www/distros po/common-distros.translist po/comm...

[GNUN]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     17/11/04 07:28:43

Modified files:
        distros/po     : common-distros.translist 
                         common-distros.zh-cn.po 
Added files:
        distros        : common-distros.zh-cn.html 
        distros/po     : common-distros.zh-cn-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: po/common-distros.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/common-distros.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- po/common-distros.translist 30 May 2017 08:01:17 -0000      1.21
+++ po/common-distros.translist 4 Nov 2017 11:28:43 -0000       1.22
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="ro" hreflang="ro" 
href="/distros/common-distros.ro.html">română</a>&nbsp;[ro]</span> &nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a>&nbsp;[ru]</span> 
&nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 
href="/distros/common-distros.uk.html">українська</a>&nbsp;[uk]</span>
 &nbsp;
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" 
href="/distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</span> 
&nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw" 
href="/distros/common-distros.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</span> 
&nbsp;
 </p>
 </div>' -->
@@ -36,5 +37,6 @@
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" 
href="/distros/common-distros.ro.html" title="română" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html" title="русский" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 
href="/distros/common-distros.uk.html" title="українська" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" 
href="/distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html" title="简体中文" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw" 
href="/distros/common-distros.zh-tw.html" title="繁體中文" />
 <!-- end translist file -->

Index: po/common-distros.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/common-distros.zh-cn.po  4 Nov 2017 11:04:25 -0000       1.1
+++ po/common-distros.zh-cn.po  4 Nov 2017 11:28:43 -0000       1.2
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@
 "the installer in some cases recommends these nonfree firmware files for the "
 "peripherals on the machine."
 msgstr ""
-"Debian以前的发布包括带非自由blobs的Linux内æ 
¸ã€‚从2011å¹´2月的Debian "
-"6.0（&ldquo;squeeze&rdquo;）发布起，这些blobs被å…
¶ä¸»å‘布移除到分离的非自由软件"
+"Debian以前的发布包括带非自由blobs的Linux内æ 
¸ã€‚从2011å¹´2月的Debian 6.0"
+"（&ldquo;squeeze&rdquo;）发布起，这些blobs被å…
¶ä¸»å‘布移除到分离的非自由软件"
 "库。然而，问题还有遗留：其安装程序在某些情
况下会为电脑的外设推荐这些非自由的"
 "固件。"
 

Index: common-distros.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: common-distros.zh-cn.html
diff -N common-distros.zh-cn.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ common-distros.zh-cn.html   4 Nov 2017 11:28:40 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/distros/common-distros.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.83 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>详解我们为什么不认可其他系统 - GNU工程 - 
自由软件基金会</title>
+<link rel="alternate" title="自由的GNU/Linux发行版"
+      href="http://www.gnu.org/distros/distros.rss";
+      type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/distros/po/common-distros.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<h2>详解我们为什么不认可其他系统</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/licenses/fsf-licensing.zh-cn.html" -->
