[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
www planetfeeds.ru.html philosophy/po/shouldbef...
From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www planetfeeds.ru.html philosophy/po/shouldbef... |
Date: |
Mon, 25 May 2015 05:27:23 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/05/25 05:27:23
Modified files:
. : planetfeeds.ru.html
philosophy/po : shouldbefree.ar.po shouldbefree.translist
po : planetfeeds.ru.po
Added files:
philosophy : shouldbefree.ar.html
philosophy/po : shouldbefree.ar-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/planetfeeds.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.405&r2=1.406
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/po/planetfeeds.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.591&r2=1.592
Patches:
Index: planetfeeds.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/planetfeeds.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.405
retrieving revision 1.406
diff -u -b -r1.405 -r1.406
--- planetfeeds.ru.html 25 May 2015 04:58:02 -0000 1.405
+++ planetfeeds.ru.html 25 May 2015 05:27:20 -0000 1.406
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
<a href='http://planet.gnu.org/~ams/#g_t2015_002d05_002d31'>далее</a></p>
<p><a
href='http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/asking-obama-to-protect-encryption-and-why-thats-not-enough'>
-Asking Obama to protect encryption, and why that's not enough</a>: In addition
to civil society organizations like the FSF, the letter* was
-signed by some of the most important cryptologists in th...
+ÐÑоÑÑба к Ðбаме заÑиÑиÑÑ ÑиÑÑование, и
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑого не доÑÑаÑоÑно</a>: Рдополнение
к Ñаким оÑганизаÑиÑм гÑажданÑкого
обÑеÑÑва, как ФСÐÐ,
+обÑаÑение бÑло подпиÑано некоÑоÑÑми из
ведÑÑиÑ
кÑипÑологов...
<a
href='http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/asking-obama-to-protect-encryption-and-why-thats-not-enough'>далее</a></p>
<p><a href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150709-frankfurt'>
-Richard Stallman to speak in Frankfurt, Germany</a>: Richard Stallman's speech
will be nontechnical, admission is gratis, and
-the public is encouraged to attend. Speech topic to be determined. Ple...
+РиÑаÑд СÑолмен вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾ ФÑанкÑÑÑÑе
(ÐеÑманиÑ)</a>: ÐÑÑÑÑпление РиÑаÑда СÑолмена
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑеÑ
ниÑеÑким, вÑ
од беÑплаÑнÑй,
+пÑиглаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе желаÑÑие. Тема
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑоÑнÑеÑÑÑ...
<a href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150709-frankfurt'>далее</a></p>
Index: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar.po 25 May 2015 04:56:34 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar.po 25 May 2015 05:27:22 -0000 1.2
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-05-03 17:04+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Faycal Alami <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Arabic\n"
+"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
@@ -23,128 +24,361 @@
msgstr "ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ØرةØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a>"
-msgstr "Ù
ÙاÙØ© بÙÙÙ
<a
href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
Ù</strong></a>"
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
ÙاÙØ© بÙÙÙ
<a
href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
Ù</"
+"strong></a>"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr "Ù
ÙدÙ
Ø©"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how
decisions about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual
who has a copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is
possible for them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done?
The individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?"
-msgstr "ÙجÙد اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙØ«Ùر تساؤÙا٠ضرÙرÙاÙ
ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اتخاذ اÙÙرارات اÙÙ
ؤطرة ÙاستخداÙ
Ùا. ÙÙÙترض Ù
Ø«Ùا٠أ٠شخصا٠Ù
ا ÙدÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
Ù
برÙاÙ
ج Ùد Ùاب٠شخصا٠آخر ÙرÙد Ùسخة ثاÙÙØ©.
بإÙ
Ùا٠ÙØ°Ù٠اÙشخصÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
ا بÙسخ اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙا ÙتساءÙØ Ù
Ù ÙÙبغ٠أ٠ÙÙرر بشأ٠جÙاز
عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙسخ أ٠عدÙ
جÙازÙØ§Ø ÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙØ£Ùراد اÙÙ
عÙÙÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø£Ù Ø·Ø±Ù Ø¢Ø®Ø± ÙسÙ
Ù ”اÙÙ
اÙÙ“Ø"
+msgid ""
+"The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions "
+"about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a "
+"copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for "
+"them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The "
+"individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÙجÙد اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙØ«Ùر تساؤÙا٠ضرÙرÙا٠ØÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙØ© اتخاذ اÙÙرارات اÙÙ
ؤطرة "
+"ÙاستخداÙ
Ùا. ÙÙÙترض Ù
Ø«Ùا٠أ٠شخصا٠Ù
ا ÙدÙÙ
Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ùد Ùاب٠شخصا٠آخر ÙرÙد "
+"Ùسخة ثاÙÙØ©. بإÙ
Ùا٠ÙØ°Ù٠اÙشخصÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
ا
بÙسخ اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙا ÙتساءÙØ Ù
Ù "
+"ÙÙبغ٠أ٠ÙÙرر بشأ٠جÙاز عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙسخ أ٠عدÙ
جÙازÙØ§Ø ÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙØ£Ùراد اÙÙ
عÙÙÙÙØ "
+"أ٠أ٠طر٠آخر ÙسÙ
Ù ”اÙÙ
اÙÙ“Ø"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Software developers typically consider these questions on the
assumption that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers'
profits. The political power of business has led to the government adoption of
both this criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program
has an owner, typically a corporation associated with its development."
