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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy right-to-read.ca.html right-to-r... |
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Date: |
Mon, 29 Aug 2016 09:28:02 +0000 (UTC) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 16/08/29 09:28:02
Modified files:
philosophy : right-to-read.ca.html right-to-read.de.html
right-to-read.nl.html
philosophy/po : right-to-read.ca-diff.html
right-to-read.nl-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : right-to-read.de-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.64&r2=1.65
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: right-to-read.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- right-to-read.ca.html 11 Jul 2016 08:08:18 -0000 1.34
+++ right-to-read.ca.html 29 Aug 2016 09:28:00 -0000 1.35
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-06-30" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>El dret a llegir</h2>
<p>
@@ -454,7 +460,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2016/07/11 08:08:18 $
+$Date: 2016/08/29 09:28:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: right-to-read.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.64
retrieving revision 1.65
diff -u -b -r1.64 -r1.65
--- right-to-read.de.html 1 Apr 2016 14:49:02 -0000 1.64
+++ right-to-read.de.html 29 Aug 2016 09:28:00 -0000 1.65
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/right-to-read.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-06-30" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Das Recht zu lesen</h2>
<p>
@@ -512,7 +518,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2016/04/01 14:49:02 $
+$Date: 2016/08/29 09:28:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: right-to-read.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- right-to-read.nl.html 13 Jun 2016 18:29:45 -0000 1.13
+++ right-to-read.nl.html 29 Aug 2016 09:28:01 -0000 1.14
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/right-to-read.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-06-30" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Het recht om te lezen</h2>
<p>
@@ -452,7 +458,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2016/06/13 18:29:45 $
+$Date: 2016/08/29 09:28:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/right-to-read.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- po/right-to-read.ca-diff.html 26 Mar 2016 18:04:00 -0000 1.4
+++ po/right-to-read.ca-diff.html 29 Aug 2016 09:28:02 -0000 1.5
@@ -11,9 +11,15 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.79</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The Right to Read
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+hr { margin: 1.2em 0; }
+#content ul li p { margin-top: 1em; }
+#AuthorsNote ul li { margin-top: 1.3em; }
+#content div.announcement { margin-bottom: 2em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
@@ -21,14 +27,15 @@
<p>
by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<blockquote class="note">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote class="note">
<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
-</blockquote>
+</blockquote></strong></del></span>
<p>
<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
-of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+of <span
class="removed"><del><strong><strong>Communications</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><cite>Communications</em></ins></span> of
the <span class="removed"><del><strong>ACM</strong></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ACM</cite></em></ins></span> (Volume 40,
Number
2).</em></p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr /></em></ins></span>
<blockquote><p>
From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@
the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
knowing your computer's root password. And neither
-the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong><abbr title="Federal Bureau of
Investigation">FBI</abbr></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI</em></ins></span> nor
Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
<p>
@@ -164,32 +171,53 @@
universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
-<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Notes</h3>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3
id="AuthorsNote">Author's</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="announcement">
+<blockquote>
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div id="AuthorsNote">
+<h3>Author's</em></ins></span> Notes</h3>
<ul>
<li>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
the future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a
-repressive society shaped by the enemies that use “pirate” as
+repressive society shaped by the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>enemies</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unjust forces</em></ins></span> that use
“pirate” as
propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society.
-I have tried to project it from today so as to sound even more
+I have tried to project it <span class="removed"><del><strong>from today so as
to sound even</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>forwards
into something</em></ins></span> more <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>visibly</em></ins></span>
oppressive. See <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>.
</li>
<li>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Computer-enforced restrictions on
lending or reading books (and other
+kinds of published works) are known as DRM, short for
+“Digital Restrictions Management”. To
+eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has
+established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by
+Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support.</p>
+</li>
+
+<li></em></ins></span>
<p>The following note has been updated several times since the first
publication of the story.</p>
<p>
-The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
-take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most
-of the specific laws and practices described above have already been
-proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
-the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal
-basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
-other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
-in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
-adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+The <span class="inserted"><ins><em>battle for the</em></ins></span> right to
read is <span class="removed"><del><strong>a battle</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>already</em></ins></span> being <span
class="removed"><del><strong>fought today.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>fought.</em></ins></span> Although it
+may take 50 years for our <span class="removed"><del><strong>present way of
life</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>past
freedoms</em></ins></span> to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific <span class="inserted"><ins><em>repressive</em></ins></span>
laws and practices described above have
+already been proposed; <span
class="removed"><del><strong>many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>some</em></ins></span> have been enacted into law in
the US and
+elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
+(DMCA) <span class="removed"><del><strong>established the legal
+basis</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>gave explicit
government backing</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>restrict</strong></del></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>computer-enforced restrictions
known</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>well).</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DRM, by making the
+distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime.</em></ins></span> The
European
+Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>directive,</em></ins></span> in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free
program
to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
<p>
@@ -197,53 +225,87 @@
SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
-shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+shows</strong></del></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>long-term
trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
-CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+CBDTPA, which was glossed</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>form not quite</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the “Consume But Don't Try
Programming Act”.
