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www distros/screenshot.uk.html distros/po/scree...
From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www distros/screenshot.uk.html distros/po/scree... |
Date: |
Thu, 4 Aug 2016 05:57:33 +0000 (UTC) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 16/08/04 05:57:33
Modified files:
distros : screenshot.uk.html
distros/po : screenshot.uk-en.html screenshot.uk.po
gnu/po : rms-lisp.uk.po
why-programs-should-be-shared.uk.po
server : body-include-2.uk.html
server/po : body-include-2.uk.po
Added files:
gnu : rms-lisp.uk.html
gnu/po : rms-lisp.uk-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/screenshot.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/screenshot.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/screenshot.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/why-programs-should-be-shared.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/body-include-2.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.86&r2=1.87
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/body-include-2.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90
Patches:
Index: distros/screenshot.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/screenshot.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- distros/screenshot.uk.html 1 Apr 2016 08:59:29 -0000 1.7
+++ distros/screenshot.uk.html 4 Aug 2016 05:57:32 -0000 1.8
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
веб-навÑгаÑоÑа]"
width="100%" /></p>
-<p class="c">ÐиглÑд екÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑива Trisquel
GNU/Linux з GNOME, вÑлÑного ÑÑÑлÑниÑного
-ÑеÑедовиÑа; LibreOffice, вÑлÑним пакеÑом оÑÑÑниÑ
пÑогÑам; GIMP, вÑлÑним
-гÑаÑÑÑним ÑедакÑоÑом; GNU IceCat, вÑлÑним
бÑаÑзеÑом на Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Mozilla FireFox.</p>
+<p class="c"><small>ÐиглÑд екÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑива
Trisquel GNU/Linux з GNOME, вÑлÑного
+ÑÑÑлÑниÑного ÑеÑедовиÑа; LibreOffice, вÑлÑним
пакеÑом оÑÑÑниÑ
пÑогÑам;
+GIMP, вÑлÑним гÑаÑÑÑним ÑедакÑоÑом; GNU IceCat,
вÑлÑним бÑаÑзеÑом на базÑ
+Mozilla FireFox.</small></p>
<h3 class="c"><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">СпÑобÑваÑи
GNU/Linux</a></h3>
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2016/04/01 08:59:29 $
+$Date: 2016/08/04 05:57:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: distros/po/screenshot.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/screenshot.uk-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- distros/po/screenshot.uk-en.html 1 Apr 2016 08:59:30 -0000 1.7
+++ distros/po/screenshot.uk-en.html 4 Aug 2016 05:57:33 -0000 1.8
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
width="100%" /></p>
<p class="c"><small>Screenshot of the Trisquel GNU/Linux distribution
-running GNOME, a free desktop environment; LibreOffice, a free office suite;
-GIMP, a free image manipulation program; GNU IceCat, a free web browser based
-on Mozilla Firefox.</small></p>
+running GNOME, a free GNU desktop environment; LibreOffice, a free
+office suite; GIMP, a free GNU image manipulation program; and IceCat,
+a free GNU web browser based on Mozilla Firefox.</small></p>
<h3 class="c"><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">Try GNU/Linux</a></h3>
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/04/01 08:59:30 $
+$Date: 2016/08/04 05:57:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: distros/po/screenshot.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/screenshot.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- distros/po/screenshot.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:33:30 -0000 1.22
+++ distros/po/screenshot.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:57:33 -0000 1.23
@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODINGLanguage: uk\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2016-07-13 17:25+0000\n"
-"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<"
-"=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
+"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 2.0\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -38,11 +37,6 @@
"веб-навÑгаÑоÑа]"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<small>Screenshot of the Trisquel GNU/Linux distribution running GNOME, a "
-#| "free desktop environment; LibreOffice, a free office suite; GIMP, a free "
-#| "image manipulation program; GNU IceCat, a free web browser based on "
-#| "Mozilla Firefox.</small>"
msgid ""
"<small>Screenshot of the Trisquel GNU/Linux distribution running GNOME, a "
"free GNU desktop environment; LibreOffice, a free office suite; GIMP, a free "
Index: gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:33:29 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:57:33 -0000 1.6
@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2014-04-04 23:59+0000\n"
-"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<"
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+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
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"X-Generator: Lokalize 2.0\n"
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"to write a lot of it in to make it easily extensible, like the editor. The "
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#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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msgstr "Ðновлено:"
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RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/why-programs-should-be-shared.uk.po,v
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retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/why-programs-should-be-shared.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:33:29 -0000
1.1
+++ gnu/po/why-programs-should-be-shared.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:57:33 -0000
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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retrieving revision 1.86
retrieving revision 1.87
diff -u -b -r1.86 -r1.87
--- server/body-include-2.uk.html 3 Aug 2016 15:59:36 -0000 1.86
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Index: server/po/body-include-2.uk.po
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retrieving revision 1.89
retrieving revision 1.90
diff -u -b -r1.89 -r1.90
--- server/po/body-include-2.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:33:29 -0000 1.89
+++ server/po/body-include-2.uk.po 4 Aug 2016 05:57:33 -0000 1.90
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Ñк Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð² полÑÑизÑвалоÑÑ
+внаÑлÑдок жаÑ
ливиÑ
подÑй, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо Ñобив
одне ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑам за
+ÑнÑими, Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· ниÑ
не мали жодного
ÑÑоÑÑÐ½ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÐÑÑпа. Ðле водноÑÐ°Ñ Ñ
+пиÑав ÑекÑÑовий ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Emacs. ЦÑкава дÑмка,
закладена в Emacs, полÑгала в
+ÑомÑ, Ñо в нÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñла мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸
+ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑованÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑомÑ
пÑд ÑаÑ
+ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑло
заванÑажÑваÑи Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸. Ðожна бÑло
+пÑдÑедагÑваÑи пÑогÑами, Ñкими
коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм пÑодовжÑваÑи
ÑедагÑваÑи
+ними. ÐÑже, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑиÑÑема, коÑиÑна не
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе-Ñаки пÑд
+ÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑло
пÑогÑамÑваÑи. Я не знаÑ, Ñи Ñе бÑла пеÑÑа
+Ñака ÑиÑÑема, але Ñе ÑоÑно бÑв пеÑÑий Ñакий
ÑедакÑоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð°ÑмоÑÑеÑа побÑдови гÑганÑÑÑкиÑ
,
ÑкладниÑ
пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²
+ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑедагÑваннÑ, а поÑÑм
обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ з ÑнÑими лÑдÑми, живила дÑÑ
+вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ, Ñкий панÑвав ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð²
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ. ÐдеÑ
+бÑла в ÑомÑ, Ñо можна пеÑедаÑи копÑÑ
пÑогÑами, Ñо в Ñебе Ñ, ÑомÑ, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð°
+поÑÑÑбна. Ðи обмÑнÑвалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами з
ÑÑÑма, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑлÑки Ñ
оÑÑв ними
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ, пÑогÑами бÑли лÑдÑÑким
знаннÑм. ÐÑож, Ñ
оÑа Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
+оÑганÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ñмки, Ñка б
поÑднÑвала Ñе, Ñк ми обмÑнÑвалиÑÑ
+пÑогÑамами Ð·Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑваннÑм Emacs, Ñ
пеÑеконаний, Ñо мÑж ними бÑв
+зв'Ñзок можливо, неÑÑвÑдомлений. Я
дÑмаÑ, Ñо Ñаме пÑиÑода наÑого
+ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð² ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного
ÑнÑелекÑÑ Ð¿Ñивела до ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Emacs Ñ
+зÑобила його Ñаким, Ñким вÑн бÑв.</p>
+
+<p>У пеÑвÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Emacs ÐÑÑпа не бÑло. ÐовоÑ
низÑкого ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ —
+неÑÑеÑпÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
аÑÐµÐ¼Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ PDP-10. ÐнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ, Ñкий
+ми пиÑали, наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑавÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Emacs, вÑн
пиÑавÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ TECO <a
+href="#tf1">[1]</a>. Це бÑв Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑекÑÑовий ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ
вкÑай поÑвоÑна мова
+пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, наÑÑÑлÑки поÑвоÑна,
наÑкÑлÑки Ñе Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾. ÐÑиÑина
+бÑла в ÑомÑ, Ñо вона не бÑла ÑпÑоекÑована
Ñк мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, а наÑомÑÑÑÑ
+Ñк мова ÑедакÑоÑа Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´. ÐÑли ÑакÑ
команди, Ñк “5l”, Ñо
+ознаÑало “пеÑеÑÑнÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° п'ÑÑÑ
ÑÑдкÑв”, або “i” з
+наÑÑÑпним ÑÑдком Ñа <em>ESC</em> Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб
вÑÑавиÑи Ñей ÑÑдок. Ðожна
+бÑло набÑаÑи ÑÑдок, Ñкий бÑв поÑлÑдовнÑÑÑÑ
команд, Ñкий називавÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
+ÑÑдком. ÐÑн завеÑÑÑвавÑÑ Ñимволами <em>ESC</em>
<em>ESC</em>, Ñ ÑодÑ
+поÑлÑдовнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑвалаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑм лÑди Ñ
оÑÑли доповниÑи ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ
заÑобами пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ додали
+деÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ñоби. ÐапÑиклад, однÑÑÑ Ð· пеÑÑиÑ
бÑла додана конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ ÑиклÑ, Ñе
+бÑли <em><</em> <em>></em>. ÐÐµÑ Ð¾ÑоÑÑвали
команди, Ñ Ñе бÑв Ñикл. ÐÑли
+ÑнÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·ÑозÑмÑÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸, Ñкими можна бÑло
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñмовного виÑ
одÑ
+з ÑиклÑ. ÐÑи ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Emacs ми <a
href="#foot-1">(1)</a> додали
+можливÑÑÑÑ ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑдпÑогÑам з
Ñменами. Ðо Ñого Ñе бÑв нÑби ÐейÑик, Ñ
+назваÑ
пÑдпÑогÑам могло бÑÑи ÑÑлÑки по
однÑй бÑквÑ. ÐиÑаÑи на ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ
+пÑогÑами бÑло важко, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ допиÑали
пÑогÑамÑ, Ñоб Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
могли маÑи довгÑ
+назви. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñам бÑли Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ñ
иÑÑомÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñоби; здаÑÑÑÑÑ, заÑÑб
+“unwind-protect” ÐÑÑп запозиÑив з TECO.</p>
+
+<p>Ðи поÑали закладаÑи доÑиÑÑ Ñ
иÑÑомÑдÑÑ
заÑоби, Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑв поÑвоÑний
+ÑинÑакÑиÑ, Ñкий ÑÑлÑки-но можна пÑидÑмаÑи,
Ñ Ñе пÑаÑÑвало лÑди
+вÑе одно бÑли Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи на ÑÑомÑ
Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами. ÐÑевидним ÑÑоком бÑло
+Ñе, Ñо Ñака мова, Ñк TECO, неÑпÑоекÑована Ñк
мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ,— Ñ
+Ñ
ибним ÑлÑÑ
ом. Ðова, на ÑкÑй ви бÑдÑÑÑе
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑозÑиÑеннÑ, повинна
+замиÑлÑваÑиÑÑ Ñк мова пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ
заднÑм ÑиÑлом; ÑÑ Ð²ÑдÑÐ°Ð·Ñ ÑлÑд
+пÑоекÑÑваÑи Ñк Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ.
