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www/gnu gnu-history.zh-tw.html po/gnu-history.z...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/gnu gnu-history.zh-tw.html po/gnu-history.z... |
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Date: |
Wed, 22 Nov 2017 01:29:32 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/11/22 01:29:32
Modified files:
gnu : gnu-history.zh-tw.html
gnu/po : gnu-history.zh-tw.po
Added files:
gnu/po : gnu-history.zh-tw-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-tw.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-tw-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: gnu-history.zh-tw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu-history.zh-tw.html 24 Oct 2013 11:31:27 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu-history.zh-tw.html 22 Nov 2017 06:29:32 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,135 +1,158 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>GNUp¹º·§z - ¦Û¥Ñ³nÅé°òª÷(FSF)</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<META name="Keywords"
- CONTENT="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation,
- History">
-<META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=big5">
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H3>GNUp¹º·§z</H3>
-
-<A HREF="/graphics/whatsgnu.html"><IMG SRC="/graphics/whats-gnu-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [image of What's GNU] "
- WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="120"></A>
-[
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-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
- <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">¥[®õ¶©¥§¨È¤å</A>
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-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.it.html">¸q¤j§Q¤å</A>
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-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ko.html">Áú¤å</A>
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-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
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-]
-
-<P>
-
address@hidden(GNU's Not Unix)ªº§¹¥þ¦Û¥Ñªº³nÅé¨t²Î¡C <A
HREF="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</A> ¦bGNUp¹ºªºªì©l¤åÀɳQºÙ¬°
<A HREF="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU«Å¨¥(31k¦r¸`)</A> ¡A¥¦¤w¸g³Q½Ķ¦¨ <A
HREF="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">¦hºØ»y¨¥</A>
¡C§ÚÌÁÙ¦³¼g©ó1984¦~ªºGNUp¹ºªº <A
HREF="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">°_©lÁn©ú</A> ¡C
-<P>
-
-¤W±ªº³æµü¡ufree¡v¬OÃö©ó <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">¦Û¥Ñ</A>
address@hidden(address@hidden)
-
-<P>
-
-1983 address@hidden@ºØ¤èªk - address@hidden
-<P>
-
-1971 ¦~ Richard Stallman address@hidden <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">
¦Û¥Ñ³nÅé</A> address@hidden@address@hidden
-<P>
-
address@hidden <A
HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">¨p¦³ªº(18k¦r¸`)</A>
address@hidden
-<P>
-
address@hidden@address@hidden@address@hidden@address@hidden
-<P>
-
address@hidden@address@hidden@address@hidden@address@hidden
-<P>
-
address@hidden
-<P>
-
address@hidden@address@hidden Torvalds¶}µo¤FLinux -
address@hidden@address@hidden@Ó°ò©óLinuxªºGNU¨t²Î¡C¦ôp²{¦b¦³¤W¦Ê¸Uªº¤H¦b¨Ï¥Î°ò©óLinuxªºGNU¨t²Î¡A¥]¬ASlackware¡BDebian¡BRed
