[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
www/philosophy po/categories.translist categori...
|
From: |
GNUN |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy po/categories.translist categori... |
|
Date: |
Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:30:48 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 19/02/16 08:30:48
Modified files:
philosophy/po : categories.translist
Added files:
philosophy : categories.zh-cn.html
philosophy/po : categories.zh-cn-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/categories.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/categories.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- po/categories.translist 21 Aug 2017 08:01:47 -0000 1.13
+++ po/categories.translist 16 Feb 2019 13:30:48 -0000 1.14
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sr" hreflang="sr"
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">ÑÑпÑки</a> [sr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ta" hreflang="ta"
href="/philosophy/categories.ta.html">தமிழà¯</a> [ta]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/categories.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/categories.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
href="/philosophy/categories.zh-tw.html">ç¹é«ä¸æ</a> [zh-tw]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
@@ -46,5 +47,6 @@
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="sr" hreflang="sr"
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html" title="ÑÑпÑки" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ta" hreflang="ta"
href="/philosophy/categories.ta.html" title="தமிழà¯" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/categories.tr.html" title="Türkçe" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/categories.zh-cn.html" title="ç®ä½ä¸æ" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
href="/philosophy/categories.zh-tw.html" title="ç¹é«ä¸æ" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: categories.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: categories.zh-cn.html
diff -N categories.zh-cn.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ categories.zh-cn.html 16 Feb 2019 13:30:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>èªç±ä¸éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çåç±» - GNU å·¥ç¨ -
èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="screen">
+<!--
+#content #diagram { overflow: auto; margin: 2em 0; }
+#diagram img { width: 31.7em; }
+-->
+
+</style>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<h2>èªç±ä¸éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çåç±»</h2>
+
+<p>å¦è§<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">ãåºé¿å
使ç¨ï¼ææ
ç¨ï¼çè¯è¯ï¼ç±äºå®ä»¬æ¯ä¸å
¬æ£çæè
å¼èµ·æ··æ·çã</a>ä¸æã</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="[èªç±ä¸éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çåç±»]"
/>
+</p>
+
+ <p>æ¬å¾æåç± Chao-Kuei åä½å¹¶ä¸ç»è¿å