ФакÑиÑно, ми виÑвили, Ñо найкÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ
+пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
ÑÑлей бÑв ÐÑÑп.</p>
+
+<p>Це вÑдкÑив ÐеÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑÑнбеÑг <a
href="#foot-2">(2)</a>. ÐÑн напиÑав веÑÑÑÑ
+Emacs на MacLisp в Multics, Ñ Ð²Ñн пиÑав ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
на MacLisp
+пÑÑмолÑнÑйним меÑодом. Сам ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
повнÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñаний на ÐÑÑпÑ. Emacs
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Multics мав великий ÑÑпÑÑ
пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
команд
+ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло Ñаким зÑÑÑним, Ñо навÑÑÑ
ÑекÑеÑаÑки в його конÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñали
+навÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼. Ðони
коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбником, Ñке Ñ
ÑоÑÑ
напиÑав
+Ñ Ð² ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñло показано, Ñк доповнÑваÑи Emacs,
але Ñам не говоÑилоÑÑ, Ñо Ñе
+пÑогÑамÑваннÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑеÑаÑок, ÑкÑ
дÑмали, Ñо не можÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи, Ñе не
+вÑдлÑкÑвало. Ðони ÑиÑали поÑÑбник,
виÑвлÑли, Ñо можÑÑÑ ÑобиÑи ÑоÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑне,
+Ñ Ð²ÑилиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑож, ÐеÑÐ½Ñ Ð·ÑозÑмÑв, Ñо заÑÑоÑÑнок —
пÑогÑама, Ñка ÑобиÑÑ ÑоÑÑ
+коÑиÑне Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
ÐÑÑп Ñ ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ можеÑе
+доповнÑваÑи, пеÑепиÑÑÑÑи пÑогÑами на
ÐÑÑпÑ,— наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð´Ñже Ñ
оÑоÑий
+ÑпоÑÑб навÑиÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи. Це даÑ
лÑдÑм можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи невеликÑ
+пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
коÑиÑнÑ, Ñого в
бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑей ви напевно не
+можеÑе. Ðони можÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑимÑваÑи заоÑ
оÑеннÑ
вÑд пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+ÑамиÑ
на ÑÑадÑÑ, де Ñе найважÑе — коли
вони не дÑмаÑÑÑ, Ñо можÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑамÑваÑи,— поки вони не дÑйдÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
ÑоÑки, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ вже ÑÑали
+пÑогÑамÑÑÑами.</p>
+
+<p>У Ñей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ñди поÑали мÑÑкÑваÑи, Ñк
оÑÑимаÑи ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñбне на плаÑÑоÑмÑ,
+де Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа. У
MacLisp Ð´Ð»Ñ Multics бÑв
+компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñа ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ — Ñе
бÑла повнÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑнаÑена ÑиÑÑема
+ÐÑÑп — але лÑдÑм коÑÑÑлоÑÑ
впÑовадиÑи подÑбне на ÑнÑиÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
,
+де Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло вже напиÑаного
компÑлÑÑоÑа ÐаÑпа. ÐÑ, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ
+компÑлÑÑоÑа ÐаÑпа, ви не можеÑе напиÑаÑи
веÑÑ ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ —
+вÑн бÑв би занадÑо повÑлÑним, оÑобливо
пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ, ÑкÑо б довелоÑÑ
+виконÑваÑи ÐиÑп на ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑÑ. Таким
Ñином, ми ÑозÑобили гÑбÑиднÑ
+ÑеÑ
нÑкÑ. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ, Ñоб пиÑаÑи
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ ÐÑÑпа Ñ
+низÑкоÑÑÐ²Ð½ÐµÐ²Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑедакÑоÑа Ñазом,
ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑини ÑедакÑоÑа ÑÑавали
+вбÑдованими заÑобами ÐÑÑпа. Це бÑли б
бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ ÑаÑÑини, в опÑимÑзаÑÑÑ ÑкиÑ
+ми вÑдÑÑвали необÑ
ÑднÑÑÑÑ. Ð¦Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸
вже ÑвÑдомо пÑакÑикÑвали Ñ
+пеÑвÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Emacs, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо бÑли Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ñми
виÑокоÑÑÐ²Ð½ÐµÐ²Ñ ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸
+пеÑеÑеалÑзÑвали на маÑиннÑй мовÑ,
пеÑеÑобивÑи ÑÑ
на пÑимÑÑиви
+TECO. ÐапÑиклад, бÑв пÑимÑÑив TECO длÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð·Ð°ÑÑ (наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑи Ñз Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑомÑ
Ñо деÑÐºÑ Ð· Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑомÑÑÑкиÑ
+ÑаÑÑин ÑобоÑи виконÑвалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° виÑомÑ
ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ TECO). Ðожна бÑло
+виконÑваÑи вÑÑ ÑобоÑÑ, напиÑавÑи пÑогÑамÑ
на TECO, але вона бÑла занадÑо
+повÑлÑноÑ, Ñак Ñо ми опÑимÑзÑвали ÑÑ,
пеÑеноÑÑÑи ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑÑ Ð½Ð° маÑиннÑ
+мовÑ. ТÑÑ (в гÑбÑÐ¸Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
нÑки) ми
ÑкоÑиÑÑалиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ ÑдеÑÑ: велика ÑаÑÑина
+ÑедакÑоÑа бÑде напиÑана на ÐÑÑпÑ, але
Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑаÑÑини, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно бÑло
+виконÑваÑи оÑобливо Ñвидко, бÑдÑÑÑ
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° низÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Таким Ñином, коли Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñав ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгÑ
ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ Emacs, Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑимÑвавÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑ
еми. Ðова низÑкого ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑе не бÑла
маÑÐ¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ, Ñе бÑв СÑ. СÑ
+виÑвилаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоÑ, еÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
пеÑеноÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, пÑизнаÑениÑ
длÑ
+Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
на
кÑÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Unix. Там бÑв ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ
+ÐÑÑпа, але Ñ ÑеалÑзÑвав заÑоби длÑ
виÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑпеÑÑалÑниÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑедагÑваннÑ
+безпоеÑеднÑо на Ð¡Ñ ÑÑди вÑ
одили
манÑпÑлÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑеÑами ÑедакÑоÑа,
+вÑÑавка ÑекÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑок, ÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
ÑайлÑв, Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑеÑа на
+екÑанÑ, ÑпÑавлÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñкнами ÑедакÑоÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑеÑÑ Ñе бÑв не пеÑÑий Emacs, напиÑаний на
Ð¡Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав в Unix. ÐеÑÑий бÑв
+напиÑаний ÐжеймÑом ÐоÑлÑнгом, його
називали GosMacs. РниÑ
вийÑла дивна
+ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ. СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ñн, здавалоÑÑ,
пеÑебÑвав пÑд впливом ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ ÑамоÑ
+аÑмоÑÑеÑи обмÑÐ½Ñ Ñ ÑпÑвÑобÑÑниÑÑва
поÑаÑкового Emacs. Я ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑкав
+поÑаÑковий Emacs Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñдей в
ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑ
нологÑÑномÑ
+ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐеÑ
Ñо заÑ
оÑÑв пеÑенеÑÑи його на
Twenex ÑпоÑаÑкÑ
+ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав ÑÑлÑки Ñ ÐеÑÑмÑÑнÑй
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ, ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
+коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ Ð² ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ðони пеÑенеÑли
його на Twenex, Ñе ознаÑало, Ñо в
+ÑвÑÑÑ Ð±Ñло кÑлÑка ÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑиÑлÑвалÑниÑ
ÑиÑÑем, в ÑкиÑ
поÑенÑÑйно можна бÑло
+його заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи. Ðи поÑали поÑиÑеннÑ
ÑеÑед ниÑ
Ñз пÑавилом “ ви
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑилаÑи назад ÑвоÑ
полÑпÑеннє, Ñоб ми вÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ оÑÑимÑваÑи
+з ÑÑого коÑиÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ
Ñо нÑколи не намагавÑÑ
ÑÑежиÑи за доÑÑиманнÑм ÑÑого, але
+наÑкÑлÑки Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ, лÑди дÑйÑно
ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑвали.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÐоÑлÑнг, на пеÑÑиÑ
поÑаÑ
, здавалоÑÑ,
бÑав Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ. ÐÑн напиÑав
+пÑдÑÑÑник, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñн називав ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑ
Emacs, ÑподÑваÑÑиÑÑ, Ñо ÑнÑÑ
+Ñлени ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва бÑдÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑаÑÑваÑи
ÑÑ, поки вона не заÑлÑгожиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
+назви. Це бÑв пÑавилÑний пÑдÑ
Ñд до
ÑпÑлÑноÑи пÑоÑиÑи ÑÑ
+пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑпÑÑваÑи пÑогÑамÑ. Ðле
пÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑÑого його ÑÑавленнÑ,
+здаÑÑÑÑÑ, змÑнилоÑÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñн пÑодав пÑогÑамÑ
однÑй компанÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñей ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав над ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ GNU
(вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ ÑипÑ
+Unix, ÑÐºÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо Ñ
Ñо помилково називаÑ
“Linux”). ÐÑлÑного
+ÑедакÑоÑа Emacs, Ñкий пÑаÑÑвав би в Unix, не
ÑÑнÑвало. ÐÑоÑе бÑв Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ
+знайомий, Ñкий бÑав ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ ÑозÑобÑÑ Emacs
ÐоÑлÑнга. ÐоÑлÑнг пеÑедав йомÑ,
+по елекÑÑоннÑй поÑÑÑ, дозвÑл поÑиÑÑваÑи
його влаÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑн запÑопонÑвав
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
виÑвив, Ñо в Emacs ÐоÑлÑнга не бÑло
+ÑпÑавжнÑого ÐÑÑпа. РнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñла мова
пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, вÑдома Ñк
+“mocklisp”, вÑн ÑинÑакÑиÑно виглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ñк
ÐиÑп, але Ñ Ð½ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ
+ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÐиÑпа. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами не
бÑли даними Ñ Ð½Ðµ виÑÑаÑало жиÑÑÑво
+важливиÑ
елеменÑÑв ÐÑÑпа. Ðого
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑами даниÑ
бÑли ÑÑдки, ÑиÑла Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкÑ
+ÑнÑÑ ÑпеÑÑалÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±'ÑкÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Я пÑийÑов до виÑновкÑ, Ñо не можÑ
ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñим, Ñ Ð±Ñв змÑÑений замÑниÑи
+Ñе вÑе. ÐеÑÑим кÑоком бÑло напиÑаннÑ
ÑпÑавжнÑого ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑа ÐÑÑпа. Я
+поÑÑÑпово пеÑебазÑвав ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑинÑ
ÑедакÑоÑа на ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑи даниÑ
+ÐÑÑпа замÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаниÑ
Ñак-ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ
даниÑ
, ÑÑвоÑивÑи можливÑÑÑÑ
+Ð²Ð¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑедакÑоÑа Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð½ÑпÑлÑÑÑй ними Ñ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
на ÐÑÑпÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдиним винÑÑком бÑло вÑдобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
диÑплеÑ. Ðовгий ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+диÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÑ Ð±Ñло ÑнÑим ÑвÑÑом. РедакÑоÑ
вÑÑÑпав Ñ ÑвÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑемалÑовÑваннÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе
+поÑинало пÑоводиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ абÑолÑÑно
оÑобливими ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑами даниÑ
, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑкиÑ
не
+бÑло безпеÑного збоÑÑ ÑмÑÑÑÑ, не бÑло
безпеÑниÑ
пеÑеÑиванÑ, Ñ Ð² Ñей ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+можна бÑло виконÑваÑи нÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам на
ÐÑÑпÑ. Ð ÑиÑ
пÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ Ñе
+змÑнили заÑаз можна виконÑваÑи
пÑогÑами на ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð¿Ñд ÑаÑ
+пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ. Це дÑже зÑÑÑно.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð´ÑÑга пÑогÑама Emacs бÑла “вÑлÑноÑ
пÑогÑамоє ÑÑÑаÑномÑ
+ÑозÑмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑого Ñлова — вона бÑла
ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑноÑ
+кампанÑÑ Ð·Ð° звÑлÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам. СÑÑнÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ, Ñо
+кожен Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñаво вÑлÑно ÑобиÑи Ñе, Ñо ми Ñ
ÑÑаÑÑ ÑаÑи Ñобили в
+ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑ
нологÑÑномÑ
ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, пÑаÑÑÑÑи Ñазом над пÑогÑамами Ñ
+пÑаÑÑÑÑи з ÑÑÑма, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑлÑки бажав
пÑаÑÑваÑи з нами. Це ÑÑало оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñ
+за вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑвÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ жиÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ
пÑаÑÑйÑе над лÑдÑÑким знаннÑм Ñ
+не ÑÑовбиÑÑе Ð½Ñ Ð² кого на ÑлÑÑ
Ñ Ð´Ð¾
подалÑÑого заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñа подалÑÑого
+поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð»ÑдÑÑкого знаннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñей ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑло зÑобиÑи комп'ÑÑеÑ,
Ñкий коÑÑÑвав пÑиблизно ÑÑÑлÑки ж,
+ÑкÑлÑки ÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи, не пÑизнаÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÐÑÑпа, але вÑн виконÑвав би ÐÑÑп
+набагаÑо ÑвидÑе, нÑж вони, Ñ Ð¿Ñи ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·
Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑипÑв на кожнÑй
+опеÑаÑÑÑ. ÐвиÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи, Ñк пÑавило,
змÑÑÑвали вибиÑаÑи мÑж ÑвидкÑÑÑÑ
+Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑипÑв.
ÐÑож, звиÑайно, можна бÑло оÑÑимаÑи
+компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐÑÑпа Ñ Ñвидко виконÑваÑи
пÑогÑами, але коли вони намагалиÑÑ
+взÑÑи <code>car</code> вÑд ÑиÑла, Ñе пÑизводило до
безглÑздиÑ
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑв Ñ
+вÑеÑÑÑ-ÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ñизводило до
збоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑина ÐÑÑпа бÑла в Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи
команди майже Ñак Ñамо Ñвидко, Ñк ÑÑ
+ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñини, але кожна команда... команда
<code>car</code> виконÑвала
+пеÑевÑÑÐºÑ ÑипÑв — ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ ви
намагалиÑÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи <code>car</code>
+вÑд ÑиÑла Ñ ÑкомпÑлованÑй пÑогÑамÑ, Ñе
негайно давало помилкÑ. Ðи побÑдÑвали
+маÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема ÐÑÑпа. Ðона майже повнÑÑÑÑ
+бÑла напиÑана на ÐÑÑпÑ, за винÑÑком ÑаÑÑин,
запиÑаниÑ
в мÑкÑокодÑ. Ðиник
+ÑнÑеÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ виÑобниÑÑва маÑин, а Ñе
ознаÑало, Ñо поÑÑÑбно ÑÑвоÑиÑи компанÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑло два ÑÑзниÑ
ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, ÑкоÑ
повинна бÑÑи ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ. ÐÑÑнблеÑ
+Ñ
оÑÑв ÑÑвоÑиÑи Ñе, Ñо вÑн називав “Ñ
акеÑÑÑкоє компанÑÑÑ. Це