Hat©M¨ä¥¦¡C
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address@hidden@address@hidden address@hidden
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address@hidden <A HREF="http://www.gnome.org/";> ¹Ï¥Ü©ì©ñªº®à±</A>
¨ÓÀ°§Uªì¾ÇªÌ¨Ï¥ÎGNU¨t²Î¡C
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address@hidden
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address@hidden - ¨Ã¥B¦]¦¹¼o±ó¨p¦³³nÅé¡C
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-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
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-]
-<p>
-
-<p />
-ªð¦^ <a href="/home.html">GNU º¶</a>¡C
-
-<p />
-½Ð±N¦³Ãö ¦Û¥Ñ³nÅé°òª÷·|¥H¤Î GNU ªº ¬d¸ß©M°ÝÃD µo°e¨ì
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>¡C
-<br />
-¤]¥i¥H³q¹L <a href="/contact/">¨ä¥L¤èªk</a> Ápô¦Û¥Ñ³nÅé°òª÷·|¡C
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-½Ð±N¦³Ãöºô¶ªº·N¨£µo°e¨ì
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>¡B
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-¨ä¥L°ÝÃD«hµo°e¨ì <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>¡C
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-Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA
-
-<p />¥»¤å¤¹³\¦b¤£Åܧó¤å¥ó¤º®eªº«e´£¤U¥Zµn¦b¥ô¦ó«¬ºAªº´CÅ餤¡A¦ý»Ý«O¯d¦¹µù°O¡C
-
-<p />¤¤¤åĶªÌ¡G <A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>±çµÞ</A>¡C
-<br />ÅçÃÒŪªÌ¡G ¼B ¬L§»¡C
-<br />¥»¤å½Ķ¦Û <a href="http://www.gnu.org/";>^¤åª©</a>¡G
-$Date: 2013/10/24 11:31:27 $ $Author: ineiev $
-
-<p />³Ì«á×¥¿®É¶¡¡G 2002 ¦~ 05 ¤ë 24 ¤é¡C
-
-
-<HR>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-history.en.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-tw.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>GNU 系統æ¦è¦½ - GNU å°æ¡ - èªç±è»é«åºéæ</title>
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, GNU å°æ¡, FSF, Free
Software, èªç±è»é«, Free Software
+Foundation, èªç±è»é«åºéæ, History, æ·å²" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-tw.html" -->
+<h2>GNU 系統æ¦è¦½</h2>
+
+<p>
+GNU ä½æ¥ç³»çµ±æ¯ä¸å¥å®æ´çèªç±è»é«ç³»çµ±ï¼åä¸ç¸å®¹ UnixãGNU
代表ãGNU's Not Unixãï¼å
¶è±èªç¼é³çº<a
+href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">實å¸åº g
åé³çå®é³ç¯å</a>ï¼è¯èªï¼æ¼¢èªå®è©±ï¼ç¼é³é¡ä¼¼ãåæãã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/";>çæ¥ã»å²ææ¼å
ç (Richard
Stallman)</a> å¨1983å¹´ç¼è¡¨äº
+GNU å°æ¡ç<a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">åç¼æå</a>ãæä¸ä»½è¼é·ççæ¬ï¼ç¨±çº<a
+href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU å®£è¨ (GNU
Manifesto)</a>ï¼åç¼è¡¨æ¼1985å¹´3æãé份宣è¨å·²ç¿»è¯çº<a
+href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">許å¤èªè¨</a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+ä¹æ以æ¡ç¨ãGNUãéåå稱ï¼æ¯å
çºå®æ»¿è¶³ä¸åæ¢ä»¶ï¼ç¬¬ä¸ãå®æ¯ãGNU's Not
+Unixãçéè¿´å¼é
æå縮寫ï¼ç¬¬äºãå®æ¯ç實ä¸çä¸åå¨çè±æå®åï¼ç¬¬ä¸ãå¸ï¼ææ¯<a
+href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html";>å±</a>ï¼èµ·ä¾å¾æ趣ã</p>
+
+<p>
+èªç±è»é«è±æãfree softwareãä¸æè¬çãfreeãæ¯æè¡çºä¸ç<a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">èªç±</a>ï¼èä¸æ¯èªªå¹æ ¼å
è²»ãè¦åå¾ GNU
+è»é«ï¼æä»è²»çæ¹æ³ï¼ä¹æä¸ä»è²»çæ¹æ³ãç¡è«ä»åºå¤å°é¢ï¼åªè¦ä½
æ¿å°è©²è»é«ï¼ä½ å°±ææéç¨å®çå種ç¹å®èªç±ï¼é¨ä½
æ³æ³å·è¡ç¨å¼çèªç±ï¼è¤è£½ç¨å¼ä¸¦åé給æåæåäºçèªç±ï¼å¯ä»¥ååå°å®æ´æºå§ç¢¼ï¼ä¸¦é¨ä½
æ³æ³ä¿®æ¹ç¨å¼çèªç±ï¼æ£å¸æ¹åå¾çæ¬ä»¥åå©æé
社群çèªç±ãï¼å¦æä½ è¦å次æ£å¸