-</p>
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>strong.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
-The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+The <span class="removed"><del><strong>Republicans took control of the US
senate shortly thereafter.
They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
the danger is once again higher.</p>
<p>
-In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Free Trade</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Free Trade”</em></ins></span> Area of
-the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
-the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
-trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
-increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
-DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
-Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
-others.</p>
-
-<p>
-Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
-as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
-agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another
-treaty, CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
-“free trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador
-had adopted something like the DMCA in 2003.</p>
+In 2001 the</strong></del></span> US <span class="removed"><del><strong>began
attempting to use the proposed “Free Trade” Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>campaigns</em></ins></span> to impose <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the same</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>such</em></ins></span> rules on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all the countries in</strong></del></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is
one</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>rest</em></ins></span> of the <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>world through</em></ins></span>
+so-called <span class="removed"><del><strong>free
+trade treaties, which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free trade” treaties.
+<a href="https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html">
+Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a more fitting term for them, since
+they</em></ins></span> are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>actually</strong></del></span> designed to give
business
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>increased power</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>dominion</em></ins></span> over <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nominally</em></ins></span> democratic <span
class="removed"><del><strong>governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>states. The DMCA's policy of criminalizing
programs that
+break DRM</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>typical</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>one</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>many
unjust policies that these treaties impose
+across a wide range</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>fields.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Since then, the</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>The</em></ins></span> US has imposed <span
class="removed"><del><strong>similar</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DMCA</em></ins></span> requirements on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>countries such
+as Australia</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Australia,
Panama, Colombia</em></ins></span>
+and <span class="removed"><del><strong>Mexico</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>South Korea</em></ins></span> through bilateral <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free trade”</strong></del></span>
agreements, and on countries such as
+Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Obama has escalated</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>campaign with two new proposed
treaties,</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>DMCA</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>TPP and the TTIP. The
+TPP would impose the DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12
+countries on the Pacific Ocean. The TTIP would impose similar
+strictures on Europe. Americans should demand their congressional
+representatives reject the attempt to approve the TPP</em></ins></span> in
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2003.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the lame-duck
+session after the 2016 election.</p>
+
+<p>
+With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door:
+Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software
+“upgrades,” even if users consider them rather to be
+downgrades. It can also order all machines running Vista to refuse to
+run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's clampdown on
+users was to impose DRM that users can't overcome.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the
+copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an
+official part of the web specifications.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nonfree software tends to have <a href="/proprietary/">abusive
+features of many kinds</a>, which support the conclusion that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">you can
+never trust a nonfree program</a>. We must insist on free (libre)
+software only, and reject nonfree programs.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
-This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep
the
+This is the idea that the <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>FBI</abbr></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI</em></ins></span> and Microsoft will keep
the
root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
them.</p>
<p>
-The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
-“trusted computing” and “Palladium”. We call
+The proponents of this scheme <span class="removed"><del><strong>have given
it</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>gave early
versions</em></ins></span> names such as
+“trusted computing” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Palladium”. We call
it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
-implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/">Windows
-Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme,
-it is the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but
-the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting
it.</p>
+implemented in 2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Palladium”, but</em></ins></span> as
<span class="removed"><del><strong>part of <a
href="http://badvista.org/">Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this
scheme,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ultimately put into use,</em></ins></span> it
is <span class="removed"><del><strong>the manufacturer that keeps the secret
code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting
it.</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>called
“secure boot”.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
@@ -251,34 +313,47 @@
signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
-the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+the user can do on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>his</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>per</em></ins></span> own <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computer.</p>
<p>
-Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
-can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for
instance,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computer.</em></ins></span> Microsoft
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>can forcibly install upgrades, and it can