+ознаÑало, Ñо Ñе бÑла б компанÑÑ Ð¿Ñд
ÑпÑавлÑннÑм Ñ
акеÑÑв Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑÑ ÑпÑиÑÑливо
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ
акеÑÑв. ÐнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñла пÑдÑÑимка
кÑлÑÑÑÑи ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного
+ÑнÑелекÑÑ <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>. Ðа жалÑ, Ñ
ÐÑÑнблеÑа не бÑло
+нÑÑкого дÑлового доÑвÑдÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð»Ñди з
гÑÑпи маÑини ÐÑÑпа говоÑили, Ñо
+вони ÑÑмнÑваÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² його ÑпÑоможноÑÑÑ Ñе
зÑобиÑи. Ðони дÑмали, Ñо ÑникнÑÑи
+зовнÑÑнÑÑ
капÑÑаловкладенÑ, Ñк вÑн
планÑвав, не вдаÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðле ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñн Ñ
оÑÑв ÑникнÑÑи зовнÑÑнÑÑ
капÑÑаловкладенÑ? Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо коли Ñ
+компанÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¸, вони беÑÑÑÑ
конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð² ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑки Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дозволÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ бÑÑи педанÑиÑним; а ÑкÑо ви
ÑкÑлÑки-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð½ÑиÑнÑ, Ñо
+вони вÑеÑÑÑ-ÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° кеÑÑвнÑ
поÑÐ°Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-небÑÐ´Ñ ÑнÑого.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑож, Ñ ÐÑÑнблеÑа бÑла дÑмка, Ñо вÑн
знайде клÑÑнÑа, Ñкий заплаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°
+комплекÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑед. Ðони зÑбÑали б маÑини
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавили ÑÑ
йомÑ; оÑÑимÑÑÑи
+Ñаким Ñином доÑ
Ñд з ÑиÑ
комплекÑÑÑÑиÑ
,
вони змогли б кÑпиÑи комплекÑÑÑÑÑ Ñе
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÐµÐºÑлÑкоÑ
маÑин, пÑодаÑи ÑÑ
, а поÑÑм
кÑпиÑи комплекÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑого
+ÑиÑла маÑин Ñ Ñак далÑ. ÐнÑÑ Ð»Ñди з гÑÑпи
дÑмали, Ñо Ñак пÑаÑÑваÑи не вийде.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑинблÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑив РаÑела ÐоÑÑÑкеÑа,
лÑдинÑ, Ñка найнÑла мене, а в згодом
+пÑÑла з ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ Ñ
ÑÑвоÑила пÑибÑÑковÑ
+компанÑÑ. ÐважалоÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð Ð°Ñела Ñ Ð´Ñлова Ñ
ваÑка. ÐÑн пÑодемонÑÑÑÑвав ÑÑ
+дÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñ
ваÑкÑ, ÑказавÑи лÑдÑм в гÑÑпÑ:
“ÐавайÑе кинемо ÐÑÑнблеÑа Ñ
+забÑдемо пÑо його ÑдеÑ; а ми ÑÑвоÑимо ÑнÑÑ
компанÑÑ”. ÐдаÑив Ñ ÑпинÑ,
+зовÑÑм Ñк ÑпÑавжнÑй пÑдпÑиÑмеÑÑ. Ð¦Ñ Ð»Ñди
виÑÑÑили ÑÑоÑмÑваÑи компанÑÑ Ð¿Ñд
+Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ “Symbolics”, залÑÑаÑи зовнÑÑнÑй
капÑÑал, не бÑÑи
+педанÑиÑними Ñ ÑобиÑи вÑе можливе, Ñоб
пеÑемогÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Ðле ÐÑÑÐ½Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑдÑÑÑпив. ÐÑн Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкÑ
лоÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ нÑого лÑди
+виÑÑÑили вÑе одно ÑÑвоÑиÑи Lisp Machines Inc. Ñ
пÑаÑÑваÑи за ÑвоÑм планом. Ð
+Ñо б ви дÑмали? Ðм Ñе вдалоÑÑ! У ниÑ
з'ÑвивÑÑ
пеÑÑий клÑÑнÑ, Ñ Ñм заплаÑили
+напеÑед. Ðони збиÑали маÑини, пÑодавали ÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð±Ð¸Ñали Ñе Ñ Ñе. ÐÑеÑÑÑ-ÑеÑÑ
+вони ÑÑали на ноги, незважаÑÑи на Ñе, Ñо
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей в гÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ñм не
+допомагали. ÐомпанÑÑ Symbolics Ñакож поÑала
ÑÑпÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð´ÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñло
+Ð´Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ, Ñо виÑоблÑÑÑÑ
маÑини-ÐÑÑпи. Ðоли в Symbolics
+зÑозÑмÑли, Ñо LMI не дÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÑÑаÑи в ÑÑÑбÑ,
вони ÑÑали ÑÑкаÑи ÑпоÑоби
+зÑÑйнÑваÑи ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Таким Ñином, за вÑдÑ
одом з наÑоÑ
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑала “вÑйна” в
+наÑÑй лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ. ÐÑдÑ
Ñд ÑÑавÑÑ, коли
компанÑÑ Symbolics пеÑеманила вÑÑÑ
+Ñ
акеÑÑв, кÑÑм мене Ñ ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо за
ÑÑмÑÑниÑÑвом пÑаÑÑвав Ñ LMI. ÐоÑÑм вони
+вÑÑановили пÑавило Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»ÑÑили ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо за
ÑÑмÑÑниÑÑвом пÑаÑÑвав в
+ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñм довелоÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑи повнÑÑÑÑ,
Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑивÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½. ТепеÑ
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ Ð±Ñла
безпоÑадна. Ð ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ Ñклав з Ñими
+двома компанÑÑми Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ñже дÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑгодÑ. Це
бÑв ÑÑиÑÑоÑоннÑй договÑÑ, Ñ ÑкомÑ
+Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð´Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑвали виÑ
ÑднÑ
ÑекÑÑи ÑиÑÑеми маÑини ÐÑÑпа. Ð¦Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли надаваÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни в
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ðле в договоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+говоÑилоÑÑ, Ñо ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñаво
ÑозмÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
в ÑиÑÑемаÑ
ÑвоÑÑ
маÑин
+ÐÑÑпÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑвали Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð´Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ.
ÐÑÑ
Ñо не пеÑедбаÑав, Ñо гÑÑпÑ
+Ñ
акеÑÑв ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ
ÑозженÑÑÑ, але Ñак Ñ ÑÑалоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p> ÐÑже, в Symbolics дозÑÑв план <a
href="#foot-4">(4)</a>. Ðони Ñказали
+лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ: “Ðи пÑодовжимо надаваÑи Ñ
ваÑе коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни в
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, але вам не можна ÑозмÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
в
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини ÐÑÑпа
+ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого ми надамо вам
доÑÑÑп до ÑиÑÑеми маÑини ÐÑÑпа
+Symbolics, Ñ Ð²Ð¸ зможеÑе пÑаÑÑваÑи на нÑй, але Ñе
вÑе, Ñо ви можеÑе ÑобиÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Це ÑакÑиÑно ознаÑало, Ñо вони зажадали
вÑд Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑаÑи на ÑÑ Ñи ÑнÑÑ Ð±Ñк Ñ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ веÑÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, або
веÑÑÑÑÑ Symbolics. Що б ми не
+вибÑали, Ñе визнаÑало б, в ÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
пÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑдоÑконаленнÑ. ЯкÑо б ми
+пÑаÑÑвали над веÑÑÑÑÑ Symbolics Ñ
вдоÑконалÑвали ÑÑ, ми пÑдÑÑимÑвали б
+ÑÑлÑки Symbolics. ЯкÑо б ми коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ
веÑÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð¾ÑконалÑвали
+ÑÑ, ми надавали б ÑобоÑÑ Ð² ÑозпоÑÑдженнÑ
обоÑ
компанÑй, але в Symbolics
+ÑозÑмÑли, Ñо з наÑого Ð±Ð¾ÐºÑ Ñе бÑло б
пÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐºÐ¾Ñ LMI, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ми допомагали б
+Ñм пÑодовжÑваÑи ÑÑнÑваннÑ. ÐÑож, нам не
дозволили залиÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ÑÑалÑними.</p>
+
+<p>Ðж до ÑÑого моменÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑиймав ÑÑоÑонÑ
Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð· компанÑй, Ñ
оÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло
+болÑÑе баÑиÑи, Ñо ÑÑалоÑÑ Ð· наÑим
ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑвом Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами. Ðле ÑепеÑ
+компанÑÑ Symbolics пÑимÑÑÑвала мене до ÑÑого.
