www/education/po edu-system-india.zh-cn.po

[Wensheng XIE]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Wensheng XIE <wxie>     18/10/10 22:15:53

Added files:
        education/po   : edu-system-india.zh-cn.po 

Log message:
        zh-cn: new translation

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-system-india.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: edu-system-india.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: edu-system-india.zh-cn.po
diff -N edu-system-india.zh-cn.po
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ edu-system-india.zh-cn.po   11 Oct 2018 02:15:52 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+# Simplified Chinese translation of 
https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-system-india.html
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Wensheng Xie <address@hidden>, 2018.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: edu-system-india.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-08-07 15:26+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-10-11 10:11+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Wensheng Xie <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Chinese <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: zh_CN\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The Education System in India - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "印度的教育体系 - GNU工程 - 自由软件基金会"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/education/education.html\">Education</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/"
+"education/education.html#indepth\">In Depth</a> &rarr; The Education System "
+"in India"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/education/education.html\">教育</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/education/"
+"education.html#indepth\">深度分析</a> &rarr; 印度的教育体系"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The Education System in India"
+msgstr "印度的教育体系"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a href=\"#sasi\"> (1)</a>"
+msgstr "<strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a href=\"#sasi\"> (1)</a> 著"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "In the Beginning"
+msgstr "开始"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which anyone "
+"who wished to study went to a teacher's (Guru) house and requested to be "
+"taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would then stay at the "
+"guru's place and help in all activities at home. This not only created a "
+"strong tie between the teacher and the student, but also taught the student "
+"everything about running a house. The guru taught everything the child "
+"wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy scriptures and from Mathematics "
+"to Metaphysics. The student stayed as long as she wished or until the guru "
+"felt that he had taught everything he could teach. All learning was closely "
+"linked to nature and to life, and not confined to memorizing some "
+"information."
+msgstr ""
+"古时候，印度的教育是Gurukulaä½“ç³»ï¼Œä»»ä½•æƒ³å­¦ä¹ 
的人都可以到老师（Guru）家里去请"
+"求获得教育。如果老师接受了学生，那么学生就要呆在老师家里并帮助处理所有家务。"
+"è¿™æ ·ä¸ä»…
在老师和学生之间建立了强大的联系，而且也教授了学生如何处理家务事。老"
+"师会教授学生想学的一切，从梵文到神å…
¸ï¼Œä»Žæ•°å­¦åˆ°å“²å­¦ã€‚学生愿意呆多久就呆多久，"
+"æˆ–è€…ç›´åˆ°è€å¸ˆè§‰å¾—å·²ç»æŠŠè‡ªå·±æ‰€çŸ¥éƒ½æ•™å®Œäº†ã€‚æ‰€æœ‰çš„å­¦ä¹ 
活动都和自然与生活息息相"
+"关，而不局限于对信息的记忆。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The modern school system was brought to India, including the English "
+"language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The "
+"curriculum was confined to &ldquo;modern&rdquo; subjects such as science and "
+"mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were considered "
+"unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature "
+"was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the "
+"student."
+msgstr ""
+"çŽ°ä»£å­¦æ ¡ä½“ç³»ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬è‹±è¯­ï¼Œæœ€æ—©æ˜¯ç”±Lord Thomas Babington 
Macaulay在1830年代引进"
+"到印度的。课程设置局限于&ldquo;现代&rdquo;科目，比如科学和数学，而哲学和形而"
+"上学不是必须的科目。教育在课å 
‚里进行，和自然界没什么联系，师生之间的关系也不"
+"那么紧密。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and Intermediate "
+"Education was the first Board set up in India in the year 1921 with "
+"jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In 1929, the Board "
+"of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana, was established. "
+"Later, boards were established in some of the states.  But eventually, in "
+"1952, the constitution of the board was amended and it was renamed Central "
+"Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools in Delhi and some other "
+"regions came under the Board. It was the function of the Board to decide on "
+"things like curriculum, textbooks and examination system for all schools "
+"affiliated to it. Today there are thousands of schools affiliated to the "
+"Board, both within India and in many other countries from Afghanistan to "
+"Zimbabwe."
