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Modified files:
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philosophy/po : not-ipr.ro.po
Added files:
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Index: not-ipr.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- not-ipr.ro.html 3 Apr 2017 21:20:12 -0000 1.15
+++ not-ipr.ro.html 9 Jun 2019 10:31:40 -0000 1.16
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value=""
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2014-02-01" -->
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ro.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>AÈi spus âproprietate intelectualÄâ? Este o iluzie...Proiectul
GNU -
+<title>AÈi spus âproprietate intelectualÄâ? Este o iluzie - Proiectul
GNU -
FundaÈia pentru Software Liber (Free Software Foundation)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ro.html" -->
-<h2>AÈi spus âproprietate intelectualÄâ? Este o iluzie...</h2>
+<h2>AÈi spus âproprietate intelectualÄâ? Este o iluzie</h2>
<p>de <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
@@ -31,27 +25,29 @@
<p>
Conform celor spuse de profesorul Mark Lemley, care predÄ acum la Facultatea
-de Drept din Stanford, folosirea extensivÄ a termenului âproprietate
-intelectualÄâ este o modÄ care a survenit dupÄ fondarea, în 1967, a
-OrganizaÈiei Mondiale pentru Proprietate IntelectualÄ (World âIntellectual
-Propertyâ Organization - WIPO) Èi care a devenit comunÄ doar în <a
-href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">ultimii
-ani</a>. Formal, WIPO este o organizaÈie a NaÈiunilor Unite, dar reprezintÄ
-interesele deÈinÄtorilor de drepturi de autor, patente Èi mÄrci comerciale.
+de Drept din Stanford, folosirea termenului de âproprietate intelectualÄâ
+s-a rÄspândit dupÄ fondarea, în 1967, a OrganizaÈiei Mondiale pentru
+Proprietate IntelectualÄ (World âIntellectual Propertyâ Organization -
+WIPO) Èi care a devenit comunÄ doar în ultimii ani. Formal, WIPO este o
+organizaÈie a NaÈiunilor Unite, dar reprezintÄ interesele deÈinÄtorilor de
+drepturi de autor, patente Èi mÄrci comerciale. Folosirea extensivÄ a
+termenului dateazÄ de prin anul <a
+href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">1990</a>.
+(<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Copie localÄ a imaginii</a>)
</p>
<p>
Termenul are o nuanÈÄ pÄrtinitoare, care nu este greu de observat: el
-sugereazÄ cÄ trebuie sÄ gândim despre drepturi de autor, patente Èi mÄrci
-comerciale ca Èi despre drepturile de proprietate asupra bunurilor
+sugereazÄ cÄ trebuie sÄ gândim despre drepturile de autor, patente Èi
+mÄrcile comerciale ca Èi despre drepturile de proprietate asupra bunurilor
fizice. (AceastÄ analogie este în contradicÈie cu teoriile juridice despre
legea dreptului de autor, legea patentelor Èi legea mÄrcilor comerciale, dar
numai specialiÈtii Ètiu asta). De fapt, aceste legi nu prea seamÄnÄ cu cea
care se referÄ la dreptul de proprietate asupra bunurilor fizice, dar
folosirea termenului confuz âproprietate intelectualÄâ determinÄ
corpurile
-legiuitoare sÄ modifice legile, astfel încât asemÄnarea sÄ creascÄ.
Deoarece
+de lege sÄ modifice legile, astfel încât asemÄnarea sÄ creascÄ. Deoarece
acestea sunt chiar schimbÄrile dorite de companiile ce deÈin drepturi de
-autor, patente sau mÄrci comerciale, pÄrtinirea introdusÄ de termenul
+autor, patente sau mÄrci comerciale, ambiguitatea introdusÄ de termenul
âproprietate intelectualÄâ le convine.