¶ä»äººçæ´æ°ï¼è§£éäºä¸åç±»å«ç软件ä¹é´çåºå«ãå®æ<a
+href="/philosophy/category.svg">ç¢éå¾ç</a>以å<a
+href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig æ ¼å¼çæ¬</a>ãæ¬å¾éç¨ GNU
éç¨å
Œ
±è®¸å¯è¯ï¼GNU GPLï¼2.0
+ææ´é«çæ¬ãGNU èªç±æ档许å¯è¯ï¼GNU FDLï¼1.2
ææ´é«çæ¬ãæè
åä½å
±ç¨-ç½²å-ç¸åæ¹å¼å
±äº«ï¼CC
BY-SAï¼è®¸å¯è¯ 2.0 ææ´é«çæ¬ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼Free Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>èªç±è½¯ä»¶æ¯æé带è¿æ ·è®¸å¯ç软件ï¼å®å
许任ä½äººä½¿ç¨ãå¤å¶å/æåååï¼ä¸è®ºæ¯éååååè¿æ¯ååå带ææ´æ¹ççæ¬ï¼ä¹ä¸è®ºå
è´¹è¿æ¯æå¿ãç¹å«å°ï¼è¿æå³çæºä»£ç å¿
é¡»å¯è·å¾ã“å¦æå®ä¸æ¯æºä»£ç
ï¼å®å°±ä¸æ¯ç¨åºã”è¿æ¯ä¸ç§ç®åçæè¿°ï¼æ¨å¯ä»¥å¨<a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">ãä»ä¹æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼ã</a>æ¾å°èªç±è½¯ä»¶çå®æ´å®ä¹ã</p>
+
+ <p>å¦æä¸ä¸ªç¨åºæ¯èªç±çï¼å®å°±æå¯è½è¢«å
å«å¨ä¸ç§èªç±çæä½ç³»ç»ä¸ï¼ä¾å¦ GNUï¼æè
<a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux æä½ç³»ç»</a>çèªç±çæ¬ã</p>
+
+
<p>è¿æå¾å¤ç§æ¹å¼å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¨åºæ为èªç±ç——æå¾å¤ç»èçé®é¢ï¼å¯¹è¿äºé®é¢å¯ä»¥æå¤ç§æ¹å¼çå³å®ï¼èä»ç¶è½å¤ä½¿ç¨åºæ为èªç±çãä¸äºå¯è½çåä½å°ä¼å¨ä¸æè¿è¡æè¿°ãå¦æéè¦è·å¾å
³äºå
·ä½çèªç±è½¯ä»¶è®¸å¯è¯çä¿¡æ¯ï¼åè§<a
+href="/licenses/license-list.html">ã许å¯è¯å表ã</a>页é¢ã</p>
+
+ <p>èªç±è½¯ä»¶å
³ä¹èªç±èéä»·æ ¼ãä½æ¯ä¸æ软件<sup><a
href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>å
¬å¸ä¸è¬ä½¿ç¨“free
+software”è¿ä¸çè¯æ¥æ代价æ
¼ãææ¶å®ä»¬çæææ¯æ¨å¯ä»¥å
è´¹è·å¾ä¸ä»½äºè¿å¶å¯æ¬ï¼ææ¶å®ä»¬çæææ¯å¨æ¨æè´ä¹°ç计ç®æºä¸æç»äºä¸ä»½å¯æ¬ï¼èæ´å°è®¡ç®æºçä»·æ
¼å
å«äºäºè
åèªçä»·æ ¼ãä¸ç®¡æ¯åªç§æ¹å¼ï¼è¿é½ä¸æ们å¨
+GNU 计åä¸ææçèªç±è½¯ä»¶æ å
³ã</p>
+
+ <p>ç±äºè¿ç§æ½å¨çæ··æ·ï¼å½ä¸å®¶è½¯ä»¶å
¬å¸å®£ç§°å®ç产å毓free
+software”çæ¶åï¼å¡å¿
æ¥çå®é
çåå¸æ¡æ¬¾ä»¥ç¡®è®¤ç¨æ·æ¯å¦çæ£æ¥æèªç±è½¯ä»¶æè´å«çææåºæ¬èªç±ãææ¶å®ççå±äºèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼ææ¶å®ä¸æ¯ã</p>
+
+
<p>å¾å¤è¯è¨é½æ¥æ两个ç¬ç«çåè¯ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºèªç±ä¸ç“free”åé¶ä»·æ
¼ä¸ç“free”ãä¾å¦ï¼æ³è¯ä¸æ“libre”å“gratuit”ãèè±è¯åä¸æ¯ï¼å¨è±è¯ä¸ç¡®å®æä¸ä¸ªå诓gratis”ç¨äºæ
æ§ä¹å°è¡¨ç¤ºä»·æ ¼ï¼ä½æ²¡ææ®éç形容è¯ç¨äºæ
æ§ä¹å°è¡¨ç¤ºèªç±ãå
æ¤ï¼å¦ææ¨è¯´å¦ä¸ç§è¯è¨ï¼æ们建议æ¨å¨å°“free”ç¿»è¯ä¸ºæ¨çæ¯è¯çæ¶åæ¾æ¸
å
¶æ¶µä¹ãåè§æ们æ´çç<a
+href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">ã“èªç±è½¯ä»¶”ä¸è¯çç¿»è¯ã</a>ã</p>
+
+ <p>èªç±è½¯ä»¶å¸¸å¸¸æ¯ä¸æ软件æ´<a
href="/software/reliability.html">å¯é </a>ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">å¼æºè½¯ä»¶ï¼Open Source Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>
+
“å¼æºè½¯ä»¶”è¿ä¸çè¯è¢«æäºäººç¨äºæ代ä¸èªç±è½¯ä»¶æå¤æå°å°ç¸åçä¸ç±»è½¯ä»¶ãå®ä»¬å¹¶ä¸æ¯ä¸èªç±è½¯ä»¶ä¸¥æ
¼ä¸è´çä¸ç±»è½¯ä»¶ï¼å®ä»¬æ¥åæäºå¨æ们çæ¥çº¦ææ§è¿å¼ºç许å¯è¯ï¼æ¡æ¬¾ï¼ï¼ä¹æä¸äºèªç±è½¯ä»¶è®¸å¯è¯ï¼æ¡æ¬¾ï¼æ¯å®ä»¬ææç»æ¥åçãç¶èï¼ä¸¤è
å¤å»¶çå·®å«å¹¶ä¸å¤§ï¼å
ä¹ææçèªç±è½¯ä»¶ä¹ç¬¦åå¼æºè½¯ä»¶å®ä¹ï¼å¹¶ä¸å
ä¹ææçå¼æºè½¯ä»¶ä¹æ¯èªç±çã</p>
+