+msgstr ""
+"Uttar 
Pradesh（印度的一个州）的高中和中级教育理事会在1921年的印度设立了第一个"
+"教育理事会，当时印度的司法管辖覆盖到Rajputana、中印度和Gwalior。1929年，"
+"Rajputana也成立了教育理事会。后来，å…
¶ä»–一些州也成立了理事会。然而最后，在1952"
+"å¹´ï¼Œç†äº‹ä¼šçš„å®ªç« 
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+"äº›å…¶ä»–åœ°åŒºçš„å­¦æ ¡éƒ½å½’å±žäºŽè¯¥ç†äº‹ä¼šã€‚ç†äº‹ä¼šè´Ÿè´£åˆ¶è®¢å…
¶ç®¡è¾–å­¦æ ¡çš„è¯¾ç¨‹è®¾ç½®ã€è¯¾æœ¬å’Œ"
+"è€ƒè¯•ç³»ç»Ÿã€‚çŽ°åœ¨ï¼Œç†äº‹ä¼šç®¡è¾–æœ‰æ•°åƒæ‰€å­¦æ ¡ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬å°åº¦å­¦æ 
¡å’Œæ¥è‡ªå…¶ä»–国家如阿富汗和"
+"æ´¥å·´å¸ƒéŸ¦çš„å­¦æ ¡ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-14 "
+"was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of India. This "
+"is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a directive policy in "
+"article 45 of the constitution. But this objective remains far away even "
+"more than half a century later. However, in the recent past, the government "
+"appears to have taken a serious note of this lapse and has made primary "
+"education a Fundamental Right of every Indian citizen. The pressures of "
+"economic growth and the acute scarcity of skilled and trained manpower must "
+"certainly have played a role to make the government take such a step. The "
+"expenditure by the Government of India on school education in recent years "
+"comes to around 3% of the GDP, which is recognized to be very low."
+msgstr ""
+"针对6到14岁儿童的全面义务教育一直是印度å…
±å’Œå›½æ–°æ”¿åºœçš„夙愿。这一点清楚地体现在"
+"宪法的第45条。但是这个目æ 
‡åœ¨è¿‡äº†åŠä¸ªå¤šä¸–纪之后还远未实现。不过，不久之前，政"
+"府明显认真对待
了这个失职，并且确认基础教育是每个印度å…
¬æ°‘的基本权利。经济增长"
+"的压力和技术性劳动力的严重缺乏显然在促使政府采取该步骤上起了一定的作用。印度"
+"æ”¿åºœè¿‘å¹´æ¥åœ¨å­¦æ ¡æ•™è‚²ä¸Šçš„æ”¯å‡ºå 
GDP的3%，这是一个很低的比例。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"&ldquo;In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing "
+"the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable "
+"ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United "
+"Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To "
+"progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. "
+"(b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase "
+"the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess "
+"over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of "
+"education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to "
+"education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6&ndash;14 "
+"years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as "
+"Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.&rdquo; <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.";
+"org/wiki/Education_in_india\">Wikipedia: Education in India</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"&ldquo;最近，针对印度贫困地区的教育发展已经出台了多个主要å
…¬å‘Šï¼Œå…¶ä¸­æœ€ä¸ºå¼•äººå…³"
+"注的是团结进步联盟（UPA）政府的国家最低å…
±åŒçº²é¢†ï¼ˆNCMP）。该公告称：(a)逐步将"
+"教育支出提高到GDP的6%。(b)为了支持提高教育支出和提高教育质量，会在中央税收之"
+"上再征收教育地方税。(c)ç¡®ä¿æ²¡æœ‰äººå› 
为经济落后和贫穷而被剥夺受教育的权利。(d)"
+"使受教育成为所有6&ndash;14岁儿童的基本权利。(e)通过诸如Sarva
 Siksha Abhiyan和"
+"午餐（Mid Day Mealï¼‰ç­‰æ ‡å¿—æ€§æ´»åŠ¨æ™®åŠæ•™è‚²ã€‚&rdquo; <a 
href=\"http://en.";
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_india\">Wikipedia：印度的教育</a>。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The School System"
+msgstr "å­¦æ ¡ä½“ç³»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"India is divided into 28 states and 7 so-called &ldquo;Union "
+"Territories&rdquo;. The states have their own elected governments while the "
+"Union Territories are ruled directly by the Government of India, with the "
+"President of India appointing an administrator for each Union Territory. As "
+"per the constitution of India, school education was originally a state "
+"subject &mdash;that is, the states had complete authority on deciding "
+"policies and implementing them. The role of the Government of India (GoI) "
+"was limited to coordination and deciding on the standards of higher "
+"education. This was changed with a constitutional amendment in 1976 so that "
+"education now comes in the so-called <em>concurrent list</em>. That is, "
+"school education policies and programmes are suggested at the national level "
+"by the GoI though the state governments have a lot of freedom in "
+"implementing programmes.  Policies are announced at the national level "
+"periodically. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in "
+"1935, continues to play a lead role in the evolution and monitoring of "
+"educational policies and programmes."
