www/philosophy po/essays-and-articles.pt-br.po ...

[GNUN]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     17/08/16 12:29:08

Modified files:
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                         essays-and-articles.translist 
Added files:
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        philosophy/po  : essays-and-articles.pt-br-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.pt-br.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.47&r2=1.48
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.pt-br-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
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href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</span> 
&nbsp;
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href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</span> 
&nbsp;
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br" 
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português&nbsp;do&nbsp;Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</span>
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href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ro.html">română</a>&nbsp;[ro]</span> 
&nbsp;
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href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ru.html">русский</a>&nbsp;[ru]</span>
 &nbsp;
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--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ essays-and-articles.pt-br.html      16 Aug 2017 16:29:08 -0000      1.14
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Ensaios e Artigos - Projeto GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.pt-br.html" -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
+<!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>Ensaios e Artigos</h2>
+
+<div class="summary">
+<h3 class="no-display">Conteúdo</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="#aboutfs">Sobre o Software Livre?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#aboutgnu">Sobre o Sistema Operacional GNU</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licenciando Software Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#Laws">Leis e Problemas</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="#patents">Patentes</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#drm">Gestão Digital de Restrições</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#noip">O termo de propaganda “Propriedade 
Intelectual”</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#ns">Serviços de Rede</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#cultural">Problemas Sociais e Culturais</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#misc">Diversos</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><a href="#terminology">Terminologias e Definições</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#upholding">Mantendo-se Fiel à Liberdade de Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#humor">Humor Filosófico</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Esta página lista uma série de artigos descrevendo a filosofia do 
movimento
+de software livre, que é nossa motivação para desenvolver o sistema
+operacional livre GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Uma <a href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">lista dos últimos artigos
+publicados</a> também está disponível.</p>
+
+<p>
+
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the  -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">Nós</a> <a
+id="FreedomOrganizations">também</a> mantemos uma lista de <a
+href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizações que Trabalham
+pela Liberdade do Desenvolvimento da Computação e nas Comunicações
+Eletrônicas</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="aboutfs">Sobre o Software Livre</h3>
+<p>
+Software livre é uma questão de liberdade: as pessoas devem ter a liberdade
+de usar programas de todas as maneiras socialmente úteis. Softwares diferem
+de objetos materiais &mdash; como cadeiras, sanduíches e gasolina &mdash;,
+pois podem ser copiados e alterados muito mais facilmente. Essas
+possibilidades tornam o software tão útil quanto ele é, e acreditamos que os
+usuários devem poder fazer uso delas.</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">O que é o Software Livre?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Por Que o Software Não Deve ter
+Donos</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Por Que o Software Deve Ser
+Livre</a> (Esse é um ensaio mais antigo e mais longo sobre o mesmo tópico do
+artigo anterior)</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Por Que Software Livre precisa de
+Documentação Livre</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html"> Quando Software
+Livre Depende de Não Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Vender Software Livre</a> Não Tem
+Problema!</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorias de Softwares Livres e 
Não
+Livres</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> FLOSS e FOSS</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">O Software Livre é Mais 
Confiável!</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">
+Quando o Software Livre não é (na Prática) Superior</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Por que o Código
+Aberto não compartilha dos objetivos do Software Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">Como Software Livre e 
Código
+Aberto Se Relacionam como Categorias de Programas</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, e 
Liberdade</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html" id="Gnutella">Considerações sobre o
+Gnutella</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Por que escolas devem usar 
exclusivamente
+software livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom e Você</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html"> 15 Anos de Software
+Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">Movimento Software 
Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html"> Sua 
Liberdade
+Precisa de Software Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html"> Motivos para Escrever Software
+Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Medidas que Governos
+Podem Usar para Promover Software Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">Lições do Uruguai</a>. A FSF 
aprendeu
+alguma coisa de um projeto de lei apresentado no Uruguai.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html"> Por 
que
+programas não devem limitar a liberdade de executá-los</a> &mdash; Liberdade
+0 não deve ser limitada.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html"> Imperfeição 
não é o
+mesmo que opressão</a></li> 
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html"> Aplicando os 
Critérios
+de Software Livre</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="aboutgnu">Sobre o Sistema Operacional GNU</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Anúncio inicial do Sistema
+Operacional GNU</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">O Manifesto GNU</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Uma breve história do Projeto 
GNU</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">O Projeto GNU</a>, uma longa e mais
+completa descrição do projeto e sua história.</li>
+  <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">O site oficial da Free Software 
Foundation</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Por Que GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licenciando Software Livre</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">Informações gerais sobre 
licenciamento e
+copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">Uma lista de licenças livres e 
não
+livres, com comentários</a>.</li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Perguntas Frequentes Sobre as Licenças 
GNU
+</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Por que Você Não Deveria 
Utilizar a
+GPL Menor para Sua Próxima Biblioteca</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Por que Copyleft?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Lançando Software Livre Caso Você
+Trabalhe em uma Universidade</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Idealismo 
Pragmático</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Armadilha do JavaScript</a>. 