<p>æ们å¾åäºä½¿ç¨èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿ä¸æ¦å¿µï¼ç±äºå®ä»£è¡¨èªç±——è¿æ¯“<a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">å¼æº</a>”è¿ä¸çè¯æä¸è½ä½ç°çã</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">å
¬æé¢å软件ï¼Public Domain
Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>å
¬æé¢å软件æ¯æä¸åçæä¿æ¤ç软件ãå¦ææºä»£ç
ä¹å¨å
¬æé¢åä¸ï¼è¿å°æ为ä¸ç§<a
href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">é
+copyleft èªç±è½¯ä»¶</a>çç¹ä¾ãè¿æå³çæäºå¯æ¬æè
ä¿®æ¹çæ¬å¯è½å®å
¨ä¸æ¯èªç±çã</p>
+
+ <p>å¨æäºæ
åµä¸ï¼å¯æ§è¡ç¨åºå¯è½ä½äºå
¬æé¢åä¸ï¼ä½æºä»£ç
ä¸å¯è·å¾ãè¿ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼ç±äºèªç±è½¯ä»¶è¦æ±æºä»£ç
çå¯è·å¾æ§ãä¸æ¤åæ¶ï¼å¤§é¨åèªç±è½¯ä»¶ä¸å¨å
¬æé¢åä¸ï¼å®ä»¬æ¯åçæä¿æ¤çï¼å¹¶ä¸çæææ人éè¿ä½¿ç¨èªç±è½¯ä»¶è®¸å¯è¯åæ³å°èµäºä»»ä½äººä½¿ç¨å®ä»¬çèªç±è®¸å¯ã</p>
+
+ <p>æ人以ä¸ç§ä¸ä¸¥æ ¼çæ¹å¼æ¥ä½¿ç¨“å
¬æé¢å”è¿ä¸æ¦å¿µæ¥æ代<a
+href="#FreeSoftware">“èªç±”</a>æ“å
è´¹å¾å°”ãç¶è３å
¬æé¢å”æ¯ä¸ä¸ªæ³å¾æ¦å¿µï¼å确表示“ä¸åçæä¿æ¤”ä¹æã为äºæ¾æ¸
ï¼æ们建议尓å
¬æé¢å”ä»
ä»
ç¨äºå®æ严æ
¼æ代ç涵ä¹ï¼è使ç¨å
¶ä»çè¯æ¥æ代å
¶ä»æ¶µä¹ã</p>
+
+ <p>æ ¹æ®ä¼¯å°å°¼ä¿æ¤æå¦åèºæ¯ä½åå
¬çº¦ï¼å¤§å¤æ°å½å®¶å·²ç»ç¾ç½²ï¼ï¼ä»»ä½åä¸çä¸è¥¿èªå¨è·å¾çæï¼è¿ä¹å
æ¬è®¡ç®æºç¨åºãå æ¤ï¼å¦ææ¨æ³è¦ä½¿æ¨çç¨åºè¿å
¥å
¬æé¢åï¼æ¨å¿
é¡»éåæäºæ³å¾æ¥éª¤ä»¥æ¾å¼å
¶çæï¼å¦å该ç¨åºæ¯åçæä¿æ¤çã</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copyleft 软件ï¼Copylefted Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>Copyleft 软件æ¯ä¸ç±»èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å
¶åå¸æ¡æ¬¾å¯ä»¥ä¿è¯å®ææçæ¬çææå¯æ¬é½æå¤æå°å¸¦æç¸åçåå¸æ¡æ¬¾ãä¾å¦ï¼è¿æå³ç
copyleft
+许å¯è¯æ®éç¦æ¢ä»äººä¸ºè¯¥è½¯ä»¶æ·»å
é¢å¤çéå¶æ¡æ¬¾ï¼å°½ç®¡æéçä¸äºå®å
¨çéå æ¡æ¬¾å¯è½è¢«å
许ï¼ï¼å¹¶ä¸è¦æ±æºä»£ç å¯è·å¾ãè¿å¯ä»¥ä¿æ¤è¯¥ç¨åºåå
¶ä¿®æ¹çæ¬ï¼ä½¿å¾å¸¸è§çæäºæ¹å¼æ æ³å°å
¶å为ä¸æ软件ã</p>
+
+ <p>ä¸äº copyleft 许å¯è¯ä¾å¦ GNU éç¨å
Œ
±è®¸å¯è¯ï¼GNU
GPLï¼ç¬¬ä¸çé»æ¢äºå
¶ä»ä¸äºç§æåçæ¹å¼ï¼ä¾å¦ <a
+href="/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html">Tivo åï¼tivoizationï¼</a>ã</p>
+
+ <p>å¨ GNU 计åä¸ï¼æ们为æ们æåçå
ä¹<em>ææ</em>软件使ç¨äº copyleft
+许å¯è¯ï¼ç±äºæ们çç»æç®æ
æ¯èµäºæ¯ä½ç¨æ·èªç±è½¯ä»¶æè´å«çææåºæ¬èªç±ãåè§æ们å
³äº copyleft çæç« <a
+href="/licenses/copyleft.html">ãä»ä¹æ¯ Copyleftï¼ã</a>以è·ç¥å
³äº
copyleft
+许å¯è¯å¦ä½åæ¥ä½ç¨ä»¥åæ们为ä½ä½¿ç¨å®ä»¬çæ´å¤è§£éã</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft æ¯ä¸ä¸ªéç¨çæ¦å¿µï¼ä¸ºäºä»¥ copyleft
许å¯è¯åå¸ä¸ä¸ªå®é
åå¨çç¨åºï¼æ¨éè¦ä½¿ç¨ç¹å®çä¸ç³»ååå¸æ¡æ¬¾ãæå¤ç§å¯è½çæ¹å¼ç¼å
+copyleft åå¸æ¡æ¬¾ï¼å æ¤ååä¸å¯ä»¥æå¾å¤ç§ copyleft
èªç±è½¯ä»¶è®¸å¯è¯ãç¶èå®é
ä¸å ä¹ææ copyleft 软件é½ä½¿ç¨ <a
+href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU GPL</a>ã两ç§ä¸åç copyleft
+许å¯è¯é常ä¸å
¼å®¹ï¼è¿æå³çç´æ¥å°ä½¿ç¨ä¸ç§è®¸å¯è¯ç代ç
ä¸ä½¿ç¨å¦ä¸ç§è®¸å¯è¯ç代ç å并å°ä¼æ¯éæ³çï¼å
æ¤ï¼äººä»¬ä½¿ç¨åä¸ç§ copyleft
+许å¯è¯å°ä¼æå©äºç¤¾åºã</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">é copyleft
çèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼Noncopylefted Free Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>é copyleft çèªç±è½¯ä»¶å¸¦ææ¥èªä½è
çååååä¿®æ¹ç许å¯ï¼ä¹å¸¦ææ·»å
é¢å¤éå¶æ¡æ¬¾ç许å¯ã</p>
+
+ <p>å¦æä¸ä¸ªç¨åºæ¯èªç±çä½å¹¶æªéç¨ copyleft
+许å¯è¯ï¼é£ä¹æäºå¯æ¬æè