ÐÑже, намагаÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñи
+компанÑÑ Lisp Machines Inc. вÑÑимаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð²Ñ <a
+href="#foot-5">(5)</a>, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав дÑблÑваÑи вÑÑ
полÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини
+ÐÑÑпа, ÑÐºÑ Ñобили в Symbolics. Я пиÑав
еквÑваленÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñам (ÑобÑо
+ÑекÑÑи пÑогÑам бÑли моÑми влаÑними).</p>
+
+<p>ЧеÑез деÑкий ÑÐ°Ñ <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a> Ñ
пÑийÑов до виÑновкÑ, Ñо
+бÑло б найкÑаÑе, Ñкби Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ заглÑдав
Ñ ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑи. Ðоли вони Ñобили
+оголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо випÑÑк попеÑеднÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ,
в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñв Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑкÑ, Ñ Ð±Ð°Ñив,
+ÑÐºÑ Ñам бÑли ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм впÑоваджÑвав
ÑÑ
. Ðо Ñого ÑаÑÑ, Ñк вони
+випÑÑкали оÑÑаÑоÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ñеж випÑÑкав
ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Таким Ñином, пÑоÑÑгом двоÑ
ÑокÑв Ñ Ð½Ðµ
давав Ñм покÑнÑиÑи з LMI, Ñ ÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ñ
+компанÑÑ Ð¿ÑодовжÑвали ÑобоÑÑ. Ðле Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑÑв виÑÑаÑаÑи Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð³Ñ Ñоки на Ñе, Ñоб
+покаÑаÑи когоÑÑ, пÑоÑÑо заважаÑÑи злÑй
ÑпÑавÑ. Я побаÑив, Ñо вони покаÑанÑ
+доÑиÑÑ ÒÑÑнÑовно, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вони наÑÑапили
на конкÑÑенÑÑÑ, Ñка не йÑла Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+збиÑалаÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñи <a href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Тим
ÑаÑом пÑийÑла поÑа
+поÑаÑи облаÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва замÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñке бÑло
зниÑено
+ÑÑ
нÑми дÑÑми Ñа дÑÑми ÑнÑиÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>У ÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокаÑ
ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑво ÐÑÑпа
не обмежÑвалоÑÑ ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑкого ÑеÑ
нологÑÑного ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ вÑÑ
+Ñ
акеÑи бÑли в ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑйна, ÑкÑ
ÑозпоÑала компанÑÑ Symbolics,
+ÑпÑÑÑоÑила ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑкий ÑеÑ
нологÑÑний
ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ, але в Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑдбÑвалиÑÑ
+Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ. ÐÑли лÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑипинÑли
ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñе Ñазом ÑпÑÑÑоÑило
+наÑе ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑво, Ñ Ð²Ñд нÑого майже
нÑÑого не залиÑилоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðоли Ñ Ð¿Ñипинив каÑаÑи Symbolics, менÑ
довелоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ð´ÑваÑи, Ñо ÑобиÑи
+далÑ. ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно бÑло зÑобиÑи вÑлÑнÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñе бÑло
+ÑÑно Ñдиним ÑпоÑобом даÑи лÑдÑм
ÑпÑлÑно пÑаÑÑваÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÑнÑваÑиÑÑ
+бÑла вÑлÑна опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+
+<p>СпеÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ñмав пÑо ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми на
Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ ÐÑÑпа, але ÑÑвÑдомив, Ñо з
+ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑки зоÑÑ Ñе не добÑе. Щоб
оÑÑимаÑи ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñбне до ÑиÑÑеми
+маÑини ÐÑÑпа, поÑÑÑбен мÑкÑокод
ÑпеÑÑалÑного пÑизнаÑеннÑ. Саме Ñе
дозволÑло
+виконÑваÑи пÑогÑами Ñак Ñамо Ñвидко, Ñк
ÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи виконÑвали ÑвоÑ
+пÑогÑами, Ñ Ð¿Ñи ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñе й коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ
пеÑевÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑипÑв. Ðез ÑÑого ÑÑе
+звелоÑÑ Ð± до ÑогоÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑÑÐ°Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑлÑÑоÑÑв
ÐÑÑпа Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
маÑин. ÐÑогÑами
+бÑли б ÑвидÑими, але водноÑаÑ
неÑÑабÑлÑними. Так оÑ, Ñе пÑипÑÑÑимо, ÑкÑо
+виконÑваÑи Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·
подÑлом ÑаÑÑ — ÑкÑо одна
+пÑогÑама Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð±Ñй, Ñе не каÑаÑÑÑоÑа, Ñе
ÑоÑÑ, Ñо ваÑа пÑогÑама ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑаÑÑ
+ÑобиÑÑ. Ðле Ñе Ñобило ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ доÑиÑÑ Ð³Ð°ÑноÑ,
Ñоб пиÑаÑи на нÑй опеÑаÑÑйнÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑдмовивÑÑ Ð²Ñд дÑмки пÑо
Ñе, Ñоб зÑобиÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° взÑÑеÑÑ
+маÑини ÐÑÑпа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑив зÑобиÑи
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Unix, в ÑкÑй бÑли б
+ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐиÑпа Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑвалÑниÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам. ЯдÑо бÑло б
+напиÑаним не на ÐÑÑпÑ, але ÐÑÑп Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñв
би. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñама ÑозÑобка ÑÑÑÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
GNU, пÑивела мене до напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ GNU
+Emacs. РпÑоÑеÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿ÑагнÑв зÑобиÑи
абÑолÑÑно мÑнÑмалÑно можливÑ
+ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа. РозмÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам мав
надзвиÑайне знаÑеннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñой ÑаÑ, в 1985 ÑоÑÑ, ÑÑнÑвали лÑди,
ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ одномегабайÑовÑ
+маÑини без вÑÑÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð¼'ÑÑÑ. Ðони Ñ
оÑÑли бÑÑи в Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑваÑи GNU
+Emacs. Це ознаÑало, Ñо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно
обмежÑваÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÑкнайменÑим
+ÑозмÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиклÑÑноÑ
конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла “while”,
+Ñка Ñ Ð²ÐºÑай пÑоÑÑоÑ. Ðе бÑло нÑÑкиÑ
ÑпоÑобÑв доÑÑÑокового виÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð· опеÑаÑоÑа
+“while”, доводилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑ
анÑзмом виклÑÑенÑ
+або пеÑевÑÑÑÑи змÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑиклÑ. Це показÑÑ,
Ñк далеко Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ñов Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
+на ÑозмÑÑ. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло “caar”,
“cadr” Ñ Ñак далÑ;
+“виÑавиÑи вÑе можливе” Ñаким
дÑÑ
ом бÑв пÑоÑÑкнÑÑий
+GNU Emacs Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÐÑÑп з Ñамого поÑаÑкÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑозÑмÑло, маÑин заÑаз бÑлÑÑе Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ вже
Ñак не Ñобимо. Ðи заклали
+“caar”, “cadr” Ñ Ñак далÑ, Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñаз
пÑи Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
+могли б заклаÑÑи ÑнÑÑ ÑиклÑÑнÑ
конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ. Ðи оÑ
оÑе ÑозÑиÑимо його в
деÑкиÑ
+межаÑ
, але ми не Ñ
оÑемо ÑозÑиÑÑваÑи його до
ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ ÐагалÑного ÐÑÑпа. Я одного
+ÑÐ°Ð·Ñ ÑеалÑзовÑвав ÐагалÑний ÐÑÑп на
маÑинÑ-ÐÑÑпÑ, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñн не Ñак вже
+ÑподобавÑÑ. Ðдна з ÑеÑей, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑÑÑаÑенно не подобаÑÑÑÑÑ
+аÑгÑменÑи-клÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ñлова <a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.
Ðа мÑй поглÑд, Ñе
+виглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ зовÑÑм по-лÑÑпÑвÑÑки; ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
пиÑÑ Ñак, але Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¶Ñ Ð´Ð¾ мÑнÑмÑмÑ
+кÑлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑв, коли Ñ Ñе ÑоблÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑи GNU, пов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð· ÐиÑпом, не
закÑнÑилиÑÑ. Ðгодом, пÑиблизно
+в 1995 ÑоÑÑ, ми ÑозмÑÑковÑвали над
оÑганÑзаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ Ð³ÑаÑÑÑного
+ÑобоÑого ÑеÑедовиÑа. ÐÑло ÑÑно, Ñо длÑ
пÑогÑам ÑеÑедовиÑа нам поÑÑÑбна мова
+пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, на ÑкÑй бÑла б напиÑана
знаÑна ÑÑ ÑаÑÑина, Ñоб зÑобиÑи його
+легко ÑозÑиÑÑваноÑ, Ñк ÑедакÑоÑ. ÐоÑÑало
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð° бÑÑи
+мова.</p>
+
+<p>У Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
ÑÑлей поÑилено
пÑоÑÑвавÑÑ TCL <a
+href="#tf2">[2]</a>. Я бÑв дÑже невиÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ñмки пÑо
TCL, в оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑомÑ,
+Ñо Ñе бÑв не ÐÑÑп. ÐÑн виглÑдав злегка
подÑбним на ÐÑÑп, але ÑеманÑиÑно вÑн
+ним не бÑв, Ñ Ð²Ñн бÑв не Ñаким зÑозÑмÑлим.
ÐоÑÑм Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð² менÑ
+оголоÑеннÑ, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Sun намагалаÑÑ
найнÑÑи кого-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑобоÑи
+над TCL, Ñоб зÑобиÑи його “ÑÑандаÑÑом
де-ÑакÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸
+ÑозÑиÑенє в ÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑÑÑ. Ð Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмав:
“Ðам поÑÑÑбно запобÑгÑи
+ÑÑомє. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ поÑали ÑобиÑи Scheme
ÑÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑозÑиÑенÑ
+GNU. Ðе ÐагалÑний ÐÑÑп, бо вÑн бÑв занадÑо
великий. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ñла в ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñде ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Scheme, ÑпÑоекÑований
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñки Ñак
+Ñамо, Ñк Ñе Ñобили з TCL. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÑали б
ÑекомендÑваÑи Ñе Ñк бажаний пакеÑ
+ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
пÑогÑам GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Родна ÑÑкава вигода, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° оÑÑимаÑи
з заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñакого поÑÑжноÑ
+мови, Ñк ваÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÐÑÑпа, в ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвинноÑ
мови ÑозÑиÑенÑ. Ðи можеÑе
+ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ пеÑеведеннÑм ÑÑ
на ваÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ. ЯкÑо ваÑа
+пеÑвинна мова TCL, ви не можеÑе легко
впÑовадиÑи ÐÑÑп
+пеÑеведеннÑм його на TCL. Ðле ÑкÑо ваÑ
пеÑвинна мова ÐÑÑп, Ñо
+неважко ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸,
пеÑеводÑÑи ÑÑ
. ÐаÑа ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ,
+Ñо ÑкÑо б кожний вÑдкÑиÑий додаÑок
пÑдÑÑимÑвав Scheme, Ñо ви могли б
+напиÑаÑи ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ TCL, Python або Perl на Scheme,
Ñка пеÑеводиÑÑ ÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Scheme. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸ могли б
заванÑажÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð² бÑдÑ-Ñкий додаÑок Ñ
+надбÑдовÑваÑи його пÑд ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑлÑÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ
Ñ Ð²Ñн пÑаÑÑвав би Ñ Ð· ÑнÑими
+надбÑдовами.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑиÑ
пÑÑ, поки мови ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑлабкÑ,
коÑиÑÑÑваÑам доводиÑÑÑÑ
+заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи ÑÑлÑки ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ Ñм
надаÑÑе. Що ознаÑаÑ, Ñо лÑдÑм,
+залÑбленим, в ÑÐºÑ Ð± Ñо не бÑло Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ,
доводиÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾ÑоÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° вибÑÑ
+ÑозÑобникÑв додаÑкÑв кажÑÑи
ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами:
+“ÐакладÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, в ÑвÑй додаÑок
Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ, а не
+його”. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½Ðµ
бÑде вибоÑÑ Ñким би
+додаÑком вони не коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ, вÑн пÑиÑ
одиÑÑ Ð· однÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ, Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
немаÑ
+ÑнÑого виÑ
одÑ. Ðле коли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑжна мова,
Ñка може ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ
+мови, пеÑеводÑÑи з ниÑ
, Ñо ви надаÑÑе
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð±ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ бÑлÑÑе
+не доводиÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑи вÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð². Саме Ñе, Ñк
ми ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ, зÑобиÑÑ Guile,
+Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Scheme. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдина, Ñка
ÑÑого лÑÑа пÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+завеÑÑеннÑм ÑÑанÑлÑÑоÑа з Python на Scheme. Я не
знаÑ, Ñи повнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñн
+завеÑÑений, але ÑкÑо Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑкавлений Ñ
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ, неÑ
ай
+зв'ÑжеÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¸ на
майбÑÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Я не говоÑив пÑо вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑеннÑ, але дозволÑÑе Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑко
+ÑозповÑÑÑи вам ÑÑоÑ
и пÑо Ñе, Ñо Ñе ознаÑаÑ.
