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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.ro.html loyal-computers.... |
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Date: |
Fri, 17 May 2019 14:00:47 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 19/05/17 14:00:47
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.ro.html loyal-computers.nl.html
loyal-computers.sq.html
philosophy/po : free-sw.ro.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : free-sw.ro-en.html loyal-computers.nl-diff.html
loyal-computers.sq-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ro.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ro-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-sw.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- free-sw.ro.html 2 May 2017 14:07:25 -0000 1.11
+++ free-sw.ro.html 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.12
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-sw.ro.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.ro.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value=""
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2004-02-17" -->
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ro.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>DefiniÈia software-ului liber - Proiectul GNU - FundaÈia pentru
Software
Liber</title>
-
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+.note { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; }
address@hidden (min-width: 48em) {
+ .note { margin-top: .8em; }
+}
+-->
+</style>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Fundatia pentru Software Liber,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, software
liber, sistem de operare, nucleul GNU, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Din 1983, dezvoltând sistemul de
operare liber GNU stil Unix, pentru ca
@@ -21,31 +21,70 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ro.html" -->
-<h2>DefiniÈia software-ului liber</h2>
+<h2>Ce este software-ul liber?</h2>
+
+<div class="article">
+<h3>DefiniÈia software-ului liber</h3>
+
+<blockquote class="note" id="fsf-licensing"><p style="font-size: 80%">
+AveÈi o întrebare despre licenÈierea software-ului liber care nu are
rÄspuns
+aici? VedeÈi Èi celelalte <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing";> resurse pe
+tema licenÈei</a>, Èi dacÄ necesar contactaÈi FSF Compliance Lab la <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
-<blockquote>
+<div class="comment">
<p>
-FormulÄm aceastÄ definiÈie a software-ului liber pentru a explica cu
-claritate ce caracteristici trebuie sÄ aibÄ un anumit program de calculator
-pentru a fi considerat software liber.
+DefiniÈia software-ului liber prezintÄ criteriul acord cÄruia un anume
+program e clasificat drept software liber. Din când în când revizuim
aceastÄ
+definitie, pentru a clarifica sau a rezolva discuÈii pe tema aceasta. VedeÈi
+<a href="#History">SecÈia de istorie</a> mai jos pentru a lista de
+modificÄri care afecteazÄ definiÈia software-ului liber.
</p>
-</blockquote>
<p>
-âSoftware-ul liberâ e caracterizat de libertate, Èi nu de preÈ. Pentru a
-înÈelege conceptul, trebuie sÄ vÄ gandiÈi la âlibertateâ în sens de
-âlibertate de expresieâ Èi nu în sens de âintrare liberÄâ (la un
spectacol,
-film, È.a.m.d.).
+“Open source” e ceva diferit: are o filosofie bazatÄ pe alte
+valori. DefiniÈia ei practicÄ e de asemenea diferitÄ, dar aproape toate
+programele open source sunt de fapt libere. Noi explicÄm diferenÈa în <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> De ce “Open
+Source” nu împlineÈte acelaÈi Èel cÄ Èi Software-ul Liber</a>.
</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+“Software-ul liber” înseamnÄ Software care respectÄ libertatea
+Èi comunitatea utilizatorului. Pe scurt, înseamnÄ cÄ <b> utilizatori au
+libertatea de a rula, copia, distrubui, studia, schimba Èi îmbunÄtÄÈi
+software-ul </b>. Astfel, “software-ul liber” e o tema de
+liberate, nu preÈ. Pentru a înÈelege acest concept, va puteÈi gândi la ce
+înseamnÄ “liber” în sensul de “liberatate de
+exprimare,” Èi nu în sensul de “intrare liberÄ(la un spectacol,
+film, È.a.m.d.)”. Noi îl mai numim câteodatÄ “software
+libre,”, împrumutând cuvîntul francez sau spaniol pentru liber, ca în
+libertate, pentru a arÄta cÄ nu ne referim cÄ software-ul e gratis .
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Noi susÈinem aceste libertÄÈi pentru cÄ toatÄ lumea le meritÄ. Cu aceste
+libertÄÈi, utilizatorii (atât individual cât Èi în colectiv) controleazÄ
+programul Èi ce acesta face pentru ei. Când utilizatorii nu controleazÄ
+programul, noi îl numim program “închis (neliber)” sau
+“brevetat”. Programele nelibere controleazÄ utilizatorii, Èi
+programatorii controleazÄ programul; acest fapt transformând programul
+într-un <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+instrument injust de putere</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4> Cele patru libertÄÈi esenÈiale</h4>
<p>
Software-ul liber e caracterizat de libertatea acordatÄ utilizatorilor sÄi
de a-l utiliza, copia, distribui, studia, modifica Èi îmbunÄtÄÈi. Mai
exact,
-e vorba de patru forme de libertate a utilizatorilor sÄi:
+e vorba de patru forme de libertate a utilizatorilor sÄi: <a
+href="#f1">[1]</a>
</p>
-<ul>
+<ul class="important">
<li>Libertatea de a utiliza programul dupa cum doriÈi, în orice scop
(libertatea
0).</li>
<li>Libertatea de a studia modul de funcÈionare a programului, Èi de a-l
adapta
@@ -61,56 +100,144 @@
</li>
</ul>
-<p>Un program este software liber dacÄ Ã®ntruneÈte toate aceste
-libertÄÈi. Astfel, ar trebui sÄ fiÈi liberi sÄ redistribuiÈi copii,
-modificate sau nu, gratuit sau contra unei sume pentru costurile de
-desfacere, <a href="#exportcontrol">oricui, oriunde</a>. Libertatea de a
-face aceste lucruri înseamnÄ (printre altele) cÄ nu e necesar sÄ cereÈi
sau
-sÄ plÄtiÈi pentru a primi permisiune în acest scop.
+<p>
+Un program este considerat software liber dacÄ oferÄ utilizatorilor aceste
+libertÄÈi. DacÄ nu, nu este software liber. Atâta timp cât putem
identifica
+diverse methode de distribuire nelibere care nu ating Èelul de software
+liber, le considerÄm pe toate neetice.</p>
+
+<p>Ãn orice situaÈie, aceste libertÄÈi trebuie aplicate oricÄrui cod
sursÄ pe
+care intenÈionÄm sÄ-l folosim, or sÄ-i indrumam pe alÈii sÄ le aplice. De
+exemplu, consideraÈi un program A care lanseazÄ Ã®n mod automat programul B
+pentru a procesa anumite situaÈii. DacÄ intenÈionÄm sÄ distribui
programul A
+în starea lui actualÄ, utilizatorii ar avea nevoie de programul B implicit,
+in acest caz trebuie sÄ determinÄm dacÄ atât A cât Èi B sunt programe
+libere. Pe de altÄ partÄ, dacÄ intenÈionÄm sÄ modificÄm programul A
astfel
+ca acesta sÄ nu foloseascÄ programul B, doar A trebuie sÄ fie liber;
+programul B nu este relevant acestui plan.</p>
+
+<p>
+“Software liber” nu înseamnÄ “non-comercial”. Un
+program liber trebuie sÄ fie utilizabil în scop comercial, Èi disponibil
+pentru dezvoltare Èi distribuÈie comercialÄ. Dezvoltarea comercialÄ a
+software-ului liber nu mai este ceva neobiÈnuit; iar software-ul comercial
+liber este foarte important. Astfel, se poate întâmpla sÄ plÄtiÈi pentru a
+dobândi cópii ale unor programe GNU, ori, la fel de bine, puteÈi obÈine
+cópii fÄrÄ a plÄti pentru ele. Indiferent de modul în care obÈineÈi
+programele, veÈi avea libertatea de a le copia Èi modifica, Èi chiar de <a
+href="/philosophy/selling.html">a vinde cópii</a> ale acestora.