ä¿®æ¹çæ¬å¯è½å®å
¨ä¸æ¯èªç±çã软件å
¬å¸å¯ä»¥ç¼è¯è¯¥ç¨åºï¼ä¸è®ºæ¯å¦å¯¹å
¶è¿è¡ä¿®æ¹ï¼é½å¯ä»¥å°å¯æ§è¡æ件ä½ä¸º<a
+href="#ProprietraySoftware">ä¸æ软件</a>产ååå¸ã</p>
+
+ <p><a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window ç³»ç»</a>ééäºè¿ä¸ç¹ãX
èçå° X11 以æç§é copyleft
+åå¸æ¡æ¬¾åå¸ï¼ä½¿å
¶æ为é copyleft
+çèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å¹¶ä¸åç»å¼åè
å
ä¹æ²¿ç¨äºç¸åçæ¹å¼ãä¸ä»½å¸¦ææ¤ç±»åå¸æ¡æ¬¾çå¯æ¬æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ãç¶èï¼ä¹æä¸æçæ¬çåå¨ï¼å¹¶ä¸ç¡®å®æï¼æè
è³å°ç¡®å®æ¾ç»æï¼æµè¡çç¨äºå·¥ä½ç«æ个人计ç®æºï¼PCï¼çå¾å½¢æ¾ç¤ºå¡ä»
æ¯æä¸æçæ¬ãå¦ææ¨ä½¿ç¨çæ¯è¿ç±»ç¡¬ä»¶ï¼é£ä¹
+X11 对æ¨æ¥è¯´ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ã<a href="/philosophy/x.html">X11
çå¼åè
çè³æ¾ç»å¨ä¸æ®µæ¶æå° X11
+ä½ä¸ºä¸æ软件åå¸</a>ï¼ä»ä»¬ä¹æ以è½å¤å¦æ¤ï¼æ¯ç±äºå
¶ä»äººä½¿ç¨ç¸åçé copyleft 许å¯è¯è´¡ç®äºä»ä»¬ç代ç ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">使ç¨å
容å许å¯è¯ç软件ï¼Lax
Permissive Licensed Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>å
容å许å¯è¯å
æ¬ X11 许å¯è¯å<a
href="/licenses/bsd.html">ä¸¤ç§ BSD
+许å¯è¯</a>ãè¿äºè®¸å¯è¯å ä¹å
许对å
¶ä»£ç
è¿è¡ä»»ä½æ¹å¼ç使ç¨ï¼å
æ¬åå¸ä¸æçäºè¿å¶çæ¬ï¼ä¸è®ºæ¯å¦æ´æ¹äºæºä»£ç ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">ä½¿ç¨ GPL 许å¯ç软件ï¼GPL-Covered
Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU GPL</a>
æ¯ä¸ç±»ç¹å®çåå¸æ¡æ¬¾éåï¼ç¨äºä½¿è¯¥ç¨åºæ为 copyleft
+软件ãGNU 计åå°å
¶ç¨ä½å¤§é¨å GNU 软件çåå¸æ¡æ¬¾ã</p>
+
+ <p>å æ¤ï¼å°èªç±è½¯ä»¶çåäºä½¿ç¨ GPL
许å¯ç软件æ¯ä¸ç§é误ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">GNU æä½ç³»ç»ï¼The GNU Operating Systemï¼</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
æä½ç³»ç»</a>æ¯ä¸ç§“ç±» Unix
+æä½ç³»ç»”ï¼å®å®å
¨ç±èªç±è½¯ä»¶ææï¼æä»¬å¨ GNU
计åä¸äº 1984 å¹´å¼å§ GNU æä½ç³»ç»å¼åã</p>
+
+ <p>ä¸æ¬¾ç±» Unix æä½ç³»ç»ç±ä¼å¤ç¨åºææãGNU
æä½ç³»ç»å
æ¬ææ <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU
+ç¨åºå
</a>ãå®è¿å
æ¬å¾å¤å
¶ä»ç¨åºå
ï¼è¯¸å¦ X Window
ç³»ç»ä»¥å TeXï¼å®ä»¬ä¸æ¯ GNU 软件ã</p>
+
+ <p>å®æ´ç GNU æä½ç³»ç»çé¦ä¸ªæµè¯çäº 1996
å¹´åå¸ï¼å®å
æ¬ GNU Hurdï¼æ们çå
æ ¸ï¼åè
äº 1990
å¹´å¼å§å¼åãç´å° 2001 å¹´ï¼GNU
+æä½ç³»ç»ï¼å
æ¬ GNU Hurdï¼å¼å§è½å¤ç¸å¯¹å¯é å°è¿è¡ï¼ä½æ¯
Hurd ä»ç¶ç¼ºå°ä¸äºéè¦åè½ï¼å
æ¤å®ä¸è½è¢«å¹¿æ³ä½¿ç¨ãä¸æ¤åæ¶ï¼<a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux æä½ç³»ç»</a>ï¼ä½ä¸ºä½¿ç¨ Linux
å
æ ¸èé Hurd å
æ ¸ç
+GNU æä½ç³»ç»çè¡ççæ¬ï¼èª 20 ä¸çºª 90
年代起已ç»è·å¾äºå·¨å¤§æå[^cate-8]ãè¿è¡¨æäº GNU
+æä½ç³»ç»ä¸æ¯ä¸ä¸ªéæçç¨åºéåï¼ç¨æ·ååååè
å¯ä»¥æ
¹æ®ä»ä»¬çéæ±åå好æ¥éæ©ä¸åç软件å
ãå
¶ç»æä»æ¯ä¸ç§
GNU æä½ç³»ç»çåä½ã</p>
+
+ <p>ç±äº GNU æä½ç³»ç»çç®æ æ¯èªç±ï¼GNU
æä½ç³»ç»ä¸çä»»ä½ä¸ä¸ªç»ä»¶é½æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ãä½æ¯ï¼å®ä»¬ä¸å¿
é¡»é½æ¯ copyleft
+çï¼ä»»ä½ç±»å«çèªç±è½¯ä»¶é½å¯ä»¥è¢«åæ³å¹¶ä¸åéå°å
å«è¿æ¥ï¼å¦æå®æå©äºå®ç°ææ¯ä¸çç®æ ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU ç¨åºï¼GNU Programsï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU ç¨åº”æ¯ <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU
软件</a>çåä¹è¯ãè¥ç¨åº foo æ¯ä¸ä¸ª GNU
