot
+directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is true for any kind of material object—whether or not it
+has an owner does not directly affect what it <em>is</em>, or what you
+can do with it if you acquire it.</p>
+
+<p>
+But if a program has an owner, this very much affects what it is, and
+what you can do with a copy if you buy one. The difference is not
+just a matter of money. The system of owners of software encourages
+software owners to produce something—but not what society really
+needs. And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us
+all.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+What does society need? It needs information that is truly available
+to its citizens—for example, programs that people can read, fix,
+adapt, and improve, not just operate. But what software owners
+typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change.</p>
+
+<p>
+Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users
+lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p>
+
+<p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they
+pollute our society's civic spirit.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is why we say that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>
+is a matter of freedom, not price.</p>
+
+<p>
+The economic argument for owners is erroneous, but the economic issue
+is real. Some people write useful software for the pleasure of
+writing it or for admiration and love; but if we want more software
+than those people write, we need to raise funds.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods
+of finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone
+rich; a typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are
+less satisfying than programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
+from custom enhancements of the free software I had written. Each
+enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus
+eventually became available to the general public. Clients paid me so
+that I would work on the enhancements they wanted, rather than on the
+features I would otherwise have considered highest priority.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
+In 1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that
+about 15 percent of its staff activity was free software
+development—a respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas
+Instruments and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued
+development of the GNU C compiler. Most GCC development is still done
+by paid developers. The GNU compiler for the Ada language was funded
+in the 90s by the US Air Force, and continued since then by a company
+formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a
+large activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to
+refuse. Cooperation is more important than copyright. But
+underground, closet cooperation does not make for a good society. A
+person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride, and
+this means saying no to proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
+people who use software. You deserve to be able to learn how the
+software works, and to teach your students with it. You deserve to be
+able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve free software.</p>
+
+<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1994, 2009, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2020/07/11 23:29:16 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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