</p>
<p>
-Trebuie de asemenea sÄ aveÈi libertatea de a face modificÄri Èi de a le
-folosi pentru uz personal, cu titlu profesional sau în scop recreativ, fÄrÄ
-a menÈiona cuiva cÄ aceste modificÄri existÄ. DacÄ totuÈi faceÈi publice
-aceste modificÄri, trebuie sÄ nu fiÈi obligat sÄ notificaÈi pe cineva în
mod
-special, sub nici o formÄ.
+Un program liber trebuie sÄ ofere cele 4 libertÄÈi oricÄrui utilizator care
+obÈine o copie a software-ului, cu condiÈia cÄ utilizatorul s-a conformat
+condiÈiilor licenÈei libere care acoperÄ software-ul. LÄsarea la o parte a
+unor libertÄÈi unor utilizatori, sau solicitarea unei plÄÈi, în bani sau
+altÄ formÄ, pentru a putea exercita aceste libertÄÈi, este echivalent cu
+neacordare libertÄÈilor sus menÈionate, Èi astfel programul este considerat
+neliber.
</p>
+<p>Restul acestei pagini clarificÄ anumite puncte legate de ce caracteristici
+definesc o libertate anume drept adecvatÄ sau nu.</p>
+
+<h4>Libertatea de a utiliza programul dupÄ cum doriÈi</h4>
+
<p>
Libertatea de a utiliza un program presupune cÄ acesta sÄ poatÄ fi folosit
de orice persoanÄ sau organizaÈie, pe orice tip de sistem computerizat,
-pentru orice formÄ de activitate, Èi fÄrÄ a trebui sÄ comunice aceasta
-autorului programului sau altei entitÄÈi juridice.
+pentru orice formÄ de activitate, Èi fÄrÄ a trebui sÄ comunice aceastÄ
+autorului programului sau altei entitÄÈi juridice. Ãn aceastÄ libertate
este
+important scopul <em>utilizatorului</em>, Èi nu cel al
+<em>programatorului</em>; dvs. cÄ utilizator sunteÈi liber sÄ rulaÈi acest
+program in folosul scopurilor dvs., Èi dacÄ Ã®l distribuiÈi altcuiva,
aceastÄ
+persoanÄ este Èi ea liberÄ sÄ Ã®l utilizeze în folosul scopurilor ei, dar
+dvs. nu aveÈi dreptul sÄ va impuneÈi scopurile dvs. asupra acestei persoane.
</p>
<p>
-Libertatea de a redistribui copii trebuie sÄ includÄ forme binare sau
-executabile ale programului, ca Èi codul sursÄ, atât în versiunile
originale
-cât Èi în cele modificate. (Distribuirea programelor în formÄ
executabilÄ e
-necesarÄ pentru uÈurinÈa instalÄrii sistemelor de operare libere). Putem
-chiar trece cu vederea faptul cÄ nu existÄ concret posibilitatea de a
-produce formÄ binarÄ sau executabilÄ pentru un anumit program (anumite
-limbaje de calculator nu suportÄ acest mod de lucru), dacÄ se acordÄ dreptul
-de a le distribui Èi sub aceste forme (în caz cÄ gÄsiÈi sau dezvoltaÈi o
-metodÄ prin care sÄ le produceÈi).
-</p>
+Liberatea de a rula un program aÈa cum dvs. doriÈi înseamnÄ cÄ dvs. nu
sunt
+restricÈionat sau oprit din al rula. Acest fapt nu are nimic de a face cu
+funcÈionalitatea programului, dacÄ este capabil technic de a funcÈiona
+într-un domeniu dat, sau dacÄ este folositor pentru o activitate anume.</p>
+
+<h4>Libertatea de a studia codul sursÄ Èi de a face schimbÄri</h4>
<p>
Pentru a avea libertatea de a opera modificÄri, Èi de a publica versiuni
îmbunÄtÄÈite, trebuie sÄ aveÈi acces la codul-sursÄ al
programului. Accesibilitatea codului-sursÄ este deci o condiÈie necesarÄ
-pentru a califica un program ca âliberâ.
+pentru a califica un program ca âliber”. Codul sursÄ “obfuscat
+” nu poate fi considerat drept cod sursÄ real.
</p>
<p>
-Pentru ca aceste libertÄÈi sÄ fie reale, ele trebuie sÄ fie irevocabile
atât
-timp cât utilizatorii nu comit vreo faptÄ ilegalÄ; dacÄ autorul programului
-are prerogativa de a revoca licenÈa fÄrÄ a-Èi întemeia aceastÄ decizie pe
-comiterea unei anumite fapte de cÄtre utilizator, software-ul nu este liber.
+Libertatea 1 include liberatea de a utiliza versiunea dvs. modificatÄ Ã®n
+locul originalului. DacÄ programul este livrat într-un product menit sÄ
+ruleze versiunea altcuiva modificatÄ dar refuze sÄ ruleze versiunea
+dvs. — o methoda cunoscutÄ sub numele de “tivoizare” sau
+“blocare”, libertatea 1 devine o amÄgire lipsitÄ de suflet decât
+o realitate practicÄ. Aceste fiÈiere binare nu sunt software liber chiar
+dacÄ codul sursÄ din care sunt compilate este liber.