+ç¨åºï¼é£ä¹å®ä¹æ¯ä¸ä¸ª GNU 软件ãæ们ææ¶ä¹ç§°ä¹ä¸º GNU
软件å
ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU 软件ï¼GNU Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>“<a href="/software/software.html">GNU
软件</a>”æ¯æå¨ <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
计å</a>æ¯æä¸åå¸ç软件ãå¦æä¸ä¸ªç¨åºæ¯ GNU
软件ï¼æ们ä¹å¯ç§°ä¹ä¸º GNU
+ç¨åºæ GNU 软件å
ãGNU 软件å
çèªè¿°æ件ï¼READMEï¼ææååºå½å£°æå®æ¯ä¸ä¸ª GNU 软件å
ï¼åæ¶ï¼<a
+href="/directory">èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç®å½</a>æ è¯äºææ GNU 软件å
ã</p>
+
+ <p>大é¨å GNU 软件æ¯<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html"> copyleft
</a>çï¼ä½ä¸æ¯å
¨é¨ï¼ç¶èï¼ææ GNU
+软件é½å¿
é¡»æ¯<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">èªç±è½¯ä»¶</a>ã</p>
+
+ <p>æäº GNU 软件æ¯ç±<a
href="http://www.fsf.org";>èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ï¼FSFï¼</a><a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>åå·¥</a>æç¼åçï¼ä½æ¯å¤§é¨å
GNU 软件æ¥èªä¼å¤<a
+href="/people/people.html">å¿æ¿è
</a>ï¼æäºå¿æ¿è
ç±åä¸å
¬å¸æè
大å¦æ¯ä»èªé
¬ï¼ä½ä»ä»¬ç¡®å®æ¯æ们çå¿æ¿è
ï¼ãæäºè´¡ç®ç软件ç±
+FSF æ¥æçæï¼æäºç±ç¼åå®ä»¬çè´¡ç®è
æ¥æçæã</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF æ¥æçæç GNU
软件ï¼FSF-Copyrighted GNU Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>GNU 软件å
çå¼åè
å¯ä»¥éæ©å°çæè½¬è®©ç» FSF æè
èªå·±ä¿çãè¿æ¯ä»ä»¬çéæ©æå©ã</p>
+
+ <p>å¦æä»ä»¬å°çæè½¬è®©ç» FSFï¼è¯¥ç¨åºæ为 FSF
æ¥æçæç GNU 软件ï¼æ¤æ¶ FSF
+å¯ä»¥å¼ºå¶å®è¡å®ç许å¯è¯ãå¦æä»ä»¬éæ©èªå·±ä¿ççæï¼å¼ºå¶å®è¡å
¶è®¸å¯è¯æ¯ä»ä»¬èªå·±ç责任ã</p>
+
+ <p>FSF ä¸ä¼æ¥åéå®æ¹ GNU 软件å
ç软件ççæ转让ï¼è¿æ¯ä¸æ¡è§å®ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">éèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼Nonfree Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+
<p>éèªç±è½¯ä»¶æ¯æä»»ä½ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç软件ãå®ç使ç¨ãåååæä¿®æ¹è¢«ç¦æ¢ï¼æè
è¦æ±æ¨è¯·æ±ææ许å¯ï¼æè
被严æ
¼éå¶ä»¥è´äºæ¨äºå®ä¸ä¸å¯è½èªç±å°è¿è¡ä»¥ä¸è¡ä¸ºã</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">ä¸æ软件ï¼Proprietary softwareï¼</h3>
+
+
<p>ä¸æ软件æ¯éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çå¦ä¸ç§å«æ³ãå¨è¿å»ï¼æ们æ¾å°éèªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿ä¸æ¥ç»å为“åèªç±è½¯ä»¶”ï¼semifree
+softwareï¼ï¼å®ä»¬å
许éåä¸æ§çä¿®æ¹ååååï¼ä»¥åä¸æ软件ï¼å®ä»¬ç¦æ¢ä»»ä½ä¿®æ¹æåååãä½æ们ç°å¨å·²ç»æ¾å¼äºè¿ç§åºåï¼å¹¶ä¸ç°å¨å°“ä¸æ软件”ç¨ä½éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çåä¹è¯ã</p>
+
+ <p>FSF
+éµå¾ªè¿æ ·çè§åï¼æ们ä¸è½å¨èªå·±ç计ç®æºä¸å®è£
ä»»ä½ä¸æ软件ï¼é¤éææ¶æ§å°ç¨äºä¸ç§ç¹å®ç¨éï¼å³ç¼åä¸ä¸ªèªç±è½¯ä»¶æ¥å代å®ãé¤æ¤ä¹å¤ï¼æ们æè§æ²¡æä»»ä½å¯è½çåå£æ¥å®è£
ä¸æ¬¾ä¸æ软件ã</p>
+
+ <p>ä¾å¦ï¼å¨ 20 ä¸çºª 80
年代ï¼æ们认为å¨æ们ç计ç®æºä¸å®è£
Unix
æ¯åççï¼ç±äºæ们éè¦ç¨å®ç¼åä¸ä¸ªå¯ä»¥å代 Unix
+çèªç±æä½ç³»ç»ãèç°å¨ï¼ç±äºèªç±çæä½ç³»ç»å·²ç»æäºï¼å
æ¤è¿ä¸åå£ä¸åéç¨ï¼æ们ä¸ä¼ä½¿ç¨ä»»ä½ä¸ææä½ç³»ç»ï¼å¹¶ä¸æ们æç»è£
çä»»ä½ä¸å°æ°è®¡ç®æºé½å¿
é¡»è¿è¡ä¸æ¬¾å®å
¨èªç±çæä½ç³»ç»ã</p>
+
+ <p>æ们并ä¸åæè¦æ± GNU çç¨æ·æè
è´¡ç®è
ä¹å¿
须严æ
¼éµå®è¿æ¡è§åãå®åªæ¯æ们对èªå·±å¶å®çè§åãä½æ们å¸ææ¨ä¹æ¿æéµå¾ªå®ï¼ä¸ºäºæ¨èªå·±çèªç±ã</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">å