Você
+deve está usando programas não livre em seu computador todos os dias sem
+perceber &mdash; através de seu navegador web.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";> Inveja 
censura e
+licenciamento</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">A armadilha do X Window System</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">Os Problemas da Licença da 
Apple</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/bsd.html">O Problema da Licença BSD</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">A Licença Pública Netscape 
Possui
+Problemas Sérios</a>. Uma <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">
+versão antiga deste artigo</a> também está disponível.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">O Movimento Software Livre e UDI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">Isto não é o Gates, Isto é o 
bars</a>, um
+artigo por Richard Stallman publicado na BBC News em 2008.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">A Microsoft é o Grande Satã?</a> 
(Uma
+<a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">versão antiga</a> deste artigo
+também está disponível.)</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">O Julgamento de 
Antitruste da
+Microsoft e Software Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">Sobre o Veredicto 
Microsoft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html"> Novo Monopólio da
+Microsoft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html"> Para que desorientar
+CodePlex</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense"> Os Problemas 
da
+Licença Plan 9</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense"> A Nova Licença 
Motif</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Usando a GNU 
FDL</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay"> A GNU 
GPL e
+o Jeito Americano</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream"> A 
GNU
+GPL e o Sonho Americano</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL"> Impondo a GNU
+GPL</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html"> Sobre Exceções de Venda 
para
+a GNU GPL </a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower"> 
Liberdade
+ou Poder?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments"> 
Nós
+Podemos Por um Fim aos Anexos do Word</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap"> Livre Porém 
Acorrentado
+- A Armadilha do Java</a> (Embora a Sun tenha <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";> licenciado
+novamente</a> a maioria das implementações de referência da plataforma Java
+sob a Licença Pública Geral GNU, o problema descrito neste artigo ainda é
+importante.)</li>  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">Está Sendo Trabalhada Uma 
Versão
+Compatível com a GNU GPL da Licença de Patente Aberta do RTLinux</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Laws">Leis e Problemas</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">Lei do Stallman</a></p>
+
+<h4 id="patents">Patentes</h4>
+
+<ul>  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Dando à Proteção da 
Área de
+Software contra Patentes</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">Posição da FSF sobre a Política 
de
+Patentes “Livre de Royalty” do W3 Consortium</a> reescrito</li>
+
+  <li>Como proteger o <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Direito a Escrever
+Software</a> (independente de ser livre ou não).</li>
+
+  <li>Em <a
+href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>
+Felten v. RIAA</a>, cientistas estão pedindo a uma corte para determinar que
+o Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) não os proíba de publicar sua
+pesquisa.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/">“Propriedade
+Intelectual” da EFF: Arquivos de casos de DVD da MPAA (Motion Picture
+Association of America)</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">Reforma de Patente
+Não é o Suficiente</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Salvando a Europa das Patentes de
+Software</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">“Patente 
unitária” da
+Europa poderia significar patentes de softwares ilimitadas</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">Boicote da Amazon!</a></li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">Sucesso do Boicote da Amazon!</a>, 
uma
+carta de Nat Friedman para Richard Stallman.</li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">Carta do RMS para Tim 
O'Reilly</a>
+sobre uma declaração por Jeff Bezos, CEO da Amazon, sobre a duração das
+patentes de software.</li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">Patente da Amazon em um sistema 
para
+realização de uma ordem de compra pela internet</a>, com notas por Richard
+Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
+id="SequentialIPandI">Inovação Sequencial, Patentes e Imitação</a> é um
+artigo que apresenta um modelo matemático demonstrando como as patentes
+podem impedir o progresso em áreas como software.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">O Perigo da Haia</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">Opondo à Diretiva de 
Patente de
+Software Europeu</a>, uma versão ligeiramente modificada do artigo
+originalmente publicado em <a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/international";> The Guardian</a> de
+Londres, por Richard Stallman e Nick Hill.</li>
+
+  <li><a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business";>
+Venda suave</a>. Comentários do Richard Stallman sobre a derrota da diretiva
+de software da União Europeia. Publicado no <i>The Guardian</i> em 2005.</li>
+
+  <li><a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>