+<p>我们经常会被问到为什么我们不认可某个系统&mdash;通常是一个流行的GNU/Linux发行版。简短的回答是他们没有遵从<a
+href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">自由系统发布指南</a>。但是，由于某个系统怎么就没有遵从该指南并不是一个显而易见的事æƒ
…
，所以本列表就某些著名的非自由系统发行版的问题给出更详尽的信息。</p>
+
+<p>要了解更多关于我们认可的GNU/Linux系统，请查看我们的<a
+href="/distros/free-distros.html">自由的GNU/Linux发行版</a>列表。</p>
+
+<p>除了另外指出的问题，本页面列出的发行版至少在两个重要的方面没有遵从我们的指南：</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>他们没有政策来<em>只</em>包
含自由软件，并且一旦发现就移除非自由软件。å…
¶ä¸­å¤§å¤šæ•°å®Œå…
¨æ²¡æœ‰æ˜Žç¡®çš„政策决定他们会接受或拒绝哪些软件。那些有政策的发行版也不够严æ
 ¼ï¼Œä¸‹é¢ä¼šè§£é‡Šã€‚</p></li>
+<li><p>è¿™äº›å‘è¡Œç‰ˆå‘å¸ƒçš„å†…æ ¸ï¼ˆå¤§å¤šæ•°æ˜¯Linux）包
含有&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;ï¼šæ²¡æœ‰æºä»£ç çš„ç›®æ 
‡ç¨‹åºï¼Œé€šå¸¸æ˜¯è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨çš„固件。</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>以下按字母顺序列举了一些流行的非自由GNU/Linux发行版，并就å
…¶ä¸ºä½•ä¸åˆæ ¼ç»™å‡ºç®€è¦çš„说明。我们的目æ 
‡å¹¶ä¸æ˜¯æ‰¾åˆ°æ‰€æœ‰çš„不合æ 
¼ï¼›ä¸€æ—¦æˆ‘们有理由不认可某个发行版，我们就不再寻找å…
¶ä»–çš„åŽŸå› 。
+</p>
+
+<p>一个发行版可能在我们最后发布列表之后做出了修改；如果ä½
 认为此处列出的问题已经得到更正，请<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>告诉我们</a>。但是，只有在其开发者
è¦æ±‚æˆ‘ä»¬è®¤å¯æ—¶ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬æ‰ä¼šç ”ç©¶å’Œè®¤å¯ä¸€ä¸ªå‘è¡Œç‰ˆã€‚</p>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list sorted, first with all the GNU systems 
+     alphabetically, then all the non-GNU systems alphabetically. -->
+<h3 id="Arch">Arch GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Arch有两个常见的问题：它没有关于可以包
括什么软件的明确政策，它发布的Linux内æ 
¸å¸¦æœ‰éžè‡ªç”±çš„blobs。Archä¹Ÿæ²¡æœ‰å…³äºŽä¸é€šè¿‡å…¶æ­£å¸¸æ¸ 
道发布非自由软件的政策。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Canaima">Canaima</h3>
+
+<p>Canaima
+GNU/Linux是由委内
瑞拉政府为发布GNU/Linux电脑而制作的发行版。尽管å…
¶æ•´ä½“计划令人赞赏，Canaima却错误地包含了非自由软件。</p>
+
+<p>其主菜单带有一个选项，&ldquo;安装
非自由软件&rdquo;，它会安装所有的非自由驱动软件（甚至包
括那些不必要的）。该发行版还提供带有blobs的Linux内æ 
¸ï¼Œå¹¶é‚€è¯·å¤§å®¶å®‰è£…包括Flash
+Player在内的非自由应用。</p>
+
+<h3 id="CentOS">CentOS</h3>
+
+<p>除了两点常见问题外，我们不知道CentOS的å…
¶ä»–问题：它没有明确的软件包含政策，其Linux内æ 
¸å¸¦æœ‰éžè‡ªç”±çš„blobs。当然，由于没有明确的政策，它可能还åŒ
…括了其他非自由软件。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Debiançš„ç¤¾ç¾¤å¥‘çº¦å£°æ˜Žå…¶ç›®æ ‡æ˜¯ä½¿Debian成为完å…
¨è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”Debian自觉地把非自由软件排除在å…
¶æ­£å¼å‘布之外。然而，Debian还是提供非自由软件的软件库。æ
 ¹æ®å…
¶é¡¹ç›®ï¼Œè¿™äº›è½¯ä»¶&ldquo;不是Debian系统的一部分&rdquo;，但是该软件库由该项目的许多主要服务器托管，而且人们可以马上通过浏览Debian的在线软件åŒ
…数据库和其wiki找到这些非自由软件。</p>
+
+<p>它还有一个&ldquo;贡献&rdquo;软件库；其软件包
æ˜¯è‡ªç”±çš„ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å…¶ä¸­æœ‰äº›éœ€è¦åŠ 
载另外发布的专属软件。这也没完å…
¨å’ŒDebian主发行版分离。</p>
+
+<p>Debian以前的发布包括带非自由blobs的Linux内æ 
¸ã€‚从2011å¹´2月的Debian
+6.0（&ldquo;squeeze&rdquo;）发布起，这些blobs被å…
¶ä¸»å‘布移除到分离的非自由软件库。然而，问题还有遗留：å
…¶å®‰è£…程序在某些情
况下会为电脑的外设推荐这些非自由的固件。</p>
+
+<p>Debian的wiki含有关于安装这些非自由固件的页面。</p>
+
+<!-- https://wiki.debian.org/ATIProprietary -->
+<h3 id="Fedora">Fedora</h3>
+
+<p>Fedora有关于其发行版可以包
含何种软件的明确政策，而且看起来它也认真执行了政策。å…
¶æ”¿ç­–要求大多数软件和所有字体按自由许可证发布，但是对某些非自由固件做了例外。不幸的是，å
…è®¸å›ºä»¶ä¾‹å¤–的决定使Fedora不再符合自由系统发布指南。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Gentoo">Gentoo GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Gentoo的主要软件包系统包含了安装
一些非自由软件的步骤。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Mandriva">Mandriva GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Mandriva声明了关于何种软件可以进å…
¥ä¸»ç³»ç»Ÿçš„政策。该政策基于Fedora的政策，就是说它也å…
è®¸æŸç±»éžè‡ªç”±çš„固件。在此之上，它允许包含按ç…
§åŽŸå§‹Artistic许可证发布的软件，尽管该许可证是非自由许可证。</p>
+