</p>
<p>
+O variantÄ importantÄ de a modifica un program este contopirea acestuia în
+subrutine Èi module disponibile liber. DacÄ licenÈa programului spune cÄ nu
+aveÈi dreptul de a contopi programul într-un modul licenÈiat — de
+exemplu, dacÄ necesitÄ ca dvs. sÄ deveniÈi deÈinÄtorul oricÄrui cod
sursÄ pe
+care îl adÄugaÈi — atunci aceastÄ licenÈÄ este prea restrictivÄ
pentru
+a putea fi numitÄ liberÄ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+DacÄ o modificare constituie o îmbunÄtÄÈire este o tema subiectivÄ. DacÄ
+dreptul dvs. de a modifica un program este limitat, în esenÈÄ, în raport cu
+modificÄri pe care altcineva le considerÄ o îmbunÄtÄÈire, atunci
programul
+nu este liber.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Libertatea de a redistribui copii, aÈa cum doriÈi: cerinÈe
elementare</h4>
+
+<p>Libertatea de a distribui (libertatea 2 Èi 3) înseamnÄ cÄ dvs. sunteÈi
liber
+sÄ redistribuiÈi copii, cu sau fÄrÄ modificÄri, fie gratis sau contra
cost,
+<a href="#exportcontrol">oricui, oriunde</a>. Libertatea de a face aceste
+lucruri înseamnÄ (printre altele) cÄ nu e necesar sÄ cereÈi sau sÄ
plÄtiÈi
+pentru a primi permisiune în acest scop.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trebuie de asemenea sÄ aveÈi libertatea de a face modificÄri Èi de a le
+folosi pentru uz personal, cu titlu profesional sau în scop recreativ, fÄrÄ
+a menÈiona cuiva cÄ aceste modificÄri existÄ. DacÄ totuÈi faceÈi publice
+aceste modificÄri, trebuie sÄ nu fiÈi obligat sÄ notificaÈi pe cineva în
mod
+special, sub nici o formÄ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Libertatea 3 include libertatea de a publicÄ versiunea dvs. drept software
+liber. O licenÈÄ liberÄ vÄ poate de asemenea permite alte metode de a
+publicÄ aceste versiuni; cu alte cuvinte, nu trebuie sÄ fie o licenÈÄ <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>. TotuÈi, o licenÈÄ care
necesitÄ
+cÄ versiunile modificate sÄ fie considerate software neliber nu poate fi
+clasificatÄ drept o licenÈÄ liberÄ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Libertatea de a redistribui copii trebuie sÄ includÄ forme binare sau
+executabile ale programului, cât Èi codul sursÄ, atât în versiunile
+originale cât Èi în cele modificate. (Distribuirea programelor în formÄ
+executabilÄ e necesarÄ pentru uÈurinÈa instalÄrii sistemelor de operare
+libere). Putem chiar trece cu vederea faptul cÄ nu existÄ concret
+posibilitatea de a produce formÄ binarÄ sau executabilÄ pentru un anumit
+program (anumite limbaje de calculator nu suportÄ acest mod de lucru), dacÄ
+se acordÄ dreptul de a le distribui Èi sub aceste forme (în caz cÄ gÄsiÈi
+sau dezvoltaÈi o metodÄ prin care sÄ le produceÈi).
+</p>
+
+<h4>Copyleft</h4>
+
+<p>
TotuÈi, existÄ Èi anumite reguli acceptabile privind distribuirea de
software liber, atunci când aceste reguli nu afecteazÄ libertÄÈile
centrale. Spre exemplu, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> (pe
@@ -121,80 +248,159 @@
</p>
<p>
-Ãn cadrul proiectului GNU, utilizÄm conceptul de âcopyleftâ pentru a
proteja
-juridic aceste libertÄÈi pentru public. ExistÄ Ã®nsÄ Èi <a
+Ãn cadrul proiectului GNU, utilizÄm conceptul de “copyleft”
+pentru a proteja juridic aceste libertÄÈi pentru public. ExistÄ Ã®nsÄ Èi
<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">software liber
-în afara copyleft-ului</a>. ConsiderÄm cÄ existÄ motive serioase pentru
-care <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">e preferabilÄ utilizarea
-copyleft-ului</a>, dar dacÄ programul d-voastrÄ este software liber în afara
-copyleft-ului, vom putea în continuare sÄ Ã®l utilizÄm. CitiÈi articolul
â<a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categoriile de software liber</a>â pentru
-a vedea relaÈiile Èi diferenÈele dintre âsoftware-ul liberâ,
âsoftware-ul
-sub copyleftâ Èi alte categorii de software.
+în afara copyleft-ului</a> care poate fi considerat etic. ConsiderÄm cÄ
+existÄ motive serioase pentru care <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">e
+preferabilÄ utilizarea copyleft-ului</a>, dar dacÄ programul d-voastrÄ este
+software liber în afara copyleft-ului, vom putea în continuare sÄ Ã®l
+utilizÄm. CitiÈi articolul “<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categoriile de software liber</a>”
+pentru a vedea relaÈiile Èi diferenÈele dintre “software-ul
+liber”, “software-ul sub copyleft” Èi alte categorii de
+software.
</p>
-<p>
-âSoftware liberâ nu înseamnÄ ânon-comercialâ. Un program liber
trebuie sÄ
-fie utilizabil în scop comercial, Èi disponibil pentru dezvoltare Èi
-distribuÈie comercialÄ. Dezvoltarea comercialÄ a software-ului liber nu mai
-este ceva neobiÈnuit; iar software-ul comercial liber este foarte
-important. Astfel, se poate întâmpla sÄ plÄtiÈi pentru a dobândi cópii
ale
-unor programe GNU, ori, la fel de bine, puteÈi obÈine cópii fÄrÄ a plÄti
-pentru ele. Indiferent de modul în care obÈineÈi programele, veÈi avea
-libertatea de a le copia Èi modifica, Èi chiar de <a
-href="/philosophy/selling.html">a vinde cópii</a> ale acestora.
-</p>
+<h4>Reguli privind împachetarea Èi distribuirea de detalii</h4>
<p>
Instituirea de condiÈii privind modul de a pune pe piaÈÄ o versiune
modificatÄ este acceptabilÄ, dacÄ acestea nu anuleazÄ libertatea d-voastrÄ
-de a lansa versiuni modificate. Clauzele conform cÄrora âdacÄ publicaÈi un
-program în forma X, trebuie sÄ Ã®l publicaÈi Èi în forma Yâ sunt de
asemenea
-acceptabile, sub aceeaÈi condiÈie. (ObservaÈi cÄ o asemenea clauzÄ vÄ
lasÄ
-în continuare opÈiunea de a publica sau nu programul). Este de asemenea
-acceptabil ca o licenÈÄ sÄ stipuleze obligativitatea ca în cazul lansÄrii
-unei versiuni modificate, la cererea unui autor anterior al programului, sÄ
-îi trimiteÈi o copie.
+de a lansa versiuni modificate. Astfel, este acceptabil dacÄ o licenÈÄ
+necesitÄ ca dvs. sÄ schimbaÈi numele versiunii modificate, sÄ
îndepÄrtaÈi
+logo-ul, sau sÄ va asumaÈi modificÄrile. Atâta timp cât acesta cerinÈe nu
+sunt prea complicate în aÈa mÄsurÄ incât previn publicare efectivÄ a
+modificÄrilor dvs, acestea sunt acceptabile, dvs. modificaÈi programul deja,
+nu ar trebuie sÄ va încurce câteva modificÄri în plus.
