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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/android-and-users-freedom.tra... |
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Date: |
Wed, 17 Jun 2020 05:00:27 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 20/06/17 05:00:27
Modified files:
philosophy/po : android-and-users-freedom.translist
Added files:
philosophy : android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html
philosophy/po : android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/android-and-users-freedom.translist
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- po/android-and-users-freedom.translist 15 Mar 2020 18:34:45 -0000
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+++ po/android-and-users-freedom.translist 17 Jun 2020 09:00:27 -0000
1.21
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
<span dir="ltr">[pl] <a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.pl.html">polski</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[ru] <a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
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</span>
<span dir="ltr">[tr] <a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.tr.html">Türkçe</a> </span>
+<span dir="ltr">[zh-cn] <a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a>
</span>
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@@ -23,4 +24,5 @@
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<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
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Index: android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html
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RCS file: android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html
diff -N android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn.html 17 Jun 2020 09:00:27 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.en.html" -->
+
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+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Android åç¨æ·çèªç± - GNU å·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<h2>Android åç¨æ·çèªç±</h2>
+<p>Richard Stallman è<br />å¨ <em><a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/android-free-software-stallman";>å«æ¥ï¼The
+Guardianï¼</a></em>é¦å</p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p class="comment">
+Android
ç³»ç»å¨å¤å¤§ç¨åº¦ä¸å°éç¨æ·çèªç±å¢ï¼å¯¹çä¸èªç±ç计ç®æºç¨æ·æ¥è¯´ï¼è¿æ¯å¯¹ä»»ä½è½¯ä»¶ç³»ç»æéè¦çé®é¢ã</p>
+
+<p>éè¿ <a
+href="http://fsf.org";>èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨</a>ï¼æ们å¼åäºå°éç¨æ·èªç±ç软件ï¼å
æ¤æ们åä½ ä»¬å¯ä»¥æè±éèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãç¸å３å¼æº”
+çææ³å
³æ³¨äºå¦ä½å¼å代ç
ï¼è¿æ¯ä¸åçç念ï¼å®çåºæ¬ä»·å¼è§ <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ä¸æ¯èªç±èæ¯ä»£ç
è´¨é</a>ãæ以ï¼æ们å¨æ¤å
³å¿çä¸æ¯
+Android æ¯å¦ “<a
+href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">å¼æ¾</a>”ï¼èæ¯å®çç¨æ·æ¯å¦æ¥æèªç±ã</p>
+
+<p>Android æ¯ä¸ä¸ªä¸»è¦ç¨äºææºç设å¤çæä½ç³»ç»ï¼å®ç±
Linuxï¼Torvalds åçå
æ ¸ï¼ãä¸äºåºãä¸ä¸ª Java
å¹³å°åä¸äºåºç¨ææãé¤äº
+Linuxï¼Android çæ¬ 1 å 2 ç软件主è¦ç± Google å¼åï¼Google å°å
¶æç
§ Apache 2.0 许å¯è¯åå¸ï¼è¿æ¯ä¸ä¸ªé