+msgstr ""
+"印度分为28个州和7个被称为&ldquo;联邦属地&rdquo;的区域。各州有自选的政府，而联"
+"邦属地直接由印度政府管理，由印度总统为每个联邦属地指派管理è€
…。按照印度宪法，"
+"å­¦æ ¡æ•™è‚²æœ€åˆæ˜¯å·žå†…äº‹ç‰©&mdash;就是说，各州有å…
¨æƒåˆ¶å®šå¹¶å®žæ–½æ•™è‚²æ”¿ç­–。印度政府"
+"（GoI）的角色被限制在协调和决定更高层次教育的æ 
‡å‡†ã€‚在1976年，这些被宪法修订更"
+"改了，教育现在进入<em>共管清单</em>。这是说，学æ 
¡æ•™è‚²æ”¿ç­–和方案在国家层面由印"
+"度政府提议，而各个州政府对方案的实施有充
分的自由。国家周期性地发布政策。1935"
+"年设立的中央教育咨询理事会（CABE）继续担
任着发展和监控教育政策和方案的领导角"
+"色。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing "
+"policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational "
+"Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum Framework. "
+"Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for Educational "
+"Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that essentially propose "
+"educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical schemes and evaluation "
+"methodologies to the states' departments of education. The SCERTs generally "
+"follow guidelines established by the NCERT. But the states have considerable "
+"freedom in implementing the education system."
+msgstr ""
+"有一个全国性组织主要负责开发政策和方案，这就是å…
¨å›½æ•™è‚²ç ”究与培训委员会"
+"（NCERT），它负责准备å…
¨å›½è¯¾ç¨‹è®¾ç½®æ¡†æž¶ã€‚各个州也有自己的对应机构，叫做州立教育"
+"ç 
”究与培训委员会（SCERT）。这些机构主要负责向印度教育部提议教育策略、课程设"
+"置、教学体制和评估手段。SCERT一般会遵循由NCERT设立的指南。但是各州有很大的自"
+"主性来实施自己的教育体系。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action (POA) "
+"1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory quality for all "
+"children below 14 years before the 21st Century. The government committed to "
+"earmark 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  for education, half of which "
+"would be spent on primary education. The expenditure on Education as a "
+"percentage of GDP also rose from 0.7 per cent in 1951-52 to about 3.6 per "
+"cent in 1997-98."
+msgstr ""
+"1986年的国家教育政策和1992年的行动方案（POA）都展望了在21世纪之前实现对所有14"
+"岁以下儿童进行有质量的å…
è´¹ä¹‰åŠ¡æ•™è‚²ä¹‹æ„¿æ™¯ã€‚政府承诺将国民生产总值的6%用于教"
+"育，其中一半将用于基础教育。教育支出在GDPä¸­çš„å 
比也从1951-52年度的0.7%提高到"
+"了1997-98年度的3.6%。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to 10), "
+"upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17 and 18). "
+"The lower primary school is divided into five &ldquo;standards&rdquo;, upper "
+"primary school into two, high school into three and higher secondary into "
+"two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely (except for regional "
+"changes in mother tongue) till the end of high school. There is some amount "
+"of specialization possible at the higher secondary level. Students "
+"throughout the country have to learn three languages (namely, English, Hindi "
+"and their mother tongue) except in regions where Hindi is the mother tongue "
+"and in some streams as discussed below."