</p>
<p>
-Uneori <a id="exportcontrol">reglementÄrile vamale</a> Èi sancÈiunile
+Reguli precum “idacÄ publicaÈi versiunea în acest mod, ea trebuie
+publicatÄ deasemenea Èi în acel mod” sunt de asemenea permise, pe baza
+condiÈiilor menÈionate. Un exemplu pentru o astfel de regulÄ acceptabilÄ
+este dacÄ aÈi distribuit o versiune modificatÄ Èi un programator anterior
vÄ
+cere o copie, dvs. trebuie sÄ o trimiteÈi. (Important de Èinut minte este
cÄ
+o astfel de regulÄ va oferÄ libertatea de a decide dacÄ doriÈi sÄ va
+distribuiÈi versiunea sau nu.) Reguli care necesitÄ publicarea codului sursÄ
+alÄturi de versiunile pe care pe publicaÈi sunt de asemenea acceptabile.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+O problemÄ specialÄ apare atunci când o licenÈÄ necesitÄ schimbarea
numelui
+prin care programul va fi invocat din alte programe. Acest lucru împiedicÄ
+în mod eficient sÄ vÄ eliberaÈi versiunea schimbatÄ, astfel încât sÄ
poatÄ
+înlocui originalul atunci când invocat de cÄtre aceste alte programe. Acest
+tip de cerinÈÄ este acceptabil numai dacÄ existÄ o metoda de creere a unui
+alias adecvat, care vÄ permite sÄ specificaÈi numele programului original ca
+un alias pentru versiunea modificatÄ.</p>
+
+<h4>ReglementÄri privind exportul</h4>
+
+<p>
+Uneori <a id="exportcontrol">reglementÄrile vamale</a> Èi sancÈiuni
comerciale internaÈionale vÄ pot limita libertatea de a distribui în lume
cópii ale programelor. Autorii de software nu au puterea de a elimina sau de
a depÄÈi aceste restricÈii, dar pot, Èi trebuie sÄ refuze sÄ impunÄ
restricÈiile utilizatorilor programelor create de ei. Ãn acest mod,
restricÈiile nu vor afecta activitÄÈile utilizatorilor aflaÈi în afara
-jurisdicÈiei statelor care le impun.
+jurisdicÈiei statelor care le impun. Astfel, licenÈele de software liber nu
+trebuie sÄ necesite supunerea faÈÄ de reglementÄrile de export nontriviale
+ca o condiÈie de exercitare a oricÄror libertÄÈi esenÈiale.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Doar menÈionând existenÈa reglementÄrilor de export, fÄrÄ a le face o
+condiÈie a licenÈei în sine, este acceptabil, deoarece nu restricÈioneazÄ
+utilizatorii. Ãn cazul în care un regulament de export este de fapt banal
+pentru software-ul liber, atunci necesitatea acestuia ca o condiÈie nu este
+o problemÄ realÄ; cu toate acestea, este o potenÈialÄ problemÄ, deoarece o
+schimbare ulterioarÄ a legislaÈiei în materie de export ar putea face
+cerinÈa netrivialÄ Èi, astfel, face software-ul neliber.
+</p>
+
+<h4>ConsideraÈii juridice</h4>
+
+<p>
+Pentru ca aceste libertÄÈi sÄ fie reale, ele trebuie sÄ fie irevocabile
atât
+timp cât utilizatorii nu comit vreo faptÄ ilegalÄ; dacÄ autorul programului
+are puterea de a revoca licenÈa fÄrÄ a-Èi întemeia aceastÄ decizie pe
+comiterea unei anumite fapte de cÄtre utilizator, software-ul nu este liber.
</p>
<p>
-Discutând despre software-ul liber, este indicat sÄ evitaÈi termeni ca
-âgratuitâ sau âpe gratisâ, întrucât aceÈti termeni pot conduce la
ideea cÄ
-principala caracteristicÄ a softului liber ar fi preÈul, Èi nu libertatea
-sa. AlÈi termeni uzuali ca âpiraterieâ reprezintÄ expresia unor opinii pe
-care sperÄm cÄ nu le imbratiÈaÈi. CitiÈi articolul â<a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Termeni vagi sau înÈelÄtori Èi
-expresii care ar trebui evitate</a>â pentru o analizÄ a acestor termeni. De
-asemenea avem o listÄ cu <a
-href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">traduceri ale conceptului de âfree
-softwareâ (software liber)</a> în mai multe limbi.
+O licenÈÄ gratuitÄ poate sÄ nu necesite conformitatea cu licenÈa unui
+program negratuit. Astfel, de exemplu, în cazul în care o licenÈÄ
necesitÄ
+sÄ vÄ conformati cu licenÈele “tuturor programele pe care le
+utilizaÈi”, în cazul unui utilizator care ruleazÄ programe nelibere
+acest lucru ar necesitÄ respectarea licenÈelor acestor programe nelibere;
+care face cÄ licenÈa sÄ fie neliberÄ.
</p>
<p>
+Este acceptabil pentru o licenÈÄ liberÄ sÄ precizeze care lege a
+jurisdicÈiei este aplicabilÄ, sau în cazul în care trebuiesc fÄcute
litigii
+(conflicte), sau ambele.
+</p>
+
+<h4>LicenÈe bazate pe contract</h4>
+
+<p>
+Cele mai multe licenÈe de software liber se bazeazÄ pe dreptul de autor, Èi
+existÄ limite cu privire la ce tipuri de cerinÈe pot fi impuse prin dreptul
+de autor. Ãn cazul în care o licenÈÄ bazatÄ pe drepturile de autor
respectÄ
+libertatea în modurile descrise mai sus, este puÈin probabil ca aceasta sÄ
+creeze o alt fel de problemÄ pe care nu am anticipat-o (deÈi acest lucru se
+întâmplÄ ocazional). Cu toate acestea, unele licenÈe de software liber se
+bazeazÄ pe contracte, iar contractele pot impune o gamÄ mult mai largÄ de
+restricÈii posibile. Asta înseamnÄ cÄ existÄ multe modalitÄÈi posibile
ca o
+astfel de licenÈÄ ar putea fi inacceptabil de restrictivÄ Èi neliberÄ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Noi nu putem lista toate modalitÄÈile posibile prin care asta pe poate
+întâmpla. DacÄ o licenÈÄ bazatÄ pe un contract restricÈioneazÄ
utilizatorul
+într-un mod neobiÈnuit în care licenÈele bazate pe drepturi de autor nu
pot,
+Èi care nu este numit aici drept legitim, atunci o sÄ trebuiascÄ sÄ mai
+gândim aceastÄ temÄ, Èi probabil am ajunge la concluzia cÄ aceastÄ este
+nelibera.
+</p>
+
+<h4>FolosiÈi cuvintele potrivite atunci când vorbiÈi despre software-ul
liber</h4>
+
+<p>
+Discutând despre software-ul liber, este indicat sÄ evitaÈi termeni precum
+“gratuit” sau “pe gratis”, întrucât aceÈti termeni
+pot conduce la ideea cÄ principala caracteristicÄ a softului liber ar fi
+preÈul, Èi nu libertatea sa. AlÈi termeni uzuali ca “piraterie”
+reprezintÄ expresia unor opinii pe care sperÄm cÄ nu le imbratiÈaÈi.