+<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
çæ¾æ£åèªç±è½¯ä»¶è®¸å¯è¯ã</p>
+
+<p>Android å
å«ç Linux 并ä¸æ¯å®å
¨çèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å 为å
¶ä¸æéèªç±ç “äºè¿å¶ blobs”ï¼å°±å Torvalds ç
+Linux çæ¬ä¸æ ·ï¼ï¼å
¶ä¸ä¸äº Android 设å¤ççè¦ç¨å°ãAndroid
å¹³å°è¿ä½¿ç¨å
¶ä»éèªç±çåºä»¶ãéèªç±çåºãé¤äºè¿äºï¼ç±
Google
+åå¸ç Android çæ¬ 1 å 2 çæºä»£ç
æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶—ä½æ¯è¿äºä»£ç ä¸è¶³ä»¥å¨è®¾å¤ä¸è¿è¡ãAndroid
常带çä¸äºåºç¨ä¹ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ã</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment">
+<p><em>请æ¯æ <a href="http://FreeYourAndroid.org/";>让 Android èªç±</a>
è¿å¨ã</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Android å <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU/Linux æä½ç³»ç»</a>
+é常ä¸åï¼å 为å®åºæ¬ä¸å
å« GNUãå®é
ä¸ï¼Android å
GNU/Linux çå¯ä¸å
±åç¹å¤§æ¦å°±æ¯ Linux å
æ ¸ãåªäºé误å°è®¤ä¸º
+“Linux” å°±æ¯ææ´ä¸ª GNU/Linux
ç»åç人对è¿äºäºå®æå°é常å°æï¼å¹¶èªç¸çç¾å°å£°ç§°
“Android
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å« Linuxï¼ä½å¹¶ä¸æ¯ Linuxã”ï¼<a
href="#linuxnote">1</a>ï¼ä¸ç®¡è¿ä¸ªæ··æ·ï¼æ
åµå¾ç®åï¼Android
+å«æ Linuxï¼ä½æ¯ä¸å
å« GNUï¼å æ¤ï¼Android å GNU/Linux
大ä¸ç¸åï¼å 为å®ä»¬çå
Œ
±é¨ååªæ Linuxã</p>
+
+<p>å°± Android æ¥è¯´ï¼Linux å
æ ¸ä»æ¯ä¸ä¸ªåç¬çç¨åºï¼å
¶æºä»£ç
ä½¿ç¨ <a href="/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU
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许å¯è¯ä¸ä¼ä¾µç¯çæï¼å 为 GPL çæ¬ 2 å Apache 2.0 <a
+href="/licenses/license-list.html#apache2">ä¸å
¼å®¹</a>ãå
³äº Google
设æ³æ Linux 转æ¢å°
+Apache 许å¯è¯çä¼ è¨æ¯é误çï¼Google 没ææåæ¹å Linux 代ç
ç许å¯è¯ï¼ä¹æ²¡æè¿æ ·å»åãå¦æ Linux çä½è
群å
许å
¶æç
§ <a
+href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL çæ¬ 3</a> åå¸ï¼é£ä¹å
¶ä»£ç å°±å
¼å®¹
Apache 许å¯è¯ï¼å¹¶ä¸æ´ä¸ªç»åå¯ä»¥æç
§ GPL
+çæ¬ 3 åå¸ãä½æ¯ Linux 并没æè¿æ ·åå¸ã</p>
+
+<p>Google 对 Linux éµå¾ªäº GNU éç¨å
Œ
±è®¸å¯è¯ï¼è Android çå
¶ä»é¨åä½¿ç¨ Apache 许å¯è¯ï¼æ²¡æè¦æ±åå¸æºä»£ç ãGoogle
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¬å¼ Android 3.0ï¼Linux é¤å¤ï¼çæºä»£ç
ãAndroid 3.1 çæºä»£ç ä¹è¢«ä¿çäºï¼è¿ä½¿ Android 3ï¼é¤
+Linux å¤ï¼æ¯éèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼ç®åæäºã</p>
+
+<p>Google 说ä¿ç 3.0 ç代ç æ¯å
为é®é¢å¤ªå¤ï¼è¿è¯´å¤§å®¶åºè¯¥çå¾
ä¸ä¸çåå¸ãè¿ä¸ªå¯¹åªæ³è¿è¡ Android
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论å¦ä½ï¼å¸æå¨èªå·±ççæ¬éå ä¸æ¹å¨çå¼åè
åé»ç è
使ç¨æé®é¢ç代ç ä¹æ¯å¯ä»¥çã</p>
+
+<p>æ幸çæ¯ï¼Google åæ¥å¨åå¸çæ¬ 4ï¼å«æºä»£ç
ï¼æ¶ä¹åå¸äº Android 3.*
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ãä¸è¿°é®é¢çæ¥åªæ¯ä¸´æ¶å离ï¼èéæ¿çæ¹åãä¸è¿ï¼è¿ä¹æ¯å车ä¹é´ã</p>
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+<p>ä¸è¿ææ ·ï¼Android åç§çæ¬ç代ç é½æç
§èªç±è½¯ä»¶åå¸äºãè¿æ¯ä¸æ¯æå³ç使ç¨è¿äº Android
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个åå ã</p>
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+<p>é¦å
ï¼å®ä»¬å¤§å¤æ°é½å
å«éèªç±ç Google
åºç¨ï¼è¿äºåºç¨å YouTube 以å Google Maps
çæå¡æ²éãè½ç¶å®ä»¬ä¸æ¯ Android
+çæ£å¼é¨åï¼ä½è¿å¹¶ä¸æ¯è¯´è¿äºäº§å就没é®é¢ãè®¸å¤ Android
æ©æçæ¬çèªç±åºç¨ <a
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+2013 å¹´ï¼åºç°äºä¸äº Android 设å¤ï¼<a
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+Google+ åºç¨ä¹å¤ï¼æ æ³æ¥çç
§ç</a>ãå¨ 2014 å¹´ï¼Google å®£å¸ <a