+msgstr ""
+"印度的学æ 
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‡å‡†&rdquo;，小学高年级分"
+"为2个æ 
‡å‡†ï¼Œåˆä¸­3个和高中2ä¸ªã€‚å­¦ç”Ÿåœ¨åˆä¸­ç»“æŸä¹‹å‰éƒ½è¦å­¦ä¹ å…¬å…
±è¯¾ç¨‹ï¼ˆé™¤äº†å½“地的母"
+"语之外）。在高中阶段可以有一些专门教育。å…
¨å›½çš„学生都必须学3门语言（英语、印度"
+"语和母语），除非å…
¶æ¯è¯­å°±æ˜¯å°åº¦è¯­ï¼Œæˆ‘们下面会讲到这些地区。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of these "
+"are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the Central "
+"Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for children of "
+"central government employees who are periodically transferred and may have "
+"to move to any place in the country. A number of &ldquo;central "
+"schools&rdquo; (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been established for the "
+"purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and they follow a common "
+"schedule so that a student going from one school to another on a particular "
+"day will hardly see any difference in what is being taught. One subject "
+"(Social Studies, consisting of History, Geography and Civics) is always "
+"taught in Hindi, and other subjects in English, in these schools. Kendriya "
+"Vidyalayas admit other children also if seats are available. All of them "
+"follow textbooks written and published by the NCERT. In addition to these "
+"government-run schools, a number of private schools in the country follow "
+"the CBSE syllabus though they may use different text books and follow "
+"different teaching schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what "
+"they teach in lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 "
+"other countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population there."
+msgstr ""
+"å°åº¦çš„å­¦æ ¡æ•™è‚²ä¸»è¦æœ‰3条线。å…
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¶åˆè¡·æ˜¯ä¸ºä¸­å¤®æ”¿åºœé›‡å‘˜çš„å­å¥³æœåŠ¡ï¼Œå› 为他们会周期性"
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¡&rdquo;（叫做Kendriya "
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¡ï¼Œä¸»è¦æ˜¯æ»¡è¶³å½“地的印度人员的"
+"需求。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The second central scheme is the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education "
+"(ICSE). It seems that this was started as a replacement for the Cambridge "
+"School Certificate. The idea was mooted in a conference held in 1952 under "
+"the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then Minister for "
+"Education. The main purpose of the conference was to consider the "
+"replacement of the overseas Cambridge School Certificate Examination by an "
+"All India Examination. In October 1956 at the meeting of the Inter-State "
+"Board for Anglo-Indian Education, a proposal was adopted for the setting up "
+"of an Indian Council to administer the University of Cambridge, Local "
+"Examinations Syndicate's Examination in India and to advise the Syndicate on "
+"the best way to adapt its examination to the needs of the country. The "
+"inaugural meeting of the Council was held on 3rd November, 1958. In December "
+"1967, the Council was registered as a Society under the Societies "
+"Registration Act, 1860.  The Council was listed in the Delhi School "
+"Education Act 1973, as a body conducting public examinations. Now a large "
+"number of schools across the country are affiliated to this Council. All "
+"these are private schools and generally cater to children from wealthy "
+"families."
+msgstr ""
+"两条中央体系中的第二个是印度中等教育证书（ICSE）。它似乎是作为剑桥学æ
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+"替代品而开始的。这个主意是在1952年由Maulana Abul Kalam 
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+"会议中提出的，当时他是教育部长。该会议的主要目的就是考虑用一套印度的考试替换"
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+"å­¦æ ¡æ•™è‚²æ³•æ¡ˆ1973下挂牌。现在，全国有大量的学æ 
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+"æ ¡ï¼Œé€šå¸¸ä¸ºå¯Œå®¶å­å¼ŸæœåŠ¡çš„ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Both the CBSE and the ICSE council conduct their own examinations in schools "
+"across the country that are affiliated to them at the end of 10 years of "
+"schooling (after high school) and again at the end of 12 years (after higher "
+"secondary). Admission to the 11th class is normally based on the performance "
+"in this all-India examination. Since this puts a lot of pressure on the "
+"child to perform well, there have been suggestions to remove the examination "
+"at the end of 10 years."
+msgstr ""
+"CBSE和ICSE委员会都在全国隶属于它们的学æ 
¡ä¸¾è¡Œè‡ªå·±çš„考试，一次在10年教育结束时"
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+"初中毕业时的考试。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Exclusive Schools"
+msgstr "è´µæ—å­¦æ ¡"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In addition to the above, there are a relatively small number of schools "
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+"this was largely superseded by the ICSE stream elsewhere. Some of these "
+"schools also offer the students the opportunity to sit for the ICSE "
+"examinations. These are usually very expensive residential schools where "
+"some of the Indians working abroad send their children. They normally have "
+"fabulous infrastructure, low student-teacher ratio and very few students. "
+"Many of them have teachers from abroad.  There are also other exclusive "
+"schools such as the Doon School in Dehradun that take in a small number of "
+"students and charge exorbitant fees."