</p>
@@ -69,18 +65,18 @@
<p>
Folosirea unora dintre termenii alternativi ar reprezenta o oarecare
-îmbunÄtÄÈire, dar este o greÈealÄ sÄ Ã®nlocuieÈti âproprietate
intelectualÄâ
-cu orice alt termen. Un nume diferit nu va rezolva problema de bazÄ a
-expresiei: suprageneralizarea. Nu existÄ acel âcevaâ numit âproprietate
-intelectualÄâ - este o iluzie. Singurul motiv pentru care oamenii tot mai
-cred cÄ are rost sÄ vorbeascÄ despre o asfel de categorie generalÄ este
-acela cÄ folosirea prelungitÄ a termenului incorect i-a indus profund în
-eroare.
+îmbunÄtÄÈire, dar este o greÈealÄ sÄ Ã®nlocuieÈti termenul de
âproprietate
+intelectualÄâ cu orice alt termen. Un nume diferit nu va rezolva problema de
+bazÄ a expresiei: suprageneralizarea. Nu existÄ acel âcevaâ numit
+âproprietate intelectualÄâ - este o iluzie. Singurul motiv pentru care
+oamenii tot mai cred cÄ are rost sÄ vorbeascÄ despre o asfel de categorie
+generalÄ este acela cÄ folosirea prelungitÄ a termenului incorect i-a indus
+profund în eroare.
</p>
<p>
Ãn cel mai bun caz, âproprietate intelectualÄâ este o expresie
acoperitoare
-pentru legi disparate. Persoanele fÄrÄ pregÄtire juridicÄ, care aud cÄ un
+pentru separate legi. Persoanele fÄrÄ pregÄtire juridicÄ, care aud cÄ un
singur termen se aplicÄ acestor legi diferite, tind sÄ creadÄ cÄ ele au un
principiu comun Èi cÄ funcÈioneazÄ similar.
</p>
@@ -103,9 +99,10 @@
<p>
Din contrÄ, legea mÄrcilor comerciale nu intenÈiona sÄ Ã®ncurajeze nici un
mod anume de a acÈiona, ci doar sÄ permitÄ cumpÄrÄtorilor sÄ Ètie ce
anume
-cumpÄrÄ. Din pÄcate, sub influenÈa derutantÄ a termenului âproprietate
-intelectualÄâ, unii legiuitori au transformat-o într-o schemÄ care
-stimuleazÄ reclama anumitor produse.
+cumpÄrÄ. Corpurile legislative sub influenÈa derutantÄ a termenului
+âproprietate intelectualÄâ au transformat-o într-o schemÄ care
stimuleazÄ
+reclamÄ anumitor produse. Iar acestea sunt doar trei dintre multele legi la
+care acest termen se referÄ.
</p>
<p>
@@ -117,6 +114,28 @@
</p>
<p>
+Ãn practicÄ, aproape toate opiniile generale formate folosind termenul de
+âproprietate intelectualÄâ pe care o sÄ le întâlniÈi au sÄ fie
false. De
+exemplu, veÈi întâlni pÄreri care menÈioneazÄ cÄ scopul âacestuiaâ
este de a
+âpromova inovaÈiiâ, dar aceastÄ pÄrere se potriveÈte doar legii
patentelor
+Èi probabil creazÄ monopoluri. Legea drepturilor de autor nu e preocupatÄ de
+inovaÈie; o melodie sau un roman e sub protecÈia legii drepturilor de autor,
+chiar dacÄ nu este nimic inovativ în legÄturÄ cu aceastÄ piesÄ sau acest
+roman. Legea mÄrcilor comerciale nu e preocupatÄ de inovaÈie: dacÄ eu
mi-aÈ
+deschide o ceainÄrie Èi aÈ numi-o ârmsâ, aceastÄ ar fi o marcÄ
comercialÄ
+validÄ, chiar dacÄ aÈ vinde acelaÈi ceai cÄ Èi restul. Legea secretului
+comercial nu e preocupatÄ de inovaÈie; lista mea de clienÈi la ceainÄrie ar
+fi un secret comercial care nu ar avea nimic de-a face cu inovaÈia.</p>
+
+<p>
+VeÈi vedea afirmaÈii precum cÄ âproprietatea intelectualÄâ e
preocupatÄ cu
+âcreativitateaâ, dar aceastÄ afirmaÈie se potriveÈte doar legii