+href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/android-wear-auto-and-tv-save-you-from-skins-and-oems-from-themselves/";>Android
+TV çãæ表çå汽车çç大é¨åé½ä¸æ¯èªç±çã</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>大å¤æ° Android 设å¤é½ä¼å¸¦æéèªç±ç Google Play 软件ï¼åå
å« “Android
+å¸åº”ï¼ãæ¤è½¯ä»¶é请ç¨æ·ä½¿ç¨ Google è´¦å·å®è£
éèªç±åºç¨ãå®è¿å¸¦æä¸ä¸ªåé¨ï¼Google
+å¯ä»¥ç¨å®å¼ºå¶å®è£
æå¸è½½åºç¨ãï¼è¿ç¸å½äºæ¯ä¸ªå
¨å±åé¨ï¼è½ç¶æªç»è¯å®ãï¼Google Play ä¸æ¯ Android
çæ£å¼é¨åï¼ä½æ¯è¿å¹¶æªåå°å
¶æ¶ã
+</p>
+
+<p>Google æ许å¤å¸¸è§çåºç¡å·¥å
·é½è½¬ç§»å°éèªç±ç <a
+href="https://blog.grobox.de/2016/the-proprietarization-of-android-google-play-services-and-apps/";>Google
+Play æå¡åº</a>ãå¦æä¸ä¸ªåºç¨æ¬èº«ç代ç
æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼ä½æ¯å®ä¾èµ Google Play
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æ³å¨éèªç±çæ¬ç Android ä¸è¿è¡ï¼æ¯å¦ä¸è½å¨ Replicant
ä¸è¿è¡ã
+</p>
+
+<p>å¦æä½ çä¸èªç±ï¼é£ä¹ä½ ä¸ä¼è¦ Google Play
æä¾çéèªç±åºç¨ãè¦å®è£
èªç±ç Android åºç¨ï¼ä½ æ é Google
Playï¼å ä¸ºä½ å¯ä»¥ä»
+<a href="http://f-droid.org";>f-droid.org</a> è·å¾ã
+</p>
+
+<p>Android 产åä¹å¸¦æéèªç±åºãè¿äºä¸æ¯ Android
çæ£å¼é¨åï¼ä½æ¯ç±äºå¤ç§ Android
åè½é½ä¾èµå®ä»¬ï¼æ以å®é
æ¯ Android
+å®è£
å¿
å¤çå
容ã</p>
+
+<p>å³ä½¿æ¯ Android æ£å¼é¨åçç¨åºä¹å¯è½ä¸å¯¹åº Google
åå¸çæºä»£ç ãå¶é åå¯è½ä¼ä¿®æ¹ä»£ç ï¼èä¸ç»å¸¸ä¸ä¼åå¸å
¶çæ¬çæºä»£ç ãGNU GPL
+è¦æ±å®ä»¬åå¸å
¶ Linux çæ¬ç代ç
ï¼å§ä¸å设ä»ä»¬éµå®äºãèå
¶ä½é¨å使ç¨æ¾æ£ç Apache
许å¯è¯ç代ç ï¼å¹¶æ²¡æè¦æ±ä»ä»¬åå¸å®é
使ç¨ç代ç ã</p>
+
+<p>æä¸ä¸ªç¨æ·åç°å
¶ Android ææºçå¤ä¸ªç¨åº <a
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+Motorola åé个人æ°æ®ã</a>æäºå¶é åä¼æ·»å ä¸ä¸ª <a
+href="http://androidsecuritytest.com/features/logs-and-services/loggers/carrieriq/";>诸å¦
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ã</a></p>
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+<p><a href="http://replicant.us";>Replicant</a> æ¯ä¸ä¸ªèªç±çç
AndroidãReplicant
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æ¿æ¢æäºä¸äºç¹å®è®¾å¤ç许å¤éèªç±ç软件åºãéèªç±çåºç¨ä¹è¢«åé¤ï¼ä¸è¿ä½
å½ç¶ä¸è¦ç¨å®ä»¬ãåè¿æ¥ï¼CyanogenModï¼Android
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为å®å¸¦æéèªç±ç¨åºã</p>
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åè¿è¡ä»ä»¬èªå·±çä¿®æ¹ç软件ï¼åªè½ä½¿ç¨ææå
¬å¸æä¾ççæ¬ãå¨è¿ç§æ
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¶æºä»£ç
èªç±å¯å¾ãä¸è¿ï¼æäº
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ä¸åç软件ã</p>
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æ¬éº¦å
é£ã对æäºçµè¯ï¼ä¸äºé©±å¨ç¨åºæ¯èªç±çï¼è¿æä¸äºé©±å¨ä½
å¯ä»¥ä¸è¦——ä½æ¯ä½ ä¸è½æ²¡æ麦å
é£æçµè¯ç½ç»å°é¢ä¿¡å·ç驱å¨ã</p>
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+<p>çµè¯ç½ç»åºä»¶æ¯é¢è£
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§ä½
çéè¦åçµè¯ç½ç»é讯ï¼é£ä¹æ们å¯ä»¥æå®çæ为ä¸ä¸ªçµè·¯æ¿ãå½æ们åæ计ç®è®¾å¤ä¸ç软件å¿
é¡»èªç±æ¶ï¼æ们å¯ä»¥æ¾è¿é¢è£
çä¸åå级çåºä»¶ï¼å
为对ç¨æ·æ¥è¯´è¿ä¸ªè½¯ä»¶åçµè·¯æ¿æ¯ä¸æ ·çã</p>
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ï¼å æ¤å°±å¯ä»¥å¿½ç¥ææ¿æ¢æä½ å®è£
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¼ãè½ç¶ä»»ä½è®¡ç®æºç³»ç»é½å¯è½
+<em>æ</em> 缺é·ï¼ä½æ¯è¿äºè®¾å¤æ¬èº« <em>å°±æ¯</em>
缺é·ãï¼Craig Murrayï¼å¨ <a
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ä¸ï¼è®ºåä»åä¸çä¸æ¬¡è°æ¥æ´»å¨ï¼å°±æ¯è¿ç¨ææªèµ·çå¿çç®æ