-msgstr "عادة Ù
ا ÙÙظر Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
سأÙØ© عÙ٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù Ù
عÙار اÙإجابة ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù
Ù٠تعظÙÙ
Ø£Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠بأÙÙسÙÙ
. إ٠اÙÙÙØ©
اÙسÙاسÙØ© ÙÙأعÙ
ا٠جعÙت اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© تتبÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
عÙار Ù
ع اÙإجابة اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ: Ø£Ù
أ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ Ù
اÙÙØ Ùعادة Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ù٠اÙشرÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø·Ùرة ذاتÙا. "
+msgid ""
+"Software developers typically consider these questions on the assumption "
+"that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers' profits. The "
+"political power of business has led to the government adoption of both this "
+"criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program has an "
+"owner, typically a corporation associated with its development."
+msgstr ""
+"عادة Ù
ا ÙÙظر Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ© عÙ٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù Ù
عÙار اÙإجابة "
+"ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠تعظÙÙ
Ø£Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠بأÙÙسÙÙ
. Ø¥Ù
اÙÙÙØ© اÙسÙاسÙØ© ÙÙأعÙ
ا٠جعÙت "
+"اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© تتبÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
عÙار Ù
ع اÙإجابة اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ: أ٠أ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج "
+"ÙÙ Ù
اÙÙØ Ùعادة Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙ Ù٠اÙشرÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø·Ùرة ذاتÙا. "
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion:
the prosperity and freedom of the public in general."
-msgstr "Ø£Ùد Ø£Ù Ø£Ø·Ø±Ø ÙÙس اÙسؤا٠باستخداÙ
Ù
عÙار Ù
ختÙÙ: ازدÙار ÙØرÙØ© اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙ٠عاÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion: the "
+"prosperity and freedom of the public in general."
+msgstr ""
+"Ø£Ùد Ø£Ù Ø£Ø·Ø±Ø ÙÙس اÙسؤا٠باستخداÙ
Ù
عÙار Ù
ختÙÙ: ازدÙار ÙØرÙØ© اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙ٠عاÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should
conform to ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide
this question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge
is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, why,
and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit analysis on
behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual freedom as well as
production of material goods."
-msgstr "اÙإجابة Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙررÙا اÙÙاÙÙÙ
اÙØاÙÙ—ÙاÙÙاÙÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙ Ù
ع اÙأخÙاÙØ
ÙÙÙس اÙعÙس. ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة اÙØاÙÙØ© غÙر
صاÙØØ© ÙÙبث ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©Ø Ø¹Ù٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
Ù
Ø£ÙÙا Ùد تÙØ٠باØتÙ
ا٠ÙجÙد أجÙبة. إ٠اÙسبÙÙ
اÙÙØÙد ÙÙØÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
عرÙØ© Ù
Ù
ÙستÙÙد ÙÙ
Ù Ùتضرر Ù
٠اÙاعترا٠بÙ
اÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙÙ
اذا ÙØ¥Ù٠أ٠Ù
دÙ. بعبارة أخرÙØ
ÙتعÙ٠عÙÙÙا دراسة اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
ÙاÙع
باÙÙÙابة ع٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙØ Ù
ع Ù
راعاة اÙØرÙØ©
اÙÙردÙØ© ÙضÙا٠ع٠إÙتاج اÙسÙع اÙÙ
ادÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should conform to "
+"ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide this "
+"question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge "
+"is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, "
+"why, and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit "
+"analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual "
+"freedom as well as production of material goods."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙإجابة Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙررÙا اÙÙاÙÙÙ
اÙØاÙÙ—ÙاÙÙاÙÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙ Ù
ع "
+"اÙأخÙاÙØ ÙÙÙس اÙعÙس. ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة
اÙØاÙÙØ© غÙر صاÙØØ© ÙÙبث ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©Ø "
+"عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أÙÙا Ùد تÙØ٠باØتÙ
ا٠ÙجÙد
أجÙبة. إ٠اÙسبÙ٠اÙÙØÙد ÙÙØÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙÙ
سأÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
عرÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙستÙÙد ÙÙ
Ù Ùتضرر Ù
Ù
اÙاعترا٠بÙ
اÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙÙ
اذا "
+"ÙØ¥Ù٠أ٠Ù
دÙ. بعبارة أخرÙØ ÙتعÙ٠عÙÙÙا
دراسة اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
ÙاÙع باÙÙÙابة ع٠"
+"اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙØ Ù
ع Ù
راعاة اÙØرÙØ© اÙÙردÙØ©
ÙضÙا٠ع٠إÙتاج اÙسÙع اÙÙ
ادÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show
that the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the
duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the
software we write: in other words, to write <a
href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">“free” software</a>.<a
href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
-msgstr "ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ Ø³Ù٠أÙدÙ
ÙصÙا٠ÙÙآثار
اÙÙاجÙ
Ø© ع٠ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùعرض اÙÙتائج
اÙضارة اÙÙ
ترتبة ع٠ذÙÙ. استÙتاج٠Ù٠أ٠Ù
Ù
Ùاجب اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠تشجÙع اÙآخرÙ٠عÙ٠تشارÙØ
تÙزÙØ¹Ø Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© ÙتØسÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙÙتبÙا.
أ٠بعبارة أخرÙØ Ùتابة <a
href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">اÙبرÙ
جÙات
”اÙØرة“</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+msgid ""
+"In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show that "
+"the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the "
+"duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the "
+"software we write: in other words, to write <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
+"html\">“free” software</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ Ø³Ù٠أÙدÙ
ÙصÙا٠ÙÙآثار
اÙÙاجÙ
Ø© ع٠ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùعرض "
+"اÙÙتائج اÙضارة اÙÙ
ترتبة ع٠ذÙÙ. استÙتاجÙ
Ù٠أ٠Ù
Ù Ùاجب اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠تشجÙع "
+"اÙآخرÙ٠عÙ٠تشارÙØ ØªÙزÙØ¹Ø Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© ÙتØسÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙÙتبÙا. أ٠بعبارة "
+"أخرÙØ Ùتابة <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">اÙبرÙ
جÙات
”"
+"اÙØرة“</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "How Owners Justify Their Power"
msgstr "ÙÙÙ Ùبرر اÙÙ
اÙÙÙ٠سÙطتÙÙ
Ø"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property
offer two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional
argument and the economic argument."
