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CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 20/06/20 07:29:03
Modified files:
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Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
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<h2 class="center">Oikeus lukea</h2>
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Päivitetty:
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<title>The Right to Read
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
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+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2 class="center">The Right to Read</h2>
+
+<p class="byline center">
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
+<p class="center">
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <cite>Communications of the ACM</cite> (Volume 40, Number
+2).</em></p>
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<div class="article">
+<blockquote class="center comment"><p>
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
+might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she
+came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition,
+let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way
+she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had
+to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those
+fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for
+an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if
+frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the
+library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to
+pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages
+without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial
+and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access.
+By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature
+were a dim memory.</p>
+
+<p>
+There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central
+Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in
+software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool,
+and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading
+books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them
+turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were
+easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for
+pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have
+debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD
+or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them
+to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this
+had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they
+were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger
+vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to
+officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in
+software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be
+used only for class exercises.</p>
+
+<p>
+It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a
+modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
+kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
+the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the FBI nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
+couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to
+speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask
+for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
+own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students,
+regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
+interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
+grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
+administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
+doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started
+only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began
+using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different
+approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were
+harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to
+their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been
+taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the
+history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on
+copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved
+to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from
+the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the
+universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<blockquote class="announcement">
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of e-books</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div id="AuthorsNote">
+<h3>Author's Notes</h3>
+
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+<li>
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<p>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
+the future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a
+repressive society shaped by the unjust forces that use “pirate” as
+propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society.
+I have tried to project it forwards into something more visibly
+oppressive. See <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<p>Computer-enforced restrictions on lending or reading books (and other
+kinds of published works) are known as DRM, short for
+“Digital Restrictions Management”. To
+eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has
+established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by
+Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support.</p>
+
+<p>The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a separate organization not
+related to the Free Software Foundation, also campaigns against
+DRM.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="comment">
+The following note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.</p>
+
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+<li>
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+The battle for the right to read is already being fought. Although it
+may take 50 years for our past freedoms to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific repressive laws and practices described above have
+already been proposed; some have been enacted into law in the US and
+elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
+(DMCA) gave explicit government backing to the
+computer-enforced restrictions known as DRM, by making the
+distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime. The European
+Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright directive, in a
+form not quite as strong.</p>
+
+<p>
+The US campaigns to impose such rules on the rest of the world through
+so-called “free trade” treaties.
+<a href="https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html">
+Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a more fitting term for them, since
+they are designed to give business dominion over nominally democratic
+states. The DMCA's policy of criminalizing programs that
+break DRM is one of many unjust policies that these treaties impose
+across a wide range of fields.</p>
+
+<p>
+The US has imposed DMCA requirements on Australia, Panama, Colombia
+and South Korea through bilateral agreements, and on countries such as
+Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. Obama has escalated the
+campaign with two new proposed treaties, the TPP and the TTIP. The
+TPP would impose the DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12
+countries on the Pacific Ocean. The TTIP would impose similar
+strictures on Europe. All these treaties must be defeated, or
+abolished.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the
+copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an
+official part of the web specifications.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<div class="table">
+<div class="table-cell left">
+<p class="emph-box">
+Nonfree software tends to have <a href="/proprietary/">abusive
+features of many kinds</a>, which lead to the conclusion that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">you can
+never trust a nonfree program</a>. We must insist on free (libre)
+software only, and reject nonfree programs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="table-cell right">
+With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door:
+Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software
+“upgrades,” even if users consider them rather to be
+downgrades. It can also order all machines running Vista to refuse to
+run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's clampdown on
+users was to impose DRM that users can't overcome. Of course, Windows
+10 is no better.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme gave early versions names such as
+“trusted computing” and “Palladium”, but as
+ultimately put into use, it is called “secure boot”.</p>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on per own computer. Microsoft is likely to use that
+control on behalf of the FBI when asked: it
+already <a href="/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html">shows
+the NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to exploit.</p>
+
+<p>
+Secure boot can be implemented in a way that permits the user to
+specify the signature key and decide what software to sign. In
+practice, PCs designed for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and
+whether the machine's owner can install any other system (such as
+GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's control. We call this <em>restricted
+boot</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<div class="columns">
+<p>
+In 1997, when this story was first published, the SPA was
+threatening small Internet service providers, demanding they permit
+the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrendered when
+threatened, because they could not afford to fight back in court. One
+ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the demand
+and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit,
+but the DMCA gave it the power it sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers
+Association, has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official
+police force; unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods
+reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform
+on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing
+software would be raped in prison.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
+For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this
+message upon login:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
+are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
+recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
+improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the
+activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this
+system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
+monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
+University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
+everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="BadNews">
+<h3>Bad News</h3>
+
+<p class="reduced-width">
+The battle for the right to read is going against us so far.
+The enemy is organized, and we are not.
+</p>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>Today's commercial
+e-books <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> abolish
+readers' traditional freedoms</a>. Amazon's e-book reader product,
+which I call the “<a
+href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Amazon
+Swindle</a>” because it's designed to
+swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books,
+is run by software with several
+demonstrated <a href="/proprietary/malware-kindle-swindle.html">Orwellian
+functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for rejecting the product
+completely:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>It spies on everything the user does: it reports which book
the
+user is reading, and which page, and it reports when the user highlights
+text, and any notes the user enters.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has DRM, which is intended to block users from
+sharing copies.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has a back door with which Amazon can remotely erase any
book.
+In 2009, it erased thousands of copies of 1984, by George
Orwell.</p></li>
+
+<li><p class="inline-block">In case all that isn't Orwellian
enough, there is a universal
+back door with which Amazon can remotely change the software, and
+introduce any other form of nastiness.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It identifies the
+user and records what books the user obtains. It also requires users
+to agree to an antisocial contract that they won't share copies with
+others. My conscience tells me that, if I had agreed to such a
+contract, the lesser evil would be to defy it and share copies anyway;
+however, to be entirely good, I should not agree to it in the first
+place. Therefore, I refuse to agree to such contracts, whether for
+software, for e-books, for music, or for anything else.</p>
+
+<p class="emph-box">
+If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
+to organize and fight. Subscribe to the
+FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by
Design</a>
+campaign to lend a hand. You
+can <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join the FSF</a> to
support
+our work more generally. There is also a <a href="/help/help.html">list
of ways
+to participate in our work</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="References">
+<h3>References</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+ href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An
+ explanation of the White Paper:
+ The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson,
<cite>Wired</cite>,
+ January 1st, 1996.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm">Sold Out</a>,
+ James Boyle, <cite>New York Times</cite>, March 31,
1996.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html">Public
Data or Private Data</a>,
+ Dave Farber, <cite>Washington Post</cite>, November 4,
1996.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113122141/http://public-domain.org/">Union
for the Public
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019
Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2020/06/20 11:29:03 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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