ÐиÑаз “вÑлÑна
+пÑогÑама” пеÑедбаÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ ваÑÑÑÑÑÑ; воно
не ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ви оÑÑимаÑÑе ÑÑ
+безкоÑÑовно. (Ðожливо, ви заплаÑили за
копÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ оÑÑимали копÑÑ
+безкоÑÑовно.) Ðоно ознаÑаÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñк Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑа Ñ Ñвобода. ÐиÑÑÑво
+важливо Ñе, Ñо ви вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи
пÑогÑамÑ, вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð²ÑаÑи, Ñо вона
+ÑобиÑÑ, можеÑе змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð¿Ñд ÑвоÑ
поÑÑеби, вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑозповÑÑджÑваÑи
+копÑÑ ÑеÑед ÑнÑиÑ
Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑблÑкÑваÑи
полÑпÑенÑ, ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ Ñо
+ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑлÑна пÑогÑама. ЯкÑо ви
коÑиÑÑÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, Ñо ви
+вÑÑаÑили жиÑÑÑво Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÑвободÑ, ÑомÑ
нÑколи ÑÑого не ÑобÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑизнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ,
Ñоб полегÑиÑи лÑдÑм вÑÐ´Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñд
+зневажаÑÑиÑ
ÑвободÑ, панÑÑÑиÑ
над
коÑиÑÑÑваÑем невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам наданнÑм
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑ
нÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼Ñни. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑиÑ
,
Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑниÑ
Ñил длÑ
+вÑдмови вÑд невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, коли Ñе
ознаÑÐ°Ñ ÑкÑ-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑнÑ
+незÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ,— Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ми намагаÑмоÑÑ
даÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð°Ð»ÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ, Ñоб ви
+могли пеÑейÑи до Ñвободи з менÑими
зÑÑиллÑми Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñими жеÑÑвами в
+пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑенÑÑ. Чим менÑÑ Ð¶ÐµÑÑви, Ñим
кÑаÑе. Ðи Ñ
оÑемо полегÑиÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð²ÑлÑне жиÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СпÑвпÑаÑÑ — Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи. Ðи
звикли дÑмаÑи пÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
+ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ð· ÑоваÑиÑÑвом Ñк пÑо
пÑоÑилежноÑÑÑ. Ðле в Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ на
+однÑй ÑÑоÑонÑ. ÐÑи вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
ви
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи з ÑнÑими Ñ
+допомагаÑи Ñамим ÑобÑ. ÐÑи невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ÑнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вами Ñ
+Ñоз'ÑднÑÑ Ð»Ñдей. Ðам не дозволÑÑÑÑ
обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð· ними, ви не вÑлÑнÑ
+ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи або допомагаÑи ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ,
ÑоÑно Ñак Ñамо, Ñк ви не вÑлÑнÑ
+допомогÑи Ñамим ÑобÑ. Роз'ÑднанÑÑÑÑ Ñ
безпоÑаднÑÑÑÑ ÑÑан
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами.</p>
+
+<p>Ðи виÑобили запамоÑоÑливе ÑиÑло вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Ðи зÑобили Ñе, Ñо, Ñк
+ÑÑвеÑджÑвалоÑÑ, ми нÑколи не зможемо
зÑобиÑи; Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
+з вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð»ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑкÑв,
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼, оÑевидно, Ñе багаÑо
+належиÑÑ Ð¿ÑойÑи. ÐÑож, нам поÑÑÑбна ваÑа
допомога. Я Ñ
оÑÑв би попÑоÑиÑи ваÑ
+ÑÑаÑи добÑоволÑÑÑми пÑоекÑÑ GNU; допоможÑÑÑ
нам ÑозÑобиÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
завданÑ. ÐаглÑнÑÑе на <a href="/help/">
+http://www.gnu.org/help</a> за пÑопозиÑÑÑми Ñого, Ñк
допомогÑи. ЯкÑо ви
+Ñ
оÑеÑе замовиÑи ÑоÑÑ, на Ñе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·
домаÑнÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнки. ЯкÑо ви Ñ
оÑеÑе
+поÑиÑаÑи пÑо ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
пиÑаннÑÑ
,
заглÑнÑÑе в /philosophy. ЯкÑо ви ÑÑкаÑÑе
+вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваннÑ,
заглÑнÑÑе в /directory, де заÑаз
+пеÑеÑаÑ
овано близÑко 1900 пакеÑÑв (Ñе
ÑÑлÑки ÑаÑÑина вÑÑÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам, ÑÐºÑ Ñ). ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, пиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ
пÑогÑами Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедавайÑе нам. ÐÑй
+збÑÑник наÑиÑÑв, “ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñ
вÑлÑне ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво”,
+знаÑ
одиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑодажÑ, Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ можна
пÑидбаÑи на <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>. ÐÑÑого
найкÑаÑого!</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li id="foot-1">Ðай СÑÑл Ñклав поÑаÑковий
ÑимеÑÑиÑний набÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´ Emacs; поÑÑм ми з ним
+поÑали ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи Emacs (на Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ TECO), але
пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑивалоÑ
+ÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ ÑозÑобки СÑÑл поÑав вÑдÑ
одиÑи, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Emacs закÑнÑÑвав Ñ. ÐнÑÑ,
+зокÑема, Юджин ЧиÑÑаÑÐµÐ»Ð»Ñ Ñ Ðайк Ðак-Ðагон
внеÑли ÑвÑй внеÑок знаÑно
+пÑзнÑÑе.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-2">ÐеÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑÑнбеÑг ÑÑвеÑджÑÑ, Ñо
ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ Emacs Ðана УайнÑеба длÑ
маÑини-ÐÑÑпа
+вийÑла ÑанÑÑе ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑнбеÑга длÑ
Multics. Я пÑоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð±Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑ
+помилкÑ.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-3">Ðлан ÒÑÑнблеÑа наÑкÑлÑки Ñ
ÑозÑмÑÑ, полÑгав Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñоб наймаÑи лÑдей з
+лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑмÑÑниÑÑвом, Ñоби вони
могли пÑодовжÑваÑи пÑаÑÑваÑи в
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ. Symbolics
замÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого наймала ÑÑ
на повний
+ÑобоÑий денÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑипинÑли
пÑаÑÑваÑи в ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-4">Цей план базÑвавÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ (Ñ ÑÑй
пÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñ ÑÑого не Ñказав Ñвно), Ñо в
+поÑаÑковий пеÑÑод колиÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
акеÑи
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ, Ñк Ñ
+Symbolics, Ñак Ñ Ð² LMI, пÑодовжÑвали вноÑиÑи ÑвоÑ
змÑни в ÑиÑÑемÑ
+маÑини-ÐÑÑпа ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑа за
конÑÑакÑом ÑÑого не
+вимагалоÑÑ. Ðлан Symbolics полÑгав Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñоб
пеÑеÑваÑи ÑÑ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ñ
+одноÑÑоÑоннÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑдкÑ.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-5">Ðе Ñе Ñоб мене оÑобливо ÑÑÑбÑвала
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ LMI, але Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо не Ñ
оÑÑв дозволиÑи
+Symbolics нажиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвоÑй агÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного
+ÑнÑелекÑÑ.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-6">Ð ÑÑого ÑвеÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло зÑоблено
непÑавилÑний виÑновок, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ñколи-нÑколи
+не заглÑдав Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Symbolics. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑ
йдеÑÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ñе Ñобив
+ÑпоÑаÑкÑ. ÐиÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ Symbolics бÑв
доÑÑÑпний в ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, де Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð² пÑаво
+його ÑиÑаÑи Ñ ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ñаме Ñак Ñ
дÑзнававÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни.
