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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www planetfeeds.ru.html fun/jokes/po/hello_worl... |
Date: |
Thu, 24 Sep 2015 05:57:54 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/09/24 05:57:53
Modified files:
. : planetfeeds.ru.html
fun/jokes/po : hello_world_patent.translist
helloworld.translist
fun/po : humor.translist
philosophy : speeches-and-interview.ru.html
philosophy/po : free-hardware-designs.translist
speeches-and-interview.ru-en.html
speeches-and-interview.ru.po
po : planetfeeds.ru.po
server : sitemap.ru.html
server/gnun/compendia: compendium.ru.po
server/po : sitemap.ru-en.html sitemap.ru.po
Added files:
fun : humor.ru.html
fun/jokes : hello_world_patent.ru.html helloworld.ru.html
fun/jokes/po : hello_world_patent.ru-en.html
helloworld.ru-en.html
fun/po : humor.ru-en.html
philosophy : free-hardware-designs.ru.html
philosophy/po : free-hardware-designs.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/planetfeeds.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.457&r2=1.458
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/humor.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/po/helloworld.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/po/humor.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/po/humor.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/po/planetfeeds.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.669&r2=1.670
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/sitemap.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.202&r2=1.203
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.63&r2=1.64
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.124&r2=1.125
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.224&r2=1.225
Patches:
Index: planetfeeds.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/planetfeeds.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.457
retrieving revision 1.458
diff -u -b -r1.457 -r1.458
--- planetfeeds.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 04:58:28 -0000 1.457
+++ planetfeeds.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:48 -0000 1.458
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
<!-- Autogenerated by planetrss.pl 1.13 -->
<p><a href='http://dustycloud.org/blog/wisp-lisp-alternative/'>
-Wisp: Lisp, minus the parentheses</a>: @Arne Babenhauserheide has built a
really cool syntax alternative for
-Scheme, Wisp (not to be confused with a different lisp-related-wisp), or in
-standards...
+Wisp: ÐиÑп минÑÑ Ñкобки</a>: @Arne Babenhauserheide
поÑÑÑоил оÑлиÑнÑÑ ÑинÑакÑиÑеÑкÑÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ
+Scheme, Wisp (не пÑÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим ÑвÑзаннÑм Ñ
ÐиÑпом wisp)...
<a href='http://dustycloud.org/blog/wisp-lisp-alternative/'>далее</a></p>
<p><a
href='http://blog.beuc.net/posts/Rebuilding_Android_proprietary_SDK_binaries/'>
-Rebuilding Android proprietary SDK binaries</a>: Going back to Android
recently, I saw that all tools binaries from the
-Android project are now click-wrapped by a quite ugly proprietary license,
-a...
+ÐеÑеÑбоÑка неÑвободнÑÑ
двоиÑнÑÑ
SDK длÑ
Android</a>: ÐозвÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾ к Android, Ñ Ñвидел,
ÑÑо вÑе иÑполнÑемÑе ÑайлÑ
+инÑÑÑÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа Android ÑепеÑÑ
завеÑнÑÑÑ Ð² веÑÑма гадкÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
+лиÑензиÑ...
<a
href='http://blog.beuc.net/posts/Rebuilding_Android_proprietary_SDK_binaries/'>далее</a></p>
<p><a href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8360'>
-GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi') released [stable]</a>: GNU Parallel
20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi') [stable] has been released. It is
-available for download at: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parallel/ No...
+ÐÑпÑÑен GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi')
[ÑÑабилÑнÑй]</a>: ÐÑпÑÑен GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan
Kurdi') [ÑÑабилÑнÑй. Ðн доÑÑÑпен на
+http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parallel/...
<a
href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8360'>далее</a></p>
Index: fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist 31 Aug 2013 17:21:35 -0000
1.7
+++ fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist 24 Sep 2015 05:57:50 -0000
1.8
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@
<!--#set var="TRANSLATION_LIST"
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
-<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
-<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
-<!-- Fallback for old position of translist; to be removed
- when translists in all translations are included before banner.html. -->
-<!--#echo encoding="none" var="TRANSLATION_LIST" -->
-<!--#endif -->
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.html" hreflang="x-default" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist 31 Aug 2013 17:21:35 -0000 1.8
+++ fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist 24 Sep 2015 05:57:50 -0000 1.9
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
<!--#set var="TRANSLATION_LIST"
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
-<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
-<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.ko.html">íêµì´</a> [ko]</span>
+<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.ko.html">íêµì´</a> [ko]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
-<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
-<!-- Fallback for old position of translist; to be removed
- when translists in all translations are included before banner.html. -->
-<!--#echo encoding="none" var="TRANSLATION_LIST" -->
-<!--#endif -->
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.ko.html" title="íêµì´" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: fun/po/humor.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fun/po/humor.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- fun/po/humor.translist 2 Jun 2015 02:35:08 -0000 1.13
+++ fun/po/humor.translist 24 Sep 2015 05:57:51 -0000 1.14
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/fun/humor.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/fun/humor.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/fun/humor.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/fun/humor.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
href="/fun/humor.sq.html">Shqip</a> [sq]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/fun/humor.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
href="/fun/humor.zh-tw.html">ç¹é«ä¸æ</a> [zh-tw]</span>
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/fun/humor.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/fun/humor.fr.html" title="français" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/fun/humor.ja.html" title="æ¥æ¬èª" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/fun/humor.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
href="/fun/humor.sq.html" title="Shqip" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/fun/humor.zh-cn.html" title="ç®ä½ä¸æ" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
href="/fun/humor.zh-tw.html" title="ç¹é«ä¸æ" />
Index: philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ru.html 19 Sep 2015 10:30:56 -0000
1.32
+++ philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:51 -0000
1.33
@@ -60,6 +60,20 @@
2015 года.</li>
<li><a
+href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net">ÐвÑко-</a>
+и <a
+href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net">видеозапиÑÑ</a>
+вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена в
ÐонгÑеÑÑ-ÑенÑÑе ÐамбÑÑга 29 декабÑÑ
+2014 года.</li>
+
+ <li><a
+href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-04--rms--por-una-sociedad-digital-libre"><span
+lang="es" xml:lang="es">Por una Sociedad Digital Libre</span> (на
+иÑпанÑком)</a>, видеозапиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð
иÑаÑда СÑолмена в <span lang="es"
+xml:lang="es">Salón de Actos, Facultad de Informática de la Universidad
+Complutense de Madrid</span> в ÐадÑиде 4 декабÑÑ,
2014 года.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-11-07--rms--copyright-vs-community">ÐвÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво и ÑообÑеÑÑво</a>, видеозапиÑÑ
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена в
ÐоÑман-Ñ
олле ÐоÑÑлендÑкого
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвенного ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа в ÐоÑÑленде
(СШÐ,
@@ -459,7 +473,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2015/09/19 10:30:56 $
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:51 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist 20 May 2015 14:57:31
-0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist 24 Sep 2015 05:57:52
-0000 1.5
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html" hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru-en.html 19 Sep 2015 10:30:57
-0000 1.28
+++ philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru-en.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:52
-0000 1.29
@@ -48,6 +48,17 @@
video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Grainger
Auditorium
in Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA on March 16, 2015.</li>
+ <li><a
href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net">Audio</a>
+ and
+ <a
href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net">video</a>
+ recordings of “Free Software in Your Computer and in the Net”,
+ a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Congress Centrum
+ in Hamburg, Germany on December 29, 2014.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-04--rms--por-una-sociedad-digital-libre">Por
una Sociedad Digital Libre (in Spanish)</a>,
+ video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Salón de Actos,
Facultad de Informática de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
+ in Madrid, Spain on December 4, 2014.</li>
+
<li><a
href="https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-11-07--rms--copyright-vs-community">Copyright
vs. Community</a>,
video recording of a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at Hoffman Hall,
Portland State University
in Portland, OR, USA on November 7, 2014.</li>
@@ -379,7 +390,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/09/19 10:30:57 $
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:52 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:49:47 -0000
1.46
+++ philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:57:52 -0000
1.47
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2015-09-22 18:25+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Speeches and Interviews - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -90,22 +89,6 @@
"ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐллинойÑ)16 маÑÑа 2015 года."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-# | <a
-# |
[-href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2015-05-27--rms--chania--greece\">Video</a>-]
-# |
{+href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net\">Audio</a>+}
-# | and <a
-# |
[-href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2015-05-27--rms--chania--greece\">audio</a>-]
-# |
{+href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net\">video</a>+}
-# | recordings of {+“Free Software in Your Computer and in the
-# | Net”,+} a talk given by Richard M. Stallman at [-the Technical
-# | University of Crete-] {+Congress Centrum+} in [-Chaniá, Greece-]
-# | {+Hamburg, Germany+} on [-May 27, 2015.-] {+December 29, 2014.+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2015-05-27--rms--chania--"
-#| "greece\">Video</a> and <a href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/"
-#| "#2015-05-27--rms--chania--greece\">audio</a> recordings of a talk given "
-#| "by Richard M. Stallman at the Technical University of Crete in "
-#| "Chaniá, Greece on May 27, 2015."
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-"
"your-computer-and-in-the-net\">Audio</a> and <a href=\"https://audio-video."
@@ -115,10 +98,10 @@
"Hamburg, Germany on December 29, 2014."
msgstr ""
"<a href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-"
-"your-computer-and-in-the-net"
-"\">ÐвÑко-</a> и <a href=\"https://audio-video."
-"gnu.org/video/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net\">видеозапиÑÑ</a>
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена в "
-"ÐонгÑеÑÑ-ÑенÑÑе ÐамбÑÑга 29 декабÑÑ
2014 года."
+"your-computer-and-in-the-net\">ÐвÑко-</a> и <a
href=\"https://audio-video."
+"gnu.org/video/#2014-12-29--rms--freedom-in-your-computer-and-in-the-net"
+"\">видеозапиÑÑ</a> вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда
СÑолмена в ÐонгÑеÑÑ-ÑенÑÑе ÐамбÑÑга "
+"29 декабÑÑ 2014 года."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -130,10 +113,10 @@
msgstr ""
"<a href=\"https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2014-12-04--rms--por-una-"
"sociedad-digital-libre\"><span lang=\"es\" xml:lang=\"es\">Por una Sociedad "
-"Digital Libre</span> (на иÑпанÑком)</a>, "
-"видеозапиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена
в <span lang=\"es\" xml:lang=\"es\">Salón de Actos, "
-"Facultad de Informática de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid</span> в
ÐадÑиде "
-"4 декабÑÑ, 2014 года."
+"Digital Libre</span> (на иÑпанÑком)</a>, видеозапиÑÑ
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда "
+"СÑолмена в <span lang=\"es\" xml:lang=\"es\">Salón de Actos,
Facultad de "
+"Informática de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid</span> в ÐадÑиде
4 "
+"декабÑÑ, 2014 года."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
Index: po/planetfeeds.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/po/planetfeeds.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.669
retrieving revision 1.670
diff -u -b -r1.669 -r1.670
--- po/planetfeeds.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:49:47 -0000 1.669
+++ po/planetfeeds.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:57:52 -0000 1.670
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2015-09-24 04:57+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
msgid "<a href='http://dustycloud.org/blog/wisp-lisp-alternative/'>"
@@ -59,37 +58,25 @@
"Android project are now click-wrapped by a quite ugly proprietary license, "
"a..."
msgstr ""
-": ÐозвÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾ к Android, Ñ Ñвидел, ÑÑо
вÑе иÑполнÑемÑе ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑÑÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ "
-"пÑоекÑа Android ÑепеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑнÑÑÑ Ð² веÑÑма
гадкÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ..."
+": ÐозвÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾ к Android, Ñ Ñвидел, ÑÑо
вÑе иÑполнÑемÑе ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ "
+"инÑÑÑÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа Android ÑепеÑÑ
завеÑнÑÑÑ Ð² веÑÑма гадкÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ "
+"лиÑензиÑ..."
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
-# | <a [-href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8359'>-]
-# | {+href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8360'>+}
-#| msgid "<a href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8359'>"
msgid "<a href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8360'>"
msgstr "<a href='http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8360'>"
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
-# | GNU Parallel [-20150822 ('Hans Vibeke')-] {+20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi')+}
-# | released {+[stable]+}
-#| msgid "GNU Parallel 20150822 ('Hans Vibeke') released"
msgid "GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi') released [stable]"
msgstr "ÐÑпÑÑен GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi')
[ÑÑабилÑнÑй]"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | : GNU Parallel [-20150822 ('Hans Vibeke')-] {+20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi')
-# | [stable]+} has been released. It is available for download at:
-# | http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parallel/ [-Haiku of the month: S...-] {+No...+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| ": GNU Parallel 20150822 ('Hans Vibeke') has been released. It is "
-#| "available for download at: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parallel/ Haiku of the "
-#| "month: S..."
msgid ""
": GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi') [stable] has been released. It is "
"available for download at: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parallel/ No..."
msgstr ""
-": ÐÑпÑÑен GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi') [ÑÑабилÑнÑй.
Ðн доÑÑÑпен на http://ftp."
-"gnu.org/gnu/parallel/..."