费软件ï¼Freewareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>“Freeware”è¿ä¸çè¯æ²¡ææ确并ä¸å
¬è®¤çå®ä¹ï¼ä½å®é常被ç¨äºæ代é£äºå
许åååä½ç¦æ¢ä¿®æ¹ï¼å¹¶ä¸å
¶æºä»£ç ä¸å¯è·å¾ï¼ç软件å
ãè¿äºè½¯ä»¶å
ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å
æ¤è¯·æ¨<em>ä¸è¦</em>使稓freeware”æ¥æ代èªç±è½¯ä»¶ã</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">å
±äº«è½¯ä»¶ï¼Sharewareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>å
±äº«è½¯ä»¶æ¯æé£äºé带æå
许人们åååå¯æ¬ç许å¯åè®®ç软件ï¼ä½å®å®£ç§°ä»»ä½äººå¦ææ³è¦ç»§ç»ä½¿ç¨å
¶ä¸ä»½å¯æ¬å°±<em>å¿
é¡»</em>æ¯ä»ä¸ç¬ææ许å¯è´¹ç¨ã</p>
+
+ <p>å
±äº«è½¯ä»¶ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼çè³ä¸æ¯åèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãæ两大åå
ï¼</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>对äºå¤§å¤æ°å
±äº«è½¯ä»¶ï¼æºä»£ç ä¸å¯è·å¾ï¼å
æ¤ï¼æ¨å®å
¨ä¸è½ä¿®æ¹å®ä»¬ï¼</li>
+ <li>å
±äº«è½¯ä»¶å¹¶ä¸å¸¦æå
许人们å¨ä¸æ¯ä»ææ许å¯è´¹ç¨çæ¡ä»¶ä¸å¤å¶å¯æ¬å¹¶ä¸å®è£
å®ä»¬ç许å¯æ¡æ¬¾ï¼çè³å¯¹äºé£äºä»äºéçå©æ§æ´»å¨ç个人ç¨æ·ä¹ä¸æä¾è¿æ
·ç许å¯ï¼å®é
ä¸ï¼äººä»¬ç»å¸¸ä¸éµå®è¿ç§åå¸æ¡æ¬¾å¹¶ä¸ä»ç¶è¿æ
·åï¼ä½è®¸å¯æ¡æ¬¾å¹¶ä¸å
许ï¼ã</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">ç§äººè½¯ä»¶ï¼Private Softwareï¼</h3>
+ <p>ç§äººè½¯ä»¶æè
å®å¶è½¯ä»¶æ¯æä¸ä¸ºæä¸ç¹å®ç¨æ·ï¼é常æ¯ä¸å®¶ç»ç»æºææè
åä¸å
¬å¸ï¼å¼åç软件ã该ç¨æ·ä¿åå使ç¨å®ï¼å¹¶ä¸ä¸ä¼ä»¥æºä»£ç
æè
äºè¿å¶æ ¼å¼å°å
¶å¯¹å
¬ä¼åå¸ã</p>
+
<p>ä¸æ¬¾ç§äººè½¯ä»¶å¯ä»¥æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å°½ç®¡è¿å¯¹ä»äººå¸®å©ä¸å¤§ï¼ï¼å¦æå®çç»æç¨æ·æ¥æå项åºæ¬èªç±ãç¹å«å°ï¼å¦æå
¶ç¨æ·å¯¹ç§äººè½¯ä»¶æ¥æå®æ´çæå©ï¼è¯¥è½¯ä»¶å°±æ¯èªç±çãç¶èï¼å¦æç¨æ·åå
¶ä»äººååå¯æ¬ä½ä¸éä¹æä¾å项åºæ¬èªç±ï¼é£äºå¯æ¬å°±ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ã</p>
+
+ <p>èªç±è½¯ä»¶å
³ä¹çæ¯èªç±ï¼èéå¯è·å¾æ§ãæ»çæ¥è¯´ï¼æ们ä¸è®¤ä¸ºå¼åä¸æ¬¾è½¯ä»¶ä½ä¸åå¸å®æ¯ä¸ä»¶åäºãç¡®å®æè¿æ
·çæ
åµï¼è¥ä¸æ¬¾è½¯ä»¶ä¸¾è¶³è½»éï¼ä»¥è³äºäººä»¬è¦äºè®ºï¼ç¬å
è¿æ¬¾è½¯ä»¶èæç»å¯¹å
¬ä¼åå¸æ¯å¨å¯¹å
¨äººç±»ç¯éãç¶èï¼è¿æ
·çæ
åµæ¯ç«ç½è§ã大é¨å软件并éå¦æ¤çæ»æ¸å
³ï¼æç»å°å®å¯¹å
¬ä¼åå¸å¹¶ä¸æ¯ç¹å«å°åãå
æ¤ï¼å¼åç§äººè½¯ä»¶æè
å®å¶è½¯ä»¶çå®è·µä¸èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨çååä¹é´å¹¶æ å²çªã</p>
+
+ <p>å ä¹ææåéä½£çç¨åºåé½å¨å¼åæç§å®å¶è½¯ä»¶ï¼å
æ¤å¤§é¨åç¼ç¨å·¥ä½å°±æ¯æè
å¯ä»¥æ¯ä¸ç§ä¸èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨ç¸å®¹çæ¹å¼å®æçã</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">åä¸è½¯ä»¶ï¼Commercial Softwareï¼</h3>
+
+ <p>
“å且å“ä¸æ”并ä¸çåï¼åä¸è½¯ä»¶æ¯ç±ä¼ä¸ä½ä¸ºå
¶ä¸å¡çä¸é¨åæå¼åç软件ã大é¨ååä¸è½¯ä»¶æ¯<a
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">ä¸æ软件</a>ï¼ä½ç¡®å®ä¹æåä¸åçèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å¹¶ä¸ä¹æéåä¸åçä¸æ软件ã</p>
+
+ <p>ä¾å¦ï¼GNU Ada ç¼è¯å¨æ¯ç±ä¸å®¶åä¸å
¬å¸å¼åçãå®ä¸ç´ä»¥ GNU GPL
+çæ¡æ¬¾åå¸ï¼æ¯ä¸ä»½å¯æ¬é½æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼ä½å®çå¼åè
è´©åå
¶æ¯æååãå½å®ä»¬çéå®ååæ½å¨ç客æ·äº¤è°æ¶ï¼ææ¶å®¢æ·ä¼è¯´“æ们æ´å
ä¿¡èµåä¸åçç¼è¯å¨”ãéå®ååç说“GNU
+Ada
<em>ç¡®å®æ¯</em>ä¸æ¬¾åä¸åçç¼è¯å¨ï¼å®æ°å¥½ä¹æ¯ä¸æ¬¾èªç±è½¯ä»¶”ã</p>
+ <p>å¯¹äº GNU 计åï¼ä¸è¿°ä¼å