-msgstr "ÙدعÙ
اÙÙ
ستÙÙدÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙ
ÙاÙØ°ÙÙ ÙدعÙ٠أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù
طاÙبÙÙ
بØجتÙÙ: Øجة عاطÙÙØ© Ùأخر٠إÙتصادÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property offer "
+"two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional "
+"argument and the economic argument."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙدعÙ
اÙÙ
ستÙÙدÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙ ÙاÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙدعÙ٠أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù
طاÙبÙÙ
"
+"بØجتÙÙ: Øجة عاطÙÙØ© Ùأخر٠إÙتصادÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart,
my soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's
<em>mine</em>!”"
-msgstr "اÙØجة اÙعاطÙÙØ© تصاغ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ: ”ÙÙد
Ùضعت عرÙÙ ÙÙÙب٠ÙرÙØÙ ÙÙ Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج, ÙÙد
Ùبع Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج <em>Ù
٠داخÙÙ</em>Ø Ø¥ÙÙ
<em>ÙÙ</em>!“"
+msgid ""
+"The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart, my "
+"soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's <em>mine</em>!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"اÙØجة اÙعاطÙÙØ© تصاغ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ: ”ÙÙد Ùضعت
عرÙÙ ÙÙÙب٠ÙرÙØÙ ÙÙ Ùذا "
+"اÙبرÙاÙ
ج, ÙÙد Ùبع Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج <em>Ù
Ù
داخÙÙ</em>Ø Ø¥ÙÙ <em>ÙÙ</em>!“"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of
attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is not
inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers usually
sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the emotional
attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great artists and
artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to their work. To
them, the name of the artist was not important. What mattered was that the
work was done—and the purpose it would serve. This view prevailed for
hundreds of years."
-msgstr "Ùذ٠اÙØجة Ùا ÙØتاج Ø¥Ù٠تÙÙÙدÙا بشÙÙ
جدÙØ ÙشعÙر اÙارتباط Ùذا ÙستخدÙ
٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
ÙÙتÙ
ا شاؤÙا ÙÙÙ ÙÙس بأÙ
ر ØتÙ
Ù. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙتخÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠ع٠جÙ
Ùع ØÙÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙشرÙات اÙÙبر٠Ù
Ùاب٠اÙراتب اÙØ°Ù ÙتÙاضÙÙÙ.
Ùذا اÙتعÙ٠اÙعاطÙÙ ÙختÙÙ Ù٠ظرÙ٠غاÙ
Ø¶Ø©Ø Ø¹ÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙض Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا ÙÙظر Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙÙ Ù
اÙØرÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙعصÙر اÙÙسطÙØ ÙØ¥Ù ÙؤÙاء ÙÙ
ÙضعÙا Øت٠أسÙ
اءÙÙ
عÙ٠أعÙ
اÙÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اسÙ
اÙÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙ
اÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تعÙ
ٗ٠أ٠ÙسÙ
Ø
عÙ
Ù٠ببÙÙغ اÙÙد٠اÙÙ
سطر. ÙجÙØ© اÙÙظر ÙØ°Ù
ÙاÙت Ù٠اÙسائدة ÙÙ
ئات اÙسÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of "
+"attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is "
+"not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers "
+"usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the "
+"emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great "
+"artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to "
+"their work. To them, the name of the artist was not important. What "
+"mattered was that the work was done—and the purpose it would serve. "
+"This view prevailed for hundreds of years."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذ٠اÙØجة Ùا ÙØتاج Ø¥Ù٠تÙÙÙدÙا بشÙ٠جدÙØ
ÙشعÙر اÙارتباط Ùذا ÙستخدÙ
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙتÙ
ا شاؤÙا ÙÙÙ ÙÙس بأÙ
ر ØتÙ
Ù.
عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙتخÙÙ ÙÙس "
+"اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠ع٠جÙ
Ùع ØÙÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙشرÙات اÙÙبر٠Ù
Ùاب٠اÙراتب اÙØ°Ù ÙتÙاضÙÙÙ. Ùذا "
+"اÙتعÙ٠اÙعاطÙÙ ÙختÙÙ Ù٠ظرÙ٠غاÙ
Ø¶Ø©Ø Ø¹ÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙض Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا ÙÙظر Ø¥ÙÙ "
+"اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ٠٠اÙØرÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙعصÙر اÙÙسطÙØ
ÙØ¥Ù ÙؤÙاء ÙÙ
ÙضعÙا Øت٠أسÙ
اءÙÙ
عÙÙ "
+"أعÙ
اÙÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اسÙ
اÙÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙ
اÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ
أ٠تعÙ
ٗ٠أ٠ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¹Ù
Ù٠ببÙÙغ "
+"اÙÙد٠اÙÙ
سطر. ÙجÙØ© اÙÙظر ÙØ°Ù ÙاÙت ÙÙ
اÙسائدة ÙÙ
ئات اÙسÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich
(usually described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you
don't allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else
is like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no
programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice from
the wise."
-msgstr "Ø£Ù
ا اÙØجة اÙØ¥ÙتصادÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تصاغ ÙÙ
ا
ÙÙÙ: ”أرÙد Ø§Ù Ø£ØµØ¨Ø ØºÙÙا٠(عادة Ù
ا ÙÙص٠Ùذا
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
بشÙ٠غÙر دÙÙÙ Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اعتبارÙ
’Ùسبا٠ÙÙعÙØ´‘ )Ø Ùإذا ÙÙ
تسÙ
Ø ÙÙ
باÙÙصÙÙ ÙÙثراء عبر اÙبرÙ
جة ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ Ù٠أبرÙ
ج.