order all machines running
Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
-Vista's many restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
-Management) that users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we
-have established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">
-Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
-
-<p>
-When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
-Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
-all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
-afford to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in
-Oakland, California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The
-SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the
-power they sought.</p>
-
-<p>
-The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association,
-has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
-Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official police force;
-unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
-erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
-and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
-slightly veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
+Vista's many restrictions</strong></del></span> is <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>likely</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use</em></ins></span> that <span
class="removed"><del><strong>users can't overcome. The
threat</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>control on behalf</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>DRM is why we
+have established</strong></del></span> the <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI
when asked: it
+already</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html">shows
+the NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to
exploit.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>When</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Secure boot can be implemented in a way that
permits the user to
+specify the signature key and decide what software to sign. In
+practice, PCs designed for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and
+whether the machine's owner can install any other system (such as
+GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's control. We call this <em>restricted
+boot</em>.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1997, when</em></ins></span> this story was first <span
class="removed"><del><strong>written,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>published,</em></ins></span> the SPA was
+threatening small Internet service providers, demanding they permit
+the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrendered when
+threatened, because they <span
class="removed"><del><strong>cannot</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>could not</em></ins></span> afford to fight back in
court. One
+ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the demand
+and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit,
+but <span class="removed"><del><strong>obtained</strong></del></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>DMCA, which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DMCA</em></ins></span> gave <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> the power <span
class="removed"><del><strong>they</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers
+Association, has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official
+police force; unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods
+reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform
+on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing
+software would be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>raped.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>raped in prison.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
@@ -303,36 +378,70 @@
everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
</li>
</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
<p>
The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
-Here are articles about bad things that have happened since the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Here are articles about bad things that
have happened since the
original publication of this article.</p>
<ul>
-<li>Today's commercial ebooks <a
href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
- abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a></li>
+<li>Today's</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></p>
+
+<p>Today's</em></ins></span> commercial
+ebooks <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> abolish
+readers' traditional <span
class="removed"><del><strong>freedoms.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html">
- A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access only by
signing
- a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
- contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
- revoke at will.</li>
-<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.zdnet.com/news/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/103151">Electronic</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic</em></ins></span>
- Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
- electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
- a copy.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.aspx">Books
- inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
- books and documents on a PC.</li>
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access
only</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>freedoms</a>.
Amazon's e-book reader product,
+which I call the “Amazon Swindle” because it's designed to
+swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books,
+is run</em></ins></span> by <span class="removed"><del><strong>signing
+ a</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>software with
several
+demonstrated</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
+ contract not to lend</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/malware-kindle-swindle.html">Orwellian
+functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for rejecting the product
+completely:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>It spies on everything the user does:</em></ins></span> it
<span class="removed"><del><strong>to anyone
else</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>reports</em></ins></span> which <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>book</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>publisher</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>user is reading, and which page, and it
reports when the user highlights
+text, and any notes the user enters.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has DRM, which is intended to block users from
+sharing copies.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has a back door with which Amazon</em></ins></span> can
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>remotely erase any book.
+In 2009, it erased thousands</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>books in
+ electronic form,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>copies of 1984, by George Orwell.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a
universal
+back door with which Amazon can remotely change the
software,</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>copyright
issues affecting</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>introduce any other form of
nastiness.</p></li>
</ul>
+<p>Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It
identifies</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>right</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>user and records what books the user obtains.