+Absurdo da patente</a>, um artigo por Richard M. Stallman publicado no
+<i>The Guardian</i> em 2005.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">Bill Gates e
+Outros Comunistas</a>. Um artigo por Richard Stallman publicado na CNET
+News.com em 2005.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">A Anatomia de uma Patente
+Trivial</a>, por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
+id="FightingSoftwarePatents"> Combatendo Patentes de Sofware - Uma a uma e
+Todas Juntas</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">Patentes de software &mdash;
+Obstáculos ao desenvolvimento de software</a></li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html"
+id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents"> Patentes de Software e Patentes
+Literárias</a>, por Richard M. Stallman. Fala sobre patentear técnicas
+artísticas, patente dos EUA (6.935.954), abrange a criação de personagens do
+jogo começa a ter alucinações quando (de acordo com o jogo) estão a ser
+levado à loucura. Isso está ficando muito perto dos exemplos hipotéticos
+citados neste artigo.</li>  
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Por que não há arquivos GIF nas 
páginas web
+do GNU</a>. Embora esta história é uma ilustração histórica do perigo de
+patentes de software, estas patentes particulares são agora já não uma
+preocupação. Para mais detalhes sobre as <a
+href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">políticas de GIFs</a>
+do nosso site, veja nossas <a href="/server/standards/"> diretrizes de
+web</a>.</li> 
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="copyright">Copyright</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">Quando uma Empresa Pede 
Por
+Seu Copyright</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Por Que Eu Não 
Assinarei
+o Manifesto de Domínio Público</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">Como a Plataforma do Partido 
Pirata
+Sueco Atrapalha o Software Livre</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Erros de 
Interpretação
+de Copyright</a> é outro artigo do Richard Stallman sobre as falhas em
+defesas populares das leis de direitos autorais.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">Resumo do Amicus Curiae da FSF 
no
+caso Eldred v. Ashcroft na Suprema Corte</a></li>
+
+  <li>A <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">ciência deve 
“colocar os
+direitos autorais de lado”</a>, outro trabalho de <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> que apareceu no <a
+href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>
+Nature Webdebates</a> em 2001, explica como os direitos autorais tem
+impedido o progresso na pesquisa cientifica. Você também pode estar
+interessado em <a href="https://www.plos.org/";>A Livraria Pública de
+Ciência</a>, que se dedica a tornar a pesquisa científica livremente
+disponível para todos na Internet.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reavaliando Direitos
+Autorais: O público deve prevalecer</a></li>
+
+  <li><a
+href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>
+Eldred v. Reno</a> é sobre um processo legal para abolir uma lei que estende
+o copyright por 20 anos extra.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">Liberdade &mdash; ou
+Direitos autorais?</a>, by Richard Stallman (uma <a
+href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">versão antiga</a> deste
+artigo continua disponível.)</li>
+
+  <li>Uma <a
+href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
+tradução em inglês da famosa decisão da Corte Distrital de Munique</a> 
sobre
+a validade e aplicabilidade da GPL. A tradução foi feita pelo Oxford
+Internet Institute.</li>
+  
+<!-- This link is broken
+  <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+  Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
+  -->
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="drm">Gestão Digital de Restrições</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html"> Corrigindo Meu Erro
+sobre a Legislação Francesa</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">O Problema é o 
Software
+Controlado pelo seu Desenvolvedor</a>, por Richard&nbsp;M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">“Progresso” na 
computação: bom
+e ruim</a>, por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opondo-se a Má Gestão Digital 
de
+Direitos</a>, por Richard M. Stallman, responde a algumas perguntas comuns
+sobre DRM.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Liberdade ou Copyright </a> uma
+versão ligeiramente modificada do artigo, originalmente publicado na
+Technology Review em 2000, por Richard Stallman</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html"> Ebooks devem
+aumentar nossa liberdade, não diminuí-la</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Você pode confiar no seu
+computador?</a>, um trabalho por Richard Stallman sobre as chamadas
+iniciativas “computação confiável”.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">O Direito de Ler: Uma História
+Breve de uma Distopia</a> por Richard Stallman.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="noip">O termo de propaganda <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty"> “Propriedade
+intelectual”</a></h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">A Curiosa História de Komongistan
+(Detonando o termo “propriedade intelectual”)</a></li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">Não Deixe “Propriedade 
Intelectual”
+Mexe Com Seu Ethos</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li>Comentários de Richard Stallman sobre <a 
href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">a