ÙبÙ
ا أ٠اÙجÙ
Ùع Ù
Ø«ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ Ù٠تجد Ø£Øدا٠ÙبرÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙ٠تجد أ٠برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ! عادة Ù
ا
ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙتÙدÙد بÙ
ثابة ÙصÙØØ© ÙدÙØ© Ù
٠صدÙÙ
ØÙÙÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich (usually "
+"described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you don't "
+"allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else is "
+"like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no "
+"programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice "
+"from the wise."
+msgstr ""
+"Ø£Ù
ا اÙØجة اÙØ¥ÙتصادÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تصاغ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ:
”أرÙد Ø§Ù Ø£ØµØ¨Ø ØºÙÙا٠(عادة Ù
ا "
+"ÙÙص٠Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
بشÙ٠غÙر دÙÙÙ Ù
Ù Ø®ÙاÙ
اعتبار٠’Ùسبا٠ÙÙعÙØ´‘ )Ø "
+"Ùإذا ÙÙ
تسÙ
Ø Ù٠باÙÙصÙÙ ÙÙثراء عبر اÙبرÙ
جة
ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ Ù٠أبرÙ
ج. ÙبÙ
ا أ٠اÙجÙ
Ùع "
+"Ù
Ø«ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ Ù٠تجد Ø£Øدا٠ÙبرÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙ٠تجد Ø£Ù
برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ! عادة Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙ "
+"Ùذا اÙتÙدÙد بÙ
ثابة ÙصÙØØ© ÙدÙØ© Ù
٠صدÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address
an implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the
argument."
-msgstr "سأÙØ¶Ø ÙاØÙا٠ÙÙ
اذا ÙØ´ÙÙ Ùذا اÙتÙدÙد Ù
جرد خدعة. ÙÙÙÙ٠أرÙد Ø£ÙÙا٠اÙتطر٠إÙÙ
اÙتراض ضÙ
Ù٠أÙثر ÙضÙØا٠Ù٠صÙاغة أخر٠ÙÙØجة
اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø©."
+msgid ""
+"I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address an "
+"implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the "
+"argument."
+msgstr ""
+"سأÙØ¶Ø ÙاØÙا٠ÙÙ
اذا ÙØ´ÙÙ Ùذا اÙتÙدÙد Ù
جرد
خدعة. ÙÙÙÙ٠أرÙد Ø£ÙÙا٠اÙتطر٠إÙÙ "
+"اÙتراض ضÙ
Ù٠أÙثر ÙضÙØا٠Ù٠صÙاغة أخرÙ
ÙÙØجة اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a
proprietary program with that of no program, and then concludes that
proprietary software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be
encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two
outcomes—proprietary software versus no software—and assuming there
are no other possibilities."
-msgstr "Ùذ٠اÙصÙاغة تبدأ بÙ
ÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙÙعة
اÙإجتÙ
اعÙØ© اÙÙ
رتبطة بتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج
اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
ع اÙÙ
ÙÙعة اÙÙ
تأتÙØ© Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد
أ٠برÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ
٠تÙ
Ø ØªØ®Ùص اÙÙتÙجة Ø¥Ù٠أ٠تطÙÙر
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙØ´Ù٠عÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ÙÙداÙ
ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙعÙ. تÙÙ
٠اÙÙ
غاÙطة ÙÙا Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ©
بÙÙ Ø®ÙارÙ٠اثÙÙٗاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ùاب٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠برÙ
جÙات—دÙ٠اÙإشارة اÙÙ
Ø¥Ù
Ùا٠ÙجÙد اØتÙ
اÙات أخرÙ."
+msgid ""
+"This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary "
+"program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary "
+"software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be "
+"encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two outcomes—"
+"proprietary software versus no software—and assuming there are no "
+"other possibilities."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذ٠اÙصÙاغة تبدأ بÙ
ÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙÙعة اÙإجتÙ
اعÙØ© اÙÙ
رتبطة بتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج "
+"اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
ع اÙÙ
ÙÙعة اÙÙ
تأتÙØ© Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠برÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ
٠تÙ
Ø ØªØ®Ùص اÙÙتÙجة "
+"Ø¥Ù٠أ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙØ´Ù٠عÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ÙÙدا٠ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙعÙ. تÙÙ
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
غاÙطة ÙÙا Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© بÙÙ Ø®ÙارÙÙ
اثÙÙٗاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ùاب٠"
+"عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠برÙ
جÙات—دÙ٠اÙإشارة اÙ٠إÙ
Ùا٠ÙجÙد اØتÙ
اÙات أخرÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually
linked with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long
as this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary
software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it is a
consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are
questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as between
proprietary software versus no software is begging the question."
-msgstr "إذا Ùا٠ÙÙا٠ÙظاÙ
Ùعتر٠بØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات عادة Ù
ا ÙÙربط
بÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ ÙتØÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© استخداÙ
Ùا. طاÙÙ
ا
Ùا٠Ùذا اÙرابط Ù
ÙجÙداÙ, ÙØ¥ÙÙا سÙجبر غاÙباÙ
عÙ٠اÙاختÙار بÙ٠استخداÙ
برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠أÙ
عدÙ
استخداÙ
أ٠برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ. رغÙ
Ø°ÙÙ,
ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا اÙرابط ÙÙس ذاتÙا٠ÙÙا ØتÙ
ÙاÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙ
ÙتÙجة ÙÙرار سÙاسÙ/اجتÙ
اع٠ÙستÙÙر Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙÙØ
ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù ÙÙ ÙجÙب ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ. طرØ
اÙاختÙار بÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙعدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙا٠Ùعد Ù
جاÙبة
ÙÙسؤا٠اÙØÙÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked "
+"with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as "
+"this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary "
+"software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it "
+"is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are "
+"questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as "
+"between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question."
