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www/philosophy applying-free-sw-criteria.html p... |
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Tue, 10 Nov 2015 17:27:39 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/11/10 17:27:39
Modified files:
philosophy : applying-free-sw-criteria.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : applying-free-sw-criteria.pot
applying-free-sw-criteria.translist
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/applying-free-sw-criteria.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: applying-free-sw-criteria.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- applying-free-sw-criteria.html 10 Nov 2015 16:33:59 -0000 1.1
+++ applying-free-sw-criteria.html 10 Nov 2015 17:27:38 -0000 1.2
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.78 -->
<title>Applying the Free Software Criteria
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/gnun/initial-translations-list.html" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>Applying the Free Software Criteria</h2>
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/11/10 16:33:59 $
+$Date: 2015/11/10 17:27:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/applying-free-sw-criteria.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/applying-free-sw-criteria.pot
diff -N po/applying-free-sw-criteria.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/applying-free-sw-criteria.pot 10 Nov 2015 17:27:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# LANGUAGE translation of
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: applying-free-sw-criteria.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-11-10 17:25+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "Applying the Free Software Criteria - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Applying the Free Software Criteria"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The four essential freedoms provide the criteria for <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">whether a particular piece of code is "
+"free/libre</a> (i.e., respects its users' freedom). How should we apply "
+"them to judge whether a software package, an operating system, a computer, "
+"or a web page is fit to recommend?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Whether a program is free affects first of all our decisions about our "
+"private activities: to maintain our freedom, we need to reject the programs "
+"that would take it away. However, it also affects what we should say to "
+"others and do with others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A nonfree program is an injustice. To distribute a nonfree program, to "
+"recommend a nonfree program to other people, or more generally steer them "
+"into a course that leads to using nonfree software, means leading them to "
+"give up their freedom. To be sure, leading people to use nonfree software "
+"is not the same as installing nonfree software in their computers, but we "
+"should not lead people in the wrong direction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At a deeper level, we must not present a nonfree program as a solution "
+"because that would grant it legitimacy. Non-free software is a problem; <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\"> to present it as a solution denies the "
+"existence of the problem</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This article explains how we apply the basic free software criteria to "
+"judging various kinds of things, so we can decide whether to recommend them "
+"or not."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Software packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For a software package to be free, all the code in it must be free. But not "
+"only the code. Since documentation files including manuals, README, change "
+"log, and so on are essential technical parts of a software package, <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">they must be free as well</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A software package is typically used alongside many other packages, and "
+"interacts with some of them. Which kinds of interaction with nonfree "
+"programs are ethically acceptable?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We developed GNU so that there would be a free operating system, because in "
+"1983 none existed. As we developed the initial components of GNU, in the "
+"1980s, it was inevitable that each component depended on nonfree software. "
+"For instance, no C program could run without a nonfree C compiler until GCC "
+"was working, and none could run without Unix libc until Glibc was working. "
+"Each component could run only on nonfree systems, because all systems were "
+"nonfree."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"After we released a component that could run on some nonfree systems, users "
+"ported it to other nonfree systems; those ports were no worse, ethically, "
+"than the platform-specific code we needed to develop these components, so we "
+"incorporated their patches."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the kernel, Linux, was freed in 1992, it filled the last gap in the GNU "
+"system. (Initially, in 1991, Linux had been distributed under a nonfree "
+"license.) The combination of GNU and Linux made a complete free operating "
+"system—<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At that point, we could have deleted the support for nonfree platforms, but "
+"we decided not to. A nonfree system is an injustice, but it's not our fault "
+"a user runs one. Supporting a free program on that system does not compound "
+"the injustice. And it's useful, not only for users of those systems, but "
+"also for attracting more people to contribute to developing the free "
+"program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, a nonfree program that runs on top of a free program is a "
+"completely different issue, because it leads users to take a step away from "
+"freedom. In some cases we disallow this: for instance, <a "
+"href=\"https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2014-01/msg00247.html\";>GCC prohibits "