+rejeição do <abbr title="coalisão internacional de liberdades
+civis">ICLC</abbr> da diretiva relativa à execução IP</a></li>
+
+  <li>Richard Stallman escreveu <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">uma
+revisão de “O caso contra a propriedade intelectual” de Boldrin e
+Levine.</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Você Disse “Propriedade 
Intelectual”? É
+uma Miragem Sedutora</a>. Um ensaio sobre o verdadeiro significado da frase
+“Propriedade Intelectual”, por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="ns">Serviços de Rede</h4>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html"> 
Serviços
+de Rede Não São Livres ou Não Livres; Eles Criam Outros Problemas</a> um
+artigo por Richard Stallman.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">A Quem 
Aquele
+Servidor Realmente Serve?</a> por Richard Stallman publicado na <a
+href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM";>
+Boston Review.</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="cultural">Problemas Sociais e Culturais</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html"> Neutralidade
+Tecnológica e Software Livre</a> por Richard Stallman</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">Qual o Nível de
+Vigilância Que a Democracia Pode Suportar?</a> por Richard Stallman</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">Jogos Não Livres com DRM no
+GNU/Linux: Bom ou Ruim?</a> por Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li> <a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>
+Projeto de lei de economia digital: Um palhaço dá e outro palhaço tira</a>
+por Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html"> Inclusão 
Digital é
+uma Coisa Boa? Como Podemos Ter Certeza De Que é?</a> por Richard 
Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">Cimeira Mundial sobre a Sociedade da
+Informação</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Voluntários em criptografia de 
software
+necessários em países sem controle de exportação</a>.</li>
+
+  <li>Como Proteger as <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html"> Liberdades de
+Expressão, Imprensa e Associação na Internet</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Proteja a Privacidade 
Postal</a>,
+uma campanha para resistir a regra proposta pelo Serviço Postal dos Estados
+Unidos para coletar informações privadas de clientes.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Por Que Temos de Lutar Contra 
UCITA</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Software Livre e (e-)Governo</a>
+&mdash; um arquivo do The Guardian, por Richard Stallman (originalmente
+publicado sob o título “Segunda vista”).</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html"> Software 
Livre e
+Desenvolvimento Sustentável</a> &mdash; Um pequeno artigo de Richard
+Stallman sobre o uso de software proprietário no desenvolvimento 
cultural.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html"> Mantenha o
+controle de sua computação, senão ela vai controlar você!</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html"> Um usuário sábio julga
+cuidadosamente cada cenário de uso da Internet</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">O Perigo dos 
e-books</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html"> É 
Realmente Uma
+Coisa Boa Usar um Programa Não Livre?</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html"> Cuidado com 
“Suporte”
+Contraditório</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4 id="misc">Diversos</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">Casos claramente estabelecidos de
+software proprietário que faz coisas malvadas com os usuários</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">As vantagens do software 
livre</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">A Falha que
+Ninguém Está Autorizado a Compreender</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">O Curioso Incidente da Sun 
à 
+Noite</a>, por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU e Linux</a>, por
+Richard Stallman, discute como o processo da SCO contra a IBM afeta o
+trabalho do projeto GNU. Por favor, consulte a <a
+href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">Página da FSF com Resposta à SCO</a> para
+mais detalhes sobre este assunto.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">Declaração da FSF em resposta 
à 
+julgamento final revisado proposto em Microsoft contra os Estados Unidos,
+apresentada ao Departamento de Justiça dos EUA sob o “Tunney 
Act”</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">Congresso dos EUA Ameaça 
Estabelecer
+um Novo Tipo de Monopólio </a>, uma tentativa do Congresso de criar um
+monopólio privado por meio de repetição de informações de conhecimento
+público.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">A Forma Correta de Taxar DAT</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censurando Meu Software</a>, 
por
+Richard Stallman.</li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">Financiamento 
de
+Arte vs Financiamento de Software</a>, por Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html"> Android e Liberdade
+dos Usuários</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">Spyware do Ubuntu: O Que
+Fazer?</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">O Que Há de Errado 
com
+YouTube</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape e Software Livre</a>, um 
artigo
+antigo que clarifica alguns mal entendidos sobre um anúncio pela 
Netscape.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">Comentários sobre o
+Artigo do Roderick Long</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="terminology">Terminologias e Definições</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html"> Hardware Livre e 