+msgstr ""
+"إذا Ùا٠ÙÙا٠ÙظاÙ
Ùعتر٠بØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات عادة Ù
ا "
+"ÙÙربط بÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ ÙتØÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© استخداÙ
Ùا.
طاÙÙ
ا Ùا٠Ùذا اÙرابط Ù
ÙجÙداÙ, ÙØ¥ÙÙا "
+"سÙجبر غاÙبا٠عÙ٠اÙاختÙار بÙ٠استخداÙ
برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠أ٠عدÙ
استخداÙ
أ٠برÙاÙ
ج "
+"عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ. رغÙ
Ø°ÙÙ, ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا اÙرابط ÙÙس
ذاتÙا٠ÙÙا ØتÙ
ÙاÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙ ÙتÙجة ÙÙرار "
+"سÙاسÙ/اجتÙ
اع٠ÙستÙÙر Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙÙØ ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù
ÙÙ ÙجÙب ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ. Ø·Ø±Ø Ø§ÙاختÙار "
+"بÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙعدÙ
ÙجÙد Ø£Ù
برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙا٠Ùعد Ù
جاÙبة ÙÙسؤا٠"
+"اÙØÙÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The Argument against Having Owners"
msgstr "اÙØجة ضد ÙجÙب ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The question at hand is, “Should development of software be
linked with having owners to restrict the use of it?”"
-msgstr "اÙسؤا٠اÙÙ
طرÙØ ÙÙ : ”ÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
رتبطا٠بÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙÙد استخداÙ
Ùاؓ"
+msgid ""
+"The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked "
+"with having owners to restrict the use of it?”"
+msgstr ""
+"اÙسؤا٠اÙÙ
طرÙØ ÙÙ : ”ÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
رتبطا٠بÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙÙد "
+"استخداÙ
Ùاؓ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each
of those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the
software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of
restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of
these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off
dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one."
-msgstr "Ù
٠اج٠أ٠ÙÙرر Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
تأثÙر
ÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙشاطÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع <em>بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ</em>: تأثÙر تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات (بغض اÙÙظر عÙ
شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع) ÙتأثÙر تÙÙÙد استعÙ
اÙÙا (عÙÙ
اÙتراض أ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùد Ø·ÙÙÙر Ù
سبÙاÙ). إذا ÙاÙ
Ø£Øد ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙشاطÙÙ Ù
ÙÙدا٠٠اÙآخر Ù
ضراÙ, ÙÙ
Ù
اÙÙ
ستØس٠إÙغاء اÙرابط بÙÙÙÙ
ا ٠اÙاØتÙاظ
باÙÙ
ÙÙد ÙÙØ·."
+msgid ""
+"In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each of "
+"those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the "
+"software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of "
+"restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of "
+"these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off "
+"dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
٠اج٠أ٠ÙÙرر Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
تأثÙر ÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙشاطÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع "
+"<em>بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ</em>: تأثÙر تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات
(بغض اÙÙظر ع٠شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع) "
+"ÙتأثÙر تÙÙÙد استعÙ
اÙÙا (عÙ٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùد Ø·ÙÙÙر Ù
سبÙاÙ). إذا Ùا٠أØد "
+"ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙشاطÙÙ Ù
ÙÙدا٠٠اÙآخر Ù
ضراÙ, ÙÙ
٠اÙÙ
ستØس٠إÙغاء اÙرابط بÙÙÙÙ
ا ٠"
+"اÙاØتÙاظ باÙÙ
ÙÙد ÙÙØ·."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program
already developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software
developer will reject the option of doing so."
-msgstr "بعبارة أخرÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠تÙÙÙد تÙزÙع
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ضارا٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ, Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
ج
اÙأخÙاÙÙ Ù
ÙزÙ
باÙاÙ
تÙاع ع٠اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ Ùذا
اÙتÙÙÙد."
+msgid ""
+"To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program already "
+"developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software developer "
+"will reject the option of doing so."
+msgstr ""
+"بعبارة أخرÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠تÙÙÙد تÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
ضارا٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ, Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
ج "
+"اÙأخÙاÙÙ Ù
ÙزÙ
باÙاÙ
تÙاع ع٠اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
Ùذا اÙتÙÙÙد."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the
value to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the
same program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds."
-msgstr "ÙتØدÙد اÙأثر اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠تÙÙÙد اÙتشارÙØ
Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙار٠ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ÙÙد
(اÙاØتÙارÙ) باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù
ع ÙÙÙ
ت٠عÙÙ
ا
ÙÙÙÙ Ù
تاØا٠ÙÙجÙ
Ùع, ÙÙذا ÙعÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© بÙÙ
عاÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the value "
+"to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the same "
+"program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙتØدÙد اÙأثر اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠تÙÙÙد اÙتشارÙØ Ùجب
Ø£Ù ÙÙار٠ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ÙÙد "
+"(اÙاØتÙارÙ) باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù
ع ÙÙÙ
ت٠عÙÙ
ا
ÙÙÙÙ Ù
تاØا٠ÙÙجÙ
Ùع, ÙÙذا ÙعÙÙ "
+"اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© بÙ٠عاÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made
that “the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a
program is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument
assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis
involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much
greater."