CitiÈi
+articolul <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Termeni vagi sau
+înÈelÄtori Èi expresii care ar trebui evitate</a> pentru o analizÄ a
acestor
+termeni. De asemenea avem o listÄ adecvatÄ cu <a
+href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">traduceri ale conceptului de
+“software liber”</a> în mai multe limbi.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Cum interpretÄm noi aceste criterii</h4>
+
+<p>
Ãn fine, trebuie observat cÄ acele condiÈii enumerate in definiÈia
software-ului liber necesitÄ o analizÄ atentÄ pentru a se constata
întrunirea lor. Pentru a decide dacÄ un anumit program este într-adevÄr
-âsoftware liberâ, îl vom analiza în baza acestor criterii, pentru a vedea
-dacÄ respectÄ atât litera, cât Èi spiritul definiÈiei. DacÄ o licenÈÄ
de
-utilizare a unui program include restricÈii excesive, nu o vom accepta,
-chiar dacÄ acele restricÈii nu au fost anticipate în enunÈarea criteriilor
-de definire. Uneori prevederile incluse într-o licenÈÄ conduc la situaÈii
ce
-trebuie analizate minuÈios, inclusiv prin discuÈii cu avocaÈi, înainte de a
-decide dacÄ acele prevederi sunt acceptabile. Când ajungem la o concluzie
-asupra unei situaÈii noi, adeseori trebuie sÄ actualizÄm criteriile dupÄ
-care decidem dacÄ anumite licenÈe sunt, sau nu, licenÈe libere.
+“software liber”, îl vom analiza în baza acestor criterii,
+pentru a vedea dacÄ respectÄ atât litera, cât Èi spiritul definiÈiei.
DacÄ o
+licenÈÄ de utilizare a unui program include restricÈii excesive, nu o vom
+accepta, chiar dacÄ acele restricÈii nu au fost anticipate în enunÈarea
+criteriilor de definire. Uneori prevederile incluse într-o licenÈÄ conduc la
+situaÈii ce trebuie analizate minuÈios, inclusiv prin discuÈii cu avocaÈi,
+înainte de a decide dacÄ acele prevederi sunt acceptabile. Când ajungem la o
+concluzie asupra unei situaÈii noi, adeseori trebuie sÄ actualizÄm
+criteriile dupÄ care decidem dacÄ anumite licenÈe sunt, sau nu, licenÈe
+libere.
</p>
+<h4>CereÈi ajutor cu licenÈele libere</h4>
+
<p>
DacÄ vÄ intereseazÄ dacÄ o anumitÄ licenÈÄ de utilizare este
într-adevÄr o
licenÈÄ de software liber, examinaÈi <a
@@ -203,18 +409,229 @@
trimis la <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
+<p>
+DacÄ vÄ gânditi a scrie o nouÄ licenÈÄ, va rugÄm sÄ contactaÈi
FundaÈia
+Software-ului Liber la aceea adresa. RÄspândirea de licenÈe de software
+liber diferite înseamnÄ mai multÄ muncÄ pentru utilizatori pentru a
înÈelege
+aceste licenÈe; s-ar putea sÄ vÄ putem ajuta în a gÄsi o licenÈÄ
existentÄ
+care va întruneÈte nevoile.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+DacÄ acest lucru nu este posibil, dacÄ chiar aveÈi nevoie de o nouÄ
licenÈÄ,
+cu ajutorul nostru puteÈi stabili cÄ aceea licenÈÄ este o licenÈÄ pentru
+software liber Èi puteÈi evita anumite probleme practice.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="beyond-software">Mai mult decât software</h3>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Manualele de software ar trebui sÄ fie
+libere</a>, pentru aceeleasi motive pentru care software-ul ar trebui sÄ fie
+liber, Èi pentru cÄ manualele sunt de fapt o parte din software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Aceeleasi argumente sunt rezonabile Èi pentru alt fel de lucrÄri cu caracter
+practic — cu alte cuvinte, lucrÄri care conÈin informaÈii folositoare,
+cum ar fi lucrÄri educaÈionale Èi lucrÄri de referinÈÄ. <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> este cel mai bine cunoscut
+exemplu.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Orice fel de lucrare <em>poate</em> fi liberÄ, Èi definiÈia software-ului
+liber a fost extinsÄ Ã®ntr-o definiÈie a <a
+href="http://freedomdefined.org/";>lucrÄrilor culturale libere</a>, care
+poate fi aplicatÄ oricÄrui tip de lucrare.
+</p>
<h3 id="open-source">SursÄ deschisÄ?</h3>
<p>
-Un alt grup utilizeazÄ noÈiunea de âopen source (sursÄ deschisÄ)â
pentru a
-face referire la ceva similar (dar nu identic) software-ului liber. Noi
-preferÄm âsoftware liberâ deoarece, odatÄ ce s-a înÈeles cÄ este
vorba de
-libertate Èi nu de preÈ, conceptul stimuleazÄ <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">libertatea de
-gândire</a>.
+Un alt grup utilizeazÄ noÈiunea de “open source (sursÄ
+deschisÄ)” pentru a face referire la ceva similar (dar nu identic)
+“software-ului liber”. Noi preferÄm “software liber”
+deoarece, odatÄ ce s-a înÈeles cÄ este vorba de libertate Èi nu de preÈ,
+conceptul stimuleazÄ gândirea liberÄ. Cuvântul “deschis” <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">nu se referÄ la
+liberatate</a>.
</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="History">Istorie</h3>
+
+<p>Din când în când revizuim DefiniÈia Software-ului Liber. Aici se aflÄ o
+lista cu modificÄri semnificative, precum Èi link-uri care va aratÄ exact ce
+a fost modificat.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.162&r2=1.163";>Versiunea
+1.163</a>: ClarificÄ cÄ cele patru libertÄÈi se aplicÄ tuturor
+utilizatorilor, Èi necesitarea unei plÄÈi din partea utilizatorilor pentru
+a-Èi putea exercitÄ aceste libertÄÈi este egal cu negarea acestor
libertÄÈi
+utilizatorilor.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153";>Versiunea
+1.153</a>: ClarificÄ cÄ libertatea de a executa un program înseamnÄ cÄ
nimic
+nu vÄ opreÈte din a executa programul.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141";>Versiunea
+1.141</a>: ClarificÄ care cod trebuie sÄ fie liber.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135";>Versiunea
+1.135</a>: Spune cÄ liberatea 0 este libertatea de a executa programul aÈa
+cum doriÈi.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134";>Versiunea
+1.134</a>: Libertatea 0 nu este legatÄ de funcÈionalitatea unui program.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131";>Versiunea
+1.131</a>: O licenÈÄ gratuitÄ poate sÄ nu necesite conformitatea cu o
+licenÈÄ negratuitÄ a altui program.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129";>Versiunea
+1.129</a>:Alegerea unori legi si a unor specificatii unui Forum sunt
+permise. (Aceasta a fost întotdeauna politica noastrÄ.)</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122";>Versiunea
+1.122</a>: Necesitatea unui control al exportului este o problema realÄ doar
+dacÄ cerinÈa nu este trivialÄ; în caz contrar, este doar o potenÈialÄ
+problemÄ.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118";>Versiunea
+1.118</a>: Clarificare: problema e numÄrul de limitÄri care previn
+modificÄrile, nu pe ce au fost fÄcut modificÄrile. Èi modificÄrile nu se
+rezumÄ doar la “îmbunÄtÄÈiri”</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111";>Versiunea
+1.111</a>: ClarificÄ 1.77, menÈionând cÄ doar <em>restricÈiile</em>
+retroactive sunt inacceptabile. DeÈînÄtorii drepturilor de autor pot
oricând
+sÄ ofere o <em>autorizaÈie</em> adiÈionalÄ pentru folosirea lucrÄrii prin
+publicarea lucrÄrii într-un alt mod în paralel.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Versiunea
+1.105</a>: ReflecteazÄ, în scurtÄ declaraÈie de libertate 1, punctul (deja
+menÈionat în versiunea 1.80) cÄ acesta include într-adevÄr versiunea
+modificatÄ pentru rularea programului.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Versiunea
+1.92</a>: Codul obfuscat nu poate fi considerat cod sursÄ.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Versiunea
+1.90</a>: ClarificÄ faptul cÄ libertatea 3 înseamnÄ dreptul de a
redistribui
+copii a versiunii dvs. modificatÄ sau îmbunÄtÄÈitÄ, Èi nu dreptul de a
+participa în proiectul altcuiva.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Versiunea
+1.89</a>: Libertatea 3 include dreptul de a publica versiuni modificate