+GNU è»é«ï¼ä½ å¯ä»¥çºå³è¼¸è»é«å¯æ¬ç實é«è¡çºæ¶åè²»ç¨ï¼æè
ä½ ä¹å¯ä»¥å
è²»åéè»é«å¯æ¬ãï¼</p>
+
+<p>
+éç¼ GNU 系統çå°æ¡ç¨±çºãGNU å°æ¡ãï¼è±æçºãGNU
ProjectããGNU
+å°æ¡å¨1983å¹´åè²èçï¼æ³æ³æ¯å¸æè½å°æ©æé»è
¦ç¤¾ç¾¤æ®éçäºå©ç²¾ç¥å¸¶åæåçæ´»ä¹ä¸ââèç±é¤å»å°æè»é«ææè
æ½å çéééç¤ï¼éæ°è®äººåå次åä½èµ·ä¾ã</p>
+
+<p>
+1971å¹´ï¼çæ¥ã»å²ææ¼éå§å¨éº»ççå·¥å¤§å¸ (MIT)
å°±è·ï¼ä»çå·¥ä½å°çµåªæ使ç¨<a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">èªç±è»é«</a>ãå¨é£å年代ï¼çè³å家é»è
¦å
¬å¸ä¹é½æ£å¸èªç±è»é«ãç¨å¼è¨è¨å¸«å¯ä»¥èªç±åä»äººäºå©åä½æ¹åè»é«ï¼èä¸ä¹ç¶å¸¸é樣åã</p>
+
+<p>
+å°äº1980年代ï¼å¹¾ä¹ææçè»é«é½æäº<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">å°æè»é«</a>ï¼é代表éäºè»é«æå
¶ææè
ï¼ä»åç¦æ¢ä¸¦ä¸é²æ¢ä½¿ç¨è
ä¹éäºå©åä½ãé件äºä½¿å¾
+GNU å°æ¡å¿
ç¶åºç¾ã</p>
+
+<p>
+æ¯ä½é»è
¦ä½¿ç¨è
é½éè¦ä½æ¥ç³»çµ±ï¼å¦ææ²æèªç±çä½æ¥ç³»çµ±å¯ç¨ï¼é£éº¼ä½
å°±ç¡æ³å¨ä¸æ±å©å°æè»é«çæ
æ³ä¸éå§ä½¿ç¨é»è
¦ãæ以å¨èªç±è»é«å·¥ä½äºé
裡ç第ä¸ä»¶äºï¼æ¯«ç¡çåå°±æ¯è¦å
寫åºä¸åèªç±çä½æ¥ç³»çµ±ã</p>
+
+<p>
+æå決å®è®ä½æ¥ç³»çµ±è Unix ç¸å®¹ï¼å çºå
¶æ´é«è¨è¨å¨ç¶å¹´å·²æ·ç¶é©è實çºå¯è¡èä¸å
·åå¯ææ§ï¼æ¤å¤è¥è½èä¹ç¸å®¹å¯ä»¥è® Unix 使ç¨è
æ´å®¹æè½æå°
+GNUã</p>
+
+<p>
+Unix
+風çä½æ¥ç³»çµ±æ¶µèå
§é¨æ ¸å¿ãç·¨è¯å¨ã編輯å¨ãæåæ
¼å¼è¨å®è»é«ãéµä»¶è»é«ãåå½¢ä»é¢ãå½å¼åº«ãéæ²ï¼åå
¶ä»ç¨®ç¨®çµä»¶ãæ以ï¼è¦å¯«åºæ´å¥ä½æ¥ç³»çµ±è實æ¯å大工ç¨ãæåå¾1984å¹´1æå±éå°æ¡ã<a
+href="http://fsf.org/";>èªç±è»é«åºéæ</a>åæç«æ¼1985å¹´10æï¼å
¶ææ©ç®æ¨æ¯è¦åéè³é以åå© GNU çéç¼ã</p>
+
+<p>æéä¾å°1990å¹´ï¼æå已幾ä¹æ¾ä¾æ寫åºç³»çµ±çå大çµä»¶ï¼é¤äºå
¶ä¸ä¸æ¨£ââå
§é¨æ ¸å¿
(kernel)ãæ¥èå¨1991å¹´çæåï¼æç´æã»æç¦è² (Linus
+Torvalds) éç¼äº Linuxï¼ä¸å Unix é¢¨æ ¼çå
§é¨æ
¸å¿ï¼ä¸¦å¨1992å¹´çæåæ¹çºèªç±è»é«ãè¥æ Linux
åå¹¾è¿å®æç GNU
+系統çµåå¨ä¸èµ·ï¼å°±æäºä¸å¥å®æ´çä½æ¥ç³»çµ±ï¼GNU/Linux
系統ãç®åä¼°è¨ç´æä¸åè¬äººä½¿ç¨ GNU/Linux
系統ï¼ä¸è¬æ¯éé <a
+href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux æ£å¸ç</a>èæ¥è§¸ãLinux
+çç¾è¡ä¸»çæ¬ä¸å«æéèªç±çéé«ãblobãï¼èªç±è»é«æ¨è¡è
ç®åæç¶è·ä¸åä¿®æ¹éçèªç±çæ¬ Linuxï¼ç¨±ä¹çº<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> Linux-libre</a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+ç¶èï¼GNU å°æ¡ä¸å
éæ¼æ
¸å¿çä½æ¥ç³»çµ±èå·²ãæåçå®æ¨æ¯å¬çåºå®æ´çè»é«çæ
ç³»ï¼åµé 許å¤ä½¿ç¨è
å¸ææçä»»ä½è»é«ï¼éå
æ¬åé¡æç¨è»é«ãè«è¦<a
+href="/directory">èªç±è»é«ç®é</a>æ¥çèªç±è»é«æç¨ç¨å¼ã</p>
+
+<p>
+æåä¹å¸ææä¾è»é«çµ¦éé»è
¦å°å®¶ç使ç¨è
éç¨ãå
æ¤ï¼æåéç¼äº<a
href="http://www.gnome.org/";>åå½¢åæ¡é¢ç°å¢ï¼ç¨±çº
+GNOMEï¼</a>åå©å
¥éè
æä½ GNU 系統ã</p>
+
+<p>æåä¹å¸æè½æä¾éæ²åå
¶ä»çæ¶é£å¨æ¨ãç®åå·²æ許å¤<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game";>èªç±éæ²</a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+èªç±è»é«è½èµ°å¤é å¢ï¼æ°¸é æ²æ極éï¼é¤äº<a
+href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">æ³å¾ï¼ä¾å¦å°å©å¶åº¦ç¦æ¢èªç±è»é«</a>çé¨ä»½å¤ãæçµç®æ¨æ¯è¦æä¾è®ä½¿ç¨è
è½éç¨é»è
¦å®æå
¶ææ³ææäºåçèªç±è»é«ââå¦æ¤å¾ä»¥è®å°æè»é«æçºéå»äºã</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-tw.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>è«ä¾ä¿¡å° <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
è©¢åæéèªç±è»é«åºéæ (FSF)
+å GNU çä¸è¬åé¡ï¼æè
<a href="/contact/">以å
¶ä»æ¹å¼</a>è¯çµ¡èªç±è»é«åºéæãè³æ¼ææ¯çé£çµåå
¶ä»ä¿®æ£å建è°ï¼å¯ä»¥å°ä¹å¯çµ¦
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+æååªåç¡æè½æä¾è²¼åãå質è¯åçç¿»è¯ãç¶èï¼æåç¡æ³åå
¨åç¾ï¼éè«å°ä½ çæè¦è©è¿°èä¸è¬å»ºè°å¯çµ¦ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></p><p>è«åç
§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯è®æ README</a>