+"nonfree plug-ins</a>. When a program permits nonfree add-ons, it should at "
+"least not steer people towards using them. For instance, we choose "
+"LibreOffice over OpenOffice because OpenOffice suggests use nonfree add-ons, "
+"while LibreOffice shuns them. We developed <a "
+"href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/IceCat\";>IceCat</a> initially to avoid "
+"proposing the nonfree add-ons suggested by Firefox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In practice, if the IceCat package explains how to run IceCat on MacOS, that "
+"will not lead people to run MacOS. But if it talked about some nonfree "
+"add-on, that would encourage IceCat users to install the add-on. Therefore, "
+"the IceCat package, including manuals and web site, shouldn't talk about "
+"such things."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes a free program and a nonfree program interoperate but neither is "
+"based on the other. Our rule for such cases is that if the nonfree program "
+"is very well known, we should tell people how to use our free program with "
+"it; but if the proprietary program is obscure, we should not hint that it "
+"exists. Sometimes we support interoperation with the nonfree program if "
+"that is installed, but avoid telling users about the possibility of doing "
+"so."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We reject “enhancements” that would work only on a nonfree "
+"system. Those would encourage people to use the nonfree system instead of "
+"GNU, scoring an own-goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "GNU/Linux distros"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"After the liberation of Linux in 1992, people began developing GNU/Linux "
+"distributions (“distros”). Only a few distros are <a "
+"href=\"/distros\">entirely free software</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The rules for a software package apply to a distro too: an ethical distro "
+"must contain only free software and steer users only towards free software. "
+"But what does it mean for a distro to “contain” a particular "
+"software package?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some distros install programs from binary packages that are part of the "
+"distro; others build each program from upstream source, and literally "
+"<em>contain</em> only the recipes to download and build it. For issues of "
+"freedom, how a distro installs a given package is not significant; if it "
+"presents that package as an option, or its web site does, we say it "
+"“contains” that package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The users of a free system have control over it, so they can install "
+"whatever they wish. Free distros provide general facilities with which "
+"users can install their own programs and their modified versions of free "
+"programs; they can also install nonfree programs. Providing these general "
+"facilities is not an ethical flaw in the distro, because the distro's "
+"developers are not responsible for what users get and install on their own "
+"initiative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The developers become responsible for installation of nonfree software when "
+"they steer the users toward a nonfree program—for instance, by putting "
+"it in the distro's list of packages, or distributing it from their server, "
+"or presenting it as a solution rather than a problem. This is the point "
+"where most GNU/Linux distros have an ethical flaw."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"People who install software packages on their own have a certain level of "
+"sophistication: if we tell them “Baby contains nonfree code, but Gbaby "
+"is free,” we can expect them to take care to remember which is which. "
+"But distros are recommended to ordinary users who would forget such "
+"details. They would think, “What name did they say I should use? I "
+"think it was Baby.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, to recommend a distro to the general public, we insist that its "
+"name not be similar to a distro we reject, so our message recommending only "
+"the free distro can be reliably transmitted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another difference between a distro and a software package is how likely it "
+"is for nonfree code to be added. The developers of a program carefully "
+"check the code they add. If they have decided to make the program free, "
+"they are unlikely to add nonfree code. There have been exceptions, "
+"including the very harmful case of the “binary blobs” that were "
+"added to Linux, but they are a small fraction of the free programs that "
+"exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, a GNU/Linux distro typically contains thousands of packages, "
+"and the distro's developers may add hundreds of packages a year. Without a "
+"careful effort to avoid packages that contain some nonfree software, some "
+"will surely creep in. Since the free distros are few in number, we ask the "
+"developers of each free distro to make a commitment to keep the distro free "
+"software by removing any nonfree code or malware, as a condition for listing "
+"that distro. See the <a "
+"href=\"/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html\">GNU free system "
+"distribution guidelines</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We don't ask for such promises for free software packages: it's not "
+"feasible, and fortunately not necessary. To get promises from the "
+"developers of 30,000 free programs to keep them free would avoid a few "
+"problems, at the cost of much work for the FSF staff; in addition, most of "
+"those developers have no relationship with the GNU Project and might have no "
+"interested in making us any promises. So we deal with the rare cases that "
+"change from free to nonfree, when we find out about them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Peripherals"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A computer peripheral needs software in the computer—perhaps a driver, "
+"perhaps firmware to be loaded by the system which into the peripheral to "
+"make it run. Thus, a peripheral is acceptable to use and recommend if it "