级åºè¯¥æ¯å¦ä¸ç§é¡ºåºï¼éè¦çæ¯ GNU Ada
+æ¯ä¸æ¬¾èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å®åæ¶ä¹æ¯ä¸æ¬¾åä¸è½¯ä»¶åªæ¯ç»èãç¶èï¼ç±äºå
¶ä½ä¸ºä¸æ¬¾åä¸è½¯ä»¶è带æ¥çé¢å¤åå±æ¯å¤§æ裨ççã</p>
+ <p>请æ¨å¸®å©æ们宣ä¼
è¿ç§è®¤è¯ï¼èªç±çåä¸è½¯ä»¶æ¯å¯è½çãæ¨å¯ä»¥åªåéè¿å¨æ¨æ³è¦è¡¨è¾¾“ä¸æ”çæ¶åé¿å
使稓å且æ¥è¾¾å°è¿æ ·çææã</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>è¯æ³¨</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="TransNote1">ä¸æ软件３proprietary
software”çä¸ä¸ªä¸æè¯æãæ们ï¼GNU
+CTTï¼ä¸»å¼
çç¿»è¯æ¯“ä¸æ软件”ï¼èä¸æ¯“ç§æ软件”</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ä¸ GNU
çæ¥è¯¢ä¸é®é¢ï¼ä»¥è±è¯ï¼åéå°<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ãæ¨ä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿ <a
+href="/contact/">å
¶ä»æ¹æ³</a> èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ã
å¦æåç°ä»»ä½é误åé¾æ¥æå
¶ä»éè¦æ´æ£çå°æ¹ï¼æä»»ä½å»ºè®®ï¼ï¼è¯·åéé®ä»¶è³ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+æ们尽æ大åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨é误åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§ç建议ï¼è¯·åéè³
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã</p>
+<p>å
³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æ交翻è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015,
+2016, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨ <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> ææã</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>ç¿»è¯</b>:<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/blug/";>BLUG</a>ï¼2016<br></br>
+<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2019ã</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+æåæ´æ°ï¼
+
+$Date: 2019/02/16 13:30:47 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/categories.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/categories.zh-cn-en.html
diff -N po/categories.zh-cn-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/categories.zh-cn-en.html 16 Feb 2019 13:30:48 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="screen">
+<!--
+#content #diagram { overflow: auto; margin: 2em 0; }
+#diagram img { width: 31.7em; }
+-->
+</style>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
+
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt=" [Categories of software] " />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: nearly all free software is open source,
+ and nearly all open source software is free.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a
+ href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+ href="/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html">tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a
+ href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more
explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium released X11 with
+ distribution terms that made it noncopylefted free
+ software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed the
+ same practice. A copy which has those