+ä¾ç解å調åæ交æåç網é ç¿»è¯ç¸éäºå®ã</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009,
+2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>æ¬é é¢æ¡ç¨<a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.zh_TW";>åµç¨ CC
+å§åæ¨ç¤º-ç¦æ¢æ¹ä½ 4.0 åé</a>æ¢æ¬¾çµ¦äºææ¬ã</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-tw.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>ç¿»è¯</b>ï¼æ¾æ¿å <a href="mailto:zerngjia (at) member (dot) fsf (dot)
+org"><zerngjia (at) member (dot) fsf (dot) org</a>, 2017.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+æ´æ°æé︰
+
+$Date: 2017/11/22 06:29:32 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/gnu-history.zh-tw.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-tw.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/gnu-history.zh-tw.po 22 Nov 2017 06:23:44 -0000 1.1
+++ po/gnu-history.zh-tw.po 22 Nov 2017 06:29:32 -0000 1.2
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
"Project-Id-Version: gnu-history.html\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-04 10:56+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-11-22 14:22+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Cheng-Chia Tseng <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Traditional Chinese <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<title>Overview of the GNU System
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, History" />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Overview of the GNU System</h2>
+
+<p>
+The GNU operating system is a complete free software system,
+upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”.
+It is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a
+hard g</a>.
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> made the
+<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial Announcement</a> of
+the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version called
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a> was published in
+March 1985. It has been translated into several
+<a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">other languages</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few
+requirements; first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun
+to say (or
+<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html";>Sing</a>).</p>
+
+<p>
+The word “free” in “free software” pertains to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom</a>, not price. You may or
+may not pay a price to get GNU software. Either way, once you have
+the software you have four specific freedoms in using it. The freedom
+to run the program as you wish; the freedom to copy the program and
+give it away to your friends and co-workers; the freedom to change the
+program as you wish, by having full access to source code; the freedom
+to distribute an improved version and thus help build the community.
+(If you redistribute GNU software, you may charge a fee for the
+physical act of transferring a copy, or you may give away copies.)</p>
+
+<p>
+The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU
+Project”. The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of
+bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing
+community in earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by
+removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of
+proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in
+a group which used <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> exclusively. Even computer companies often distributed
+free software. Programmers were free to cooperate with each other,
+and often did.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the 1980s, almost all software was
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>,
+which means that it had owners who forbid and
+prevent cooperation by users. This made the GNU Project necessary.</p>
+
+<p>
+Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free
+operating system, then you can't even get started using a computer
+without resorting to proprietary software. So the first item on the
+free software agenda obviously had to be a free operating system.</p>
+
+<p>
+We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because
+the overall design was already proven and portable, and because
+compatibility makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors,
+text formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games
+and many other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a
+very large job. We started in January 1984.
+The <a href="http://fsf.org/";> Free Software Foundation</a> was
+founded in October 1985, initially to raise funds to help develop
+GNU.</p>
+
+<p>By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components
+except one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was
+developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992.
+Combining Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a
+complete operating system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that
+tens of millions of people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically
+via <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distributions</a>. The principal
+version of Linux now contains non-free firmware “blobs”;
+free software activists now maintain a modified free version of Linux,
+called <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>
+Linux-libre</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system.
+We aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users
+want to have. This includes application software. See
+the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue
+of free software application programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+We also want to provide software for users who are not computer
+experts. Therefore we developed a
+<a href="http://www.gnome.org/";>graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help
+beginners use the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game";>free games</a> are
+already available.</p>
+
+<p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except
+when <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as
+the patent system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to
+provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to
+do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
+
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007,
+2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/11/22 06:29:32 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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