+<p>Mandriva还提供专用的非自由软件库。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Mint">Mint GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Mintæ²¡æœ‰æ‹’ç»éžè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶çš„æ”¿ç­–ï¼Œå®ƒçš„å†…æ ¸é©±åŠ¨åŒ…
含有非自由的二进制blobs，而且它的软件库中也带有非自由软件。它甚至åŒ
…å«äº†ä¸“å±žçš„ç¼–è§£ç ç¨‹åºã€‚</p>
+
+<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE</h3>
+
+<p>openSUSE提供非自由软件库。这就是<a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">&ldquo;开放&rdquo;弱于&ldquo;自由&rdquo;</a>的一个明证。</p>
+
+<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Red 
Hat的企业发行版基本上执行的是Fedora的许可证政策，带有一个例外。所以，我们由于<a
+href="#Fedora">åŒæ ·çš„åŽŸå› </a>不认可它。除了这些，Red 
Hatæ²¡æœ‰æ‹’ç»é€šè¿‡é™„å±žæ¸ é“åœ¨å…¶ç³»ç»Ÿä¸ŠåŒ…
含非自由软件的政策。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Slackware">Slackware</h3>
+
+<p>Slackware有两个常见的问题：没有关于可以包
含何种软件的明确政策，其Linux内æ 
¸å¸¦æœ‰éžè‡ªç”±çš„blobs。它还发布非自由的图像查看软件xv。当然，由于没有明确的政策，更多的非自由软件随时可以被åŠ
 进来。这里有Slackware带有的非自由软件的<a
+href="http://freeslack.net/";>非官方列表</a>。</p>
+
+<h3 id="SteamOS">SteamOS</h3>
+
+<p>SteamOS是由Valve发布的GNU/Linux版本。它带有专属软件，包
括Steam客户端和专属驱动。Steam使用<a
+href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm";>数字权限管理（DRM）</a>来限制å
…¶å‘布的软件，包括其通过Steam商店发布的专属软件。</p>
+
+<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux Enterprise</h3>
+
+<p>除了两个通常的问题外，SUSE的官方FTP站点提供多个非自由软件的下载。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Tails">Tails</h3>
+
+<p>Tails使用基础版的Linux，其中包含有非自由的固件blobs。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Ubuntu">Ubuntu GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Ubuntu为非自由软件提供特别的软件库，而且Canonical以Ubuntu的名义在å
…¶å‘å¸ƒæ¸ 道明确表示推广和建议非自由软件。Ubuntu提供了仅
安装自由软件的选项，这表示它也提供了安装
非自由软件的选项。另外，Ubuntu的Linuxå†…æ ¸åŒ…
含了固件blobs。</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ubuntu软件中心&rdquo;把自由软件和专属软件混在一起。这æ
 ·<a
+href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/ubuntu_software_center_proprietary_and_free_software_mixed_confusing_ui";>难以分辨哪些是自由软件</a>，å›
 为免费下载的专属软件贴着&ldquo;自由（free）&rdquo;的æ 
‡ç­¾ã€‚</p>
+
+<p>Ubuntu<a
+href="http://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/intellectual-property-policy#your-use-of-ubuntu";>显然å
…è®¸ä»¥å…¶å•†æ ‡å‘布完全一æ 
·çš„商业拷贝</a>；只有修改过的版本才需要去除其商æ 
‡ã€‚这个商æ 
‡æ”¿ç­–可以接受。在同一页面，往下看，可以看到含糊不明的&ldquo;Ubuntu专利&rdquo;声明，而它并未就以上是否构成侵权给出详尽的说明。</p>
+
+<p>该页面通过使用<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">&ldquo;知识产权权利&rdquo;</a>这一误导性术语散布混乱，错误地假设商æ
 ‡æ³•ã€ä¸“利法和å…
¶ä»–一些法律属于同一概念性框架。使用该术语是有害的，没有例外，所以除了引用别人对该术语的使用之外，我们应该拒绝使用它。但是，这并不是Ubuntu作为一个GNU/Linux发行版的主要问题。</p>
+
+<h2>其他发行版</h2>
+
+<p>下面我们讨论一些知名的或者
重要的非GNU/Linux系统发行版，它们都不是合æ 
¼çš„自由系统发布。</p>
+
+<h3 id="BSD">BSD系统</h3>
+
+<p>FreeBSD、NetBSD和OpenBSD全部在其软件安装系统中包
å«äº†èŽ·å–éžè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶çš„æŒ‡å¯¼ã€‚å¦å¤–ï¼Œå…¶å†…æ ¸è¿˜åŒ…
含了非自由的固件blobs。</p>
+
+<p>Linux内æ 
¸ä½¿ç”¨çš„非自由固件程序被称做&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;，我们使用该术语描述此类程序。在BSD术语中，&ldquo;blob&rdquo;说的是另外的东西：非自由驱动。OpenBSD，还可能åŒ
…括其他BSD发行版（BSD开发者称之为&ldquo;项目&rdquo;）有不包
含这些非自由驱动的政策。对驱动，这是正确的政策；但是当开发è€
…说其发行版&ldquo;没有包
含blobs&rdquo;时，就形成了误解。他们说的不是固件blobs。</p>
+
+<p>没有BSD发行版声明å…
¶æœ‰é’ˆå¯¹ä¸“属二进制固件的政策，即使这些二进制固件可能会被自由驱动åŠ
 载。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>
+
+<p>HaikuåŒ…å«æœ‰ä¸€äº›ä¸å…è®¸ä½ ä¿®æ”¹çš„è½¯ä»¶ã€‚å®ƒä¹ŸåŒ…
含了非自由的固件blobs。</p>
+
+<h3 id="Android">Android</h3>
+
+<p>Google发布的<a
+href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">Android</a>包
含了许多自由和非自由的部件。å…