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¶ç¡¬ä»¶å
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åå¯ä»¥æä¾æ°ç欗—ç¨æ·ä¸è¡ã</p>
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è½½æ°çæ¬ãä¸æ§å¶ä¸»è®¡ç®åå
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§è¿æ
·çç¹ç¹æ¥å¶é
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·çææºã</p>
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¶ä»ç³»ç»ä¸è¿è¡ãGoogle ç
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Google API çå®ä¹æ件ä¸æ¯èªç±çãå®è£
SDK
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³æ³¨ Android çä¸å©æäºãåç» 20
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·çæäºã软件ä¸å©å¯è½ä¼æ¶ç Android
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href="http://endsoftpatents.org";>endsoftpatents.org</a>
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+
+<p>ä¸è¿ï¼ä¸å©æ»å»å Google çååºå¹¶ä¸ç´æ¥åæ¬æç主é¢ç¸å
³ï¼Android
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ãè¿ä¸ªé®é¢ä¹å¼å¾åªä½å
³æ³¨ã</p>
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æ¯å®ç°ä¸ä¸ªè®²éå¾·ãç¨æ·å¯æ§ãèªç±è½¯ä»¶çææºç³»ç»çéè¦ä¸æ¥ï¼ä½æ¯éè·¯è¿å¾æ¼«é¿ï¼èä¸
Google æ£å¨æå®å¸¦å°é误çæ¹åä¸å»ãé»å®¢ä»¬æ£å¨ä¸º
+<a href="http://replicant.us";>Replicant</a>
å·¥ä½ï¼ä½æ¯ææ°ç设å¤åå·æ¯å·¨å¤§çå·¥ä½ï¼å
ä¸è¿çæåºä»¶çé®é¢ã尽管
+Android ææºæ²¡æ Apple æ Windows
ææºé£ä¹æ¶å£ï¼ä½æ¯ä»ä»¬è¿æ¯ä¸è½è¯´å®å°éä½ çèªç±ã</p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<ol>
+<li id="linuxnote">è¿ä¸ªæ··æ·çæ端ä¾ååºç°å¨ linuxonandroid.com
ç½ç«ï¼è¯¥ç½ç«æä¾ “å¨ Android 设å¤ä¸å®è£
Linux
+[sic]” ç帮å©ãè¿æ´ä¸ªé½éäºï¼ä»ä»¬æ¯å¨å®è£
ä¸ä¸ª GNU
ç³»ç»ççæ¬ï¼<em>ä¸å
æ¬</em> Linuxï¼å 为 Linux å·²ç»æ¯
+Android çä¸é¨åãç±äºè¯¥ç½ç«ä»
æ¯æ <a
href="/distros/distros.html">éèªç±ç GNU/Linux
+åè¡ç</a>ï¼æ们ä¸æ¨è使ç¨ã
+</li>
+</ol>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>è¯æ³¨</h3>
+<ol>
+<li
id="TransNote1">rootedï¼æ¤å¤æè·å¾ææºç设å¤çæä½ç³»ç»ç®¡çåæéï¼å³
root æéãæ¤åå°±å¯ä»¥å®è£
ä¿®æ¹ç软件ã</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF) &
GNUçä¸è¬æ§é®é¢åéå°<a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>ãä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿<a
+href="/contact/">å
¶ä»èç³»æ¹æ³</a>èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF)ãæå
³å¤±æé¾æ¥æå
¶ä»é误å建议ï¼è¯·åéé®ä»¶å°<a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+æ们尽æ大åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨é误åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§ç建议ï¼è¯·åéè³
<a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>ã</p><p>å
³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æ交翻è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translators.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨ <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> ææã</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2020ã</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+æåæ´æ°ï¼
+
+$Date: 2020/06/17 09:00:27 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/android-and-users-freedom.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
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1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>Android and Users' Freedom
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Android and Users' Freedom</h2>