Projetos
+de Hardware Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Palavras Confusas</a> que Você
+Pode Querer Evitar</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
+Conscientização Pública sobre Copyright, WIPO, Junho de 2002</a>. Sobre como
+WIPO reconhece que seu sistema é projetado para restringir o público, e como
+eles propõe para modificar a terminologia de forma que as pessoas não
+perceberia.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Por que o Código
+Aberto não compartilha dos objetivos do Software Livre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">“Software de 
Código
+Aberto” ou “Software Livre”?</a> (Este é um antigo ensaio sobre o mesmo
+tópico que o anterior.)</li>
+  <li>Richard Stallman escreveu <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html"> uma
+carta para o editor</a> do Dr. Dobb's Journal em Junho de 2001 que explica a
+distinção entre o movimentos do Software Livre e Código Aberto.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorias de Softwares Livres e 
Não
+Livres</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html"> O Que Significa Seu 
Computador
+Ser Leal?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Tradução do termo 
“software
+livre”</a> em vários idiomas.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Por Que Chamá-lo de
+Swindle?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="upholding">Mantendo-se Fiel à Liberdade de Software</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">A comunidade de Software 
Livre
+após 20 anos</a>, Com grande mas incompleto sucesso, e agora?</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Obrigado, Larry McVoy</a>, por Richard
+M. Stallman.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html"> Superando a Inércia 
Social</a>,
+por Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Evitando Compromissos 
Ruinosos</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> Software 
Livre
+é Ainda Mais Importante Agora</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="humor">Humor Filosófico</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Humor filosófico</a>. Nós não 
temos que
+ser sérios <i>todo</i> o tempo.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.pt-br.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Envie perguntas em geral sobre a FSF e o GNU para <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>. Também existem <a
+href="/contact/">outros meios de contatar</a> a FSF.  Links quebrados e
+outras correções ou sugestões podem ser enviadas para <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+A equipe de traduções para o português brasileiro se esforça para oferecer
+traduções acuradas e de boa qualidade, mas não estamos isentos de erros. Por
+favor, envie seus comentários e sugestões em geral sobre as traduções para
+<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+</p><p>Consulte o <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Guia
+para as traduções</a> para mais informações sobre a coordenação e o 
envio de
+traduções das páginas desse site.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1996-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Esta página está licenciada sob uma licença <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.pt_BR";>Creative
+Commons Atribuição-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.pt-br.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>Tradução</b>: Aslan Carlos
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>,
+2012;
+Rafael Fontenelle
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>, 2017</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Última atualização: 
+
+$Date: 2017/08/16 16:29:08 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: po/essays-and-articles.pt-br-en.html
===================================================================
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>Essays and Articles
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>Essays and Articles</h2>
+
+<div class="summary">
+<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="#aboutfs">About Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#Laws">Laws and Issues</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="#patents">Patents</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#drm">Digital Restrictions Management</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#noip">The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual 
Property&rdquo;</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#ns">Network Services</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#misc">Misc</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><a href="#terminology">Terminology and Definitions</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#humor">Philosophical Humor</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
+<p>This page lists a series of articles describing the philosophy of the
+free software movement, which is the motivation for our development of
+the free software operating system GNU.</p>
+
+<p>A <a href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">list of the latest 
+published articles</a> is also available.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the  -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="aboutfs">About Free Software</h3>
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be free to use
+software in all the ways that are socially useful.  Software differs
+from material objects&mdash;such as chairs, sandwiches, and
+gasoline&mdash;in that it can be copied and changed much more easily.