¶å¤§å¤šæ•°è‡ªç”±éƒ¨åˆ†é‡‡ç”¨çš„是简单许可证（不是<a
+href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>），所以发布Android产品的制é€
 商有时会把这部分也变成非自由的。</p>
+
+<h3 id="LineageOS">LineageOS</h3>
+
+<p>LineageOS（原来的CyanogenMod）是Android的一个修改版，它包
含非自由的软件库。它还解释如何安装
Google发布Android时带有的非自由应用。</p>
+
+<h3 id="ReactOS">ReactOS</h3>
+
+<p>ReactOS目的在于为替代Windows而提供自由二进制å…
¼å®¹è½¯ä»¶ã€‚为Windows使用专属软件和驱动是其项目阐述的目æ 
‡ä¹‹ä¸€ã€‚</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>请将有关自由软件基金会(FSF) &amp; 
GNU的一般性问题发送到<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。也可以通过<a
+href="/contact/">其他联系方法</a>联系自由软件基金会(FSF)。有å…
³å¤±æ•ˆé“¾æŽ¥æˆ–其他错误和建议，请发送邮件到<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+若您想翻译本文，请参看<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻译须知</a>获取有å…
³åè°ƒå’Œæäº¤ç¿»è¯‘的相关事项。</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>本页面使用<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>授权。</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>翻译团队</b>：<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>，2017。</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+最后更新：
+
+$Date: 2017/11/04 11:28:40 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: po/common-distros.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/common-distros.zh-cn-en.html
diff -N po/common-distros.zh-cn-en.html
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.83 -->
+<title>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems - GNU Project - Free 
Software Foundation</title>
+<link rel="alternate" title="Free GNU/Linux distributions"
+      href="http://www.gnu.org/distros/distros.rss";
+      type="application/rss+xml" />
+<!--#include virtual="/distros/po/common-distros.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/licenses/fsf-licensing.html" -->
+
+<p>We're often asked why we don't endorse a particular
+system&mdash;usually a popular GNU/Linux distribution.  The short
+answer to that question is that they don't follow
+the <a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">free
+system distribution guidelines</a>.  But since it isn't always obvious
+how a particular system fails to follow the guidelines, this list
+gives more information about the problems of certain well-known
+nonfree system distros.</p>
+
+<p>To learn more about the GNU/Linux systems that we do endorse, check
+out our list of <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Except where noted, all of the distributions listed on this page
+fail to follow the guidelines in at least two important ways:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>They do not have a policy of <em>only</em> including free
+software, and removing nonfree software if it is discovered.  Most of
+them have no clear policy on what software they'll accept or reject at
+all.  The distributions that do have a policy unfortunately aren't
+strict enough, as explained below.</p></li>
+<li><p>The kernel that they distribute (in most cases, Linux) includes
+&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;: pieces of object code distributed without source,
+usually firmware to run some device.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Here is a list of some popular nonfree GNU/Linux distributions in
+alphabetical order, with brief notes about how they fall short.  We do
+not aim for completeness; once we know some reasons we can't endorse a
+certain distro, we do not keep looking for all the reasons.