-msgstr "Ùذا اÙتØÙÙÙ ÙدØض Ø£Ùضا٠Øجة ÙاÙÙØ© Ù
ÙادÙا Ø£Ù ”اÙÙائدة اÙت٠تØص٠Ù
٠إعطاء
اÙجار أ٠اÙجارة Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج تÙغ٠Ù
Ù
Ø®Ùا٠اÙضرر اÙØ°Ù ÙÙØ٠باÙÙ
اÙÙ.“ Ùذا
اÙاÙتراض ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ٠تساÙ٠اÙضرر ÙاÙÙ
ÙÙعة ÙÙ
اÙØجÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙÙ
ا ÙرتÙز اÙتØÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙادÙØ±Ø ÙÙبÙ٠أ٠اÙÙائدة اÙبر Ù
Ù Ø°Ù٠بÙØ«Ùر."
+msgid ""
+"This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made that "
+"“the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a program "
+"is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument "
+"assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis "
+"involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much "
+"greater."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا اÙتØÙÙÙ ÙدØض Ø£Ùضا٠Øجة ÙاÙÙØ© Ù
ÙادÙا Ø£Ù
”اÙÙائدة اÙت٠تØص٠Ù
٠إعطاء "
+"اÙجار أ٠اÙجارة Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج تÙغ٠Ù
Ù
Ø®Ùا٠اÙضرر اÙØ°Ù ÙÙØ٠باÙÙ
اÙÙ."
+"“ Ùذا اÙاÙتراض ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ٠تساÙ٠اÙضرر ÙاÙÙ
ÙÙعة Ù٠اÙØجÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙÙ
ا ÙرتÙز "
+"اÙتØÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙادÙØ±Ø ÙÙبÙ٠أÙ
اÙÙائدة اÙبر Ù
Ù Ø°Ù٠بÙØ«Ùر."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road
construction."
+msgid ""
+"To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road "
+"construction."
msgstr "ÙتÙضÙØ Ùذ٠اÙØØ¬Ø©Ø Ø¯Ø¹ÙÙا ÙطبÙÙا ÙÙ Ù
جاÙ
آخر: Ø£Ùا ÙÙ٠ش٠اÙطرÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls.
This would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system
would provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the
virtue of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a
toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial,
because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work."
-msgstr "Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠تÙ
ÙÙ٠بÙاء اÙطر٠Ù
Ù Ø®ÙاÙ
اÙرسÙÙ
Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙÙتض٠إÙشاء Ù
ÙصÙرات أداء عÙÙ
زاÙÙØ© Ù٠شارع. Ù
٠شأ٠Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر
ØاÙزا ÙبÙرا٠ÙتØسÙ٠اÙطرÙ. ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ ÙتÙÙر
عÙÙ ÙضÙÙØ© أخر٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠دÙع Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙطرÙÙ
ÙتÙاÙÙ٠إÙشاء Ùذ٠اﻷخÙرة. Ù Ù
ع Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
ÙصÙرة اﻷداء عائ٠أصطÙاع٠أÙ
اÙ
اÙÙÙادة
اÙسÙسة—اصطÙاع٠Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ÙصÙرة تتعارض Ù
ع Ù
بدأ Ø¥Ùشاء اÙطر٠ÙاÙسÙØ§Ø±Ø§ØªØ Ø£Ù ØªØ³ÙÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls. This "
+"would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system would "
+"provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the virtue "
+"of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a "
+"toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial, "
+"because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠تÙ
ÙÙ٠بÙاء اÙطر٠Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اÙرسÙÙ
Ø
Ù
Ù
ا سÙÙتض٠إÙشاء Ù
ÙصÙرات أداء عÙÙ "
+"زاÙÙØ© Ù٠شارع. Ù
٠شأ٠Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر
ØاÙزا ÙبÙرا٠ÙتØسÙ٠اÙطرÙ. ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ "
+"ÙتÙÙر عÙÙ ÙضÙÙØ© أخر٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠دÙع Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
اÙطرÙÙ ÙتÙاÙÙ٠إÙشاء Ùذ٠اﻷخÙرة. Ù "
+"Ù
ع Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
ÙصÙرة اﻷداء عائ٠أصطÙاع٠أÙ
اÙ
اÙÙÙادة اÙسÙسة—اصطÙاع٠ÙØ£Ù "
+"اÙÙ
ÙصÙرة تتعارض Ù
ع Ù
بدأ Ø¥Ùشاء اÙطرÙ
ÙاÙسÙØ§Ø±Ø§ØªØ Ø£Ù ØªØ³ÙÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that
(all else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct,
cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In a
poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The roads
without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; they are
preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund roads in
another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once built, should be
free."
-msgstr "إذا ÙارÙÙا اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ù
ع اÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة Øسب Ù
ÙÙعتÙا (Ù
ع إبÙاء ÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
عاÙÙر
اﻷخر٠عÙÙ ÙدÙ
اÙÙ
ساÙاة)Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا سÙجد بأÙ
اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ø£Ù٠تÙÙÙØ© عÙد اÙبÙاء
ÙاÙتشغÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙا Ø£Ùثر اÙ
اÙا٠٠ÙÙاءة ÙÙ
استخداÙ
Ùا. <a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> Ù٠بÙد ÙÙÙØ±Ø Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء Ùد تجع٠اÙطرÙات غÙر Ù
تاØØ©
ÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ. اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© تÙدÙ
Ùائدة Ø£Ùبر ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بتÙÙÙØ© Ø£ÙÙØ Ø¨Ù Ù٠اÙØ£ÙضÙ
ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. ÙÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اختÙار تÙ
ÙÙÙ
اÙطر٠بطرÙÙØ© أخرÙØ ÙÙÙس ع٠طرÙÙ Ù
ÙصÙرات
اﻷداء. إستخداÙ
اÙطرÙ, بعد بÙائÙØ§Ø Ùجب Ø£Ù
ÙÙÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙاÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that (all "
+"else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct, "
+"cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In "
+"a poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The "
+"roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; "
+"they are preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund "
+"roads in another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once "
+"built, should be free."