+": ÐÑпÑÑен GNU Parallel 20150922 ('Aylan Kurdi') [ÑÑабилÑнÑй.
Ðн доÑÑÑпен на "
+"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parallel/..."
#~ msgid "<a href='http://www.gnutls.org/news.html#2015-09-20'>"
#~ msgstr "<a href='http://www.gnutls.org/news.html#2015-09-20'>"
Index: server/sitemap.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.202
retrieving revision 1.203
diff -u -b -r1.202 -r1.203
--- server/sitemap.ru.html 22 Sep 2015 17:31:56 -0000 1.202
+++ server/sitemap.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:53 -0000 1.203
@@ -1700,7 +1700,7 @@
<dd>ЦензÑÑа в неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
</dd>
<dt><a
href="/proprietary/proprietary-deception.html">proprietary-deception.html</a></dt>
- <dd>Proprietary Deception</dd>
+ <dd>Ðбман в неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
</dd>
<dt><a href="/proprietary/proprietary-drm.html">proprietary-drm.html</a></dt>
<dd>ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми в
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
</dd>
<dt><a
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2015/09/22 17:31:56 $
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.63
retrieving revision 1.64
diff -u -b -r1.63 -r1.64
--- server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ru.po 13 Jul 2015 16:29:52 -0000
1.63
+++ server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:57:53 -0000
1.64
@@ -194,6 +194,8 @@
"The joke on this page was obtained from the FSF's <a href=\"http://lists.gnu."
"org/\">email archives</a> of the GNU Project."
msgstr ""
+"ШÑÑка на ÑÑой ÑÑÑаниÑе полÑÑена из <a
href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/\">аÑÑ
ивов "
+"ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑÑ</a> пÑоекÑа GNU ФСÐÐ."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
Index: server/po/sitemap.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/sitemap.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.124
retrieving revision 1.125
diff -u -b -r1.124 -r1.125
--- server/po/sitemap.ru-en.html 18 Sep 2015 17:29:33 -0000 1.124
+++ server/po/sitemap.ru-en.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:53 -0000 1.125
@@ -1590,6 +1590,8 @@
<dd>Proprietary Back Doors</dd>
<dt><a
href="/proprietary/proprietary-censorship.html">proprietary-censorship.html</a></dt>
<dd>Proprietary Censorship</dd>
+ <dt><a
href="/proprietary/proprietary-deception.html">proprietary-deception.html</a></dt>
+ <dd>Proprietary Deception</dd>
<dt><a href="/proprietary/proprietary-drm.html">proprietary-drm.html</a></dt>
<dd>Proprietary DRM</dd>
<dt><a
href="/proprietary/proprietary-insecurity.html">proprietary-insecurity.html</a></dt>
@@ -1882,7 +1884,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/09/18 17:29:33 $
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: server/po/sitemap.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/sitemap.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.224
retrieving revision 1.225
diff -u -b -r1.224 -r1.225
--- server/po/sitemap.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:49:48 -0000 1.224
+++ server/po/sitemap.ru.po 24 Sep 2015 05:57:53 -0000 1.225
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2015-09-22 17:26+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Site map of www.gnu.org - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -5497,8 +5496,6 @@
"html</a>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><dl><dd>
-# | Proprietary [-DRM-] {+Deception+}
-#| msgid "Proprietary DRM"
msgid "Proprietary Deception"
msgstr "Ðбман в неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
"
Index: fun/humor.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/humor.ru.html
diff -N fun/humor.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/humor.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:49 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/fun/humor.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>СмеемÑÑ Ñ GNU - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/fun/po/humor.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>СмеемÑÑ Ñ GNU</h2>
+
+<p>ÐÑа ÑÑÑаниÑа ÑоÑÑавлена, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑавиÑÑ
какое-Ñо веÑелÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑим
+Ñ
акеÑам. Ðна ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
докÑменÑаÑиÑ, мÑзÑкÑ, ÑÑиÑ
и и Ñ.д.,
+пÑиÑланнÑе полÑзоваÑелÑми GNU и ÑобÑаннÑе
ÑазÑабоÑÑиками GNU за вÑе ÑÑи
+годÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РнаÑÑоÑÑее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² ÐнÑеÑнеÑе еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
меÑÑ, где можно пÑбликоваÑÑ ÑÑÑки,
+Ñак ÑÑо пеÑед Ñем, как пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ ÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼,
подÑмайÑе о пÑбликаÑии ее
+где-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð² дÑÑгом меÑÑе. ШÑÑкам,
пÑиÑланнÑм ÑазÑабоÑÑиками GNU, бÑдеÑ
+оÑдаваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпоÑÑение. ÐодÑобнее <a
href="#Guidelines">о наÑиÑ
пÑавилаÑ
+ÑазмеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑок</a> можно пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¶Ðµ.</p>
+
+
+<p>Ðногие изобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· <a
href="/graphics/graphics.html">ÐалеÑеи GNU</a>
+Ñакже неÑÑÑ ÑмоÑиÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑÑзкÑ.</p>
+
+<!-- It would be nice to see alphabetical order be maintained -->
+<h3 id="Software">ÐÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gcc.html">ÐÑедложеннÑе клÑÑи
командной ÑÑÑоки GCC</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/declarations.html">ÐабавнÑе
обÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ C и C++</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/c+-.html">Си более или менее</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/dna.html">ÐÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ</a>
Ñеловека под GPL</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/ed.html">ÐÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ed :-)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/brainfuck.html">ÐÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ed на
мозговой каниÑели
+;-)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/errno.2.html">ÐÐ¾Ð´Ñ errno</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/error-haiku.html">СообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±
оÑибкаÑ
</a> в Ñ
айкÑ</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/happy-new-year.html">“С ÐовÑм
годом” на
+ÑеÑÑÑеÑ
ÑзÑкаÑ
</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/merry-xmas.html">ÐоздÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
ÑождеÑÑвом на ÑеÑÑÑеÑ
+ÑзÑкаÑ
</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/long-options.html">ÐлиннÑе
клÑÑи?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/software.terms.html">ÐомпÑÑÑеÑнÑе
ÑеÑминÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/fun/jokes/pasta.code.html">ÐÑогÑамма-ÑпагеÑÑи</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/unix.errors.html">СообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±
оÑибкаÑ
в Unix</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gnu-overflow.html">GNU:
пеÑеполнение?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.html">ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй,
миÑ!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gnuemacs.html">GNU Emacs</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/emacs.man">СÑÑаниÑа man Emacs из
Plan9</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/ubuntu.html">Ubuntu</a></li>
+ <li><a href="https://twitter.com/1990sLinuxUser">Ð®Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð·
ТвиÑÑеÑа</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Documentation">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑ</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/echo-msg.html">GNU Echo</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/ed-msg.html">Ed, man! !man ed</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/power.users.html">Ð ÑководÑÑво
опÑÑного полÑзоваÑелÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/know.your.sysadmin.html"> ÐÑо Ñвой
ÑиÑÑемнÑй
+админиÑÑÑаÑоÑ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gnuemacs.acro.exp.html">РаÑÑиÑÑовки
ÑокÑаÑениÑ
+“Emacs”</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Music">ÐÑзÑка</h3>
+
+<!-- Some of the music is under /music/ and some is under /fun/jokes/.
+ That under /music/ have been there a long time, and may be
+ bookmarked by some users - so we didn't move them when fun/jokes
+ was set up in 10/99. -->
+<!-- moved to its own page, mattl -->
+<ul><li><a href="/music/">ÐÑзÑка и пеÑни GNU</a></li></ul>
+
+<h3 id="Poems">СÑиÑ
и</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gingrinch.html">ÐингÑинÑ</a>,
ÑкÑавÑий конгÑеÑÑ</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/last.bug.html">ÐоÑледнÑÑ
оÑибка</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/midnight.dreary.html">ÐоÑмаÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/networkologist.html">СоÑелÑник
ÑеÑеолога</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/hakawatha.html">ХакаваÑа</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/only-gnu.html">ТолÑко GNU</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Philosophy">ФилоÑоÑиÑ</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.html">ÐаÑенÑ
ÑведÑкого Ñонда YAAS</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://maxbarry.com/2011/03/23/news.html">ТомаÑнаÑ
пÑиÑÑа</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="TheFourthEstate">ЧеÑвеÑÑое ÑоÑловие</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/freesoftware.html">Хак Ñо ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/microsoft-church.html">Microsoft и
ÑеÑковÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/rectium.html">РекÑиÑм?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/unix-hoax.html">Unix —
паÑодиÑ?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Computing">ÐÑÑиÑлиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/programmer.txt">ÐÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑ,
еÑли...</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/any-key.html">Ðде же ÑÑа лÑбаÑ
кнопка??</a></li>
+ <li>ЧÑо докÑÐ¾Ñ Emacs дÑÐ¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ <a
+href="/fun/jokes/doctor.manifesto.html">ÐаниÑеÑÑе GNU</a>?</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/p5.delay.html">ÐлавнÑе 10 пÑиÑин, по
коÑоÑÑм компаниÑ
+Intel оÑложила обÑÑвление о P5</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/unreliable.net.html">10 ÑамÑÑ
ненадежнÑÑ
ÑеÑей</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/vaxorcist.html">VAXоÑÑиÑÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/virus-warning.html">ÐÑедÑпÑеждение о
виÑÑÑе</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gullibility.virus.html">ÐиÑÑÑ
довеÑÑивоÑÑи</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/deadbeef.html">Dead Beef</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gcc_audio.html">Рой моÑек?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.joke-archives.com/computers/deletedcharacters.html">
+ÐÑда ÑÑ
одÑÑ ÑÑеÑÑÑе ÑимволÑ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/10-kinds-of-people.html">РмиÑе 10 Ñипов
лÑдей</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/xmodmap.html">ФизиÑеÑкий Xmodmap:
модиÑикаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑÑей
+маÑинки под двоÑек</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/evilmalware.html">ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
GNU/Linux доволÑно
+Ñедки</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="ScienceAndEngineering">ÐаÑка и ÑеÑ
ника</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/phone.features.html">ФÑнкÑии
ÑелеÑона</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/physics.html">ФизиÑеÑкий
магазин</a></li>
+ <li>ÐекоÑоÑÑе <a
href="/fun/jokes/science.facts.html">наÑÑнÑе ÑакÑÑ</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Spam">Спам</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/spam/darkprofits.html">darkprofits.net</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/spam/sheep.html">ÐадÑвнÑе овÑÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/spam/warpgenerator.html">ÐÑжен генеÑаÑоÑ
иÑкÑивлений
+пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑва</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Dictionary">СловаÑÑ</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/fundefinitions1.html">ÐабавнÑе
опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 1</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/fundefinitions2.html">ÐабавнÑе
опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- Most readers like lists to be of manageable length. So try as
+ this Unclassified section grows, to add new sections above.
+ That is, classify some of the unclassified jokes into new
+ categories. -->
+<h3 id="Unclassified">Ðез Ñаздела</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/luser-vs-rms.html">ÐзаимодейÑÑвие
неиÑкÑÑенного
+полÑзоваÑелÑ</a> Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">rms</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/anagrams.html">ÐнагÑаммÑ</a>
некоÑоÑÑÑ
обÑиÑ
Ñлов</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/bug.war.html">ÐÑибкам —
бой</a>!</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/clinton.tree.html">ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÐлинÑон
бÑл деÑевом...</a></li>
+ <li>ÐабавнÑе <a
href="/fun/jokes/courtroom.quips.html">заÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑде</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/fsf-in-german.html">ФСÐÐ
по-немеÑки</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gospel.html">Ðвангелие</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/lawyers.html">ЮÑиÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/look-and-feel.html">ÐнеÑний вид</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/panama.html">Ðанама</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/linus-islam.html">ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑдÑ
обÑаÑен в иÑлам</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/quayle.html">ÐвейлÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/quotations.html">ЦиÑаÑÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/smileys.html">Смайлики :-)</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/fun/jokes/spilling-checker.html">ÐевопиÑание</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/santa_comes_to_town.html">ÐаÑÑÑÑÑ Ðеда
ÐоÑоза</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/top-10-election-2000-bumper-stickers.html">10
наиболее
+попÑлÑÑнÑÑ
наклеек на бампеÑÑ Ð²ÑбоÑов 2000
года</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/typoglycemia.html">ТипогликемиÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/wolf-logo.html">Ðмблема волка</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/filks.html">Филки</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://laughlab.co.uk/">ÐабоÑаÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑмеÑ
а</a> — в Ñом
+ÑиÑле “ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑмеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑка в миÑе”!</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/users-lightbulb.html">СколÑко нÑжно
полÑзоваÑелей
+GNU/Linux, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð»Ð°Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾ÑкÑ?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- Most readers like lists to be of manageable length. So try as
+ this Unclassified section grows, to add new sections above.