+<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <em><a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/android-free-software-stallman";>
+The Guardian</a></em></p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p class="comment">
+To what extent does Android respect the freedom of its users? For a
+computer user that values freedom, that is the most important question
+to ask about any software system.</p>
+
+<p>In the <a href="http://fsf.org";>free/libre software movement</a>, we
+develop software that respects users' freedom, so we and you can escape
+from software that doesn't. By contrast, the idea of “open
+source” focuses on how to develop code; it is a different current
+of thought whose principal value is <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">code
+quality rather than freedom</a>. Thus, the concern here is not whether
+Android is “<a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">open</a>”,
+but whether it allows users to be free.</p>
+
+<p>Android is an operating system primarily for mobile phones and
+other devices, which
+consists of Linux (Torvalds' kernel), some libraries, a Java platform
+and some applications. Linux aside, the software of Android versions
+1 and 2 was mostly developed by Google; Google released it under the
+Apache 2.0 license, which is a lax free software license without
+<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The version of Linux included in Android is not entirely free
+software, since it contains nonfree “binary blobs” (just
+like Torvalds' version of Linux), some of which are really used in some
+Android devices. Android platforms use other nonfree firmware, too,
+and nonfree libraries. Aside from those, the source code of Android
+versions 1 and 2, as released by Google, is free software—but this
+code is insufficient to run the device. Some of the applications that
+generally come with Android are nonfree, too.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment">
+<p><em>Support the <a href="http://FreeYourAndroid.org/";>Free Your
+Android</a> campaign.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Android is very different from the <a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU/Linux operating
+system</a> because it contains very little of GNU. Indeed, just about
+the only component in common between Android and GNU/Linux is Linux, the
+kernel. People who erroneously think “Linux” refers to the
+entire GNU/Linux combination get tied in knots by these facts, and make
+paradoxical statements such as “Android contains Linux, but it
+isn't Linux.”(<a href="#linuxnote">1</a>) Absent this confusion,
+the situation is simple: Android contains Linux, but not GNU; thus,
+Android and GNU/Linux are mostly different, because all they have in
+common is Linux.</p>
+
+<p>Within Android, Linux the kernel remains a separate program, with its
+source code under <a href="/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU GPL
+version 2</a>. To combine Linux with code under the Apache 2.0 license
+would be copyright infringement, since GPL version 2 and Apache 2.0 are
+<a href="/licenses/license-list.html#apache2">incompatible</a>.