+drept software liber.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80";>Versiunea
+1.80</a>: Libertatea 1 trebuie sÄ fie practicÄ, Èi nu doar teoreticÄ; cu
+alte cuvinte nu o tivoizare (metode care restricÈioneazÄ executarea unei
+versiuni modificate a software-ului).</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77";>Versiunea
+1.77</a>: Clarifica faptul ca toate schimbarile retroactive ale licentei
+sunt inacceptabile.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74";>Versiunea
+1.74</a>: Patru clarificÄri a unor puncte neexplicate îndeajuns, sau
+menÈionate în unele locuri dar neimplementate peste tot:
+<ul>
+<li>"ÃmbunÄtÄÈiri" înseamnÄ cÄ licenÈÄ nu vÄ poate limita masiv în
privinÈa
+versiunilor modificate pe care le puteÈi publicÄ. Libertatea 3 include
+distribuirea versiunilor modificate, nu doar a unor schimbÄri.</li>
+<li>Dreptul de a contopi în module existente se referÄ la cei care sunt
+corespunzÄtor licenÈiaÈi.</li>
+<li>MenÈioneazÄ explicit concluzia referitoare la controlul exportului.</li>
+<li>Impunerea unei schimbÄri de licenÈÄ constituie revocare licenÈei
anterioare.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57";>Versiunea
+1.57</a>: SecÈia "Mai mult decât software" a fost adÄugatÄ.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46";>Versiunea
+1.46</a>: ClarificÄ scopul cui e important în libertatea de a executa
+programul în orice scop.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41";>Versiunea
+1.41</a>: ClarificÄ exprimarea legatÄ de licenÈele pe baza unui
contract.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40";>Versiunea
+1.40</a>: ExplicÄ faptul cÄ o licenÈÄ liberÄ trebuie sÄ vÄ permitÄ sÄ
+utilizaÈi software liber pentru a va crea modificÄrile.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39";>Versiunea
+1.39</a>: Este notat faptul cÄ este acceptabil ca o licenÈÄ sÄ solicite
+sursele versiunilor software-ului liber pe care dvs. îl publicaÈi.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31";>Versiunea
+1.31</a>: MenÈioneazÄ faptul cÄ este acceptabil pentru o licenÈÄ sÄ
necesite
+sÄ va identificaÈi cÄ autorul modificÄrilor dvs. Alte clarificÄri minore
+rÄspândite prin text.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23";>Versiunea
+1.23</a>: AdreseazÄ potenÈiale probleme legate de licenÈele pe baza de
+contract.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16";>Versiunea
+1.16</a>: ExplicÄ de ce distribuirea fiÈierelor binare e importantÄ.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11";>Versiunea
+1.11</a>: EvidenÈiazÄ faptul cÄ o licenÈÄ liberÄ ar putea necesita
+trimiterea unei copii a versiunii dvs. programatorilor anteriori, la cererea
+acestora.</li>
+
+</ul>
+<p>Sunt prezente goluri în versiunile menÈionate mai sus deoarece existÄ Èi
+alte modificÄri prezente în aceastÄ paginÄ care nu afecteazÄ definiÈia
+software-ului liber sau interpretÄrile acestuia. De exemplu, aceastÄ listÄ
+nu conÈine modificÄri legate de formatare, punctuaÈie, exprimare sau alte
+pÄrÈi ale paginii. PuteÈi consulta lista completÄ a modificarilo acestei
+pagini cu ajutorul <a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log";>interfeÈei
+web cvs</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 style="font-size:1em">NotÄ de subsol</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">Motivul pentru care acestea sunt numerotate 0, 1, 2 Èi 3 este unul
+istoric. Ãn jurul anului 1990 existau trei libertÄÈi, numerotate 1, 2 Èi
+3. DupÄ aceea am realizat cÄ libertatea de a executa programul trebuie
+menÈionatÄ explicit. Era evident cÄ aceasta este mai rudimentarÄ decât
+celalalte trei, aÈa cÄ trebuia sÄ fie menÈionatÄ Ã®naintea acestora.
Decât sÄ
+le numerotÄm pe primele 3, am numit aceastÄ libertate libertatea 0.</li>
+</ol>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -229,7 +646,7 @@
<p>Pentru întrebÄri generale legate de FSF Èi GNU, vÄ rugÄm sÄ scrieÈi
la <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte moduri de a contacta</a> FSF. LegÄturile stricate Èi
+href="/contact/">alte moduri de a contacta</a> FSF. Link-urile stricate Èi
alte corecturi sau sugestii pot fi trimise la <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
@@ -260,7 +677,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -274,26 +691,30 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2019 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
<p>AceastÄ paginÄ este licenÈiatÄ sub licenÈa <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
-Atribuire - FÄrÄ modificÄri 3.0 Statele Unite</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ro";>Creative
+Commons Atribuire - FÄrÄ modificÄri 4.0 LicenÈÄ InternaÈionalÄ </a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ro.html" -->
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Tradus de Octavian Curelea</div>
+<p>Tradus de Octavian Curelea</p>
+<p>Tradus de Denis Cherean, <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a></p></div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Actualizat la:
-$Date: 2017/05/02 14:07:25 $
+$Date: 2019/05/17 18:00:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: loyal-computers.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- loyal-computers.nl.html 13 Jan 2017 20:58:56 -0000 1.1
+++ loyal-computers.nl.html 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/loyal-computers.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2019-03-18" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/loyal-computers.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Wat maakt jouw computer loyaal?</h2>
<p>door <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
@@ -230,7 +236,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2017/01/13 20:58:56 $
+$Date: 2019/05/17 18:00:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: loyal-computers.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- loyal-computers.sq.html 13 Feb 2015 16:57:40 -0000 1.4
+++ loyal-computers.sq.html 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/loyal-computers.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.sq.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.sq.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.sq-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2019-03-18" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/loyal-computers.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.sq.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<h2>Ãâdo të Thotë Që Kompjuteri Juaj të Jetë Besnik?</h2>
<p>nga <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
@@ -233,7 +239,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2015/02/13 16:57:40 $
+$Date: 2019/05/17 18:00:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/free-sw.ro.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ro.po,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- po/free-sw.ro.po 17 May 2019 17:46:08 -0000 1.19
+++ po/free-sw.ro.po 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.20
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2004-02-17 12:12+0000\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 2.2.2\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -143,8 +142,8 @@
msgstr ""
"Software-ul liber e caracterizat de libertatea acordatÄ utilizatorilor sÄi "
"de a-l utiliza, copia, distribui, studia, modifica Èi îmbunÄtÄÈi. Mai
exact, "
-"e vorba de patru forme de libertate a utilizatorilor sÄi: <a href="
-"\"#f1\">[1]</a>"
+"e vorba de patru forme de libertate a utilizatorilor sÄi: <a
href=\"#f1\">[1]"
+"</a>"
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -802,13 +801,13 @@
"open” <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> never "
"refers to freedom</a>."