drepturilor
+de autor. E nevoie de mai mult decât creativitate pentru a crea o invenÈie
+patentabila. Legea mÄrcilor comerciale Èi legea secretului comercial nu au
+nimic de-a face cu creativitatea; numele âceainÄria rmsâ nu e sub nici o
+formÄ creativ, la fel Èi cu lista mea secretÄ de clienÈi.</p>
+
+<p>
De obicei, oamenii spun âproprietate intelectualÄâ atunci când, de fapt,
se
referÄ la o categorie mai restrânsÄ sau mai largÄ. De exemplu, ÈÄrile
bogate
impun legi nedrepte celor sÄrace, pentru a stoarce bani de la ele. Unele
@@ -128,19 +147,19 @@
</p>
<p>
-Profanii nu sunt singurii care sunt derutaÈi de aceastÄ expresie. Chiar Èi
-profesorii de drept, care predau despre legile amintite, sunt ademeniÈi Èi
-zÄpÄciÈi de seducÈia termenului âproprietate intelectualÄâ, ajungând
sÄ facÄ
-afirmaÈii ce contrazic fapte pe care deja le cunosc. De exemplu, un profesor
-a scris, în 2006:
+Nu doar amatorii sunt derutaÈi de aceastÄ expresie. Chiar Èi profesorii de
+drept, care predau despre legile amintite, sunt ademeniÈi Èi zÄpÄciÈi de
+seducÈia termenului âproprietate intelectualÄâ, ajungând sÄ facÄ
afirmaÈii
+ce contrazic fapte pe care deja le cunosc. De exemplu, un profesor a scris,
+în 2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-âSpre deosebire de descendenÈii lor care pun acum bazele WIPO, creatorii
-ConstituÈiei americane aveau o atitudine principialÄ, pro-concurenÈialÄ,
în
+Spre deosebire de descendenÈii lor care pun acum bazele WIPO, creatorii
+ConstituÈiei americane aveau o atitudine principialÄ, pro concurenÈÄ, în
ceea ce priveÈte proprietatea intelectualÄ. Ei Ètiau cÄ drepturile sunt
necesare dar… au ales sÄ lege mâinile Congresului, restrângându-i
-puterile în multe feluri.â
+puterile în multe feluri.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
@@ -148,7 +167,7 @@
ConstituÈia Statelor Unite, care autorizeazÄ legea dreptului de autor Èi
legea patentelor. Paragraful acela, totuÈi, nu are nimic de-a face cu legea
mÄrcilor comerciale sau cu multe altele. Termenul âproprietate
intelectualÄâ
-îl determinÄ pe acel profesor sÄ facÄ generalizÄri false.
+l-a determinat pe acel profesor sÄ facÄ generalizÄri false.
</p>
<p>
@@ -158,27 +177,27 @@
create pentru unele dintre pÄrÈile interesate — Èi sÄ ignore
detaliile
ce dau substanÈa legilor: restricÈiile specifice pe care fiecare lege le
impune publicului Èi consecinÈele lor. Concentrarea simplistÄ pe forma Èi
nu
-pe fondul legilor duce la o abordare fals âeconomicÄâ a tuturor
-implicaÈiilor ulterioare.
+pe fondul legilor duce la o abordare âeconomicÄâ a tuturor implicaÈiilor
+ulterioare.
</p>
<p>
-Aici, economia acÈioneazÄ, aÈa cum se întâmplÄ Ã®n multe cazuri, ca un
-vehicul pentru premise ce nu sunt atent examinate în prealabil. Spre
-exemplu, pentru judecÄÈi de valoare, cum ar fi aceea cÄ importantÄ este
-valoarea producÈiei Èi nu libertatea sau etica vieÈii, sau pentru
-presupuneri false bazate pe fapte, cum ar fi acelea cÄ existenÈa drepturilor
-de autor în muzicÄ ajutÄ muzicienii sau cÄ patentele farmaceutice
finanÈeazÄ
-cercetÄrile în medicinÄ.