+These possibilities make software as useful as it is; we believe
+software users should be able to make use of them.</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+      Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Why
+      Software Should Be Free</a>  (This is an older and longer
+      essay about the same topic as the previous one)</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+      Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html">
+  When Free Software Depends on Nonfree</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+      Non-Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"> FLOSS and FOSS</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">Free Software is More 
Reliable!</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/when-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.html">
+      When Free Software Isn't (Practically) Superior</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+       &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">How Free Software and 
+      Open Source Relate as Categories of Programs</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, and
+      Freedom</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
+         id="Gnutella">Regarding Gnutella</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why Schools Should Use
+      Exclusively Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom and You</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">
+      15 Years of Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">Free Software 
movement</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">
+      Your Freedom Needs Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">
+      Motives For Writing Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures 
+      Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/uruguay.html">Lesson from Uruguay</a>. The FSF
+      learned something from a bill presented in Uruguay.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/programs-must-not-limit-freedom-to-run.html">
+      Why programs must not limit the freedom to run them</a> &mdash;
+      Freedom 0 must not be limited.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/imperfection-isnt-oppression.html">
+      Imperfection is not the same as oppression</a></li> 
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html">
+      Applying the Free Software Criteria</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial announcement of
+       the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Brief history of the GNU Project</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a>,
+      a longer and more complete description of the project and its
+      history.</li>
+  <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">The official website of the Free Software 
Foundation</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information on licensing 
+      and copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">A list of free and nonfree
+      licenses, with comments</a>.</li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions About 
+      the GNU Licenses</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why You Shouldn't Use the 
+      Lesser GPL for Your Next Library</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Why Copyleft?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if 
+      You Work at a University</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic 
Idealism</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Javascript Trap</a>. 
+         You may be running nonfree programs on your computer 
+         every day without realizing it&mdash;through your web browser.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>
+      Censorship envy and licensing</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">The X Window System Trap</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">The Problems of the Apple 
License</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/bsd.html">The BSD License Problem</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">The Netscape Public License 
+      Has Serious Problems</a>. An <a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">
+      earlier version of this article</a> is also available.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">The Free Software Movement and 
UDI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">It's not the Gates, it's the 
+      bars</a>, an article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in
+      2008.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a>  
+      (An <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">older version</a> of 
+      this article is also available.)</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">The Microsoft 
+      Antitrust Trial and Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">On the Microsoft 
Verdict</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">
+       Microsoft's New Monopoly</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">
+      Lest CodePlex perplex</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">
+      The Problems of the Plan 9 License</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense">
+      The New Motif License</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Using the GNU 
FDL</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">
+      The GNU GPL and the American Way</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">
+      The GNU GPL and the American Dream</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">
+      Enforcing the GNU GPL</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">
+      On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower">
+      Freedom or Power?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments">
+      We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">
+      Free But Shackled - The Java Trap</a> (Although Sun has 
+      <a href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>
+      relicensed</a> most of its Java platform reference implementation
+      under the GNU General Public License, the issue described in this
+      article still remains important.)</li>  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">GPL-compliant version
+      of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Laws">Laws and Issues</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/stallmans-law.html">Stallman's Law</a></p>
+
+<h4 id="patents">Patents</h4>
+
+<ul>  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">Giving the Software
+  Field Protection from Patents</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSF's Position on W3
+  Consortium &ldquo;Royalty-Free&rdquo; Patent Policy</a>
+  rewritten</li>
+
+  <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Right
+  to Write Software</a> (whether it's free or not).</li>
+
+  <li>In <a 
href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>
+  Felten v. RIAA</a>, scientists are asking a court to rule that the
+  Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from
+  publishing their research.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/">EFF
+  &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of
+  America) DVD Cases Archive</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">Patent
+  Reform Is Not Enough</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Saving Europe from
+  Software Patents</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's 
