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From: |
Ineiev |
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Subject: |
www/gnu/po linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html linux-and... |
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Date: |
Sun, 17 Sep 2017 07:13:30 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Ineiev <ineiev> 17/09/17 07:13:30
Removed files:
gnu/po : linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html
linux-and-gnu.sr-en.html
Log message:
fix autogenerated files
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.sr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=0
Patches:
Index: linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html
diff -N linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html
--- linux-and-gnu.sr-diff.html 17 Sep 2017 11:01:01 -0000 1.1
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,324 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<title>/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html-diff</title>
-<style type="text/css">
-span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
-span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
-</style></head>
-<body><pre>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
-<title>Linux and GNU
-- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-
-<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
- </blockquote>
-</div>
-
-<p>
-Many computer users run a modified version of
-<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU
system</a>
-every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
-the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-“Linux”, and many of its users
-are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
-that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
-<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
-
-<p>
-There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
-a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
-the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
-programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an
-operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
-context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in
-combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
-basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called
-“Linux” distributions are really distributions of
-GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
-is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
-people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
-developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
-
-<p>
-Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
-have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they
-often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
-after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
-finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
-free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
-most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
-available.</p>
-
-<p>
-What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
-system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
-software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
-had been working since 1984 to make one. In
-the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> GNU Manifesto</a> we set forth
-the goal of developing a free Unix-like
-system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
-Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
-original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
-was almost finished.</p>
-
-<p>
-Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
-program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
-write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
-formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
-X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
-kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
-
-<p>
-If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
-what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-distribution”, <a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
-software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
-total source code, and this included some of the essential major
-components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
-about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main”
-repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
-So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
-who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be “GNU”.</p>
-
-<p>
-But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
-Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
-packages. It was not a project <a href="/software/gcc/"> to
-develop a C compiler</a>, although we did that. It was not a project
-to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project
-set out to develop <em>a complete free Unix-like system</em>:
GNU.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
-system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the
-reason it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a
-collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out
-to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make
-a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found,
wrote,
-or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential
-but unexciting
-<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a
system
-without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
-became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
-components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We
even
-developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
-games too.</p>
-
-<p>
-By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
-kernel. We had also started a kernel, the
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top
of
-Mach. Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html">the
-GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way
-from being ready for people to use in general.</p>
-
-<p>
-Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
-the GNU system. People could
-then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01">
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
-— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
-GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
-
-<p>
-Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
-components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial
change
-to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution
-that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It
-required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
-system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
-reached that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system
-distributions did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in
-the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p>
-
-<p>
-The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em>
GNU
-system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/">FSF</a> funded the
rewriting of
-the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
-are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
-library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
-of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
-called “distros”). Most of them include non-free
-software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with
-Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
-<a href="/distros/distros.html">completely free GNU/Linux
distros</a>. The FSF
-supports computer facilities
-for <a href="http://gnewsense.org/">gNewSense</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
-eliminating various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of
-Linux contains non-free programs too. These programs are intended to
-be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
-included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
-Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"> free version of
-Linux</a> too.</p>
-
-<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
-by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the
-kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
-system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
-you're talking about this combination, please call it
-“GNU/Linux”.</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
-reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
-you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a
href="http://foldoc.org/linux">http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
-is a good URL to use.</p>
-
-<h3>Postscripts</h3>
-
-<p>
-Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
-a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and
-it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but
-became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists
-today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a
-variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
-
-<p>
-People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
-GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
-software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
-GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
-with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
-system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
-wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
-BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
-and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a
-href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
-
-<h3>Notes:</h3>
-<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
-include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
-are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
-package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many
more.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
-the PostScript interpreter
-<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>,
and the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
-programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
-Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
-all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
-the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
-free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
-kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this
article
-was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
-the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
-with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
-GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
-GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
-typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
-GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
-There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
-to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-
-<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- replace it with the translation of these two:
-
- We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
- translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
- Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
- to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
- <address@hidden></a>.</p>
-
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
- our web pages, see <a
- href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. -->
-Please see the <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this article.</p>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
- without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
- document was modified, or published.
-
- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
- Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
- years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
- year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
- being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
-
- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-
-<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
-2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Richard M. Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/09/17 11:01:01 $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
-</pre></body></html>
Index: linux-and-gnu.sr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: linux-and-gnu.sr-en.html
diff -N linux-and-gnu.sr-en.html
--- linux-and-gnu.sr-en.html 17 Sep 2017 08:00:58 -0000 1.1
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,311 +0,0 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
-<title>Linux and GNU
-- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-
-<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
- </blockquote>
-</div>
-
-<p>
-Many computer users run a modified version of
-<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a>
-every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
-the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-“Linux”, and many of its users
-are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
-that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
-<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
-
-<p>
-There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
-a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
-the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
-programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an
-operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
-context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in
-combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
-basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called
-“Linux” distributions are really distributions of
-GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
-is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
-people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
-developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
-
-<p>
-Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
-have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they
-often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
-after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
-finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
-free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
-most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
-available.</p>
-
-<p>
-What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
-system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
-software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
-had been working since 1984 to make one. In
-the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> GNU Manifesto</a> we set forth
-the goal of developing a free Unix-like
-system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
-Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
-original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
-was almost finished.</p>
-
-<p>
-Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
-program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
-write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
-formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
-X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
-kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
-
-<p>
-If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
-what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
-software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
-total source code, and this included some of the essential major
-components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
-about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main”
-repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
-So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
-who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be “GNU”.</p>
-
-<p>
-But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
-Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
-packages. It was not a project <a href="/software/gcc/"> to
-develop a C compiler</a>, although we did that. It was not a project
-to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project
-set out to develop <em>a complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
-system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the
-reason it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a
-collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out
-to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make
-a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found, wrote,
-or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential
-but unexciting
-<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system
-without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
-became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
-components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We even
-developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
-games too.</p>
-
-<p>
-By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
-kernel. We had also started a kernel, the
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of
-Mach. Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html">the
-GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way
-from being ready for people to use in general.</p>
-
-<p>
-Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
-the GNU system. People could
-then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
-— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
-GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
-
-<p>
-Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
-components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial change
-to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution
-that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It
-required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
-system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
-reached that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system
-distributions did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in
-the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p>
-
-<p>
-The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
-the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
-are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
-library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
-of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
-called “distros”). Most of them include non-free
-software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with
-Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
-<a href="/distros/distros.html">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF
-supports computer facilities
-for <a href="http://gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
-eliminating various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of
-Linux contains non-free programs too. These programs are intended to
-be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
-included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
-Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
-Linux</a> too.</p>
-
-<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
-by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the
-kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
-system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
-you're talking about this combination, please call it
-“GNU/Linux”.</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
-reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
-you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
-is a good URL to use.</p>
-
-<h3>Postscripts</h3>
-
-<p>
-Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
-a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and
-it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but
-became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists
-today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a
-variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
-
-<p>
-People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
-GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
-software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
-GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
-with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
-system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
-wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
-BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
-and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a
-href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
-
-<h3>Notes:</h3>
-<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
-include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
-are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
-package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many more.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
-the PostScript interpreter
-<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
-programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
-Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
-all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
-the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
-free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
-kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article
-was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
-the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
-with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
-GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
-GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
-typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
-GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
-to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-
-<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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- We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
- translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
- Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
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- <address@hidden></a>.</p>
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- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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-Please see the <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this article.</p>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
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- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
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- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
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-
-<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
-2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Richard M. Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
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-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/09/17 08:00:58 $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
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