+</p>
+
+<p>A distro may have changed since we last updated information about
+it; if you think one of the problems mentioned here has been
+corrected, please <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>let us know</a>.
+However, we will study and endorse a distro only if its developers ask
+for our endorsement.</p>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list sorted, first with all the GNU systems 
+     alphabetically, then all the non-GNU systems alphabetically. -->
+
+<h3 id="Arch">Arch GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Arch has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy
+about what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are shipped with
+their kernel, Linux.  Arch also has no policy about not distributing
+nonfree software through their normal channels.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Canaima">Canaima</h3>
+
+<p>Canaima GNU/Linux is a distribution made by Venezuela's government
+to distribute computers with GNU/Linux.  While the overall plan is
+admirable, Canaima is flawed by the inclusion of nonfree software.</p>
+
+<p>Its main menu has an option, &ldquo;Install nonfree
+software&rdquo;, which installs all the nonfree drivers (even the
+ones that are not necessary). The distro also provides blobs for the
+kernel, Linux, and invites installing nonfree applications including
+Flash Player.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CentOS">CentOS</h3>
+
+<p>We're not aware of problems in CentOS aside from the two usual ones:
+there's no clear policy about what software can be included,
+and nonfree blobs are shipped with Linux, the kernel.  Of course, with
+no firm policy in place, there might be other nonfree software
+included that we missed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Debian's Social Contract states the goal of making Debian entirely
+free software, and Debian conscientiously keeps nonfree software out
+of the official Debian system.  However, Debian also provides a
+repository of nonfree software.  According to the project, this
+software is &ldquo;not part of the Debian system,&rdquo; but the
+repository is hosted on many of the project's main servers, and people
+can readily find these nonfree packages by browsing Debian's
+online package database and its wiki.</p>
+
+<p>There is also a &ldquo;contrib&rdquo; repository; its packages are
+free, but some of them exist to load separately distributed
+proprietary programs.  This too is not thoroughly separated from the
+main Debian distribution.</p>
+
+<p>Previous releases of Debian included nonfree blobs with Linux, the
+kernel.  With the release of Debian 6.0 (&ldquo;squeeze&rdquo;) in
+February 2011, these blobs have been moved out of the main
+distribution to separate packages in the nonfree repository.  However,
+the problem partly remains: the installer in some cases recommends
+these nonfree firmware files for the peripherals on the machine.</p>
+
+<p>Debian's wiki includes pages about installing nonfree firmware.</p>
+<!-- https://wiki.debian.org/ATIProprietary -->
+
+<h3 id="Fedora">Fedora</h3>
+
+<p>Fedora does have a clear policy about what can be included in the
+distribution, and it seems to be followed carefully.  The policy
+requires that most software and all fonts be available under a free
+license, but makes an exception for certain kinds of nonfree firmware.