+ That is, classify some of the unclassified jokes into new
+ categories. -->
+<h4 id="Guidelines">ÐÑавила пÑиема ÑÑÑок</h4>
+
+<!-- See the README file under the /fun/ directory -->
+<p>ÐаÑи пÑавила по пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² Ñаздел ÑмоÑа:</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>ÐÑо должно бÑÑÑ ÑмеÑно.</li>
+ <li>Ðе должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблем Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
пÑавом.</li>
+ <li>ÐÑо не должно бÑÑÑ ÐºÐ»ÐµÐ²ÐµÑой.</li>
+ <li>ÐÑо не должно задеваÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво
обÑÑнÑÑ
Ñ
акеÑов болÑÑе, Ñем допÑÑÑимо в
+ÑмоÑе.</li>
+ <li>ХоÑÑ ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ обÑзаÑелÑно должен бÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑого ÑвÑзан Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑнÑм миÑом, на
+ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñдаем ÑилÑное
пÑедпоÑÑение ÑÑÑкам, оÑноÑÑÑимÑÑ Ðº
+ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам, GNU, ÑÑеде UNIX и
подобнÑм облаÑÑÑм.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h4 id="Disclaimer">Уведомление</h4>
+
+<p>Ðногое из маÑеÑиала на ÑÑой ÑÑÑаниÑе (и
маÑеÑиала, на коÑоÑÑй она ÑÑÑлаеÑÑÑ)
+полÑÑено из <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/">аÑÑ
ивов
ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑÑ</a>
+пÑоекÑа GNU ФСÐÐ.</p>
+
+<p>Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑеÑендÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° авÑоÑÑкие
пÑава на
+ÑÑи маÑеÑиалÑ. ÐаканÑиваем ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑÑ
оÑлиÑнÑм <a
+href="/fun/jokes/purchase.agreement.html">Ñведомлением</a>!</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard M. Stallman<br />Copyright © 2015 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:49 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html
diff -N fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:49 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.en.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐаÑенÑнÑй иÑк Ñонда YAAS</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h3>ÐаÑенÑнÑй иÑк Ñонда YAAS</h3>
+
+<blockquote><pre>ÐаÑа: ÑÑеда, 6 авг. 2003 16:46:55 +0200
+ÐÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾: СÑеÑан ÐÐ¸Ð´Ð¶Ð¸Ñ <address@hidden>
+ÐомÑ: РиÑаÑд СÑолмен <address@hidden>
+Subject: ÐÑноÑиÑелÑно "ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ"</pre>
+
+<p>ÐдÑавÑÑвÑйÑе, г-н СÑолмен!</p>
+
+<p>Я пÑедÑÑавлÑÑ ÑведÑкий Ñонд YAAS. ÐÑ Ñ
оÑели
Ð±Ñ ÑладиÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ важнÑй вопÑоÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй возник на пÑоÑлой неделе, когда
Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий оÑдел пÑоÑмаÑÑивал
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ÐаÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм GNU.
ÐбнаÑÑжилоÑÑ, ÑÑо ÐÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвовали
+запаÑенÑованнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ ÑеÑ
никÑ, а Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
можем допÑÑÑиÑÑ Ñакого Ñода
+поведениÑ. ÐапаÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника
"ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ", пÑименÑÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
+множеÑÑве ÑзÑков пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, бÑла
найдена в иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑаÑ
многиÑ
+ÐаÑиÑ
пÑоекÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑи ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑезмеÑнÑ,
г-н СÑолмен, Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÑ
+50 ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñов СШРв непомеÑеннÑÑ
кÑпÑÑаÑ
, доÑÑавленнÑе в поÑÑÑеле в
+мÑÑоÑнÑй бак за ÐакдоналÑдÑом в
СпÑингÑилде (ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐллинойÑ). РпÑоÑивном
+ÑлÑÑае Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑимем оÑвеÑнÑе дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸,
ÑкоÑее вÑего, оÑÑежем Ñ ÐÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñна клок боÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ клониÑÑем ÐÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑазвлеÑениÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐµÐ¼ÑÑ,
+г-н СÑолмен, ÑÑо ÐÑ Ð¾ÑнеÑеÑеÑÑ Ðº ÑÑомÑ
Ñак же ÑеÑÑезно, как и мÑ, и
+желаем вам Ñ
оÑоÑего днÑ.</p>
+
+<p>—СÑеÑан из YAAS</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="/fun/humor.html">ÐÑÑгой ÑмоÑ</a> из коллекÑии
GNU.</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:49 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html
diff -N fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/jokes/helloworld.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:50 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/fun/jokes/helloworld.en.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ! - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ!</h2>
+
+<p>ÐÑди пиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ “ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй,
миє по-ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð² завиÑимоÑÑи
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ñ
возÑаÑÑа и должноÑÑи:</p>
+
+<h4>СÑаÑÑеклаÑÑники</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ 10 PRINT "ÐÐÐ ÐÐСТÐУРÐÐÐ "
+ 20 END
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ÐеÑвÑй кÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
никÑма</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ program Hello(input, output)
+ begin
+ writeln('ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ!')
+ end.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>СÑаÑÑий кÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
никÑма</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ (defun hello
+ (print
+ (cons 'ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй (list 'миÑ))))
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Ðолодой ÑпеÑиалиÑÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+
+ void main(void)
+ {
+ char *message[] = {"ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, ", "миÑ!"};
+ int i;
+ for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
+ printf("%s", message[i]);
+ printf("\n");
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<h4>СпеÑиалиÑÑ Ñо ÑÑажем</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <iostream.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ class string
+ {
+ private:
+ int size;
+ char *ptr;
+ public:
+ string() : size(0), ptr(new char('\0')) {}
+ string(const string &s) : size(s.size)
+ {
+ ptr = new char[size + 1];
+ strcpy(ptr, s.ptr);
+ }
+ ~string()
+ {
+ delete [] ptr;
+ }
+ friend ostream &operator <<(ostream &, const string &);
+ string &operator=(const char *);
+ };
+
+ ostream &operator<<(ostream &stream, const string &s)
+ {
+ return(stream << s.ptr);
+ }
+ string &string::operator=(const char *chrs)
+ {
+ if (this != &chrs)
+ {
+ delete [] ptr;
+ size = strlen(chrs);
+ ptr = new char[size + 1];
+ strcpy(ptr, chrs);
+ }
+ return(*this);
+ }
+ int main()
+ {
+ string str;
+ str = "ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ!";
+ cout << str << endl;
+ return(0);
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<h4>СиÑÑемнÑй админиÑÑÑаÑоÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <stdlib.h>
+ main()
+ {
+ char *tmp;
+ int i=0;
+ /* on y va bourin */
+ tmp=(char *)malloc(1024*sizeof(char));
+ while (tmp[i]="ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, Ñим!"[i++]);
+ /* У, ÑайÑан, y'a une infusion ! */
+ i=(int)tmp[13];
+ tmp[13]=tmp[15];
+ tmp[15]=(char)i;
+ printf("%s\n",tmp);
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ÐаÑинаÑÑий Ñ
акеÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #!/usr/local/bin/perl
+ $msg="ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ.\n";
+ if ($#ARGV >= 0) {
+ while(defined($arg=shift(@ARGV))) {
+ $outfilename = $arg;
+ open(FILE, ">" . $outfilename) || die "Ðе могÑ
запиÑаÑÑ Ð² $arg: $!\n";
+ print (FILE $msg);
+ close(FILE) || die "Ðе Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑÑÑÑ $arg: $!\n";
+ }
+ } else {
+ print ($msg);
+ }
+ 1;
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ÐпÑÑнÑй Ñ
акеÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ #define S "ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ\n"
+ main(){exit(printf(S) == strlen(S) ? 0 : 1);}
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Ð¥Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ñо ÑÑажем</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % cc -o a.out ~/src/misc/hw/hw.c
+ % ./a.out
+ ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ХакеÑ-гÑÑÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % cat
+ ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ÐовÑй наÑалÑник (помниÑе?)</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ 10 PRINT "ÐÐÐ ÐÐСТÐУРÐÐÐ "
+ 20 END
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Ð ÑководиÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑеднего подÑазделениÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ mail -s "ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ." address@hidden
+ ÐаÑÑ, ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ напиÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ "ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ."?
+ Ðне ее нÑжно ÑделаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ завÑÑа.
+ ^D
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Ð ÑководиÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÐºÑÑпного подÑазделениÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % zmail leha
+ Ðне к Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð½Ñжна пÑогÑамма "ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй,
миÑ.".
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ÐиÑекÑоÑ</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % letter
+ letter: команда не найдена.
+ % mail
+ ÐомÑ: ^X ^F ^C
+ % help mail
+ help: команда не найдена.
+ % ÑеÑÑ!
+ !: ÑобÑÑие не опознано
+ % logout
+</pre>
+
+<h4>ÐаÑÑнÑй ÑабоÑник</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ PROGRAM HELLO
+ PRINT *, 'ÐдÑавÑÑвÑй, миÑ'
+ END
+</pre>
+
+<h4>СÑаÑÑй наÑÑнÑй ÑабоÑник</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ WRITE (6, 100)
+ 100 FORMAT (1H ,26HÐÐÐ ÐÐСТÐУРÐÐÐ )
+ CALL EXIT
+ END
+</pre>
+
+<p><a href="/fun/humor.html">ÐÑÑгой ÑмоÑ</a> из коллекÑии
GNU.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Disclaimer">Уведомление</h4>
+<p>ШÑÑка на ÑÑой ÑÑÑаниÑе полÑÑена из <a
href="http://lists.gnu.org/">аÑÑ
ивов
+ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑÑ</a> пÑоекÑа GNU ФСÐÐ.</p>
+<p>Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑеÑендÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° авÑоÑÑкие
пÑава на
+ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑкÑ.</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:50 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.ru-en.html
diff -N fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.ru-en.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:50 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>YAAS Foundation Patent Suit</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/fun/jokes/po/hello_world_patent.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h3>The YAAS Foundation Patent Suit</h3>
+
+<blockquote><pre>Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2003 16:46:55 +0200
+From: Stefan Midjich <address@hidden>
+To: Richard Stallman <address@hidden>
+Subject: Regarding Hello World</pre>
+
+<p>Hello Mr.Stallman</p>
+
+<p>I am representing the Swedish YAAS foundation and we would like to
+address an important issue that came up last week when our tech crew
+were going over the source code for your GNU software. It appears
+that you have been using a patented technique of ours and we can not
+accept this kind of behaviour. The patented Hello World technique
+used in many programming languages was found in numerous of your
+projects source codes.</p>
+
+<p>We are not unreasonable Mr.Stallman, all we demand is 50 000 in
+unmarked US dollars delivered in a brief case to the dumpster behind
+McDonalds in Springfield, IL. Failure to comply will result in us
+taking action and most possibly cutting off a piece of your beard in
+your sleep and cloning you for fun. We hope that you take upon this
+as seriously as we do Mr.Stallman and we wish you a good day.</p>
+
+<p>—Stefan at YAAS</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href="/fun/humor.html">Other humor</a> in the GNU Humor
+Collection.</p>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:50 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: fun/jokes/po/helloworld.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/jokes/po/helloworld.ru-en.html
diff -N fun/jokes/po/helloworld.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/jokes/po/helloworld.ru-en.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:50 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Hello World! - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/fun/jokes/po/helloworld.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Hello World!</h2>
+
+<p>How the way people code “Hello World” varies depending
+on their age and job:</p>
+
+<h4>High School/Jr. High</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ 10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD"
+ 20 END
+</pre>
+
+<h4>First year in College</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ program Hello(input, output)
+ begin
+ writeln('Hello World')
+ end.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Senior year in College</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ (defun hello
+ (print
+ (cons 'Hello (list 'World))))
+</pre>
+
+<h4>New professional</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+
+ void main(void)
+ {
+ char *message[] = {"Hello ", "World"};
+ int i;
+ for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
+ printf("%s", message[i]);
+ printf("\n");
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Seasoned professional</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <iostream.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ class string
+ {
+ private:
+ int size;
+ char *ptr;
+ public:
+ string() : size(0), ptr(new char('\0')) {}
+ string(const string &s) : size(s.size)
+ {
+ ptr = new char[size + 1];
+ strcpy(ptr, s.ptr);
+ }
+ ~string()
+ {
+ delete [] ptr;
+ }
+ friend ostream &operator <<(ostream &, const string &);
+ string &operator=(const char *);
+ };
+
+ ostream &operator<<(ostream &stream, const string &s)
+ {
+ return(stream << s.ptr);
+ }
+ string &string::operator=(const char *chrs)
+ {
+ if (this != &chrs)
+ {
+ delete [] ptr;
+ size = strlen(chrs);
+ ptr = new char[size + 1];
+ strcpy(ptr, chrs);
+ }
+ return(*this);
+ }
+ int main()
+ {
+ string str;
+ str = "Hello World";
+ cout << str << endl;
+ return(0);
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<h4>System Administrator</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <stdlib.h>
+ main()
+ {
+ char *tmp;
+ int i=0;
+ /* on y va bourin */
+ tmp=(char *)malloc(1024*sizeof(char));
+ while (tmp[i]="Hello Wolrd"[i++]);
+ /* Ooopps y'a une infusion ! */
+ i=(int)tmp[8];
+ tmp[8]=tmp[9];
+ tmp[9]=(char)i;
+ printf("%s\n",tmp);
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Apprentice Hacker</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #!/usr/local/bin/perl
+ $msg="Hello, world.\n";
+ if ($#ARGV >= 0) {
+ while(defined($arg=shift(@ARGV))) {
+ $outfilename = $arg;
+ open(FILE, ">" . $outfilename) || die "Can't write $arg: $!\n";
+ print (FILE $msg);
+ close(FILE) || die "Can't close $arg: $!\n";
+ }
+ } else {
+ print ($msg);
+ }
+ 1;
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Experienced Hacker</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ #define S "Hello, World\n"
+ main(){exit(printf(S) == strlen(S) ? 0 : 1);}
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Seasoned Hacker</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % cc -o a.out ~/src/misc/hw/hw.c
+ % a.out
+ Hello, world.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Guru Hacker</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % cat
+ Hello, world.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>New Manager (do you remember?)</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ 10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD"
+ 20 END
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Middle Manager</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ mail -s "Hello, world." address@hidden
+ Bob, could you please write me a program that prints "Hello, world."?