+Rumors that Google has somehow converted Linux to the Apache license are
+erroneous; Google has no power to change the license on the code of
+Linux, and did not try. If the authors of Linux allowed its use under <a
+href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL version 3</a>,
+then that code could be combined with Apache-licensed code, and the
+combination could be released under GPL version 3. But Linux has not
+been released that way.</p>
+
+<p>Google has complied with the requirements of the GNU General Public
+License for Linux, but the Apache license on the rest of Android does
+not require source release. Google said it would never publish the
+source code of Android 3.0 (aside from Linux). Android 3.1 source code
+was also withheld, making Android 3, apart from Linux, nonfree
+software pure and simple.</p>
+
+<p>Google said it withheld the 3.0 source code because it was buggy, and
+that people should wait for the next release. That may be good advice
+for people who simply want to run the Android system, but the users
+should be the ones to decide this. Anyway, developers and tinkerers
+who want to include some of the changes in their own versions could
+use that code just fine.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, Google later released the source code for Android 3.*
+when it released version 4 (also with source code). The problem above
+turned out to be a temporary aberration rather than a policy shift.
+However, what happens once may happen again.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, most of the source code of various versions of Android
+has been released as free software. Does that mean that products using
+those Android versions respect users' freedom? No, for several
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, most of them contain nonfree Google applications for
+talking to services such as YouTube and Google Maps. These are
+officially not part of Android, but that doesn't make the product ok.
+Many of the free applications available for earlier versions of
+Android have
+been <a
href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/";>
+replaced by nonfree applications</a>; in 2013 Android devices appeared
+which <a
href="http://www.androidbeat.com/2013/12/new-google-play-edition-devices-lack-photo-gallery-app-use-google/";>
+provided no way to view photos except through a nonfree Google+
+app</a>. In 2014 Google announced
+that <a
href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/android-wear-auto-and-tv-save-you-from-skins-and-oems-from-themselves/";>Android
+versions for TVs, watches and cars would be largely nonfree.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Most Android devices come with the nonfree Google Play software
+(formerly “Android Market”). This software invites users
+with a Google account to install nonfree apps. It also has a back
+door with which Google can forcibly install or deinstall apps. (This
+probably makes it a universal back door, though that is not proved.)
+Google Play is officially not part of Android, but that doesn't make
+it any less bad.
+</p>
+
+<p>Google has moved many basic general facilities into the
+nonfree <a
href="https://blog.grobox.de/2016/the-proprietarization-of-android-google-play-services-and-apps/";>Google
+Play Services library</a>. If an app's own code is free software but
+it depends on Google Play Services, that app as a whole is effectively
+nonfree; it can't run on a free version of Android, such as Replicant.
+</p>
+
+<p>If you value freedom, you don't want the nonfree apps that Google
+Play offers. To install free Android apps, you don't need Google
+Play, because you can get them
+from <a href="http://f-droid.org";>f-droid.org</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Android products also come with nonfree libraries. These are
+officially not part of Android, but since various Android
+functionalities depend on them, they are part of any real Android
+installation.</p>
+
+<p>Even the programs that are officially part of Android may not
+correspond to the source code Google releases. Manufacturers may
+change this code, and often they don't release the source code for
+their versions. The GNU GPL requires them to distribute the code for
+their versions of Linux, assuming they comply. The rest of the code,
+under the lax Apache license, does not require them to release the
+source version that they really use.</p>
+
+<p>One user discovered that many of the programs in the Android system
+that came with his phone
+were <a
href="http://www.beneaththewaves.net/Projects/Motorola_Is_Listening.html";>modified
+to send personal data to Motorola.</a> Some manufacturers add
+a <a
href="http://androidsecuritytest.com/features/logs-and-services/loggers/carrieriq/";>
+hidden general surveillance package such as Carrier IQ.</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="http://replicant.us";>Replicant</a> is the free version of
+Android. The Replicant developers have replaced many nonfree
+libraries, for certain device models. The nonfree apps are excluded,
+but you certainly don't want to use those. By contrast, CyanogenMod
+(another modified version of Android) is nonfree, as it contains some
+nonfree programs.</p>
+
+<p>Many Android devices are “tyrants”: they are designed so users
+cannot install and run their own modified software, only the versions
+approved by some company. In that situation, the executables are not
+free even if they were made from sources that are free and available
+to you. However, some Android devices can be “rooted” so
+users can install different software.</p>
+
+<p>Important firmware or drivers are generally proprietary also. These
+handle the phone network radio, WiFi, bluetooth, GPS, 3D graphics, the
+camera, the speaker, and in some cases the microphone too. On some
+models, a few of these drivers are free, and there are some that you
+can do without—but you can't do without the microphone or the
+phone network radio.</p>
+
+<p>The phone network firmware comes preinstalled. If all it did was
+sit there and talk to the phone network when you wish, we could regard
+it as equivalent to a circuit. When we insist that the software in a
+computing device must be free, we can overlook preinstalled firmware
+that will never be upgraded, because it makes no difference to the
+user that it's a program rather than a circuit.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, in this case it would be a malicious circuit.