+msgstr ""
+"إذا ÙارÙÙا اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ù
ع اÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة Øسب Ù
ÙÙعتÙا (Ù
ع إبÙاء ÙاÙØ© "
+"اÙÙ
عاÙÙر اﻷخر٠عÙÙ ÙدÙ
اÙÙ
ساÙاة)Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا
سÙجد بأ٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ø£Ù٠تÙÙÙØ© "
+"عÙد اÙبÙاء ÙاÙتشغÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙا Ø£Ùثر اÙ
اÙاÙ
Ù ÙÙاءة Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùا. <a href="
+"\"#f2\">(2)</a> Ù٠بÙد ÙÙÙØ±Ø Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء Ùد
تجع٠اÙطرÙات غÙر Ù
تاØØ© ÙÙØ«Ùر "
+"Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ. اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© تÙدÙ
Ùائدة
Ø£Ùبر ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بتÙÙÙØ© Ø£ÙÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙ "
+"اÙØ£Ùض٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. ÙÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
اختÙار تÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙطر٠بطرÙÙØ© أخرÙØ ÙÙÙس ع٠"
+"طرÙÙ Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء. إستخداÙ
اÙطرÙ, بعد
بÙائÙØ§Ø Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way
of raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do
raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the
road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or
technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means substituting
toll roads for free roads."
-msgstr "عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ؤÙدÙا اÙÙ
ÙصÙرات Ø£ÙÙا <em>Ù
جرد</em> ÙسÙÙØ© ÙجÙ
ع اÙتÙ
ÙÙÙØ§ØªØ ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ
ÙØرÙÙÙ
اÙØ®Ùار اÙÙ
تÙÙر. Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء تجÙ
ع اÙاÙ
ÙاÙØ ÙÙÙÙا تÙع٠أÙضا٠شÙئا٠آخر. Ù٠اÙÙاÙعØ
ÙØ¥ÙÙا تÙسد ØاÙØ© اÙطرÙÙ. اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جÙزة بÙ
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء ÙÙست جÙدة Ù
ث٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©Ø
إ٠إعطاءÙا اÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙطر٠ا٠طر٠ذ٠تÙÙÙات
Ø£Ùبر Ùا ÙØ´Ù٠دائÙ
ا٠تØسÙا٠ÙÙ Øد ذاتÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§
Ùا٠ذÙÙ ÙعÙ٠استبدا٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© باÙطرÙ
اÙÙ
دÙÙعة."
+msgid ""
+"When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way of "
+"raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do "
+"raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the "
+"road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or "
+"technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means "
+"substituting toll roads for free roads."
+msgstr ""
+"عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ؤÙدÙا اÙÙ
ÙصÙرات Ø£ÙÙا <em>Ù
جرد</em> ÙسÙÙØ© ÙجÙ
ع اÙتÙ
ÙÙÙØ§ØªØ ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ
"
+"ÙØرÙÙ٠اÙØ®Ùار اÙÙ
تÙÙر. Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء تجÙ
ع
اÙاÙ
ÙاÙØ ÙÙÙÙا تÙع٠أÙضا٠شÙئا٠آخر. "
+"Ù٠اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تÙسد ØاÙØ© اÙطرÙÙ. اÙطرÙ
اÙÙ
جÙزة بÙ
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء ÙÙست جÙدة "
+"Ù
ث٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ø¥Ù Ø¥Ø¹Ø·Ø§Ø¡Ùا اÙÙ
زÙد Ù
Ù
اÙطر٠ا٠طر٠ذ٠تÙÙÙات Ø£Ùبر Ùا ÙØ´ÙÙ "
+"دائÙ
ا٠تØسÙا٠ÙÙ Øد ذاتÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠ذÙÙ ÙعÙÙ
استبدا٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© باÙطر٠"
+"اÙÙ
دÙÙعة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the
public must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of
toll booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money
by buying a free road."
-msgstr "بطبÙعة اÙØاÙ, Ùإ٠إÙشاء اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©
Ø£Ù
ر Ù٠تÙÙÙت٠اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙتØÙ
ÙÙا اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙÙ Ù
عÙÙ. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙ, ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا Ùا ÙعÙÙ ØتÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء. ÙØ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙتØÙ
Ù Ù
صارÙÙ Ø´Ù
اÙطرÙات بشت٠أÙÙاعÙا ÙستÙÙد بشÙ٠أÙبر Ù
Ù
اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the public "
+"must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of toll "
+"booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money by "
+"buying a free road."
+msgstr ""
+"بطبÙعة اÙØاÙ, Ùإ٠إÙشاء اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
ر
Ù٠تÙÙÙت٠اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙتØÙ
ÙÙا "
+"اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙÙ Ù
عÙÙ. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙ, ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا Ùا ÙعÙÙ
ØتÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء. ÙØ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ "
+"ÙتØÙ
Ù Ù
صارÙ٠ش٠اÙطرÙات بشت٠أÙÙاعÙا
ÙستÙÙد بشÙ٠أÙبر Ù
٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That
would be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the
road—but this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as
long as the toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better
to raise the funds in a less obstructive fashion."
-msgstr "Ø£Ùا Ùا Ø£ÙÙ٠بأ٠ÙجÙد اÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة
أسÙØ£ Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠طرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ. سÙÙÙÙ
Ø°Ù٠صØÙØا٠إ٠ÙاÙت اÙرسÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة عÙÙ
اÙطرÙÙ Ù
رتÙعة بشÙÙ Ùجع٠اÙسائÙÙÙ ÙستغÙÙÙ
ع٠استخداÙ
Ùا—ÙÙذا Ø£Ù
ر غÙر Ù
ØتÙ
Ù. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙ,
Ù
ا داÙ
ت أعباء اÙتØصÙ٠بÙاسطة Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء
ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
٠اÙØ£Ùض٠جÙ
ع اÙاÙ
Ùا٠بÙسÙÙØ© Ø£Ùثر Ù
رÙÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That would "
+"be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the road—but "
+"this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as long as the "
+"toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better to raise "
+"the funds in a less obstructive fashion."