+
+<p>Ðле Ñе ознаÑало, Ñо Ñ Ð±Ñв змÑÑений
вживаÑи оÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð·ÑÑиллÑ, Ñоб виÑÑÑÑваÑи
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-ÑнÑомÑ, аби ÑникнÑÑи
копÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам Symbolics. ЧеÑез
+деÑкий ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð·Ñобив виÑновок, Ñо кÑаÑе
навÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ дивиÑиÑÑ. Так Ñ Ð¼Ñг пиÑаÑи
+пÑогÑами Ñким завгодно найкÑаÑим Ñином, не
озиÑаÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñе, Ñо могло бÑÑи в
+ÑекÑÑаÑ
Symbolics.</p></li>
+
+<li id="foot-7">Symbolics ÑкоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ñловила в ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
пÑоÑеÑÑ, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑилоÑÑ, Ñо моÑ
+ÑобоÑа, пеÑеÑкодивÑи ÑÑ
нÑм планом,
коÑÑÑвала компанÑÑ Symbolics мÑлÑйон
+долаÑÑв.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-8">Я не запеÑеÑÑÑ, ÑкÑо дÑже Ñкладна
Ñ Ð³ÑомÑздка ÑÑнкÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиймаÑ
+аÑгÑменÑи-ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñлова. ТÑÑбÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ
випадок, коли ними коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑакÑ
+пÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, Ñк “member”.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
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+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
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пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
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пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.uk">
лÑÑензÑÑ
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+авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
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+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
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+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>(Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the
+International Lisp Conference).</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none
+of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it.
+Since I've done enough things in my career connected with Lisp I
+should be able to say something interesting.</p>
+
+<p>My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual
+in high school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there
+could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance
+to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I
+wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine
+— it had something like 8k of memory — and I managed to write the
+interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a
+little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software
+was like, that did real system jobs.</p>
+
+<p>I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White
+once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
+not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering
+what was to come — he must have really regretted that day.</p>
+
+<p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible
+events, I was just going along making one extension after another for
+various programs, and most of them did not have anything to do with
+Lisp. But, along the way, I wrote a text editor, Emacs. The
+interesting idea about Emacs was that it had a programming language,
+and the user's editing commands would be written in that interpreted
+programming language, so that you could load new commands into your
+editor while you were editing. You could edit the programs you were
+using and then go on editing with them. So, we had a system that was
+useful for things other than programming, and yet you could program it
+while you were using it. I don't know if it was the first one of
+those, but it certainly was the first editor like that.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit of building up gigantic, complicated programs to use in
+your own editing, and then exchanging them with other people, fueled
+the spirit of free-wheeling cooperation that we had at the AI Lab
+then. The idea was that you could give a copy of any program you had
+to someone who wanted a copy of it. We shared programs to whomever
+wanted to use them, they were human knowledge. So even though there
+was no organized political thought relating the way we shared software
+to the design of Emacs, I'm convinced that there was a connection
+between them, an unconscious connection perhaps. I think that it's the
+nature of the way we lived at the AI Lab that led to Emacs and made it
+what it was.</p>
+
+<p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level
+language, the non-interpreted language — was <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10
+Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written
+for Emacs, it was written for <acronym title="Text Editor and
+COrrector">TECO</acronym>. It was our text editor, and was an
+extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The
+reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it
+was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands
+like ‘5l’, meaning ‘move five lines’, or
+‘i’ and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
+string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which
+was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it
+would get executed.</p>
+
+<p>Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming
+facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a
+looping construct, which was < >. You would put those around
+things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could
+be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, we
+<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a> added facilities to have subroutines with
+names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines
+could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to
+program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer
+names. Actually, there were some rather sophisticated facilities; I
+think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility
+from <acronym>TECO</acronym>.</p>
+
+<p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
+ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked — people were
+able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that
+a language like <acronym>TECO</acronym>, which wasn't designed to be a
+programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
+build your extensions on shouldn't be thought of as a programming
+language in afterthought; it should be designed as a programming
+language. In fact, we discovered that the best programming language
+for that purpose was Lisp.</p>
+
+<p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it
+was <a href="#foot-2">(2)</a>. He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics
+MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward
+fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs
+proved to be a great success — programming new editing commands
+was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started
+learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which
+showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So
+the secretaries, who believed they couldn't do programming, weren't
+scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful
+things and they learned to program.</p>
+
+<p>So Bernie saw that an application — a program that does something
+useful for you — which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
+by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people
+to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs
+that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly
+do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use — at the
+stage where it's the hardest — where they don't believe they can
+program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p>
+
+<p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something
+like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
+implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an
+interpreter — it was a full-fledged Lisp system — but people wanted
+to implement something like that on other systems where they had not
+already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp
+compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp — it would be
+too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So
+we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp
+interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that
+parts of the editor were built-in Lisp facilities. Those would be
+whatever parts we felt we had to optimize. This was a technique that
+we had already consciously practiced in the original Emacs, because
+there were certain fairly high level features which we re-implemented
+in machine language, making them into <acronym>TECO</acronym>
+primitives. For instance, there was a <acronym>TECO</acronym>
+primitive to fill a paragraph (actually, to do most of the work of
+filling a paragraph, because some of the less time-consuming parts of
+the job would be done at the higher level by a <acronym>TECO</acronym>
+program). You could do the whole job by writing
+a <acronym>TECO</acronym> program, but that was too slow, so we
+optimized it by putting part of it in machine language. We used the
+same idea here (in the hybrid technique), that most of the editor
+would be written in Lisp, but certain parts of it that had to run
+particularly fast would be written at a lower level.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, when I wrote my second implementation of Emacs, I
+followed the same kind of design. The low level language was not
+machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language
+for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There
+was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special
+purpose editing jobs directly in C — manipulating editor buffers,
+inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the
+buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this was not the first Emacs that was written in C and ran on
+Unix. The first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as
+GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he
+seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation
+of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people
+at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex — it
+originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used
+at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there
+were a few hundred installations around the world that could
+potentially use it. We started distributing it to them, with the rule
+that “you had to send back all of your improvements” so we
+could all benefit. No one ever tried to enforce that, but as far as I
+know people did cooperate.</p>
+
+<p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote
+in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
+community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's
+the right approach to take towards a community — to ask them to join
+in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the
+spirit, and sold it to a company.</p>
+
+<p>At that time I was working on the GNU system (a free software
+Unix-like operating system that many people erroneously call
+“Linux”). There was no free software Emacs editor that ran
+on Unix. I did, however, have a friend who had participated in
+developing Gosling's Emacs. Gosling had given him, by email, permission
+to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that
+version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real
+Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as
+‘mocklisp’, which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
+have the data structures of Lisp. So programs were not data, and vital
+elements of Lisp were missing. Its data structures were strings,
+numbers and a few other specialized things.</p>
+
+<p>I concluded I couldn't use it and had to replace it all, the first
+step of which was to write an actual Lisp interpreter. I gradually
+adapted every part of the editor based on real Lisp data structures,
+rather than ad hoc data structures, making the data structures of the
+internals of the editor exposable and manipulable by the user's Lisp
+programs.</p>
+
+<p>The one exception was redisplay. For a long time, redisplay was
+sort of an alternate world. The editor would enter the world of
+redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures
+that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption,
+and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that
+since — it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
+quite a convenient thing.</p>
+
+<p>This second Emacs program was ‘free software’ in the
+modern sense of the term — it was part of an explicit political
+campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that
+everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days
+at <abbr>MIT</abbr>, working together on software and working with
+whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free
+software movement — the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
+the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI lab — to be working on human knowledge, and
+not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
+disseminating human knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, you could make a computer that was about the same price
+range as other computers that weren't meant for Lisp, except that it
+would run Lisp much faster than they would, and with full type checking
+in every operation as well. Ordinary computers typically forced you to
+choose between execution speed and good typechecking. So yes, you could
+have a Lisp compiler and run your programs fast, but when they tried to
+take <tt>car</tt> of a number, it got nonsensical results and eventually
+crashed at some point.</p>
+
+<p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as
+those other machines, but each instruction — a car instruction would
+do data typechecking — so when you tried to get the car of a number
+in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built
+the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
+almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in
+the microcode. People became interested in manufacturing them, which
+meant they should start a company.</p>
+
+<p>There were two different ideas about what this company should be
+like. Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a
+“hacker” company. This meant it would be a company run by
+hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal
+was to maintain the AI Lab culture <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>.
+Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so
+other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he
+could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment
+wouldn't work.</p>
+
+<p>Why did he want to avoid outside investment? Because when a company
+has outside investors, they take control and they don't let you have
+any scruples. And eventually, if you have any scruples, they also
+replace you as the manager.</p>
+
+<p>So Greenblatt had the idea that he would find a customer who would
+pay in advance to buy the parts. They would build machines and deliver
+them; with profits from those parts, they would then be able to buy
+parts for a few more machines, sell those and then buy parts for a
+larger number of machines, and so on. The other people in the group
+thought that this couldn't possibly work.</p>
+
+<p>Greenblatt then recruited Russell Noftsker, the man who had hired
+me, who had subsequently left the AI Lab and created a successful
+company. Russell was believed to have an aptitude for business. He
+demonstrated this aptitude for business by saying to the other people
+in the group, “Let's ditch Greenblatt, forget his ideas, and
+we'll make another company.” Stabbing in the back, clearly a
+real businessman. Those people decided they would form a company
+called Symbolics. They would get outside investment, not have
+scruples, and do everything possible to win.</p>
+
+<p>But Greenblatt didn't give up. He and the few people loyal to him
+decided to start Lisp Machines Inc. anyway and go ahead with their
+plans. And what do you know, they succeeded! They got the first
+customer and were paid in advance. They built machines and sold them,
+and built more machines and more machines. They actually succeeded
+even though they didn't have the help of most of the people in the
+group. Symbolics also got off to a successful start, so you had two
+competing Lisp machine companies. When Symbolics saw that LMI was not
+going to fall flat on its face, they started looking for ways to
+destroy it.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the abandonment of our lab was followed by “war”
+in our lab. The abandonment happened when Symbolics hired away all
+the hackers, except me and the few who worked at LMI part-time. Then
+they invoked a rule and eliminated people who worked part-time
+for <abbr>MIT</abbr>, so they had to leave entirely, which left only
+me. The AI lab was now helpless. And <abbr>MIT</abbr> had made a very
+foolish arrangement with these two companies. It was a three-way
+contract where both companies licensed the use of Lisp machine system
+sources. These companies were required to let <abbr>MIT</abbr> use
+their changes. But it didn't say in the contract that <abbr>MIT</abbr>
+was entitled to put them into the <abbr>MIT</abbr> Lisp machine
+systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that
+the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.</p>
+
+<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan <a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>. They
+said to the lab, “We will continue making our changes to the
+system available for you to use, but you can't put it into
+the <abbr>MIT</abbr> Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you
+access to Symbolics' Lisp machine system, and you can run it, but
+that's all you can do.”</p>
+
+<p>This, in effect, meant that they demanded that we had to choose a
+side, and use either the <abbr>MIT</abbr> version of the system or the
+Symbolics version. Whichever choice we made determined which system
+our improvements went to. If we worked on and improved the Symbolics
+version, we would be supporting Symbolics alone. If we used and
+improved the <abbr>MIT</abbr> version of the system, we would be doing
+work available to both companies, but Symbolics saw that we would be
+supporting LMI because we would be helping them continue to exist. So
+we were not allowed to be neutral anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Up until that point, I hadn't taken the side of either company,
+although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our
+community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.
+So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines
+Inc. going <a href="#foot-5">(5)</a> — I began duplicating all
+of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system. I
+wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my
+own).</p>
+
+<p>After a while <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a>, I came to the conclusion
+that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they
+made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what
+the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real
+release, I did too.</p>
+
+<p>In this way, for two years, I prevented them from wiping out Lisp
+Machines Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't
+want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an
+evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because
+they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to
+disappear <a href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start
+building a new community to replace the one that their actions and
+others had wiped out.</p>
+
+<p>The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to
+the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI Lab, and the hackers were not all
+at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. The war that Symbolics started was what wiped
+out <abbr>MIT</abbr>, but there were other events going on then. There
+were people giving up on cooperation, and together this wiped out the
+community and there wasn't much left.</p>
+
+<p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do
+next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear — the
+only way that people could work together and share was with a free
+operating system.</p>
+
+<p>At first, I thought of making a Lisp-based system, but I realized
+that wouldn't be a good idea technically. To have something like the
+Lisp machine system, you needed special purpose microcode. That's what
+made it possible to run programs as fast as other computers would run
+their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without
+that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for
+other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's
+okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system — if one
+program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program
+occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the
+operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like
+the Lisp machine.</p>
+
+<p>I decided instead to make a Unix-like operating system that would
+have Lisp implementations to run as user programs. The kernel wouldn't
+be written in Lisp, but we'd have Lisp. So the development of that
+operating system, the GNU operating system, is what led me to write
+the GNU Emacs. In doing this, I aimed to make the absolute minimal
+possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs was a
+tremendous concern.</p>
+
+<p>There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte
+machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU
+Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, at the time the only looping construct was
+‘while’, which was extremely simple. There was no way to
+break out of the ‘while’ statement, you just had to do a
+catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows
+how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have
+‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so on; “squeeze
+out everything possible” was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit
+of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way
+any more. We put in ‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so
+on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these
+days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend
+it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the
+Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't
+like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.
+They don't seem quite Lispy
+to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do
+that.</p>
+
+<p>That was not the end of the GNU projects involved with Lisp. Later
+on around 1995, we were looking into starting a graphical desktop
+project. It was clear that for the programs on the desktop, we wanted
+a programming language to write a lot of it in to make it easily
+extensible, like the editor. The question was what it should be.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, <acronym title="Tool Command Language">TCL</acronym>
+was being pushed heavily for this purpose. I had a very low opinion
+of <acronym>TCL</acronym>, basically because it wasn't Lisp. It looks
+a tiny bit like Lisp, but semantically it isn't, and it's not as
+clean. Then someone showed me an ad where Sun was trying to hire
+somebody to work on <acronym>TCL</acronym> to make it the
+“de-facto standard extension language” of the world. And I
+thought, “We've got to stop that from happening.” So we
+started to make Scheme the standard extensibility language for
+GNU. Not Common Lisp, because it was too large. The idea was that we
+would have a Scheme interpreter designed to be linked into
+applications in the same way <acronym>TCL</acronym> was linked into
+applications. We would then recommend that as the preferred
+extensibility package for all GNU programs.</p>
+
+<p>There's an interesting benefit you can get from using such a
+powerful language as a version of Lisp as your primary extensibility
+language. You can implement other languages by translating them into
+your primary language. If your primary language
+is <acronym>TCL</acronym>, you can't very easily implement Lisp by
+translating it into <acronym>TCL</acronym>. But if your primary
+language is Lisp, it's not that hard to implement other things by
+translating them. Our idea was that if each extensible application
+supported Scheme, you could write an implementation
+of <acronym>TCL</acronym> or Python or Perl in Scheme that translates
+that program into Scheme. Then you could load that into any
+application and customize it in your favorite language and it would
+work with other customizations as well.</p>
+
+<p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to
+use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who
+love any given language have to compete for the choice of the
+developers of applications — saying “Please, application
+developer, put my language into your application, not his
+language.” Then the users get no choices at all — whichever
+application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck
+with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can
+implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a
+choice of language and we don't have to have a language war
+anymore. That's what we're hoping ‘Guile’, our scheme
+interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up
+a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely
+finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in
+touch. So that's the plan we have for the future.</p>
+
+<p>I haven't been speaking about free software, but let me briefly
+tell you a little bit about what that means. Free software does not
+refer to price; it doesn't mean that you get it for free. (You may
+have paid for a copy, or gotten a copy gratis.) It means that you have
+freedom as a user. The crucial thing is that you are free to run the
+program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your
+needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish
+improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you
+are using a non-free program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't
+ever do that.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to
+reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by
+providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the
+moral courage to reject the non-free software, when that means some
+practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative
+so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a
+sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want
+to make it easier for you to live in freedom, to cooperate.</p>
+
+<p>This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to
+thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are
+opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you
+are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help
+yourself. With non-free software, somebody is dominating you and
+keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're
+not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to
+help yourself. Divided and helpless is the state of users using
+non-free software.</p>
+
+<p>We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what
+people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free
+software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot
+farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to
+volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more
+jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> to
+find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's
+a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about
+philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free
+software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages
+now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please
+write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, “Free
+Software and Free Society”, is on sale and can be purchased at
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>. Happy hacking!</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li id="foot-1">Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs
+command set; then he and I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO),
+but after one long joint development session, Steele began drifting
+away, so I finished Emacs. Others particularly including Eugene
+C. Cicciarelli and Mike McMahon contributed substantially later
+on.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-2">Bernie Greenberg says that Dan Weinreb's
+implementation of Emacs for the Lisp Machine came before Greenberg's
+implementation for Multics. I apologize for the mistake.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-3">Greenblatt's plan, as I understood it, was to hire lab
+people part time, so that they could continue working at the AI Lab.
+Symbolics hired them full time instead, so they stopped working at
+MIT.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-4">The background of this plan, which I did not state
+explicitly in the talk, is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab
+hackers, whether at Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their
+changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system — even though the
+contract did not require this. Symbolics' plan was to rupture this
+cooperation unilaterally.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-5">It was not that I cared particularly about the fate of
+LMI, but rather I did not want to let Symbolics gain through its
+aggression against the AI Lab.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-6">This statement has been misconstrued as saying that I
+never, ever looked at Symbolics' code. Actually it says I did look,
+at first. The Symbolics source code was available at MIT, where I was
+entitled to read it, and at first that's how I found out about their
+changes.
+
+<p>But that meant I had to make a special effort to solve each problem
+differently, in order to avoid copying Symbolics code. After a while,
+I concluded it was better not to even look. That way I could write
+code in whatever way was best, without concern for what might be in
+Symbolics' code.</p></li>
+
+<li id="foot-7">Symbolics at one point protested to MIT that my work,
+by thwarting their plan, had cost Symbolics a million dollars.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-8">I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight
+function takes keyword arguments. What bothers me is making simple
+basic functions such as “member” use them.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
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+
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+Please see the <a
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+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
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+ document was modified, or published.
+
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+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/08/04 05:57:33 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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