+Malicious features are unacceptable no matter how they are
+implemented.</p>
+
+<p>On most Android devices, this firmware has so much control that it
+could turn the product into a listening device. On some, it controls
+the microphone. On some, it can take full control of the main
+computer, through shared memory, and can thus override or replace
+whatever free software you have installed. With some, perhaps all,
+models it is possible to exercise remote control of this firmware to
+overwrite the rest of the software in the device. The point of free
+software is that we have control of our software and our computing;
+a system with a back door doesn't qualify. While any computing system
+might <em>have</em> bugs, these devices can <em>be</em> bugs. (Craig
+Murray,
+in <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/aug/12/politics";>Murder
+in Samarkand</a>, relates his involvement in an intelligence operation
+that remotely converted an unsuspecting target's non-Android portable
+phone into a listening device.)</p>
+
+<p>In any case, the phone network firmware in an Android phone is not
+equivalent to a circuit, because the hardware allows installation of
+new versions and this is actually done. Since it is proprietary
+firmware, in practice only the manufacturer can make new
+versions—users can't.</p>
+
+<p>Putting these points together, we can tolerate nonfree phone
+network firmware provided new versions of it won't be loaded, it can't
+take control of the main computer, and it can only communicate when
+and as the free operating system chooses to let it communicate. In
+other words, it has to be equivalent to circuitry, and that circuitry
+must not be malicious. There is no technical obstacle to building an
+Android phone which has these characteristics, but we don't know of
+any.</p>
+
+<p>Android is not a self-hosting system; development for Android needs
+to be done on some other system. The tools in Google's
+“software development kit” (SDK) appear to be free,
+but it is hard work to check this. The definition files for certain
+Google APIs are nonfree. Installing the SDK requires signing a
+proprietary software license, which you should refuse to sign.
+<a href="http://redmine.replicant.us/projects/replicant/wiki/ReplicantSDK";>
+Replicant's SDK</a> is a free replacement.</p>
+
+<p>Recent press coverage of Android focuses on the patent wars. During
+20 years of campaigning for the abolition of software patents, we have
+warned such wars could happen. Software patents could force
+elimination of features from Android, or even make it unavailable.
+See <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org";>endsoftpatents.org</a> for more
+information about why software patents must be abolished.</p>
+
+<p>However, the patent attacks and Google's responses are not directly
+relevant to the topic of this article: how Android products partly
+approach an ethically system of distribution, and how they fall
+short. This issue merits the attention of the press too.</p>
+
+<p>Android is a major step towards an ethical, user-controlled, free
+software portable phone, but there is a long way to go, and Google is
+taking it in the wrong direction. Hackers are working
+on <a href="http://replicant.us";>Replicant</a>, but it's a big job to
+support a new device model, and there remains the problem of the
+firmware. Even though the Android phones of today are considerably
+less bad than Apple or Windows phones, they cannot be said to
+respect your freedom.</p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<ol>
+<li id="linuxnote">The extreme example of this confusion appears in
+the site linuxonandroid.com, which offers help to “install Linux
+[sic] on your Android devices.” This is entirely false: what
+they are installing is a version of the GNU system, <em>excluding</em>
+Linux, which is already present as part of Android. Since that site
+supports only <a href="/distros/distros.html">nonfree GNU/Linux
+distros</a>, we do not recommend it.
+</li>
+</ol>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2020/06/17 09:00:27 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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