+Aici, economia acÈioneazÄ, aÈa cum se întâmplÄ Ã®n multe cazuri, cÄ un
+vehicul pentru premise ce nu sunt atent examinate în prealabil. Acestea
+includ presupuneri despre valori, precum cÄci cantitatea produsÄ conteazÄ
+dar libertatea Èi modul de viaÈÄ nu, Èi presupuneri factuale care sunt de
+cele mai multe ori false, ca de exemplu cÄ drepturile de autor îi susÈin pe
+muzicieni, sau cÄ medicamentele patentate susÈin cercetarea vietiilor
+omeneÈti.
</p>
<p>
O altÄ problemÄ este Èi aceea cÄ, la scara largÄ impusÄ de termenul
-âproprietate intelectualÄâ, efectele specifice ale fiecÄrei legi în
parte
-devin greu observabile. Aceste efecte provin din particularitÄÈile fiecÄreia
-â adicÄ exact zona pe care termenul âproprietate intelectualÄâ îi
-încurajeazÄ pe oameni s-o ignore. De exemplu, o problemÄ ridicatÄ de legea
-dreptului de autor este întrebarea dacÄ schimbul liber de înregistrÄri
+âproprietate intelectualÄâ, preocupÄrile specifice ale fiecÄrei legi în
+parte devin greu de observat. Aceste preocupÄri provin din particularitÄÈile
+fiecÄrei legi â adicÄ exact zona pe care termenul âproprietate
intelectualÄâ
+îi încurajeazÄ pe oameni s-o ignore. De exemplu, o problemÄ ridicatÄ de
+legea dreptului de autor este întrebarea dacÄ schimbul liber de
înregistrÄri
muzicale trebuie permis; legea patentelor n-are nimic de-a face cu
asta. Legea patentelor ridicÄ Ã®ntrebÄri cum ar fi aceea dacÄ ÈÄrilor
sÄrace
ar trebui sÄ li se permitÄ sÄ producÄ medicamente Èi sÄ le vândÄ ieftin
@@ -204,6 +223,16 @@
</p>
<p>
+Respingerea âproprietÄÈii intelectualÄâ nu este un exerciÈiu strict
+filozofic. Termenul dÄuneazÄ cu adevÄrat. Apple l-a folosit cÄ sÄ <a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">schimbe
+debata în statul Nebraska pe tema legii âdreptului de a reparaâ</a>. Acest
+concept fals i-a dat companiei Apple o posibilitate sÄ-Èi masamulizeze
+preferinÈa pentru secrete, fapt care stÄ Ã®n direct conflict cu drepturile
+clienÈilor, pe baza unui principiu cÄruia clienÈii Èi statul trebuie sÄ
+cedeze.</p>
+
+<p>
DacÄ doriÈi sÄ judecaÈi clar despre chestiunile ridicate de patente,
drepturi de autor, mÄrci comerciale sau multe alte legi de acest gen, atunci
primul pas pe care trebuie sÄ-l faceÈi este sÄ renunÈaÈi la obiceiul de a
le
@@ -213,11 +242,36 @@
veÈi avea Èansa de a-l judeca bine.
</p>
-<p>Èi dacÄ este vorba sÄ reformÄm WIPO, haideÈi, printre altele, <a
-href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">sÄ propunem sÄ i se
-schimbe numele Èi scopul</a>.
+<p>Èi dacÄ este vorba sÄ reformÄm WIPO, aici este <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">o propunere conform cÄreia
+sÄ i se schimbe numele Èi scopul</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+VedeÈi de asemenea Èi <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">Istoria
+interesantÄ a Komongistanului (Descreditarea termenului âproprietate
+intelectualÄâ)</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÈÄrile din Africa au mai multe în comun decât aceste legi, iar
âAfricaâ este
+un concept geografic coerent; cu toate acestea, <a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">sÄ
+vorbeÈti despre întregul continent âAfricaâ în loc de anumite ÈÄri
poate
+cauza un numÄr mare de neînÈelegeri</a>.
</p>
+<p>
+<a
+href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+Rickard Falkvinge susÈine respingerea acestui termen</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow condemnÄ de asemenea</a> termenul âproprietate
intelectualÄâ.</p>
+
<div class="translators-notes">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -267,14 +321,17 @@
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
document was modified, or published.