+  &ldquo;unitary patent&rdquo; could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">Boycott Amazon!</a></li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.html">Amazon Boycott Success!</a>, a 
+  letter from Nat Friedman to Richard Stallman.</li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">Letter from RMS to Tim 
+  O'Reilly</a> in regard to a statement by Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, on 
+  the duration of software patents.</li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">Amazon's patent on a system 
+  for placing a purchase order over the internet</a>, with notes by Richard
+  Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a 
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
+  id="SequentialIPandI">Sequential Innovation, Patents, and
+  Imitation</a> is a paper that presents a mathematical model showing
+  how patents can impede progress in fields like software.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Harm from the Hague</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">Opposing The European
+  Software Patent Directive</a>, a slightly modified version of the 
+  article originally published in <a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/international";>
+  The Guardian</a> of London, by Richard Stallman and Nick Hill.</li>
+
+  <li><a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/aug/02/comment.business";>
+  Soft sell</a>. Richard Stallman's comments on the defeat of the EU 
+  software patenting directive. Published in <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.</li>
+
+  <li><a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>
+  Patent absurdity</a>, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in
+  <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/bill-gates-and-other-communists.html">Bill Gates
+  and Other Communists</a>. An article by Richard Stallman published
+  in CNET News.com in 2005.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">The Anatomy of a
+  Trivial Patent</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html" 
id="FightingSoftwarePatents">
+  Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">Software patents &mdash; 
+  Obstacles to software development</a></li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html" 
id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">
+      Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.
+      Speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954)
+      covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to
+      the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close
+      to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.</li>  
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Why there are no GIF files on GNU web 
+  pages</a>. While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of 
+  software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern. 
+  For details of our website 
+  <a href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">
+  policies regarding GIFs</a>, see our <a href="/server/standards/">
+  web guidelines</a>.</li> 
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="copyright">Copyright</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks 
+  For Your Copyright</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
+  the Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">How the Swedish Pirate Party 
+  Platform Backfires on Free Software</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting
+  Copyright</a> is another essay by Richard Stallman about the
+  flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSF's Brief Amicus
+  Curiae in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">Science must
+  &ldquo;push copyright aside&rdquo;</a>, another work of <a
+  href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> that appeared in
+  the <a
+  href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>
+  Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding
+  progress in scientific research.  You may also be interested in <a
+  href="https://www.plos.org/";>The Public Library of
+  Science</a>, which is dedicated to making scientific research freely
+  available to all on the Internet.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluating
+  Copyright: The Public must prevail</a></li>
+
+  <li><a 
href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>
+  Eldred v. Reno</a> is about a lawsuit to overturn a law that extends
+  copyright by 20 extra years.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">Freedom-Or
+  Copyright?</a>, by Richard Stallman (an <a
+  href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">older version</a> of
+  this essay remains online as well.)</li>
+
+  <li>An <a 
href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/research/gpl/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
+  English translation of the famous 
+  decision of the District Court of Munich</a> regarding the enforceability 
and 
+  validity of the GPL. The translation was done by the Oxford Internet
+  Institute.</li>
+  <!-- This link is broken
+  <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+  Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
+  -->
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="drm">Digital Restrictions Management</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/correcting-france-mistake.html">
+  Correcting My Mistake about French Law</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
+  software controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard&nbsp;M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">Computing
+  &ldquo;progress&rdquo;: good and bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opposing Digital Rights
+  Mismanagement</a>, by Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common
+  questions about DRM.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Freedom Or
+  Copyright</a> a slightly modified version of the article, originally
+  published in Technology Review in 2000, by Richard Stallman</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">
+  Ebooks must increase our freedom, not decrease it</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Can you trust your
+  computer?</a>, a work by Richard Stallman about the so-called 
+  &ldquo;trusted computing&rdquo; initiatives.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+  Dystopian Short Story</a> by Richard Stallman.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="noip">The propaganda
+term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">
+&ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;</a></h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of 
+  Komongistan (Busting the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;)</a></li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">Don't Let
+  &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo; Twist Your Ethos</a>, by
+  Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li>Comments from Richard Stallman
+  on <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">the ICLC's rejection of the
+  IP Enforcement Directive</a></li>
+
+  <li>Richard Stallman has
+  written <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">a review of
+  Boldrin and Levine's &ldquo;The case against intellectual
+  property.&rdquo;</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say
+  &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;?  It's a Seductive Mirage</a>.