+ I need it by tomorrow.
+ ^D
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Senior Manager</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % zmail jim
+ I need a "Hello, world." program by this afternoon.
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Chief Executive</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ % letter
+ letter: Command not found.
+ % mail
+ To: ^X ^F ^C
+ % help mail
+ help: Command not found.
+ % damn!
+ !: Event unrecognized
+ % logout
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Research Scientist</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ PROGRAM HELLO
+ PRINT *, 'Hello World'
+ END
+</pre>
+
+<h4>Older research Scientist</h4>
+
+<pre>
+ WRITE (6, 100)
+ 100 FORMAT (1H ,11HHELLO WORLD)
+ CALL EXIT
+ END
+</pre>
+
+<p><a href="/fun/humor.html">Other humor</a> in the GNU Humor
+Collection.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</h4>
+<p>The joke on this page was obtained from the
+FSF's <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/">email archives</a> of the GNU
+Project.</p>
+<p>The Free Software Foundation claims no copyright on this joke.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:50 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: fun/po/humor.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/po/humor.ru-en.html
diff -N fun/po/humor.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/po/humor.ru-en.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:51 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Laugh along with GNU
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/fun/po/humor.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Laugh along with GNU</h2>
+
+<p>This is a web page designed to provide some laughs to the working
+hackers. It contains software, documentation, music, poems, etc. submitted
+by GNU users and collected by GNU contributors over the years.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays there are many places on the internet where people can publish
+jokes, so before submitting a joke to us, please consider publishing it
+somewhere else. Jokes submitted by GNU contributors will have a priority.
+Please read the <a href="#Guidelines">Guidelines</a> for details on our
+submission policy.</p>
+
+
+<p>Many of the graphics in the <a href="/graphics/graphics.html">GNU
+Art Gallery</a> also have humorous twists.</p>
+
+<!-- It would be nice to see alphabetical order be maintained -->
+
+<h3 id="Software">Software</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gcc.html">Suggested GCC Options</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/declarations.html">Funny C/C++
+ Declarations</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/c+-.html">C more or less</a></li>
+ <li>GPL'd <a href="/fun/jokes/dna.html">source code</a> for humans</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/ed.html">Source code for ed :-)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/brainfuck.html">Source code for ed in
+ BrainFuck ;-)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/errno.2.html">Errno codes</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/error-haiku.html">Error messages</a> in Haiku</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/happy-new-year.html">Happy New Year in 4
+ languages</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/merry-xmas.html">Merry Christmas in 4
+ languages</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/long-options.html">Long Options?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/software.terms.html">Software Terms</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/pasta.code.html">Spaghetti Code</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/unix.errors.html">Unix Error Messages</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gnu-overflow.html">GNU-Overflow?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/helloworld.html">Hello World!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gnuemacs.html">GNU Emacs</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/emacs.man">Emacs man page from Plan9</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/ubuntu.html">Ubuntu</a></li>
+ <li><a href="https://twitter.com/1990sLinuxUser">Some humor via
Twitter</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/echo-msg.html">GNU Echo</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/ed-msg.html">Ed, man! !man ed</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/power.users.html">Power Users Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/know.your.sysadmin.html">Know your system
+ administrator</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gnuemacs.acro.exp.html">GNU Emacs acronym
+ expansions</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Music">Music</h3>
+<!-- Some of the music is under /music/ and some is under /fun/jokes/.
+ That under /music/ have been there a long time, and may be
+ bookmarked by some users - so we didn't move them when fun/jokes
+ was set up in 10/99. -->
+
+<!-- moved to its own page, mattl -->
+
+<ul><li><a href="/music/">GNU music and songs</a></li></ul>
+
+<h3 id="Poems">Poems</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The <a href="/fun/jokes/gingrinch.html">Gingrinch</a> that stole
+ congress</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/last.bug.html">The Last Bug</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/midnight.dreary.html">Midnight Dreary</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/networkologist.html">A Networkologist's
+ Christmas</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/hakawatha.html">Hakawatha</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/only-gnu.html">Only G.N.U.</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/hello_world_patent.html">The Swedish YAAS
+ Foundation Patent</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://maxbarry.com/2011/03/23/news.html">Tomato
parable</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="TheFourthEstate">The Fourth Estate</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/freesoftware.html">Free Software Hack</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/microsoft-church.html">Microsoft and the
+ Church</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/rectium.html">Rectium?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/unix-hoax.html">Unix, a Hoax?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/programmer.txt">You know you're a programmer
+ when…</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/any-key.html">Where is any-key??</a></li>
+ <li>What does Dr. Emacs think of
+ the <a href="/fun/jokes/doctor.manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a>?</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/p5.delay.html">Top 10 reasons why Intel
+ delayed announcing the P5</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/unreliable.net.html">Top 10 Unreliable
+ Networks</a></li>
+ <li>The <a href="/fun/jokes/vaxorcist.html">Vaxorcist</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/virus-warning.html">Virus Warning</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gullibility.virus.html">The Gullibility
Virus</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/deadbeef.html">Dead Beef</a>?</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gcc_audio.html">A Swarm of Gnats?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.joke-archives.com/computers/deletedcharacters.html">
+ Where Do Deleted Characters Go?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/10-kinds-of-people.html">10 Kinds of People in
+ the World</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/xmodmap.html">Physical Xmodmap, or The Dvorak
+ Typewriter Hack</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/evilmalware.html">Why GNU/Linux Viruses are
+ fairly uncommon</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="ScienceAndEngineering">Science and Engineering</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/phone.features.html">Phone Features</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/physics.html">The Physics Store!</a></li>
+ <li>Some <a href="/fun/jokes/science.facts.html">Scientific Facts</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Spam">Spam</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/spam/darkprofits.html">Darkprofits</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/spam/sheep.html">Inflatable Sheep</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/spam/warpgenerator.html">Dimensional Warp Generator
+ Needed</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Dictionary">Dictionary</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/fundefinitions1.html">Fun Definitions 1</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/fundefinitions2.html">Fun Definitions 2</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- Most readers like lists to be of manageable length. So try as
+ this Unclassified section grows, to add new sections above.
+ That is, classify some of the unclassified jokes into new
+ categories. -->
+
+<h3 id="Unclassified">Unclassified</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>A luser's <a href="/fun/jokes/luser-vs-rms.html">interaction</a>
+ with <a href= "http://www.stallman.org/">rms</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/anagrams.html">Anagrams</a> for some common
+ words</li>
+ <li>A war against <a href="/fun/jokes/bug.war.html">Bugs</a>!</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/clinton.tree.html">If Clinton was a
+ tree…</a></li>
+ <li>Funny <a href="/fun/jokes/courtroom.quips.html">Court
+ Statements</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/fsf-in-german.html">FSF in German</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/gospel.html">Gospel</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/lawyers.html">Lawyer</a> jokes</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/look-and-feel.html">Look and Feel</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/panama.html">Panama</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/linus-islam.html">Linus Torvalds converts to
+ Islam</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/quayle.html">Quayle</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/quotations.html">Quotations</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/smileys.html">Smileys :-)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/spilling-checker.html">Spilling Checker</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/santa_comes_to_town.html">Santa Claus comes to
+ town</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/top-10-election-2000-bumper-stickers.html">Top
+ 10 Election 2000 Bumper Stickers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/typoglycemia.html">Typoglycemia</a></li>
+ <li>The <a href="/fun/jokes/wolf-logo.html">Wolf Logo</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/filks.html">Some Filks</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://laughlab.co.uk/">LaughLab</a> — Including
+ the “the world's funniest joke”!</li>
+ <li><a href="/fun/jokes/users-lightbulb.html">How many GNU/Linux users are
+ needed to change a light bulb?</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- Most readers like lists to be of manageable length. So try as
+ this Unclassified section grows, to add new sections above.
+ That is, classify some of the unclassified jokes into new
+ categories. -->
+
+<h4 id="Guidelines">Humor Submission Guidelines</h4>
+
+<!-- See the README file under the /fun/ directory -->
+
+<p>This is our policy to include something in the fun section:</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>It should be funny.</li>
+ <li>It has no copyright problems.</li>
+ <li>It is not libelous.</li>
+ <li>It won't offend most ordinary hackers more than is reasonable in
+ humor.</li>
+ <li>Although the humor does not have to be strictly connected to the
+ computers world, we strongly prefer to reserve these pages for jokes
+ related to free software, GNU, the UNIX environment, and similar
+ fields.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h4 id="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</h4>
+
+<p>Much of the material on this page (and linked to from it) was
+obtained from the FSF's <a href= "ftp://lists.gnu.org/">email
+archives</a> of the GNU Project.</p>
+
+<p>The Free Software Foundation claims no copyrights on these. And
+we'll end this page with a
+perfect <a href="/fun/jokes/purchase.agreement.html">Disclaimer</a>!</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/free-hardware-designs.ru.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:51 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.en.html"
-->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа и ÑвободнÑе
аппаÑаÑнÑе ÑазÑабоÑки - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа и ÑвободнÑе
аппаÑаÑнÑе ÑазÑабоÑки</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>ÐÑа ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
опÑбликована двÑÐ¼Ñ ÑаÑÑÑми на wired.com в
+маÑÑе 2015 года:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a href="http://www.wired.com/2015/03/need-free-digital-hardware-designs/">
+ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ ÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи
ÑиÑÑовой аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a
+href="http://www.wired.com/2015/03/richard-stallman-how-to-make-hardware-designs-free/">
+ЧеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ.
ÐÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ</a>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Ðо какой ÑÑепени идеи ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ?
+ÐбÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñвои ÑеÑÑежи
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми ÑоÑно Ñак же, как мÑ
+обÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑвободнÑми Ñвои пÑогÑаммÑ?
ТÑебÑÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ оÑ
Ñана наÑей ÑвободÑ
+оÑказа Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñделанной по
неÑвободнÑм ÑеÑÑежам?</p>
+
+<h3 id="definitions">ÐпÑеделениÑ</h3>
+
+<p><em>СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ</em> опÑеделÑÑÑÑÑ
Ñвободой, а не ÑÑоимоÑÑÑÑ; гÑÑбо
+говоÑÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели
волÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, копиÑоваÑÑ
+и пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñми и
без ниÑ
. Ðолее ÑоÑно опÑеделение
+ÑоÑмÑлиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑминаÑ
<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> ÑеÑÑÑеÑ
+важнейÑиÑ
Ñвобод</a>. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑеÑкнÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
“ÑвободнÑй”
+оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº Ñвободе, а не к ÑÑоимоÑÑи, в
английÑкой ÑеÑи Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑо
+ÑопÑовождаем Ñлово “<span lang="en"
xml:lang="en">free</span>”
+ÑÑанÑÑзÑким или иÑпанÑким Ñловом “<span
lang="fr"
+xml:lang="fr">libre</span>”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли пÑимениÑÑ Ñо же понÑÑие напÑÑмÑÑ Ðº
аппаÑаÑÑÑе, <em>ÑвободнаÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑа</em> бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели волÑнÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ, копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñми или без
ниÑ
. Ðднако
+не ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, кÑоме клÑÑей, ÐÐРи
+внеÑней ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑмаÑÑовÑÑ
обÑекÑов.
ÐппаÑаÑÑÑа по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи делаеÑÑÑ
+на пÑоизводÑÑве по Ñого или иного Ñода
ÑеÑÑежам. ЧеÑÑежи поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Таким обÑазом, на Ñамом деле нам нÑжно
пÑедÑÑавление о <em>ÑвободнÑÑ
+ÑеÑÑежаÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ</em>. ÐÑо пÑоÑÑо: ÑÑо
знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑÑежи допÑÑкаÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели пÑименÑли иÑ
(Ñ.е.