msgstr ""
-"Un alt grup utilizeazÄ noÈiunea de “open source (sursÄ "
-"deschisÄ)” pentru a face referire la ceva similar (dar nu identic) "
-"“software-ului liber”. Noi preferÄm “software "
-"liber” deoarece, odatÄ ce s-a înÈeles cÄ este vorba de libertate
Èi "
-"nu de preÈ, conceptul stimuleazÄ gândirea liberÄ. Cuvântul “"
-"deschis” <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">nu "
-"se referÄ la liberatate</a>."
+"Un alt grup utilizeazÄ noÈiunea de “open source (sursÄ deschisÄ)"
+"” pentru a face referire la ceva similar (dar nu identic) “"
+"software-ului liber”. Noi preferÄm “software liber” "
+"deoarece, odatÄ ce s-a înÈeles cÄ este vorba de libertate Èi nu de
preÈ, "
+"conceptul stimuleazÄ gândirea liberÄ. Cuvântul “deschis” <a
href="
+"\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">nu se referÄ la "
+"liberatate</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "History"
Index: po/free-sw.ro-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-sw.ro-en.html
diff -N po/free-sw.ro-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-sw.ro-en.html 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>What is free software?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+.note { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; }
address@hidden (min-width: 48em) {
+ .note { margin-top: .8em; }
+}
+--></style>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+
+<div class="article">
+<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<blockquote class="note" id="fsf-licensing"><p style="font-size: 80%">
+Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
+See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing";>licensing resources</a>,
+and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
+at <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="comment">
+<p>
+The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
+time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Open source” is something different: it has a very
+different philosophy based on different values. Its practical
+definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
+in fact free. We explain the
+difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” means software that respects users'
+freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
+freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
+software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of
+liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of
+“free” as in “free speech,” not as in
+“free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre
+software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for
+“free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
+is gratis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With
+these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
+the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the
+program, we call it a “nonfree” or
+“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the
+users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
+program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+an instrument of unjust power</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4> The four essential freedoms</h4>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if the program's users have the
+four essential freedoms: <a href="#f1">[1]</a>
+</p>
+
+<ul class="important">
+ <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
+ for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
+ does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+ code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
+ to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
+ community a chance to benefit from your changes.
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
+freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various
+nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
+being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
+
+<p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code
+we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance,
+consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to
+handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that
+implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
+are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
+only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A free program must offer the four freedoms to any user that obtains a
+copy of the software, provided the user has complied thus far with the
+conditions of the free license covering the software. Putting some of
+the freedoms off limits to some users, or requiring that users pay, in
+money or in kind, to exercise them, is tantamount to not granting the
+freedoms in question, and thus renders the program nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
+specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
+
+<h4>The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
+forbidden or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what
+functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of
+functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any
+particular computing activity.</p>
+
+<h4>The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4>
+
+<p>
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
+freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
+source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
+“source code” is not real source code and does not count
+as source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
+practical reality. These binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
+</p>
+
+<h4>The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements</h4>
+
+<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
+redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
+gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
+as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
+releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
+a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
+license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
+as a free license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Copyleft</h4>
+
+<p>
+Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
+freedoms. For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
+you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
+This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
+protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
+legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
+copyleft</a>. However,
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
+noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
+too. See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
+“copylefted software” and other categories of software
+relate to each other.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4>
+
+<p>
+Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
+burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
+must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
+on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+saying that if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
+of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+are also acceptable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
+which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
+effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
+sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+alias for the modified version.</p>
+
+<h4>Export regulations</h4>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
+must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
+condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
+them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
+not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for
+free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
+problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
+export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
+software nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Legal considerations</h4>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
+restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
+cause, the software is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
+nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
+comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in
+the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
+compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
+license nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
+law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Contract-based licenses</h4>
+
+<p>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
+contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
+copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Use the right words when talking about free software</h4>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<h4>How we interpret these criteria</h4>
+
+<p>
+Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<h4>Get help with free licenses</h4>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
+Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
+help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
+and avoid various practical problems.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
+has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/";>
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
+
+<p>
+Another group uses the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="History">History</h3>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is
+the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
+was changed.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.162&r2=1.163";>Version
+1.163</a>: Clarify that the four freedoms apply to any and all users,
+and that requiring users to pay to exercise some of these freedoms is
+a way of denying them.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153";>Version
+1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops
+you from making it run.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141";>Version
+1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135";>Version
+1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
+as you wish.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134";>Version
+1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131";>Version
+1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
+of another program.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129";>Version
+1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
+specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122";>Version
+1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
+requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118";>Version
+1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
+not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited
+to “improvements”</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111";>Version
+1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
+holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Version
+1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+version for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+in someone else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+free software.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80";>Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77";>Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74";>Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules
+refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57";>Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46";>Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+the program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41";>Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40";>Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39";>Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+use.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31";>Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23";>Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16";>Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11";>Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
+other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
+interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in
+asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
+You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
+the <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log";>cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 style="font-size:1em">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around
+1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that
+the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly.