It also requires
+users</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>read</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>agree to an antisocial contract that they won't share
copies
+with others. My conscience tells me that, if I had agreed to
such</em></ins></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.aspx">Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>contract, the lesser evil would
be</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>control who can read
+ books</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>defy
it</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>documents on a
PC.</li>
+</ul></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>share copies
+anyway; however, to be entirely good, we should not agree to it in the
+first place.</p></em></ins></span>
+
<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
to organize and fight. The
FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by
Design</a>
-campaign has made a <span class="removed"><del><strong>start
—</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>start;</em></ins></span> subscribe to the campaign's
mailing
+campaign has made a start; subscribe to the campaign's mailing
list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join
the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
</p>
@@ -372,11 +481,9 @@
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
GNU Project</a></li>
- <li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/49358/Copy_Protection_Just_Say_No";
- id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
- id="copy-protection">Copy</em></ins></span> Protection: Just
Say No</a>,
- <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Published</strong></del></span>
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em>published</em></ins></span> in
Computer World.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
+ id="copy-protection">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
+ published in Computer World.</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -411,7 +518,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -426,18 +533,17 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016
Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/03/26 18:04:00 $
+$Date: 2016/08/29 09:28:02 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/right-to-read.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- po/right-to-read.nl-diff.html 26 Mar 2016 18:04:00 -0000 1.19
+++ po/right-to-read.nl-diff.html 29 Aug 2016 09:28:02 -0000 1.20
@@ -11,9 +11,15 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.79</em></ins></span> -->
<title>The Right to Read
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+hr { margin: 1.2em 0; }
+#content ul li p { margin-top: 1em; }
+#AuthorsNote ul li { margin-top: 1.3em; }
+#content div.announcement { margin-bottom: 2em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
@@ -21,14 +27,15 @@
<p>
by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<blockquote class="note">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote class="note">
<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
-</blockquote>
+</blockquote></strong></del></span>
<p>
<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
-of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+of <span
class="removed"><del><strong><strong>Communications</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><cite>Communications</em></ins></span> of
the <span class="removed"><del><strong>ACM</strong></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ACM</cite></em></ins></span> (Volume 40,
Number
2).</em></p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr /></em></ins></span>
<blockquote><p>
From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@
the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
knowing your computer's root password. And neither
-the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong><abbr title="Federal Bureau of
Investigation">FBI</abbr></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI</em></ins></span> nor
Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
<p>
@@ -164,34 +171,53 @@
universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
-<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Note</h3>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3
id="AuthorsNote">Author's</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="announcement">
+<blockquote>
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
-<p>[This</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Notes</h3>
+<div id="AuthorsNote">
+<h3>Author's</em></ins></span> Notes</h3>
<ul>
<li>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
the future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a
-repressive society shaped by the enemies that use “pirate” as
+repressive society shaped by the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>enemies</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unjust forces</em></ins></span> that use
“pirate” as
propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society.
-I have tried to project it from today so as to sound even more
+I have tried to project it <span class="removed"><del><strong>from today so as
to sound even</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>forwards
into something</em></ins></span> more <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>visibly</em></ins></span>
oppressive. See <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>.
</li>
<li>
-<p>The following</em></ins></span> note has been updated several times
since the first
-publication of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>story.]</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>story.</p></em></ins></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Computer-enforced restrictions on
lending or reading books (and other
+kinds of published works) are known as DRM, short for
+“Digital Restrictions Management”. To
+eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has
+established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by
+Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support.</p>
+</li>
-<p>
-The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
-take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most
-of the specific laws and practices described above have already been
-proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
-the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal
-basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
-other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
-in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
-adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+<li></em></ins></span>
+<p>The following note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.</p>
+
+<p>
+The <span class="inserted"><ins><em>battle for the</em></ins></span> right to
read is <span class="removed"><del><strong>a battle</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>already</em></ins></span> being <span
class="removed"><del><strong>fought today.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>fought.</em></ins></span> Although it
+may take 50 years for our <span class="removed"><del><strong>present way of
life</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>past
freedoms</em></ins></span> to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific <span class="inserted"><ins><em>repressive</em></ins></span>
laws and practices described above have
+already been proposed; <span
class="removed"><del><strong>many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>some</em></ins></span> have been enacted into law in
the US and
+elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
+(DMCA) <span class="removed"><del><strong>established the legal
+basis</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>gave explicit
government backing</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>restrict</strong></del></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>computer-enforced restrictions
known</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>well).</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DRM, by making the
+distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime.</em></ins></span> The
European
+Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>directive,</em></ins></span> in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free
program
to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
<p>
@@ -199,53 +225,87 @@
SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
-shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+shows</strong></del></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>long-term
trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
-CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+CBDTPA, which was glossed</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>form not quite</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the “Consume But Don't Try
Programming Act”.
-</p>
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>strong.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
-The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+The <span class="removed"><del><strong>Republicans took control of the US
senate shortly thereafter.
They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
the danger is once again higher.</p>
<p>
-In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Free Trade</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Free Trade”</em></ins></span> Area of
-the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
-the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
-trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
-increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
-DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
-Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
-others.</p>
-
-<p>
-Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
-as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
-agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another
-treaty, CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
-“free trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador
-had adopted something like the DMCA in 2003.</p>
+In 2001 the</strong></del></span> US <span class="removed"><del><strong>began
attempting to use the proposed “Free Trade” Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>campaigns</em></ins></span> to impose <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the same</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>such</em></ins></span> rules on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all the countries in</strong></del></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is
one</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>rest</em></ins></span> of the <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>world through</em></ins></span>
+so-called <span class="removed"><del><strong>free
+trade treaties, which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free trade” treaties.