+Unfortunately, the decision to allow that firmware in the policy keeps
+Fedora from meeting the free system distribution guidelines.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Gentoo">Gentoo GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Gentoo includes installation recipes for a number of nonfree
+programs in its primary package system.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Mandriva">Mandriva GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Mandriva does have a stated policy about what can be included in the
+main system.  It's based on Fedora's, which means that it also allows
+certain kinds of nonfree firmware to be included.  On top of that, it
+permits software released under the original Artistic License to be
+included, even though that's a nonfree license.</p>
+
+<p>Mandriva also provides nonfree software through dedicated
+repositories.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Mint">Mint GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Mint does not have a policy against including nonfree software, it
+includes nonfree binary blobs in drivers packaged with the kernel, and
+it includes nonfree programs in its repositories.  It even includes
+proprietary codecs.</p>
+
+<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE</h3>
+
+<p>openSUSE offers a repository of nonfree software.  This is an
+instance of
+how <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+&ldquo;open&rdquo; is weaker than &ldquo;free&rdquo;</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Red Hat's enterprise distribution primarily follows the same
+licensing policies as Fedora, with one exception.  Thus, we don't
+endorse it for <a href="#Fedora">the same reasons</a>.  In addition to
+those, Red Hat has no policy against making nonfree software available
+for the system through supplementary distribution channels.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Slackware">Slackware</h3>
+
+<p>Slackware has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy about
+what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are included in
+Linux, the kernel.  It also ships with the nonfree image-viewing
+program xv.  Of course, with no firm policy against them, more nonfree
+programs could get in at any time.  There is an
+<a href="http://freeslack.net/";>unofficial list</a> of nonfree software
+in Slackware.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SteamOS">SteamOS</h3>
+
+<p>SteamOS, a version of GNU/Linux to be distributed by Valve. It
+contains proprietary software, including the Steam client and
+proprietary drivers. Steam uses <a
+href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm";>Digital
+Restrictions Management (DRM)</a> to impose restrictions on the
+software it distributes, as well as on the proprietary software it
+promotes via the Steam store.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux Enterprise</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the usual two problems, several nonfree software
+programs are available for download from SUSE's official FTP site.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Tails">Tails</h3>
+
+<p>Tails uses the vanilla version of Linux, which contains nonfree
+firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Ubuntu">Ubuntu GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Ubuntu provides specific repositories of nonfree software, and
+Canonical expressly promotes and recommends nonfree software under the
+Ubuntu name in some of their distribution channels.  Ubuntu offers the
+option to install only free packages, which means it also offers the
+option to install nonfree packages too.  In addition, the version of
+Linux, the kernel, included in Ubuntu contains firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>The &ldquo;Ubuntu Software Center&rdquo; lists proprietary programs
+and free programs jumbled together.  It
+is <a 
href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/ubuntu_software_center_proprietary_and_free_software_mixed_confusing_ui";>hard
+to tell which ones are free</a> since proprietary programs for
+download at no charge are labelled &ldquo;free&rdquo;.</p>
+
+<p>Ubuntu <a 
href="http://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/intellectual-property-policy#your-use-of-ubuntu";>appears
+to permit commercial redistribution of exact copies with the
+trademarks</a>; removal of the trademarks is required only for
+modified versions.  That is an acceptable policy for trademarks.  The
+same page, further down, makes a vague and ominous statement about
+&ldquo;Ubuntu patents,&rdquo; without giving enough details to show
+whether that constitutes aggression or not.</p>
+
+<p>That page spreads confusion by using the misleading
+term <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">&ldquo;intellectual property
+rights&rdquo;</a>, which falsely presumes that trademark law and patent law
+and several other laws belong in one single conceptual framework.  Use
+of that term is harmful, without exception, so after making a
+reference to someone else's use of the term, we should always reject
+it.  However, that is not a substantive issue about Ubuntu as a
+GNU/Linux distribution.</p>
+
+<h2>Some Other Distros</h2>
+
+<p>Here we discuss some well-known or significant non-GNU/Linux system
+distros that do not qualify as free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="BSD">BSD systems</h3>
+
+<p>FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all include instructions for obtaining
+nonfree programs in their ports system.  In addition, their kernels
+include nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>Nonfree firmware programs used with Linux, the kernel, are called
+&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;, and that's how we use the term.  In BSD parlance,
+the term &ldquo;blob&rdquo; means something else: a nonfree driver.
+OpenBSD and perhaps other BSD distributions (called &ldquo;projects&rdquo; by 
BSD
+developers) have the policy of not including those.  That is the right 
+policy, as regards drivers; but when the developers say these distributions 
+&ldquo;contain no blobs&rdquo;, it causes a misunderstanding.  They are not 
+talking about firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>No BSD distribution has policies against proprietary binary-only
+firmware that might be loaded even by free drivers.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>
+
+<p>Haiku includes some software that you're not allowed to modify.  It
+also includes nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Android">Android</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">Android</a> as
+released by Google contains many nonfree parts as well as many free
+parts.  Most of the free parts are covered by a pushover license (not
+<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>), so manufacturers that
+distribute Android in a product sometimes make those parts nonfree as
+well.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LineageOS">LineageOS</h3>
+
+<p>LineageOS (formerly CyanogenMod) is a modified version of Android,
+which contains nonfree libraries. It also explains how to install the
+nonfree applications that Google distributes with Android.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ReactOS">ReactOS</h3>
+
+<p>ReactOS is meant as a free binary compatible replacement for
+Windows.  Use with proprietary software and drivers meant for Windows
+is one of the stated goals of the project.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/11/04 11:28:43 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>