+"can be used from a computer that has no nonfree software installed: if the "
+"peripheral's driver, and any firmware that the system needs to load into it, "
+"are free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is simple to check this: connect the peripheral to a computer running a "
+"totally free GNU/Linux distro and see if it works. But most users would "
+"like to know <em>before</em> they buy the peripheral, so we list information "
+"about many peripherals in h-node.org."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Computers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A computer contains software at various levels. On what criterion should we "
+"certify that a computer “Respects Your Freedom”?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Obviously the operating system and everything above it must be free. In the "
+"90s, the startup software (BIOS, then) became replaceable, and since it runs "
+"on the CPU, it is the same sort of issue as the operating system. Thus, "
+"programs such as firmware and drivers that are installed in or with the "
+"system or the startup software must be free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If a computer has hardware features that require nonfree drivers or firmware "
+"installed with the system, we may be able to endorse it. If it is usable "
+"without those features, and if we think most people won't be led to install "
+"the nonfree software to make them function, then we can endorse it. "
+"Otherwise, we can't. This will be a judgment call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A computer can have modifiable preinstalled firmware and microcode at lower "
+"levels. It can also have code in true read-only memory. We decided to "
+"ignore these programs in our certification criteria today, because otherwise "
+"no computer could comply, and because firmware that is not normally changed "
+"is ethically equivalent to circuits. So our certification criteria cover "
+"only the code that runs on the computer's main processor and is not in true "
+"read-only memory. When and as free software becomes possible for other "
+"levels of processing, we will require free software at those levels too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since certifying a product is active promotion of it, we insist that the "
+"seller support us in return, by talking about <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">free "
+"software</a> rather than <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">open source</a> and "
+"referring to the combination of GNU and Linux as <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a>. We have no obligation to "
+"actively promote projects that won't recognize our work and support our "
+"movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"See http://www.fsf.org/resources/hw/endorsement/criteria for our "
+"certification criteria."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Web pages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nowadays many web pages contain complex JavaScript programs and won't work "
+"without them. This is a harmful practice since it hampers users' control "
+"over their computing. Furthermore, most of these programs are nonfree, an "
+"injustice. Often the JavaScript code spies on the user. <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\">JavaScript has morphed into a "
+"attack on users' freedom.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To address this problem, we have developed <a "
+"href=\"/software/librejs\">LibreJS</a>, an add-on for Firefox that blocks "
+"nontrivial nonfree JavaScript code. (There is no need to block the simple "
+"scripts that implement minor user interface hacks.) We ask sites to please "
+"free their JavaScript programs and mark their licenses for LibreJS to "
+"recognize."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Meanwhile, is it ethical to link to a web page that contains a nonfree "
+"JavaScript program? If we were totally unyielding, we would link only to "
+"free JavaScript code. However, many pages do work even when their "
+"JavaScript code is not run. Also, you will most often encounter nonfree "
+"JavaScript in other ways besides following our links; to avoid it, you must "
+"use LibreJS or disable JavaScript. So we have decided to go ahead and link "
+"to pages that work without nonfree JavaScript, while urging users to protect "
+"themselves from nonfree JavaScript in general."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, if a page can't do its job without running the nonfree JavaScript "
+"code, linking to it undeniably asks people to run that nonfree code. On "
+"principle, we do not link to such pages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Applying the basic idea that <em>software should be free</em> to different "
+"situations leads to different practical policies. As new situations arise, "
+"the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation will adapt our freedom "
+"criteria so as to lead computer users towards freedom, in practice and in "
+"principle. By recommending only freedom-respecting programs, distros, and "
+"hardware products, and stating your policy, you can give much-needed support "
+"to the free software movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
+"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#
+#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+#
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
Index: po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist
diff -N po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/applying-free-sw-criteria.translist 10 Nov 2015 17:27:39 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<!-- begin translist file -->
+<!--#set var="TRANSLATION_LIST"
+value='<div id="translations">
+<p>
+<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+</p>
+</div>' -->
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html" hreflang="x-default" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.en.html" title="English" />
+<!-- end translist file -->
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