+<a href="https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html">
+Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a more fitting term for them, since
+they</em></ins></span> are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>actually</strong></del></span> designed to give
business
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>increased power</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>dominion</em></ins></span> over <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nominally</em></ins></span> democratic <span
class="removed"><del><strong>governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>states. The DMCA's policy of criminalizing
programs that
+break DRM</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>typical</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>one</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>many
unjust policies that these treaties impose
+across a wide range</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>fields.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Since then, the</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>The</em></ins></span> US has imposed <span
class="removed"><del><strong>similar</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DMCA</em></ins></span> requirements on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>countries such
+as Australia</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Australia,
Panama, Colombia</em></ins></span>
+and <span class="removed"><del><strong>Mexico</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>South Korea</em></ins></span> through bilateral <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free trade”</strong></del></span>
agreements, and on countries such as
+Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Obama has escalated</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>campaign with two new proposed
treaties,</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>DMCA</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>TPP and the TTIP. The
+TPP would impose the DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12
+countries on the Pacific Ocean. The TTIP would impose similar
+strictures on Europe. Americans should demand their congressional
+representatives reject the attempt to approve the TPP</em></ins></span> in
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2003.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the lame-duck
+session after the 2016 election.</p>
+
+<p>
+With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door:
+Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software
+“upgrades,” even if users consider them rather to be
+downgrades. It can also order all machines running Vista to refuse to
+run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's clampdown on
+users was to impose DRM that users can't overcome.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the
+copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an
+official part of the web specifications.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nonfree software tends to have <a href="/proprietary/">abusive
+features of many kinds</a>, which support the conclusion that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">you can
+never trust a nonfree program</a>. We must insist on free (libre)
+software only, and reject nonfree programs.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
-This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep
the
+This is the idea that the <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>FBI</abbr></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI</em></ins></span> and Microsoft will keep
the
root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
them.</p>
<p>
-The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
-“trusted computing” and “Palladium”. We call
+The proponents of this scheme <span class="removed"><del><strong>have given
it</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>gave early
versions</em></ins></span> names such as
+“trusted computing” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Palladium”. We call
it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
-implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/">Windows
-Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme,
-it is the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but
-the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting
it.</p>
+implemented in 2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Palladium”, but</em></ins></span> as
<span class="removed"><del><strong>part of <a
href="http://badvista.org/">Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this
scheme,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ultimately put into use,</em></ins></span> it
is <span class="removed"><del><strong>the manufacturer that keeps the secret
code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting
it.</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>called
“secure boot”.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
@@ -253,34 +313,47 @@
signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
-the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+the user can do on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>his</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>per</em></ins></span> own <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computer.</p>
<p>
-Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
-can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for
instance,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computer.</em></ins></span> Microsoft
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>can forcibly install upgrades, and it can
order all machines running
Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
-Vista's many restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
-Management) that users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we
-have established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">
-Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
-
-<p>
-When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
-Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
-all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
-afford to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in
-Oakland, California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The
-SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the
-power they sought.</p>
-
-<p>
-The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association,
-has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
-Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official police force;
-unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
-erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
-and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
-slightly veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
+Vista's many restrictions</strong></del></span> is <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>likely</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use</em></ins></span> that <span
class="removed"><del><strong>users can't overcome. The
threat</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>control on behalf</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>DRM is why we
+have established</strong></del></span> the <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI
when asked: it
+already</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html">shows
+the NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to
exploit.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>When</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Secure boot can be implemented in a way that
permits the user to
+specify the signature key and decide what software to sign. In
+practice, PCs designed for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and
+whether the machine's owner can install any other system (such as
+GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's control. We call this <em>restricted
+boot</em>.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1997, when</em></ins></span> this story was first <span
class="removed"><del><strong>written,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>published,</em></ins></span> the SPA was
+threatening small Internet service providers, demanding they permit
+the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrendered when
+threatened, because they <span
class="removed"><del><strong>cannot</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>could not</em></ins></span> afford to fight back in
court. One
+ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the demand
+and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit,
+but <span class="removed"><del><strong>obtained</strong></del></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>DMCA, which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DMCA</em></ins></span> gave <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> the power <span
class="removed"><del><strong>they</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers
+Association, has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official
+police force; unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods
+reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform
+on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing
+software would be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>raped.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>raped in prison.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>
The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
@@ -303,38 +376,72 @@
<p>
This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></li>
-</ul></em></ins></span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
<p>
The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
-Here are articles about bad things that have happened since the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Here are articles about bad things that
have happened since the
original publication of this article.</p>
<ul>
-<li>Today's commercial ebooks <a
href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
- abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a></li>
+<li>Today's</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></p>
+
+<p>Today's</em></ins></span> commercial
+ebooks <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> abolish
+readers' traditional <span
class="removed"><del><strong>freedoms.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html">
- A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access only by
signing
- a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
- contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
- revoke at will.</li>
-<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.zdnet.com/news/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/103151">Electronic</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic</em></ins></span>
- Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
- electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
- a copy.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.aspx">Books
- inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
- books and documents on a PC.</li>
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access
only</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>freedoms</a>.