+It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should
+precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom 0.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2019
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2019/05/17 18:00:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/loyal-computers.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/loyal-computers.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/loyal-computers.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/loyal-computers.nl-diff.html 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/loyal-computers.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>We say that running <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> on your computer means that its operation is <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">under your
+control</a>. Implicitly this presupposes that your computer will do
+what your programs tell it to do, and no more. In other words, that
+your computer will be loyal to you.</p>
+
+<p>In 1990 we took that for granted; nowadays, many computers are
+designed to be disloyal to their users. It has become necessary to
+spell out what it means for your computer to be a loyal platform that
+obeys your decisions, which you express by telling it to run certain
+programs.</p>
+
+<p>Our tentative definition consists of these principles.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Installability</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Any software that can be replaced by someone else,
+the user must be empowered to replace.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, if the computer requires a password or some other secret in
+order to replace some of the software in it, whoever sells you the
+computer must tell you that secret as well.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards software</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The computer will run, without prejudice, whatever software you
+install in it, and let that software do whatever its code says to
+do.</p>
+
+<p>A feature to check for signatures on the programs that run is
+compatible with this principle provided the signature checking is
+fully under the user's control. When that is so, the feature helps
+implement the user's decisions about which programs to run, rather than
+thwarting the user's decisions. By contrast, signature checking that
+is not fully under the user's control violates this principle.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards protocols</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The computer will communicate, without prejudice, through whatever
+protocol your installed software implements, with whatever users and
+whatever other networked computers you direct it to communicate
+with.</p>
+
+<p>This means that computer does not impose one particular service rather
+than another, or one protocol rather than another. It does not
+require the user to get anyone else's permission to communicate via a
+certain protocol.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards implementations</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>When the computer communicates using any given protocol, it will
+support doing so, without prejudice, via whatever code you choose
+(assuming the code implements the intended protocol), and it will do
+nothing to help any other part of the Internet to distinguish which
+code you are using or what changes you may have made in it, or to
+discriminate based on your choice.</p>
+
+<p>This entails that the computer rejects remote attestation, that is,
+that it does not permit other computers to determine over the network
+whether your computer is running one particular software load. Remote
+attestation gives web sites the power to compel you to connect to them
+only through an application with DRM that you can't break, denying you
+effective control over the software you use to communicate with them.</p>
+
+<p>We can comprehend remote attestation as a general scheme to allow
+any web site to impose tivoization or “lockdown” on the
+local software you connect to it with. Simple tivoization of a
+program bars modified versions from functioning properly; that makes
+the program nonfree. Remote attestation by web sites bars modified
+versions from working with those sites that use it, which makes the
+program effectively nonfree when using those sites. If a computer
+allows web sites to bar you from using a modified program with them,
+it is loyal to them, not to you.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards data communicated</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>When the computer receives data using whatever protocol, it will
+not limit what the program can do with the data received through that
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>Any hardware-level DRM violates this principle. For instance, the
+hardware must not deliver video streams encrypted such that only the
+monitor can decrypt them.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Debugability</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The computer always permits you to analyze the operation of a
+program that is running.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Completeness</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The principles above apply to all the computer's software
+interfaces and all communication the computer does. The computer must
+not have any disloyal programmable facility or do any disloyal
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, the AMT functionality in recent Intel processors runs
+nonfree software that can talk to Intel remotely. Unless disabled,
+this makes the system disloyal.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>For a computer to be fully at your service, it should come with
+documentation of all the interfaces intended for software running in
+the computer to use to control the computer. A documentation gap as
+such doesn't mean the computer is actively disloyal, but does mean
+there are some aspect of it that are not at your service. Depending
+on what that aspect does, this might or might not be a real problem.</p>
+
+<p>We ask readers to send criticisms and suggestions about this
+definition to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+<address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Loyalty as defined here is the most
basic criterion we could think
+of that is meaningful. It does not require that all the software in
+the computer be free. However, the presence
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">nonfree
+software in the computer</a> is an obstacle to verifying that the
+computer is loyal, or making sure it remains so.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="History">History</h3>
+
+<p>Here is the list of substantive changes in this page.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6">Version
1.6</a>:
+Add installability requirement.
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4">Version
+1.4</a>: Full documentation is not a requirement for loyalty.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2019</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2019/05/17 18:00:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/loyal-computers.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/loyal-computers.sq-diff.html
diff -N po/loyal-computers.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/loyal-computers.sq-diff.html 17 May 2019 18:00:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/loyal-computers.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/loyal-computers.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>We say that running <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> on your computer means that its operation is <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">under your
+control</a>. Implicitly this presupposes that your computer will do
+what your programs tell it to do, and no more. In other words, that
+your computer will be loyal to you.</p>
+
+<p>In 1990 we took that for granted; nowadays, many computers are
+designed to be disloyal to their users. It has become necessary to
+spell out what it means for your computer to be a loyal platform that
+obeys your decisions, which you express by telling it to run certain
+programs.</p>
+
+<p>Our tentative definition consists of these principles.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Installability</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Any software that can be replaced by someone else,
+the user must be empowered to replace.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, if the computer requires a password or some other secret in
+order to replace some of the software in it, whoever sells you the
+computer must tell you that secret as well.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards software</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The computer will run, without prejudice, whatever software you
+install in it, and let that software do whatever its code says to
+do.</p>
+
+<p>A feature to check for signatures on the programs that run is
+compatible with this principle provided the signature checking is
+fully under the user's control. When that is so, the feature helps
+implement the user's decisions about which programs to run, rather than
+thwarting the user's decisions. By contrast, signature checking that
+is not fully under the user's control violates this principle.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards protocols</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The computer will communicate, without prejudice, through whatever
+protocol your installed software implements, with whatever users and
+whatever other networked computers you direct it to communicate
+with.</p>
+
+<p>This means that computer does not impose one particular service rather
+than another, or one protocol rather than another. It does not
+require the user to get anyone else's permission to communicate via a
+certain protocol.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards implementations</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>When the computer communicates using any given protocol, it will
+support doing so, without prejudice, via whatever code you choose
+(assuming the code implements the intended protocol), and it will do
+nothing to help any other part of the Internet to distinguish which
+code you are using or what changes you may have made in it, or to
+discriminate based on your choice.</p>
+
+<p>This entails that the computer rejects remote attestation, that is,
+that it does not permit other computers to determine over the network
+whether your computer is running one particular software load. Remote
+attestation gives web sites the power to compel you to connect to them
+only through an application with DRM that you can't break, denying you
+effective control over the software you use to communicate with them.</p>
+
+<p>We can comprehend remote attestation as a general scheme to allow
+any web site to impose tivoization or “lockdown” on the
+local software you connect to it with. Simple tivoization of a
+program bars modified versions from functioning properly; that makes
+the program nonfree. Remote attestation by web sites bars modified
+versions from working with those sites that use it, which makes the
+program effectively nonfree when using those sites. If a computer
+allows web sites to bar you from using a modified program with them,
+it is loyal to them, not to you.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Neutrality towards data communicated</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>When the computer receives data using whatever protocol, it will
+not limit what the program can do with the data received through that
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>Any hardware-level DRM violates this principle. For instance, the
+hardware must not deliver video streams encrypted such that only the
+monitor can decrypt them.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Debugability</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The computer always permits you to analyze the operation of a
+program that is running.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Completeness</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The principles above apply to all the computer's software
+interfaces and all communication the computer does. The computer must
+not have any disloyal programmable facility or do any disloyal
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, the AMT functionality in recent Intel processors runs
+nonfree software that can talk to Intel remotely. Unless disabled,
+this makes the system disloyal.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>For a computer to be fully at your service, it should come with
+documentation of all the interfaces intended for software running in
+the computer to use to control the computer. A documentation gap as
+such doesn't mean the computer is actively disloyal, but does mean
+there are some aspect of it that are not at your service. Depending
+on what that aspect does, this might or might not be a real problem.</p>
+
+<p>We ask readers to send criticisms and suggestions about this
+definition to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+<address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Loyalty as defined here is the most
basic criterion we could think
+of that is meaningful. It does not require that all the software in
+the computer be free. However, the presence
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">nonfree
+software in the computer</a> is an obstacle to verifying that the
+computer is loyal, or making sure it remains so.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="History">History</h3>
+
+<p>Here is the list of substantive changes in this page.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6">Version
1.6</a>:
+Add installability requirement.
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/loyal-computers.html?root=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4">Version
+1.4</a>: Full documentation is not a requirement for loyalty.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
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href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
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+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
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+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2019</em></ins></span> Free Software
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+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
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+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2019/05/17 18:00:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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