изгоÑовлÑли по ним аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ),
+копиÑовали и пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли иÑ
Ñ
изменениÑми или без ниÑ
. ЧеÑÑежи должнÑ
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñе же ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ,
коÑоÑÑми опÑеделÑÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Тогда Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± аппаÑаÑÑÑе,
ÑобÑанной по ÑвободнÑм ÑеÑÑежам, как
+о “Ñвободной аппаÑаÑÑÑе” или, ÑÑобÑ
избежаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ðµ
+непонимание, как об “аппаÑаÑÑÑе Ñо
ÑвободнÑми ÑеÑÑежами”</p>
+
+<p>Те, кÑо впеÑвÑе вÑÑÑеÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑием
Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑаÑÑо дÑмаÑÑ,
+ÑÑо оно ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ полÑÑиÑÑ
беÑплаÑно. Ðногие ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ нÑлевой Ñене, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи ниÑего
+не ÑÑоиÑ, но в данном ÑлÑÑае
“ÑвободнÑй” ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑо. (Ðа
+Ñамом деле некоÑоÑÑе пÑогÑаммÑ-ÑпионÑ,
Ñакие как <a
+href="/philosophy/proprietary/proprietary-surveillance.html">Flash Player и
+Angry Birds</a>, беÑплаÑнÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не
ÑвободнÑ.)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑа пÑÑаниÑа обÑÑно идеÑ
в дÑÑгом напÑавлении; пÑоизводÑÑво
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³, Ñак ÑÑо вÑпÑÑеннаÑ
в коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑа
+не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑна (еÑли ÑолÑко ÑÑо не
пÑиложение к ÑемÑ-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¸ не
+пÑиманка Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑелей), но ÑÑо не меÑаеÑ
ее ÑеÑÑежам бÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми. То,
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑаÑпеÑаÑÑваеÑе на Ñвоем ÑÑеÑ
меÑном
пÑинÑеÑе, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÑево,
+но не ÑовÑем беÑплаÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вам
пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ ÑаÑÑ
однÑе
+маÑеÑиалÑ. С ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑики вопÑоÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑекÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
+ÑÑоимоÑÑи, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво,
оÑказÑваÑÑее Ñвоим полÑзоваÑелÑм в
Ñвободе,
+ниÑего не ÑÑоиÑ, даже менÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “оÑкÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа” и
“аппаÑаÑÑÑа Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
+иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом” ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑÑÑ
некоÑоÑÑми Ñ Ñем же конкÑеÑнÑм
+знаÑением, ÑÑо и “ÑвободнаÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑа”, но ÑÑи ÑеÑминÑ
+пÑинижаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº пÑоблемÑ. Ðни бÑли
вÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð· вÑÑажениÑ
+“пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм
ÑекÑÑом”, коÑоÑое более или менее
+оÑ
ваÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, но <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> не говоÑÑ Ð¾
Ñвободе и
+не пÑедÑÑавлÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº дело добÑа и
зла</a>. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑеÑкнÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑанавливаемÑÑ Ð¸ ÑказÑваем на
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¾ вÑеÑ
ÑдобнÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
;
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñлово “оÑкÑÑÑÑй” ÑÑого не
делаеÑ, давайÑе не бÑдем
+заменÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ Ñлово “ÑвободнÑй”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="hw-and-sw">ÐппаÑаÑÑÑа и пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑой и пÑогÑаммами еÑÑÑ
пÑинÑипиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑазниÑа. ÐÑогÑамма, даже
+ÑкомпилиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² иÑполнÑемÑÑ ÑоÑмÑ,
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñвод даннÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе
+можно ÑÑакÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº инÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
компÑÑÑеÑа. Ðак лÑбÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ,
+ее можно копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑа. У копии пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
+неоÑÑемлемой ÑизиÑеÑкой ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
воплоÑениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РоÑлиÑие Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ, аппаÑаÑÑÑа — ÑÑо
ÑизиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа, и ее
+веÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑна. ХоÑÑ ÑеÑÑеж
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлен
+как даннÑе, в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
даже как
пÑогÑамма, ÑеÑÑеж не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑой. ЧеÑÑеж микÑопÑоÑеÑÑоÑа не
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²ÑполниÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. У Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+оÑенÑ-Ñо полÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑеÑÑеже
клавиаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ вÑводиÑÑ ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑеÑÑеже ÑкÑана.</p>
+
+<p>Ðолее Ñого, Ñ
оÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑа
можно изменÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ копиÑоваÑÑ ÑеÑÑеж
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑ
пÑеобÑазоваÑÑ ÑеÑÑеж в ÑизиÑеÑкÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ,
+опиÑаннÑÑ Ð² нем. ÐÑо ÑÑебÑеÑ
пÑоизводÑÑвенного обоÑÑдованиÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="boundary">ÐÑаниÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑной и
пÑогÑаммной ÑаÑÑÑÑ</h3>
+
+<p>Ðде в ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑваÑ
гÑаниÑа междÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑой и пÑогÑаммами? ÐÑо
+ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð· опÑеделений. ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
ÑÑо ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва,
+коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
компÑÑÑеÑе; аппаÑаÑÑÑа —
+ÑÑо ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой ÑÑого делаÑÑ
нелÑзÑ. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпоÑоб ÑазгÑаниÑениÑ
+пÑавилен, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он ÑвÑзан Ñ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкими поÑледÑÑвиÑми.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑой и пÑогÑаммами еÑÑÑ
неÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ, кÑда вÑ
одÑÑ
+опÑеделеннÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑиÑÑем; ÑÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ <em>можно</em> обновлÑÑÑ
+или заменÑÑÑ, но иÑ
никогда не
пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ заменÑÑÑ
поÑле
+пÑодажи пÑодÑкÑа. С понÑÑийной ÑоÑки
зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑа облаÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно Ñзка. Ðа
+пÑакÑике она важна, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в нее
попадаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ пÑодÑкÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ Ñ
+неболÑÑой наÑÑжкой ÑаÑÑениваÑÑ ÑÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐекоÑоÑÑе заÑвлÑли, ÑÑо
пÑедÑÑÑановленнÑе в поÑÑоÑнной памÑÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑемÑе логиÑеÑкие микÑоÑÑ
емÑ
(ÐÐÐС) “ÑазмÑваÑÑ Ð³ÑаниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑой и пÑогÑаммами”, но Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑо невеÑное Ñолкование
+ÑакÑов. ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑиÑÑем, коÑоÑÑе
ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð² пÑоÑеÑÑе ÑабоÑÑ, не
+ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑой; пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑе доÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ внÑÑÑенней
+поÑÑоÑнной памÑÑи ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва и коÑоÑÑе
нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ, по пÑиÑоде ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммами, но Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
,
как еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑла
+ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑ
ема. ЧÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ ÐÐÐС, Ñо
Ñами по Ñебе микÑоÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑой, но конÑигÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñилей,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³ÑÑжаеÑÑÑ Ð² микÑоÑÑ
емÑ,
+ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑазновидноÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
подÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐагÑÑзка ÑвободнÑÑ
конÑигÑÑаÑий в ÐÐÐС
поÑенÑиалÑно пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñй
+меÑод конÑÑÑÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв,
ÑвободнÑÑ
на ÑÑовне ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
+ÑÑ
ем. Ðднако Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐÐÐС можно бÑло
пÑименÑÑÑ Ð² миÑе ÑвободÑ, нам
+нÑжен Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑвободнÑй инÑÑÑÑменÑаÑий.
ÐÑепÑÑÑÑвие к ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑоÑ
+ÑакÑ, ÑÑо ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ñайла конÑигÑÑаÑии
венÑилей, загÑÑжаемого в ÐÐÐС, Ñ
ÑаниÑÑÑ
+в ÑекÑеÑе. Ðного Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑло ни одного Ñипа
ÐÐÐС, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого ÑÑи ÑайлÑ
+можно бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· неÑвободнÑÑ
ÑÑедÑÑв.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа 2015 год еÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммнÑе
инÑÑÑÑменÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ <a
+href="http://www.clifford.at/icestorm/">пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ
Lattice iCE40</a>,
+попÑлÑÑной модели ÐÐÐС, на ÑзÑке опиÑаниÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ. С помоÑÑÑ <a
+href="https://github.com/Wolfgang-Spraul/fpgatools">ÑвободнÑÑ
+инÑÑÑÑменÑов</a> можно Ñакже компилиÑоваÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Си и вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на
+ÐÐÐС Xilinx Spartan 6 LX9, но ÑÑи ÑÑедÑÑва не
поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑзÑк опиÑаниÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑ ÑекомендÑем оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
ÐÐÐС, пока Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжки ÑвободнÑми
инÑÑÑÑменÑами.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ ÑамиÑ
пÑогÑамм на ÑзÑке
опиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñо они могÑÑ
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ (когда вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ
на ÑмÑлÑÑоÑе или загÑÑжаÑÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÐÐÐС) или как ÑÑ
ема аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ (когда она
ÑеализÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пеÑаÑной плаÑе или
+в кÑемнии в неизменÑемом виде).</p>
+
+<h3 id="ethical-3d-printers">ÐÑиÑеÑкий вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ ÑÑеÑ
меÑнÑÑ
пÑинÑеÑаÑ
</h3>
+
+<p>С ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑики, <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">пÑогÑаммÑ
бÑли
+ÑвободнÑ</a>; неÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма —
ÑÑо
+неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ мÑ
пÑидеÑживаÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
же взглÑдов в оÑноÑении
+ÑеÑÑежей аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p>ÐонеÑно, Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð² облаÑÑÑÑ
, где
оÑÑÑеÑÑвима ÑÑеÑ
меÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑ (или, в более
+обÑем ÑлÑÑае, лÑбого Ñода лиÑное
пÑоизводÑÑво). Ðодели Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑеÑов по
+изгоÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑки полезного
обÑекÑа (Ñ.е. ÑÑнкÑионалÑного, а не
+декоÑаÑивного) <em>должнÑ</em> бÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑабоÑÑ
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑного знаÑениÑ. ÐолÑзоваÑели
заÑлÑживаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑÑими
+ÑабоÑами ÑоÑно Ñак же, как они заÑлÑживаÑÑ
конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ пÑогÑаммами,
+коÑоÑÑми полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐеÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи
пÑикладнÑÑ
обÑекÑов ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+нелÑзÑ, ÑоÑно Ñак же как нелÑзÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑи вÑбоÑе ÑÑеÑ
меÑнÑÑ
пÑинÑеÑов
обÑаÑайÑе внимание, ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ они на
одниÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
; Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ð° Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ <a
+href="http://fsf.org/resources/hw/endorsement">ÑпиÑок ÑакиÑ
одобÑеннÑÑ
+пÑинÑеÑов</a>. ÐекоÑоÑÑе ÑÑеÑ
меÑнÑе
пÑинÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑвободнÑм ÑеÑÑежам
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, но <a
+href="http://www.cnet.com/news/pulling-back-from-open-source-hardware-makerbot-angers-some-adherents/">
+ÑеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Makerbot неÑвободнÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="reject-nonfree">ÐÐ¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгаÑÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ?</h3>
+
+<p>ЯвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ неÑвободнÑй ÑеÑÑеж ÑиÑÑовой
<a href="#fn1">(*)</a> аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ
+неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑÑ? ÐÐ¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ð¼Ñ Ñади Ñвоей
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгаÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑделаннÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ неÑвободнÑм
ÑеÑÑежам, как Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгаÑÑ
+неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ?</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð»Ð»ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑми
ÑекÑÑами пÑогÑамм и ÑеÑÑежами аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ,
+многие аппаÑаÑнÑе Ñ
акеÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑомеÑÑиво
оÑÑждаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑно Ñак же, как неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Я
Ñ ÑÑим не ÑоглаÑен, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+положение пÑогÑамм и аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑазлиÑно.</p>
+
+<p>СегоднÑÑнÑÑ ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводÑÑва
микÑоÑÑ
ем и пеÑаÑнÑÑ
Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ
+ÑипогÑаÑиÑ: она зиждеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° маÑÑовом
заводÑком пÑоизводÑÑве. Ðна болÑÑе
+поÑ
ожа на копиÑование книг в 1950 годÑ,
Ñем на копиÑование пÑогÑамм
+ÑегоднÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Свобода копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкий импеÑаÑив,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑа деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпна длÑ
ÑеÑ
, кÑо полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами:
+обоÑÑдованиÑ, коÑоÑое позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами (компÑÑÑеÑ),
+доÑÑаÑоÑно и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
пÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. СегоднÑÑние мобилÑнÑе
+компÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого ÑлабоваÑÑ, но лÑбой
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи компÑÑÑеÑ, моÑноÑÑи
+коÑоÑого вполне Ñ
ваÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðолее Ñого, компÑÑÑеÑа доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи и вÑполниÑÑ
+веÑÑиÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð» кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой, кÑо
ÑÑо ÑмееÑ, даже еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑ. ÐейÑÑвиÑелÑно,
непÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑеÑи и
+вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
каждÑй денÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑемÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ðµ менÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+непÑогÑаммиÑÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо из ÑÑого можно ÑказаÑÑ Ð¸ об
аппаÑаÑÑÑе? Ðе каждÑй, кÑо можеÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑовой аппаÑаÑÑÑой, ÑмееÑ
пÑавиÑÑ ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкие ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+ÑеÑÑежи микÑоÑÑ
ем, но Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÑоналÑнÑй компÑÑÑеÑ, еÑÑÑ
+необÑ
одимое Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого обоÑÑдование. Ðо
ÑÑого моменÑа аппаÑаÑÑÑа и пÑогÑаммÑ
+аналогиÑнÑ, но далÑÑе Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое
ÑазлиÑие.</p>
+
+<p>СобÑаÑÑ ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ микÑоÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑÑежам и вÑполниÑÑ ÐµÐµ на
+компÑÑÑеÑе нелÑзÑ. ÐонÑаж болÑÑой ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ — ÑÑо гÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ð´ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¸
+непÑиÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа, и ÑÑо ÑолÑко еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
пеÑаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñа. ÐÑоизводÑÑво
+микÑоÑÑ
ем Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑделÑнÑÑ
Ð»Ð¸Ñ ÑегоднÑ
неоÑÑÑеÑÑвимо; ÑолÑко маÑÑовое
+пÑоизводÑÑво Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¸ÐºÑоÑÑ
емÑ
доÑÑаÑоÑно деÑевÑми. ÐÑи нÑнеÑней ÑеÑ
нологии
+пÑоизводÑÑва аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели не
могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи и вÑполнÑÑÑ
+веÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑÑежей ÑиÑÑовой аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ,
измененнÑÑ ÐинÑиком и ШпÑнÑиком, как
+они могли Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Таким обÑазом,
+ÑеÑÑÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑ ÑегоднÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм коллекÑивного конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+ÑеÑÑежами аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, как они даÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм коллекÑивнÑй конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+пÑогÑаммой. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð³Ð´Ðµ аÑгÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
вÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑ, не пÑименима к нÑнеÑней ÑеÑ
нологии пÑоизводÑÑва аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð 1983 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем
не бÑло, но бÑло ÑÑно, ÑÑо еÑли бÑ
+Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема бÑла, Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ Ñмогли
Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ Ð¸ полÑÑиÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. Ðе Ñ
ваÑало ÑолÑко
пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñакой ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð² 2014 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑвободнÑе
ÑеÑÑежи микÑопÑоÑеÑÑоÑа,
+подÑ
одÑÑего Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÑоналÑного компÑÑÑеÑа,
микÑоÑÑ
емÑ, маÑÑово вÑпÑÑкаемÑе по
+ÑÑим ÑеÑÑежам, не дали Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ Ñой же
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² облаÑÑи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑли мÑ
+ÑÑанем покÑпаÑÑ Ð¿ÑодÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÑового
пÑоизводÑÑва какого-Ñо завода, ÑÑа
+завиÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð° пÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº болÑÑей
ÑаÑÑи ÑеÑ
же пÑоблем, ÑÑо и
+неÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвободнÑе
ÑеÑÑежи дали нам ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ,
+нам нÑжна ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводÑÑва,
коÑоÑой пока неÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе бÑдÑÑее, в
коÑоÑом наÑи лиÑнÑе изгоÑовиÑели ÑмогÑÑ
+делаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ÐºÑоÑÑ
емÑ, а наÑи ÑобоÑÑ ÑобиÑаÑÑ
и паÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
вмеÑÑе Ñ
+ÑÑанÑÑоÑмаÑоÑами, пеÑеклÑÑаÑелÑми,
кнопками, индикаÑоÑами, венÑилÑÑоÑами и
+Ñак далее. Ð ÑÑом бÑдÑÑем вÑе Ð¼Ñ ÑÑанем
делаÑÑ Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе компÑÑÑеÑÑ
+(а Ñакже изгоÑовиÑели и ÑобоÑÑ) и вÑе мÑ
Ñможем воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñми
+ÑеÑÑежами, ÑделаннÑми Ñеми, кÑо знаком Ñ
аппаÑаÑÑÑой. Тогда аÑгÑменÑÑ Ð²
+полÑÐ·Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ длÑ
+неÑвободнÑÑ
ÑеÑÑежей аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо бÑдÑÑее наÑÑÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ менÑÑей меÑе
ÑеÑез годÑ. Рпока необÑ
одимоÑÑи
+пÑинÑипиалÑно оÑвеÑгаÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ
неÑвободнÑми ÑеÑÑежами неÑ. </p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p id="fn1">* ÐонÑÑие “ÑиÑÑоваÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑа” здеÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ
+аналоговÑми ÑÑ
емами и компоненÑами в
дополнение к ÑиÑÑовÑм.</p>
+
+<h3 id="free-designs">Ðам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ ÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи
ÑиÑÑовой аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ХоÑÑ Ð² нÑнеÑниÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимоÑÑи оÑвеÑгаÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑделаннÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ неÑвободнÑм
ÑеÑÑежам, нам нÑжно ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи и пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
по меÑе
возможноÑÑи. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²ÑгодÑ, а в бÑдÑÑем они
могÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑвеннÑм ÑпоÑобом
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами.</p>
+
+<p>СвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑаÑÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкие вÑгодÑ. ÐппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ним
+могÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко компаний, ÑÑо
ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+поÑÑавÑика. Ðожно оÑганизовÑваÑÑ Ð³ÑÑппÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ
+болÑÑими паÑÑиÑми. Ðогда еÑÑÑ
ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкие ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑекÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑзÑке
+опиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ, можно иÑÑледоваÑÑ,
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ в ÑеÑÑежаÑ
оÑибок или
+вÑедоноÑнÑÑ
ÑÑнкÑий (извеÑÑно, ÑÑо ÐÐÐ
заложило вÑедоноÑнÑе ÑлабоÑÑи в
+некоÑоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ).
Ðолее Ñого, ÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи могÑÑ
+ÑлÑжиÑÑ ÑÑÑоиÑелÑнÑми блоками длÑ
пÑоекÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑов и дÑÑгиÑ
+ÑложнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв, ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии коÑоÑÑÑ
бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑÑÑ; в ниÑ
бÑдеÑ
+менÑÑе ÑаÑÑей, коÑоÑÑе можно бÑло бÑ
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив наÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑименимÑми в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ
+наÑиÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов и ÑеÑей и во вÑÑÑоеннÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
еÑе до Ñого, как мÑ
+Ñможем изгоÑавливаÑÑ Ñаким обÑазом ÑелÑе
компÑÑÑеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
ÑÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ до Ñого, как Ð¼Ñ Ñможем
+изгоÑавливаÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñно, еÑли они
ÑÑанÑÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑвеннÑм ÑпоÑобом
+избегаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðо меÑе
Ñого как обÑÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкÑÑ
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе более и более пÑоекÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑелÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑиниÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей,
+она ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе менее ÑовмеÑÑима Ñо
ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами из-за
+ÑекÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑпеÑиÑикаÑий и ÑÑебований,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли подпиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼-Ñо
+оÑлиÑнÑм Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ. ÐикÑоÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð²
ÑоÑовÑÑ
ÑелеÑонов и даже некоÑоÑÑе
+гÑаÑиÑеÑкие ÑÑкоÑиÑели Ñже ÑÑебÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑли подпиÑанÑ
+пÑоизводиÑелем. ÐÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма в ваÑем
компÑÑÑеÑе, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾
+изменÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ-Ñо дÑÑгомÑ, но не вам,
ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑдием неÑпÑаведливой влаÑÑи
+над вами; аппаÑаÑÑÑа, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑзÑваеÑ
ÑÑо ÑÑебование, вÑедоноÑна. Ð
+ÑлÑÑае микÑоÑÑ
ем модемов ÑоÑовÑÑ
ÑелеÑонов вÑе доÑÑÑпнÑе ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸
+вÑедоноÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа Ñо
ÑвободнÑми ÑеÑÑежами Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе
+оÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑвенной плаÑÑоÑмой,
допÑÑкаÑÑей ÑабоÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. ÐададимÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ ÑелÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
ÑеÑÑежи необÑ
одимой ÑиÑÑовой
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого, как ÑÑо ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ, и
бÑдем надеÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ
+ÑÑедÑÑва вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ ÐµÐµ доÑÑаÑоÑно деÑево
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑелей.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑÑеÑе аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ,
делайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои ÑеÑÑежи
+ÑвободнÑми. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑой, пожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ðº
+Ñем, кÑо оказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° компании давление,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑеÑÑежи аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑми.</p>
+
+<h3 id="levels-of-design">УÑовни пÑоекÑиÑованиÑ</h3>
+
+<p>У пÑогÑамм еÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе ÑÑовни
ÑеализаÑии; в Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð²Ñ
одиÑÑ
библиоÑеки,
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑенаÑии, напÑимеÑ. Ðо ÑÑи ÑÑовни
по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвободÑ
+пÑогÑамм, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑе иÑ
можно ÑделаÑÑ
ÑвободнÑми. СоÑÑавление
+компоненÑов пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо ÑабоÑа
Ñакого же плана, ÑÑо и
+ÑоÑÑавление пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑединÑеÑ
компоненÑÑ; ÑоÑно Ñак же ÑбоÑка
+компоненÑов из иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа —
ÑÑо опеÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñакого же плана,
+ÑÑо и ÑбоÑка обÑединенной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð· иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+ÑÑо Ñеликом ÑвободнÑм, нÑжно пÑоÑÑо
пÑодолжаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, пока Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ вÑполним
+ее вÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Таким обÑазом, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаиваем, ÑÑобÑ
пÑогÑамма бÑла Ñвободна на вÑеÑ
+ÑÑовнÑÑ
. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма могла ÑÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ
Ñвободной, ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑока
+ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑего ее иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа должна
бÑÑÑ Ñвободной, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+пеÑеÑобÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ÑклÑÑиÑелÑно из
Ñвободного иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>РоÑлиÑие Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого, ÑизиÑеÑкие обÑекÑÑ
ÑаÑÑо ÑкладÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· компоненÑов,
+коÑоÑÑе пÑоекÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑобиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° заводе
дÑÑгого Ñипа. ÐапÑимеÑ, компÑÑÑеÑ
+делаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· микÑоÑÑ
ем, но пÑоекÑиÑование
(или изгоÑовление) микÑоÑÑ
ем ÑилÑно
+оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ (или
изгоÑовлениÑ) из микÑоÑÑ
ем компÑÑÑеÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Таким обÑазом, нам надо ÑазлиÑаÑÑ
<em>ÑÑовни</em> конÑÑÑÑкÑии ÑиÑÑового
+пÑодÑкÑа (а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, и какиÑ
-Ñо дÑÑгиÑ
видов пÑодÑкÑов). ÐлаÑа, на
+коÑоÑой ÑоединÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ÐºÑоÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ — ÑÑо
один ÑÑовенÑ; конÑÑÑÑкÑиÑ
+каждой микÑоÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ — ÑÑо дÑÑгой
ÑÑовенÑ. Ð ÐÐÐС ÑвÑзи ÑлеменÑаÑнÑÑ
+ÑÑеек — ÑÑо один ÑÑовенÑ, а Ñами
ÑлеменÑаÑнÑе ÑÑейки —
+дÑÑгой ÑÑовенÑ. РидеалÑном бÑдÑÑем нам
нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ ÑвободнÑе ÑеÑÑежи длÑ
+вÑеÑ
ÑÑовней. РнÑнеÑниÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑвободнÑм Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ — ÑÑо Ñже знаÑиÑелÑнÑй
пÑогÑеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðднако еÑли ÑеÑÑежи одного ÑÑовнÑ
ÑоÑеÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе и неÑвободнÑе
+ÑаÑÑи — напÑимеÑ, еÑли
“Ñвободнає ÑÑ
ема на ÑзÑке
+опиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑебÑ
неÑвободнÑе
+“ÑдÑа” — Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑиÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑеÑÑеж в Ñелом на
+ÑÑом ÑÑовне неÑвободен. То же — длÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
+“маÑÑеÑов” или “макÑоÑов”, еÑли
они опÑеделÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ
+взаимнÑÑ
Ñоединений микÑоÑÑ
ем или
пÑогÑаммно ÑоединÑемÑÑ
ÑаÑÑей
+микÑоÑÑ
ем. СвободнÑе ÑаÑÑи могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
Ñагом к бÑдÑÑей Ñели ÑвободнÑÑ
+ÑеÑÑежей, но доÑÑижение Ñели ознаÑаеÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
ÑаÑÑей. РмиÑе
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе ÑаÑÑи никогда не
допÑÑÑимÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="licenses">ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и лиÑензии длÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑеÑÑежей аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ЧеÑÑеж аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑвободнÑм,
вÑпÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ под Ñвободной лиÑензией. ÐÑ
+ÑекомендÑем СÑандаÑÑнÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU веÑÑии 3 или более
+поздней. ÐÑ ÑоÑÑавлÑли ее, ÑÑиÑÑваÑ
возможноÑÑÑ Ñакого пÑименениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево на ÑлекÑÑоннÑе ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸
недекоÑаÑивнÑе ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑов не
+заÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ñак далеко, как можно бÑло бÑ
пÑедположиÑÑ. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на ÑÑи
+ÑеÑÑежи оговаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко Ñо, как ÑÑи
ÑеÑÑежи ÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+запиÑÑваÑÑÑÑ. ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево — ÑÑо
ÑпоÑоб пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава, Ñак ÑÑо оно дейÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑолÑко в ÑеÑ
пÑеделаÑ
, в какиÑ
дейÑÑвÑеÑ
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, ÑлекÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
ема как
ÑовокÑпноÑÑÑ Ñоединений не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+обÑекÑом авÑоÑÑкого пÑава (и Ñем ÑамÑм
авÑоÑÑкого лева). ÐпÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑ
ем,
+напиÑаннÑе на ÑзÑке опиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ,
могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑом авÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава (и Ñем ÑамÑм авÑоÑÑкого лева), но
авÑоÑÑкое лево ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑолÑко на деÑали вÑÑажений ÑзÑка опиÑаниÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, а не на ÑовокÑпноÑÑÑ
+Ñоединений, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ поÑождаÑÑ. Ðо
Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ
+ÑовокÑпноÑÑÑ Ñоединений Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
вÑглÑдело по-дÑÑгомÑ, или напиÑаÑÑ
+дÑÑгое опÑеделение на ÑзÑке опиÑаниÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑое поÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ
+ÑÑ
емÑ. </p>
+
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑизиÑеÑкие ÑлекÑÑоннÑе ÑÑ
емÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+когда монÑиÑÑÑÑ ÑкземплÑÑÑ ÑÑ
емÑ,
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑÑежей по Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ влиÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
+Ñо, ÑÑо можно делаÑÑ Ñ ÑобÑаннÑми
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑвами.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑлÑÑае изобÑажений обÑекÑов и моделей
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑеÑ
меÑнÑÑ
пÑинÑеÑов авÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñоздание
дÑÑгого изобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñакой же ÑоÑмÑ
+ÑиÑÑо ÑÑнкÑионалÑного обÑекÑа. Ðно Ñакже
не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑе ÑизиÑеÑкие обÑекÑÑ,
ÑделаннÑе по ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±ÑажениÑ. Ð ÑамкаÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава каждÑй волен ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
и полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ (а нам ÑÑа
+Ñвобода оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ñжна). РСШРавÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑе ÑÑоÑонÑ, опиÑаннÑе
ÑеÑÑежом, но <a
+href="http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl103.html"> на декоÑаÑивнÑе
ÑÑоÑонÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ</a>. Ðогда Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ и Ñого
же обÑекÑа еÑÑÑ Ð¸ декоÑаÑивнÑе,
+и ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑе ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼ в
ÑложнÑÑ ÑиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ <a
+href="#fn2">(*)</a>.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно и в ваÑей ÑÑÑане,
а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸ не бÑÑÑ. ÐеÑед Ñем как
+пÑоизводиÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ в
болÑÑом колиÑеÑÑве, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+пÑоконÑÑлÑÑиÑоваÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÑнÑм ÑÑиÑÑом.
ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво — не
+единÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема, на коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ñжно
обÑаÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ. Ðа Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
+напаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов (ÑкоÑее вÑего,
пÑавообладаÑелÑми бÑдÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñа,
+никак не ÑвÑзаннÑе Ñ Ñозданием ÑеÑÑежей,
коÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ), могÑÑ
+бÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑгие ÑÑидиÑеÑкие ÑÑÑдноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐмейÑе в видÑ, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое и паÑенÑное
пÑаво — ÑÑо ÑовеÑÑенно
+ÑазнÑе веÑи. ÐÑо дÑмаеÑ, бÑдÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо обÑее, оÑибаеÑÑÑ. ÐоÑ
+поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²ÑÑажение “<a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ</a>” — ÑÑо ÑиÑÑое
заблÑждение, Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ нÑжно
+полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p id="fn2">* ÐолезнÑе ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑой
ÑложноÑÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ð¿ÑиводÑÑÑÑ Ð² <a
+href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/3_Steps_for_Licensing_Your_3D_Printed_Stuff.pdf">
+ÑÑаÑÑе Public Knowledge</a>, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑ ÐµÐµ впадаÑÑ
в обÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑибкÑ,
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑÑÑазное понÑÑие
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” и
+пÑопагандиÑÑÑкое вÑÑажение “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">заÑиÑа</a>”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="promoting">СодейÑÑвие Ñвободной
аппаÑаÑÑÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑайÑов</h3>
+
+<p>СамÑй дейÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб пооÑÑÑÑÑ
пÑбликаÑии ÑеÑÑежей аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
+ÑвободнÑми лиÑензиÑми —
ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð¿Ñавила на ÑайÑаÑ
, где они
+пÑбликÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐпеÑаÑоÑÑ ÑайÑа должнÑ
ÑÑавиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо ÑÑанеÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑежи, вÑÑе пÑедпоÑÑений ÑеÑ
,
кÑо ÑÑи ÑеÑÑежи делаеÑ. ÐÑо
+ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑебование ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑеÑÑежей
полезнÑÑ
обÑекÑов как ÑÑловие иÑ
+ÑазмеÑениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑлÑÑае декоÑаÑивнÑÑ
обÑекÑов ÑÑоÑ
аÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ñименим, Ñак ÑÑо неÑ
+необÑ
одимоÑÑи наÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
бÑли ÑвободнÑ. Ðднако Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+наÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ можно бÑло
обмениваÑÑÑÑ. Таким обÑазом, Ñ
+ÑайÑа, на коÑоÑом ÑазмеÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ как
декоÑаÑивнÑÑ
, Ñак и ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
+обÑекÑов, Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÑÑие
пÑавила лиÑензиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ из
+каÑегоÑий.</p>
+
+<p>Я пÑедлагаÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÑежей ÑиÑÑовой
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаивал на GNU
+GPL веÑÑии 3 или более поздней, Apache 2.0
или CC0. ÐлÑ
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑÑеÑ
меÑнÑÑ
моделей ÑайÑ
должен пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑа ÑеÑÑежа вÑбÑаÑÑ
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑеÑÑÑеÑ
лиÑензий: GNU GPL веÑÑии 3
или более поздней,
+Apache 2.0, CC-SA, CC-BY или CC0. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð´ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑаÑивнÑÑ
моделей ÑÑо должна
+бÑÑÑ GNU GPL веÑÑии 3 или более позднÑÑ,
Apache 2.0, CC0 или лÑбаÑ
+из лиÑензий Creative Commons.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡Ð°Ð¹Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ ÑÑебоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑеÑÑежи
пÑбликовалиÑÑ Ð² виде иÑÑ
одного
+ÑекÑÑа, пÑиÑем иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð² ÑекÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе можно пÑименÑÑÑ
+ÑолÑко в неÑвободнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
пÑоекÑиÑованиÑ, не годиÑÑÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑеÑ
меÑнÑÑ
+моделей <a
+href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0)">
+ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ STL</a> не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпоÑÑиÑелÑнÑм
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑедакÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸,
+ÑледоваÑелÑно, ÑÑо не иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, Ñак
ÑÑо ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð½Ðµ должен его пÑинимаÑÑ,
+Ñазве ÑÑо кÑоме ÑлÑÑаев, когда он
ÑопÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑоÑÑий иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐµÑ Ð¾Ñнований вÑбиÑаÑÑ ÑолÑко один
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа ÑеÑÑежей
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, но ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа,
коÑоÑÑе пока не могÑÑ
+обÑабаÑÑваÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами,
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑинимаÑÑÑÑ Ð² лÑÑÑем ÑлÑÑае
+неоÑ
оÑно.</p>
+
+<h3 id="warranties">Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа и
гаÑанÑии</h3>
+
+<p>Ð Ñелом, Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑеÑÑежей
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑной обÑзанноÑÑи
+пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑÐ¸Ñ Ñем, кÑо
изгоÑÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑо не Ñо же
+Ñамое, ÑÑо пÑодаваÑÑ ÑизиÑеÑкÑÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð° ÑопÑовождаÑÑÑÑ
+гаÑанÑией пÑодавÑа или ÑазÑабоÑÑика.</p>
+
+<h3 id="conclusion">ÐаклÑÑение</h3>
+
+<p>У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñже еÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии, подÑ
одÑÑие длÑ
Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи ÑеÑÑежи
+аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми. Ðам как ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ
оÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко пÑизнаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+именно ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ, и наÑÑаиваÑÑ
на ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑеÑÑежаÑ
, когда
+обÑекÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ñавливаем Ð¼Ñ Ñами.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2015 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:51 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.ru-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.ru-en.html 24 Sep 2015 05:57:51
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>Most of this article was published in two parts in wired.com in
+March 2015:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a href="http://www.wired.com/2015/03/need-free-digital-hardware-designs/">
+Why We Need Free Digital Hardware Designs</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a
href="http://www.wired.com/2015/03/richard-stallman-how-to-make-hardware-designs-free/">
+Hardware Designs Should Be Free. Hereâs How to Do It</a>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>To what extent do the ideas of free software extend to hardware?
+Is it a moral obligation to make our hardware designs free, just as it
+is to make our software free? Does maintaining our freedom require
+rejecting hardware made from nonfree designs?</p>
+
+<h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3>
+
+<p><em>Free software</em> is a matter of freedom, not price; broadly
+speaking, it means that users are free to use the software and to copy
+and redistribute the software, with or without changes. More
+precisely, the definition is formulated in terms of <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">the four essential freedoms</a>. To
+emphasize that “free”refers to freedom, not price, we
+often use the French or Spanish word “libre” along with
+“free.”</p>
+
+<p>Applying the same concept directly to hardware, <em>free
+hardware</em> means hardware that users are free to use and to copy
+and redistribute with or without changes. However, there are no
+copiers for hardware, aside from keys, DNA, and plastic objects'
+exterior shapes. Most hardware is made by fabrication from some sort
+of design. The design comes before the hardware.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the concept we really need is that of a <em>free hardware
+design</em>. That's simple: it means a design that permits users to
+use the design (i.e., fabricate hardware from it) and to copy and
+redistribute it, with or without changes. The design must provide the
+same four freedoms that define free software.</p>
+
+<p>Then we can refer to hardware made from a free design as
+“free hardware,” or “free-design hardware”
+to avoid possible misunderstanding.</p>
+
+<p>People first encountering the idea of free software often think it
+means you can get a copy gratis. Many free programs are available for
+zero price, since it costs you nothing to download your own copy, but
+that's not what “free” means here. (In fact, some spyware
+programs such as <a
+href="/philosophy/proprietary/proprietary-surveillance.html">Flash
+Player and Angry Birds</a> are gratis although they are not free.)
+Saying “libre” along with “free” helps clarify
+the point.</p>
+
+<p>For hardware, this confusion tends to go in the other direction;
+hardware costs money to produce, so commercially made hardware won't
+be gratis (unless it is a loss-leader or a tie-in), but that does not
+prevent its design from being free/libre. Things you make in your own
+3D printer can be quite cheap, but not exactly gratis since you will
+have to pay for the raw materials. In ethical terms, the freedom
+issue trumps the price issue totally, since a device that denies
+freedom to its users is worth less than nothing.</p>
+
+<p>The terms “open hardware” and “open source
+hardware” are used by some with the same concrete meaning as
+“free hardware,” but those terms downplay freedom as an
+issue. They were derived from the term “open source
+software,” which refers more or less to free software but <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">without talking
+about freedom or presenting the issue as a matter of right or
+wrong</a>. To underline the importance of freedom, we make a point of
+referring to freedom whenever it is pertinent; since
+“open” fails to do that, let's not substitute it for
+“free.”</p>
+
+<h3 id="hw-and-sw">Hardware and Software</h3>
+
+<p>Hardware and software are fundamentally different. A program, even
+in compiled executable form, is a collection of data which can be
+interpreted as instruction for a computer. Like any other digital
+work, it can be copied and changed using a computer. A copy of a
+program has no inherent physical form or embodiment.</p>
+
+<p>By contrast, hardware is a physical structure and its physicality
+is crucial. While the hardware's design might be represented as data,
+in some cases even as a program, the design is not the hardware. A
+design for a CPU can't execute a program. You won't get very far
+trying to type on a design for a keyboard or display pixels on a
+design for a screen.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, while you can use a computer to modify or copy the
+hardware design, a computer can't convert the design into the physical
+structure it describes. That requires fabrication equipment.</p>
+
+<h3 id="boundary">The Boundary between Hardware and Software</h3>
+
+<p>What is the boundary, in digital devices, between hardware and
+software? It follows from the definitions. Software is the
+operational part of a device that can be copied and changed in a
+computer; hardware is the operational part that can't be. This is the
+right way to make the distinction because it relates to the practical
+consequences.</p>
+
+<p>There is a gray area between hardware and software that contains
+firmware that <em>can</em> be upgraded or replaced, but is not meant
+ever to be upgraded or replaced once the product is sold. In
+conceptual terms, the gray area is rather narrow. In practice, it is
+important because many products fall in it. We can treat that
+firmware as hardware with a small stretch.</p>
+
+<p>Some have said that preinstalled firmware programs and
+Field-Programmable Gate Array chips (FPGAs) “blur the boundary
+between hardware and software,” but I think that is a
+misinterpretation of the facts. Firmware that is installed during use
+is software; firmware that is delivered inside the device and can't be
+changed is software by nature, but we can treat it as if it were a
+circuit. As for FPGAs, the FPGA itself is hardware, but the gate
+pattern that is loaded into the FPGA is a kind of firmware.</p>
+
+<p>Running free gate patterns on FPGAs could potentially be a useful
+method for making digital devices that are free at the circuit level.