Amazon's e-book reader product,
+which I call the “Amazon Swindle” because it's designed to
+swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books,
+is run</em></ins></span> by <span class="removed"><del><strong>signing
+ a</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>software with
several
+demonstrated</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
+ contract not to lend</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/malware-kindle-swindle.html">Orwellian
+functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for rejecting the product
+completely:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>It spies on everything the user does:</em></ins></span> it
<span class="removed"><del><strong>to anyone
else</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>reports</em></ins></span> which <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>book</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>publisher</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>user is reading, and which page, and it
reports when the user highlights
+text, and any notes the user enters.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has DRM, which is intended to block users from
+sharing copies.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has a back door with which Amazon</em></ins></span> can
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>remotely erase any book.
+In 2009, it erased thousands</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>books in
+ electronic form,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>copies of 1984, by George Orwell.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a
universal
+back door with which Amazon can remotely change the
software,</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>copyright
issues affecting</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>introduce any other form of
nastiness.</p></li>
</ul>
+<p>Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It
identifies</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>right</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>user and records what books the user obtains.
It also requires
+users</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>read</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>agree to an antisocial contract that they won't share
copies
+with others. My conscience tells me that, if I had agreed to
such</em></ins></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.aspx">Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>contract, the lesser evil would
be</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>control who can read
+ books</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>defy
it</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>documents on a
PC.</li>
+</ul></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>share copies
+anyway; however, to be entirely good, we should not agree to it in the
+first place.</p></em></ins></span>
+
<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
to organize and fight. The
FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by
Design</a>
-campaign has made a <span class="removed"><del><strong>start
—</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>start;</em></ins></span> subscribe to the campaign's
mailing
+campaign has made a start; subscribe to the campaign's mailing
list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join
the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
</p>
@@ -374,11 +481,9 @@
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
GNU Project</a></li>
- <li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/49358/Copy_Protection_Just_Say_No";
- id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
- id="copy-protection">Copy</em></ins></span> Protection: Just
Say No</a>,
- <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Published</strong></del></span>
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em>published</em></ins></span> in
Computer World.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
+ id="copy-protection">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
+ published in Computer World.</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -413,7 +518,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -428,18 +533,17 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2014, 2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016
Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/03/26 18:04:00 $
+$Date: 2016/08/29 09:28:02 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/right-to-read.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/right-to-read.de-diff.html
diff -N po/right-to-read.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/right-to-read.de-diff.html 29 Aug 2016 09:28:02 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/right-to-read.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.79</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>The Right to Read
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
+hr { margin: 1.2em 0; }
+#content ul li p { margin-top: 1em; }
+#AuthorsNote ul li { margin-top: 1.3em; }
+#content div.announcement { margin-bottom: 2em; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote class="note">
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
+</blockquote></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <span
class="removed"><del><strong><strong>Communications</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><cite>Communications</em></ins></span> of
the <span class="removed"><del><strong>ACM</strong></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ACM</cite></em></ins></span> (Volume 40,
Number
+2).</em></p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr /></em></ins></span>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
+might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she
+came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition,
+let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way
+she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had
+to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those
+fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for
+an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if
+frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the
+library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to
+pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages
+without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial
+and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access.