+
If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard
+M. Stallman</p>
<p>AceastÄ paginÄ este licenÈiatÄ sub licenÈa <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ro">Creative
@@ -289,11 +346,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Actualizat:
-$Date: 2017/04/03 21:20:12 $
+$Date: 2019/06/09 10:31:40 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: po/not-ipr.ro.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ro.po,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- po/not-ipr.ro.po 9 Jun 2019 10:01:23 -0000 1.27
+++ po/not-ipr.ro.po 9 Jun 2019 10:31:41 -0000 1.28
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2014-02-01 21:02+0000\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 2.2.3\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -54,17 +53,6 @@
"acestei confuzii îl promoveazÄ. Cea mai sigurÄ metodÄ de a lÄmuri
confuzia "
"este sÄ respingeÈi acest termen cu totul."
-# | According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
-# | widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a
-# | fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
-# | Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in [-<a
-# |
href=\"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0\">recent
-# | years</a>. WIPO-] {+recent years. (WIPO+} is formally a UN organization,
-# | but in fact represents the interests of the holders of copyrights,
-# | patents, and [-trademarks.-] {+trademarks.) Wide use dates from <a
-# |
href=\"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0\">around
-# | 1990</a>. (<a href=\"/graphics/seductivemirage.png\">Local image
-# | copy</a>)+}
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the "
@@ -136,13 +124,6 @@
"âdrepturiâ atunci când vorbeÈti despre restricÈii este, din nou, o "
"contradicÈie."
-# | Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
-# | mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
-# | term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
-# | overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as “intellectual
-# | property”—it is a mirage. The only reason people think it
-# | makes sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has
-# | misled [-them.-] {+them about the laws in question.+}
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake "
@@ -199,12 +180,6 @@
"temporar asupra ei — un preÈ care meritÄ plÄtit în unele domenii,
iar "
"în altele nu."
-# | Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
-# | of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
-# | Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
-# | property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-# | incentives for advertising. {+And these are just three out of many laws
-# | that the term refers to.+}
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way "
@@ -277,15 +252,6 @@
"nimic de-a face cu creativitatea; numele âceainÄria rmsâ nu e sub nici o
"
"formÄ creativ, la fel Èi cu lista mea secretÄ de clienÈi."
-# | People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean
-# | some larger or smaller [-category.-] {+set of laws.+} For instance, rich
-# | countries often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out
-# | of them. Some of these laws are {+among those called+}
-# | “intellectual property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless,
-# | critics of the practice often grab for that label because it has become
-# | familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue.
-# | It would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
-# | colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean "
@@ -333,11 +299,6 @@
"necesare dar… au ales sÄ lege mâinile Congresului, restrângându-i "
"puterile în multe feluri."
-# | That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
-# | Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause,
-# | though, has nothing to do with trademark [-law-] {+law, trade secret
-# | law,+} or various others. The term “intellectual property”
-# | led that professor to make a false generalization.
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US "
@@ -477,11 +438,6 @@
"âproprietate intelectualÄâ. LuaÈi în considerare fiecare aspect,
separat, Èi "
"veÈi avea Èansa de a-l judeca bine."
-# | And when it comes to reforming WIPO, [-among other things,-] {+here is+}
-# | <a [-href=\"http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html\">let's call-]
-# | {+href=\"http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html\">one proposal+} for
-# | changing [-its-] {+the+} name and [-substance</a>.-] {+substance of
-# | WIPO</a>.+}
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a href=\"http://fsfe.org/"
@@ -580,8 +536,6 @@
"paginile noastre, consultaÈi <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations."
"html\">ghidul de traduceri</a>."
-# | Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, [-2013-] {+2013, 2015, 2016, 2017+}
-# | Richard M. Stallman
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard M. "
Index: po/not-ipr.ro-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/not-ipr.ro-en.html
diff -N po/not-ipr.ro-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/not-ipr.ro-en.html 9 Jun 2019 10:31:41 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a
href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
+“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
+is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
+property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
+colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rejection of “intellectual property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conflicts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
+Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
+“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
+<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
+causes lots of confusion</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
+property.”</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2019/06/09 10:31:41 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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+</body>
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