+However, to make FPGAs usable in the free world, we need free
+development tools for them. The obstacle is that the format of the
+gate pattern file that gets loaded into the FPGA is secret. For many
+years there was no model of FPGA for which those files could be
+produced without nonfree (proprietary) tools.</p>
+
+<p>As of 2015, free software tools are available for
+<a href="http://www.clifford.at/icestorm/">programming the Lattice
+iCE40</a>, a common model of FPGA, from input written in a hardware
+definition language (HDL). It is also possible to compile C programs
+and run them on the Xilinx Spartan 6 LX9 FPGA
+with <a href="https://github.com/Wolfgang-Spraul/fpgatools">free
+tools</a>, but those do not support HDL input. We recommend that you
+reject other FPGA models until they too are supported by free
+tools.</p>
+
+<p>As for the HDL code itself, it can act as software (when it is run
+on an emulator or loaded into an FPGA) or as a hardware design (when
+it is realized in immutable silicon or a circuit board).</p>
+
+<h3 id="ethical-3d-printers">The Ethical Question for 3D Printers</h3>
+
+<p>Ethically, <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">software
+must be free</a>; a nonfree program is an injustice. Should we take
+the same view for hardware designs?</p>
+
+<p>We certainly should, in the fields that 3D printing (or, more
+generally, any sort of personal fabrication) can handle. Printer
+patterns to make a useful, practical object (i.e., functional rather
+than decorative) <em>must</em> be free because they are works made for
+practical use. Users deserve control over these works, just as they
+deserve control over the software they use. Distributing a nonfree
+functional object design is as wrong as distributing a nonfree
+program.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful to choose 3D printers that work with exclusively free
+software; the Free Software Foundation <a
+href="http://fsf.org/resources/hw/endorsement">endorses such
+printers</a>. Some 3D printers are made from free hardware designs,
+but <a
+href="http://www.cnet.com/news/pulling-back-from-open-source-hardware-makerbot-angers-some-adherents/">Makerbot's
+hardware designs are nonfree</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="reject-nonfree">Must We Reject Nonfree Digital Hardware?</h3>
+
+<p>Is a nonfree digital <a href="#fn1">(*)</a> hardware design an
+injustice? Must we, for our freedom's sake, reject all digital
+hardware made from nonfree designs, as we must reject nonfree
+software?</p>
+
+<p>Due to the conceptual parallel between hardware designs and
+software source code, many hardware hackers are quick to condemn
+nonfree hardware designs just like nonfree software. I disagree
+because the circumstances for hardware and software are different.</p>
+
+<p>Present-day chip and board fabrication technology resembles the
+printing press: it lends itself to mass production in a factory. It
+is more like copying books in 1950 than like copying software
+today.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom to copy and change software is an ethical imperative
+because those activities are feasible for those who use software: the
+equipment that enables you to use the software (a computer) is also
+sufficient to copy and change it. Today's mobile computers are too
+weak to be good for this, but anyone can find a computer that's
+powerful enough.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, a computer suffices to download and run a version changed
+by someone else who knows how, even if you are not a programmer.
+Indeed, nonprogrammers download software and run it every day. This
+is why free software makes a real difference to nonprogrammers.</p>
+
+<p>How much of this applies to hardware? Not everyone who can use
+digital hardware knows how to change a circuit design, or a chip
+design, but anyone who has a PC has the equipment needed to do so.
+Thus far, hardware is parallel to software, but next comes the big
+difference.</p>
+
+<p>You can't build and run a circuit design or a chip design in your
+computer. Constructing a big circuit is a lot of painstaking work,
+and that's once you have the circuit board. Fabricating a chip is not
+feasible for individuals today; only mass production can make them
+cheap enough. With today's hardware technology, users can't download
+and run John H Hacker's modified version of a digital hardware design,
+as they could run John S Hacker's modified version of a program.
+Thus, the four freedoms don't give users today collective control over
+a hardware design as they give users collective control over a
+program. That's where the reasoning showing that all software must be
+free fails to apply to today's hardware technology.</p>
+
+<p>In 1983 there was no free operating system, but it was clear that
+if we had one, we could immediately use it and get software freedom.
+All that was missing was the code for one.</p>
+
+<p>In 2014, if we had a free design for a CPU chip suitable for a PC,
+mass-produced chips made from that design would not give us the same
+freedom in the hardware domain. If we're going to buy a product mass
+produced in a factory, this dependence on the factory causes most of
+the same problems as a nonfree design. For free designs to give us
+hardware freedom, we need future fabrication technology.</p>
+
+<p>We can envision a future in which our personal fabricators can make
+chips, and our robots can assemble and solder them together with
+transformers, switches, keys, displays, fans and so on. In that
+future we will all make our own computers (and fabricators and
+robots), and we will all be able to take advantage of modified designs
+made by those who know hardware. The arguments for rejecting nonfree
+software will then apply to nonfree hardware designs too.</p>
+
+<p>That future is years away, at least. In the meantime, there is no
+need to reject hardware with nonfree designs on principle.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p id="fn1">* As used here, “digital hardware” includes
+hardware with some analog circuits and components in addition to
+digital ones.</p>
+
+<h3 id="free-designs">We Need Free Digital Hardware Designs</h3>
+
+<p>Although we need not reject digital hardware made from nonfree
+designs in today's circumstances, we need to develop free designs and
+should use them when feasible. They provide advantages today, and in
+the future they may be the only way to use free software.</p>
+
+<p>Free hardware designs offer practical advantages. Multiple
+companies can fabricate one, which reduces dependence on a single
+vendor. Groups can arrange to fabricate them in quantity. Having
+circuit diagrams or HDL code makes it possible to study the design to
+look for errors or malicious functionalities (it is known that the NSA
+has procured malicious weaknesses in some computing hardware).
+Furthermore, free designs can serve as building blocks to design
+computers and other complex devices, whose specs will be published and
+which will have fewer parts that could be used against us.</p>
+
+<p>Free hardware designs may become usable for some parts of our
+computers and networks, and for embedded systems, before we are able
+to make entire computers this way.</p>
+
+<p>Free hardware designs may become essential even before we can
+fabricate the hardware personally, if they become the only way to
+avoid nonfree software. As common commercial hardware is increasingly
+designed to subjugate users, it becomes increasingly incompatible with
+free software, because of secret specifications and requirements for
+code to be signed by someone other than you. Cell phone modem chips
+and even some graphics accelerators already require firmware to be
+signed by the manufacturer. Any program in your computer, that
+someone else is allowed to change but you're not, is an instrument of
+unjust power over you; hardware that imposes that requirement is
+malicious hardware. In the case of cell phone modem chips, all the
+models now available are malicious.</p>
+
+<p>Some day, free-design digital hardware may be the only platform
+that permits running a free system at all. Let us aim to have the
+necessary free digital designs before then, and hope that we have the
+means to fabricate them cheaply enough for all users.</p>
+
+<p>If you design hardware, please make your designs free. If you use
+hardware, please join in urging and pressuring companies to make
+hardware designs free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="levels-of-design">Levels of Design</h3>
+
+<p>Software has levels of implementation; a package might include
+libraries, commands and scripts, for instance. But these levels don't
+make a significant difference for software freedom because it is
+feasible to make all the levels free. Designing components of a
+program is the same sort of work as designing the code that combines
+them; likewise, building the components from source is the same sort
+of operation as building the combined program from source. To make
+the whole thing free simply requires continuing the work until we have
+done the whole job.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, we insist that a program be free at all levels. For a
+program to qualify as free, every line of the source code that
+composes it must be free, so that you can rebuild the program out of
+free source code alone.</p>
+
+<p>Physical objects, by contrast, are often built out of components
+that are designed and build in a different kind of factory. For
+instance, a computer is made from chips, but designing (or
+fabricating) chips is very different from designing (or fabricating)
+the computer out of chips.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, we need to distinguish <em>levels</em> in the design of a
+digital product (and maybe some other kinds of products). The circuit
+that connects the chips is one level; each chip's design is another
+level. In an FPGA, the interconnection of primitive cells is one
+level, while the primitive cells themselves are another level. In the
+ideal future we will want the design be free at all levels. Under
+present circumstances, just making one level free is a significant
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>However, if a design at one level combines free and nonfree parts
+— for example, a “free” HDL circuit that
+incorporates proprietary “soft cores” — we must
+conclude that the design as a whole is nonfree at that level.
+Likewise for nonfree “wizards” or “macros,” if
+they specify part of the interconnections of chips or programmably
+connected parts of chips. The free parts may be a step towards the
+future goal of a free design, but reaching that goal entails replacing
+the nonfree parts. They can never be admissible in the free
+world.</p>
+
+<h3 id="licenses">Licenses and Copyright for Free Hardware Designs</h3>
+
+<p>You make a hardware design free by releasing it under a free
+license. We recommend using the GNU General Public License, version 3
+or later. We designed GPL version 3 with a view to such use.</p>
+
+<p>Copyleft on circuits, and on nondecorative object shapes, doesn't
+go as far as one might suppose. The copyright on these designs only
+applies to the way the design is drawn or written. Copyleft is a way
+of using copyright law, so its effect carries only as far as copyright
+law carries.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, a circuit, as a topology, cannot be copyrighted (and
+therefore cannot be copylefted). Definitions of circuits written in
+HDL can be copyrighted (and therefore copylefted), but the copyleft
+covers only the details of expression of the HDL code, not the circuit
+topology it generates. Likewise, a drawing or layout of a circuit can
+be copyrighted, so it can be copylefted, but this only covers the
+drawing or layout, not the circuit topology. Anyone can legally draw
+the same circuit topology in a different-looking way, or write a
+different HDL definition that produces the same circuit.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright doesn't cover physical circuits, so when people build
+instances of the circuit, the design's license will have no legal
+effect on what they do with the devices they have built.</p>
+
+<p>For drawings of objects, and 3D printer models, copyright doesn't
+cover making a different drawing of the same purely functional object
+shape. It also doesn't cover the functional physical objects made
+from the drawing. As far as copyright is concerned, everyone is free
+to make them and use them (and that's a freedom we need very much).
+In the US, copyright does not cover the functional aspects that the
+design describes, but <a
+href="http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl103.html">does cover decorative
+aspects</a>. When one object has decorative aspects and functional
+aspects, you get into tricky ground <a href="#fn2">(*)</a>.</p>
+
+<p>All this may be true in your country as well, or it may not.
+Before producing objects commercially or in quantity, you should
+consult a local lawyer. Copyright is not the only issue you need to
+be concerned with. You might be attacked using patents, most likely
+held by entities that had nothing to do with making the design you're
+using, and there may be other legal issues as well.</p>
+
+<p>Keep in mind that copyright law and patent law are totally
+different. It is a mistake to suppose that they have anything in
+common. This is why the term “<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">intellectual property</a>” is
+pure confusion and should be totally rejected.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p id="fn2">* An article by Public Knowledge gives useful information
+about this <a
+href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/3_Steps_for_Licensing_Your_3D_Printed_Stuff.pdf">
+complexity</a>, for the US, though it falls into the common mistake of
+using the bogus concept of “intellectual property” and the
+propaganda term “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">protection</a>.”</p>
+
+<h3 id="promoting">Promoting Free Hardware Through Repositories</h3>
+
+<p>The most effective way to push for published hardware designs to be
+free is through rules in the repositories where they are published.
+Repository operators should place the freedom of the people who will
+use the designs above the preferences of people who make the designs.
+This means requiring designs of useful objects to be free, as a
+condition for posting them.</p>
+
+<p>For decorative objects, that argument does not apply, so we don't
+have to insist they must be free. However, we should insist that they
+be sharable. Thus, a repository that handles both decorative object
+models and functional ones should have an appropriate license policy
+for each category.</p>
+
+<p>For digital designs, I suggest that the repository insist on GNU
+GPL v3-or-later, Apache 2.0, or CC-0. For functional 3D designs, the
+repository should ask the design's author to choose one of four
+licenses: GNU GPL v3-or-later, Apache 2.0, CC-SA, CC-BY or CC-0. For
+decorative designs, it should GNU GPL v3-or-later, Apache 2.0, CC-0,
+or any of the CC licenses.</p>
+
+<p>The repository should require all designs to be published as source
+code, and source code in secret formats usable only by proprietary
+design programs is not really adequate. For a 3D model, the <a
+href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_%28file_format%29">STL
+format</a> is not the preferred format for changing the design and
+thus is not source code, so the repository should not accept it,
+except perhaps accompanying real source code.</p>
+
+<p>There is no reason to choose one single format for the source code
+of hardware designs, but source formats that cannot yet be handled
+with free software should be accepted reluctantly at best.</p>
+
+<h3 id="warranties">Free Hardware and Warranties</h3>
+
+<p>In general, the authors of free hardware designs have no moral
+obligation to offer a warranty to those that fabricate the design.
+This is a different issue from the sale of physical hardware, which
+ought to come with a warranty from the seller and/or the
+manufacturer.</p>
+
+<h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3>
+
+<p>We already have suitable licenses to make our hardware designs
+free. What we need is to recognize as a community that this is what
+we should do and to insist on free designs when we fabricate objects
+ourselves.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
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+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/09/24 05:57:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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