+By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature
+were a dim memory.</p>
+
+<p>
+There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central
+Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in
+software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool,
+and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading
+books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them
+turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were
+easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for
+pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have
+debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD
+or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them
+to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this
+had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they
+were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger
+vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to
+officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in
+software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be
+used only for class exercises.</p>
+
+<p>
+It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a
+modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
+kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
+the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong><abbr title="Federal Bureau of
Investigation">FBI</abbr></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI</em></ins></span> nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
+couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to
+speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask
+for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
+own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students,
+regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
+interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
+grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
+administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
+doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started
+only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began
+using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different
+approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were
+harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to
+their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been
+taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the
+history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on
+copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved
+to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from
+the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the
+universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
+
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><h3
id="AuthorsNote">Author's</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="announcement">
+<blockquote>
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div id="AuthorsNote">
+<h3>Author's</em></ins></span> Notes</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
+the future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a
+repressive society shaped by the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>enemies</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unjust forces</em></ins></span> that use
“pirate” as
+propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society.
+I have tried to project it <span class="removed"><del><strong>from today so as
to sound even</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>forwards
into something</em></ins></span> more <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>visibly</em></ins></span>
+oppressive. See <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Computer-enforced restrictions on
lending or reading books (and other
+kinds of published works) are known as DRM, short for
+“Digital Restrictions Management”. To
+eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has
+established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by
+Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support.</p>
+</li>
+
+<li></em></ins></span>
+<p>The following note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.</p>
+
+<p>
+The <span class="inserted"><ins><em>battle for the</em></ins></span> right to
read is <span class="removed"><del><strong>a battle</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>already</em></ins></span> being <span
class="removed"><del><strong>fought today.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>fought.</em></ins></span> Although it
+may take 50 years for our <span class="removed"><del><strong>present way of
life</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>past
freedoms</em></ins></span> to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific <span class="inserted"><ins><em>repressive</em></ins></span>
laws and practices described above have
+already been proposed; <span
class="removed"><del><strong>many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>some</em></ins></span> have been enacted into law in
the US and
+elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
+(DMCA) <span class="removed"><del><strong>established the legal
+basis</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>gave explicit
government backing</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>restrict</strong></del></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>computer-enforced restrictions
known</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>well).</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DRM, by making the
+distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime.</em></ins></span> The
European
+Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright <span
class="removed"><del><strong>directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>directive,</em></ins></span> in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free
program
+to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the
+SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
+copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
+the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
+shows</strong></del></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>long-term
trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
+computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
+CBDTPA, which was glossed</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>form not quite</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the “Consume But Don't Try
+Programming Act”.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>strong.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+The <span class="removed"><del><strong>Republicans took control of the US
senate shortly thereafter.
+They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
+press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
+the danger is once again higher.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001 the</strong></del></span> US <span class="removed"><del><strong>began
attempting to use the proposed “Free Trade” Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>campaigns</em></ins></span> to impose <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the same</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>such</em></ins></span> rules on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all the countries in</strong></del></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is
one</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>rest</em></ins></span> of the <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>world through</em></ins></span>
+so-called <span class="removed"><del><strong>free
+trade treaties, which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“free trade” treaties.
+<a href="https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html">
+Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a more fitting term for them, since
+they</em></ins></span> are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>actually</strong></del></span> designed to give
business
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>increased power</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>dominion</em></ins></span> over <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nominally</em></ins></span> democratic <span
class="removed"><del><strong>governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>states. The DMCA's policy of criminalizing
programs that
+break DRM</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>typical</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>one</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>many
unjust policies that these treaties impose
+across a wide range</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>fields.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Since then, the</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>The</em></ins></span> US has imposed <span
class="removed"><del><strong>similar</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DMCA</em></ins></span> requirements on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>countries such
+as Australia</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Australia,
Panama, Colombia</em></ins></span>
+and <span class="removed"><del><strong>Mexico</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>South Korea</em></ins></span> through bilateral <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“free trade”</strong></del></span>
agreements, and on countries such as
+Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Obama has escalated</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>campaign with two new proposed
treaties,</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>DMCA</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>TPP and the TTIP. The
+TPP would impose the DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12
+countries on the Pacific Ocean. The TTIP would impose similar
+strictures on Europe. Americans should demand their congressional
+representatives reject the attempt to approve the TPP</em></ins></span> in
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2003.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the lame-duck
+session after the 2016 election.</p>
+
+<p>
+With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door:
+Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software
+“upgrades,” even if users consider them rather to be