+ distribution terms is free software. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="/licenses/bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses
permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The
+ GNU system includes all of the <a href="#GNUsoftware">official
+ GNU packages</a>. It also includes many other packages, such as
+ the X Window System and TeX, which are not GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s. As this shows, the GNU system is not a single
+ static set of programs; users and distributors may select
+ different packages according to their needs and desires. The
+ result is still a variant of the GNU system.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system is free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
+ "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/licenses/copyleft.html">copylefted</a>, but not all; however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+ "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of
+ the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transferred the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+ <p>The FSF does not accept copyright assignments of software
+ that is not an official GNU package, as a rule.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “proprietary
+ software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software (in a somewhat trivial
+ sense) if its sole user has the four freedoms. In particular,
+ if the user has full rights to the private program, the program is
+ free. However, if the user distributes copies to others and does
+ not provide the four freedoms with those copies, those copies
+ are not free software.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not access. In
+ general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and
+ not release it. There are occasions when a program is so
+ important that one might argue that withholding it from the
+ public is doing wrong to humanity. However, such cases are
+ rare. Most programs are not that important, and declining to
+ release them is not particularly wrong. Thus, there is no
+ conflict between the development of private or custom software
+ and the principles of the free software movement.</p>
+
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p> “Commercial” and “proprietary” are
+ not the same! Commercial software is software developed by a
+ business as part of its business. Most commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the priorities are in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; that
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014,
2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2019/02/16 13:30:48 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
| [Prev in Thread] |
Current Thread |
[Next in Thread] |
- www/philosophy po/categories.translist categori...,
GNUN <=