+msgstr ""
+"é™¤äº†ä»¥ä¸Šå­¦æ ¡ï¼Œè¿˜æœ‰å°‘æ•°å­¦æ ¡æŒ‰ç…
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Apart from all of these, there are a handful of schools around the country, "
+"such as the Rishi Valley school in Andhra Pradesh, that try to break away "
+"from the normal education system that promotes rote learning and implement "
+"innovative systems such as the Montessori method. Most such schools are "
+"expensive, have high teacher-student ratios and provide a learning "
+"environment in which each child can learn at his/her own pace.  It would be "
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+"has had on the life of their alumni."
+msgstr ""
+"é™¤äº†ä¸Šè¿°è¿™äº›ï¼Œè¿˜æœ‰å°‘é‡çš„å­¦æ ¡ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚Andhra 
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¡å¯¹å…¶æ¯•ä¸šç”Ÿä¸€ç”Ÿçš„影响应该是"
+"一件有趣和有教育意义的事。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "State Schools"
+msgstr "å·žç«‹å­¦æ ¡"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Each state in the country has its own Department of Education that runs its "
+"own school system with its own textbooks and evaluation system.  As "
+"mentioned earlier, the curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation method are "
+"largely decided by the SCERT in the state, following the national guidelines "
+"prescribed by the NCERT."
+msgstr ""
+"印度的每个州都有自己的教育部，都运作自己的学æ 
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+"统。如前所述，课程设置、教学方法和评价系统基本上是由州里的SCERT决定，同时遵循"
+"由NCERT提出的全国性指导。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Each state has three kinds of schools that follow the state curriculum. The "
+"government runs its own schools in land and buildings owned by the "
+"government and paying the staff from its own resources.  These are generally "
+"known as <em>government schools</em>. The fees are quite low in such "
+"schools. Then there are privately owned schools with their own land and "
+"buildings. Here the fees are high and the teachers are paid by the "
+"management. Such schools mostly cater to the urban middle class families. "
+"The third kind consists of schools that are provided grant-in-aid by the "
+"government, though the school was started by a private agency in their own "
+"land and buildings. The grant-in-aid is meant to help reduce the fees and "
+"make it possible for poor families to send their children. In some states "
+"like Kerala, these schools are very similar to government schools since the "
+"teachers are paid by the government and the fees are the same as in "
+"government schools."
+msgstr ""
+"æ¯ä¸ªå·žæœ‰ä¸‰ç§å­¦æ ¡æŒ‰ç…
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+"è¿™äº›å­¦æ ¡å’Œå…¬ç«‹å­¦æ ¡éžå¸¸ç±»ä¼¼ï¼Œå› 
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+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Case of Kerala"
+msgstr "Kerala的案例"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The state of Kerala, a small state in the South Western coast of India, has "
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+"and was declared the first fully literate state about a decade back. Life "
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+"fertility rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 for the last two "
+"decades. Probably as a side-effect of economic and social development, "
+"suicide rates and alcoholism are also very high. Government policies also "
+"have been very different from the rest of the country, leading to the "
+"development model followed in Kerala, with high expenditure in education and "
+"welfare, coming to be known as the &ldquo;Kerala Model&ldquo; among "
+"economists."
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+"&ldquo;。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"school education system. Every time the NCERT came up with new ideas, it was "
+"Kerala that tried it out first. The state experimented with the District "
+"Primary Education Programme (DPEP) with gusto, though there was opposition "
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+"state was the first in the country to move from the traditional behaviorist "
+"way of teaching to a social constructivist paradigm. It was mentioned in the "
+"National Curriculum Framework of NCERT in the year 2000, and Kerala started "
+"trying it out the next year. The transaction in the classroom and the "
+"evaluation methodology were changed.  Instead of direct questions that could "
+"be answered only through memorizing the lessons, indirect questions and open "
+"ended questions were included so that the student needed to think before "
+"answering, and the answers could be subjective to some extent. This meant "
+"that the students had to digest what they studied and had to be able to use "
+"their knowledge in a specific situation to answer the questions. At the same "
+"time, the new method took away a lot of pressure and the children began to "
+"find examinations interesting and enjoyable instead of being stressful. A "
+"Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation (CCE) system was introduced along "
+"with this, which took into consideration the overall personality of the "
+"student and reduced the dependence on a single final examination for "
+"deciding promotion to the next class. At present, the CBSE also has "
+"implemented CCE, but in a more flexible manner."