+downgrades. It can also order all machines running Vista to refuse to
+run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's clampdown on
+users was to impose DRM that users can't overcome.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the
+copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an
+official part of the web specifications.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nonfree software tends to have <a href="/proprietary/">abusive
+features of many kinds</a>, which support the conclusion that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">you can
+never trust a nonfree program</a>. We must insist on free (libre)
+software only, and reject nonfree programs.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the <span
class="removed"><del><strong><abbr>FBI</abbr></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI</em></ins></span> and Microsoft will keep
the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme <span class="removed"><del><strong>have given
it</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>gave early
versions</em></ins></span> names such as
+“trusted computing” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“Palladium”. We call
+it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Palladium”, but</em></ins></span> as
<span class="removed"><del><strong>part of <a
href="http://badvista.org/">Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this
scheme,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>ultimately put into use,</em></ins></span> it
is <span class="removed"><del><strong>the manufacturer that keeps the secret
code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting
it.</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>called
“secure boot”.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>his</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>per</em></ins></span> own <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for
instance,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computer.</em></ins></span> Microsoft
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>can forcibly install upgrades, and it can
order all machines running
+Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
+Vista's many restrictions</strong></del></span> is <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>likely</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use</em></ins></span> that <span
class="removed"><del><strong>users can't overcome. The
threat</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>control on behalf</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>DRM is why we
+have established</strong></del></span> the <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FBI
when asked: it
+already</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html">shows
+the NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to
exploit.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>When</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Secure boot can be implemented in a way that
permits the user to
+specify the signature key and decide what software to sign. In
+practice, PCs designed for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and
+whether the machine's owner can install any other system (such as
+GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's control. We call this <em>restricted
+boot</em>.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1997, when</em></ins></span> this story was first <span
class="removed"><del><strong>written,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>published,</em></ins></span> the SPA was
+threatening small Internet service providers, demanding they permit
+the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrendered when
+threatened, because they <span
class="removed"><del><strong>cannot</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>could not</em></ins></span> afford to fight back in
court. One
+ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the demand
+and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit,
+but <span class="removed"><del><strong>obtained</strong></del></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>DMCA, which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>DMCA</em></ins></span> gave <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> the power <span
class="removed"><del><strong>they</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers
+Association, has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official
+police force; unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods
+reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform
+on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing
+software would be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>raped.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>raped in prison.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
+For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this
+message upon login:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
+are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
+recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
+improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the
+activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this
+system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
+monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
+University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
+everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
+
+<p>
+The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
+The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Here are articles about bad things that
have happened since the
+original publication of this article.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Today's</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></p>
+
+<p>Today's</em></ins></span> commercial
+ebooks <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> abolish
+readers' traditional <span
class="removed"><del><strong>freedoms.</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html">
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access
only</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>freedoms</a>.
Amazon's e-book reader product,
+which I call the “Amazon Swindle” because it's designed to
+swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books,
+is run</em></ins></span> by <span class="removed"><del><strong>signing
+ a</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>software with
several
+demonstrated</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
+ contract not to lend</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/proprietary/malware-kindle-swindle.html">Orwellian
+functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for rejecting the product
+completely:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>It spies on everything the user does:</em></ins></span> it
<span class="removed"><del><strong>to anyone
else</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>reports</em></ins></span> which <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>book</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>publisher</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>user is reading, and which page, and it
reports when the user highlights
+text, and any notes the user enters.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has DRM, which is intended to block users from
+sharing copies.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It has a back door with which Amazon</em></ins></span> can
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>remotely erase any book.
+In 2009, it erased thousands</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>books in
+ electronic form,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>copies of 1984, by George Orwell.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a
universal
+back door with which Amazon can remotely change the
software,</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>copyright
issues affecting</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>introduce any other form of
nastiness.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It
identifies</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>right</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>user and records what books the user obtains.
It also requires
+users</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>read</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>agree to an antisocial contract that they won't share
copies
+with others. My conscience tells me that, if I had agreed to
such</em></ins></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.aspx">Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>contract, the lesser evil would
be</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>control who can read
+ books</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>defy
it</em></ins></span> and <span class="removed"><del><strong>documents on a
PC.</li>
+</ul></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>share copies
+anyway; however, to be entirely good, we should not agree to it in the
+first place.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
+to organize and fight. The
+FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by
Design</a>
+campaign has made a start; subscribe to the campaign's mailing
+list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join
+the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="References">References</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+ href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An
+ explanation of the White Paper:
+ The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan.
1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm">Sold Out</a>,
+ James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html">Public
Data or Private Data</a>,
+ Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/">Union for the Public
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<h5>Other Texts to Read</h5>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
+ GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
+ id="copy-protection">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
+ published in Computer World.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016
Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/08/29 09:28:02 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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