+  An essay on the true meaning of the phrase &ldquo;Intellectual
+  Property&rdquo;, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="ns">Network Services</h4>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html">
+  Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</a> an
+  article by Richard Stallman.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who
+  does that server really serve?</a>  by Richard Stallman published
+  in <a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM";>
+  Boston Review.</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">
+  Technological Neutrality and Free Software</a>
+  by Richard Stallman</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">How Much
+  Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?</a> by Richard Stallman</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html">Nonfree DRM'd Games on
+  GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a> by Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li> <a 
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>
+  Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh 
+  away</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">
+  Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> 
+  By Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information
+  Society</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Encryption software
+  volunteers needed in countries without export control</a>.</li>
+
+  <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">
+  Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a> on the Internet.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Protect Postal
+  Privacy</a>, a campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United
+  States Postal Service to collect private information from
+  customers.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and
+  (e-)Government</a> &mdash; an article from The Guardian, by Richard
+  Stallman (originally published under the title &ldquo;Second
+  Sight&rdquo;).</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-and-sustainable-development.html">
+  Free Software and Sustainable Development</a> &mdash; A short
+  article by Richard Stallman regarding the use of proprietary
+  software in cultural development.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">
+  Keep control of your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html">
+  A wise user judges each Internet usage scenario carefully</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of 
E-Books</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/is-ever-good-use-nonfree-program.html">
+  Is It Ever a Good Thing to Use a Nonfree Program?</a> By
+  Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/contradictory-support.html">
+  Beware of Contradictory &ldquo;Support&rdquo;</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4 id="misc">Misc</h4>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">Clearly established 
+  cases of proprietary software that does nasty things to the
+  users</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free 
+  software</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The
+  Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>, By Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious
+  Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, and
+  Linux</a>, by Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against
+  IBM pertains to the work of the GNU project.  Please see
+  the <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">FSF SCO Response Page</a> for
+  more details on this subject.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">FSF's Statement in
+  Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft vs. United
+  States, submitted to the US Department of Justice under the Tunney
+  Act</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">U.S. Congress Threatens
+  to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a>, an attempt of the Congress
+  to create a private monopoly over repeating publicly known
+  information.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">The Right Way to Tax DAT</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censoring My
+  Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li>
+  
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html">Funding
+  Art vs Funding Software</a>, by Richard Stallman.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">
+  Android and Users' Freedom</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/ubuntu-spyware.html">Ubuntu Spyware: What to 
Do?</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html">What's Wrong with 
+  YouTube</a></li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape.html">Netscape and Free Software</a>,
+  an old article that clarifies some misunderstandings about an 
+  announcement by Netscape.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">Comments on 
+  Roderick Long's Article</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="terminology">Terminology and Definitions</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html">
+      Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words</a>
+      which You Might Want to Avoid</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
+      Public Awareness of Copyright, WIPO, June 2002</a>. On how WIPO 
+      recognizes that their system is designed to restrict the public, and
+      how they propose to modify terminology so that people won't notice.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+      &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">&ldquo;Open
+      Source Software&rdquo; or &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo;?</a>
+      (This is an older essay about the same topic as the previous one.)</li>
+  <li>Richard Stallman wrote <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">
+      letter to the editor</a> of Dr. Dobb's Journal in June 2001 which 
further 
+      explains the distinction between the Free Software and Open Source 
+      movements.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+      Non-Free Software</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/loyal-computers.html">
+      What Does It Mean for Your Computer to Be Loyal?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Translations of the
+      term &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why call it the
+      Swindle</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</h3>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">The Free Software 
+      Community After 20 Years</a>, With great but incomplete success, 
+      what now?</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a>, 
+      by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">
+      Overcoming Social Inertia</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous 
Compromises</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+      Free Software Is Even More Important Now</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="humor">Philosophical humor</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy Humor</a>.
+    We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1996-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/08/16 16:29:08 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>