+msgstr ""
+"Kerala也一直有兴趣寻求改善其学æ 
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+"（CCE），该体系考虑了学生整体的个性，减少了单次最终考试结果对学生晋级的影响。"
+"目前，CBSE也实施了CCEï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æ–¹å¼æ›´åŠ çµæ´»ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Kerala was also the first state in the country to introduce Information "
+"Technology as a subject of study at the High School level.  It was started "
+"in class 8 with the textbook introducing Microsoft Windows and Microsoft "
+"Office. But within one year the government was forced to include Free "
+"Software also in the curriculum by protests from Free Software enthusiasts "
+"and a favorable stance taken by a school teachers association that had the "
+"majority of government teachers as its members. Eventually, from the year "
+"2007, only GNU/Linux was taught in the schools, and all computers in schools "
+"had only GNU/Linux installed.  At that time, perhaps even today, this was "
+"the largest installation of GNU/Linux in schools, and made headlines even in "
+"other countries. Every year, from 2007 onwards, about 500,000 children pass "
+"out of the schools learning the concepts behind Free Software and the GNU/"
+"Linux operating system and applications. The state is now moving towards IT "
+"Enabled Education. Eventually, IT will not be taught as a separate subject.  "
+"Instead, all subjects will be taught with the help of IT so that the "
+"children will, on the one hand, learn IT skills and, on the other, make use "
+"of educational applications (such as those mentioned below) and resources in "
+"the Internet (such as textual material from sites like Wikipedia, images, "
+"animations and videos) to study their subjects and to do exercises. Teachers "
+"and students have already started using applications such as <a href="
+"\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/drgeo/\";> Dr. Geo</a>, <a href=\"http://";
+"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra\"> GeoGebra</a>, and <a href=\"http://en.";
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+"Ghemical</a> are also popular among teachers and students."
+msgstr ""
+"Kerala也是印度第一个在中学阶段引å…
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+"反之，所有的科目都通过IT的协助被讲授，这æ 
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使用以下应用程序，如用<a href=\"http://";
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+"ghemical/\"> Ghemical</a>之类的程序在师生之间也很流行。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"policies of the Government of India. States like Karnataka and Gujarat are "
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+"education, Free Software and sharing educational resources.  Once a few of "
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+"the entire country would follow suit in a relatively short time. When that "
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+msgstr ""
+"Kerala的这些首创精神现在影响着å…
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·ï¼Œå°åº¦å°±ä¼šå¤§ä½“上拥有GNU/Linux和自由软件的最大用户基础。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "References"
+msgstr "参考资料"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/";
+"txt_minute_education_1835.html"
+msgstr ""
+"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/";
+"txt_minute_education_1835.html"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu";
+msgstr "http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu";
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education";
+msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education";
+
+#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"sasi\"></a><a href=\"http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/\";>V. Sasi "
+"Kumar</a> is a doctor in physics and a member of the FSF India Board of "
+"Directors. He advocates for Free Software and freedom of knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+"<a id=\"sasi\"></a><a href=\"http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/\";>V. Sasi "
+"Kumar</a>是一位物理学博士，他是自由软件基金会印度董事会成员之一。他倡导自由软"
+"件和自由知识。"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other 
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden"
+"org&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"请将有å…
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+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。"
+
+#
+#
+#
+#.  TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#.         replace it with the translation of these two:
+#.         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#.         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#.         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#.         to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#.         &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+#.         <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#.         our web pages, see <a
+#.         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#.         README</a>. 
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"若您想翻译本文，请参看<a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">"
+"翻译须知</a>。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright &copy; 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar."
+msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar."
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Please note that the license here is CC-BY-SA 
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"ShareAlike 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"本页面使用<a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-";
+"sa/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States "
+"License</a>授权。"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<b>翻译团队</b>：<a rel=\"team\" 
href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/";
+"www-zh-cn/\">&lt;CTT&gt;</a>，2018。"
+
+#.  timestamp start 
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "最后更新："