+msgstr ""
+"Ø£Ùا Ùا Ø£ÙÙ٠بأ٠ÙجÙد اÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة أسÙØ£ Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠طرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ. "
+"سÙÙÙÙ Ø°Ù٠صØÙØا٠إ٠ÙاÙت اÙرسÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة
عÙ٠اÙطرÙÙ Ù
رتÙعة بشÙÙ Ùجع٠اÙسائÙÙÙ "
+"ÙستغÙÙ٠ع٠استخداÙ
Ùا—ÙÙذا Ø£Ù
ر غÙر Ù
ØتÙ
Ù. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙ, Ù
ا داÙ
ت أعباء "
+"اÙتØصÙ٠بÙاسطة Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
Ù
اÙØ£Ùض٠جÙ
ع اÙاÙ
Ùا٠بÙسÙÙØ© Ø£Ùثر Ù
رÙÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show
that having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs
society dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more
expensive to distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will
follow that program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then
I will go on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent
actually necessary) funding software development."
-msgstr "ÙتطبÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØجة عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙاتØ
سÙ٠أبÙ٠بأ٠إÙاÙ
Ø© ”Ù
ÙصÙرات أداء“ عÙÙ
Ù
ستÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠تÙÙÙØ© عاÙÙØ© باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ØÙØ« Ø£Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùجع٠تطÙÙر ÙتÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
Ø£Ùثر تÙÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ùسبة اÙرضا عÙ
استخداÙ
Ùا. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙع تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙÙÙÙØ© أخرÙ. سأÙØ¶Ø Ø·Ø±Ùا٠أخر٠ÙتشجÙع
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات (باÙÙدر اÙضرÙرÙ)."
+msgid ""
+"To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show that "
+"having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs society "
+"dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more expensive to "
+"distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will follow that "
+"program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then I will go "
+"on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually "
+"necessary) funding software development."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙتطبÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØجة عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø³ÙÙ
أبÙ٠بأ٠إÙاÙ
Ø© ”Ù
ÙصÙرات "
+"أداء“ عÙÙ Ù
ستÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠تÙÙÙØ©
عاÙÙØ© باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ØÙØ« Ø£Ù Ø°ÙÙ "
+"Ùجع٠تطÙÙر ÙتÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ø£Ùثر تÙÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ا
Ø£ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ùسبة اÙرضا ع٠استخداÙ
Ùا. "
+"ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙع تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙÙÙÙØ©
أخرÙ. سأÙØ¶Ø Ø·Ø±Ùا٠أخر٠ÙتشجÙع ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙ "
+"تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات (باÙÙدر اÙضرÙرÙ)."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "The Harm Done by Obstructing Software"
msgstr "اÙضرر اÙÙ
ترتب ع٠عرÙÙØ© اÙبراÙ
ج"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any
necessary payments for its development have been made; now society must choose
either to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the
existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a
href=\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
-msgstr "تصÙر ÙØظة٠أ٠برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
عÙÙا٠Ùد Ø·ÙÙر
بعد اÙاستÙادة Ù
٠اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙضرÙر٠ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ. عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ
ا بعد Ø£Ù Ùختار بÙ٠جعÙÙ
برÙاÙ
جا٠اØتÙارÙا٠أ٠اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø Ø¨ØªØ¨Ø§Ø¯ÙÙ
ÙاستخداÙ
٠اÙØر. اÙتراض ÙجÙد اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
تÙÙر٠شÙØ¡ Ù
رغÙب ÙÙÙ.<a href=\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgid ""
+"Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any necessary "
+"payments for its development have been made; now society must choose either "
+"to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the "
+"existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a href="
+"\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"تصÙر ÙØظة٠أ٠برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
عÙÙا٠Ùد Ø·ÙÙر بعد
اÙاستÙادة Ù
٠اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙضرÙر٠ÙÙÙÙاÙ
"
+"بذÙÙ. عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ
ا بعد Ø£Ù Ùختار بÙÙ
جعÙ٠برÙاÙ
جا٠اØتÙارÙا٠أ٠اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø "
+"بتبادÙÙ ÙاستخداÙ
٠اÙØر. اÙتراض ÙجÙد
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ٠تÙÙر٠شÙØ¡ Ù
رغÙب ÙÙÙ.<a href="
+"\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot
facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be
negative. But how much? And what kind?"
-msgstr "Ø¥Ù Ùرض ÙÙÙد عÙ٠تÙزÙع ÙتعدÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج
Ùا ÙسÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù Ùتعارض Ù
عÙØ ØÙØ« ÙÙÙÙ
اÙتأثÙر سÙبÙا٠بشÙÙ ØتÙ
Ù. Ù ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ØجÙ
Ùذا اÙتأثÙØ±Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙعÙØ"
+msgid ""
+"Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot "
+"facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be "
+"negative. But how much? And what kind?"
+msgstr ""
+"Ø¥Ù Ùرض ÙÙÙد عÙ٠تÙزÙع ÙتعدÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùا
ÙسÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù Ùتعارض Ù
عÙØ ØÙØ« "
+"ÙÙÙ٠اÙتأثÙر سÙبÙا٠بشÙÙ ØتÙ
Ù. Ù ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ØجÙ
Ùذا اÙتأثÙØ±Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙعÙØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid "Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:"
@@ -160,91 +394,268 @@
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on it."
-msgstr "عدÙ
تÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
٠اÙتعÙÙ
Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج, أ٠اÙارتÙاز عÙÙÙ ÙØ¥Ùجاز عÙ
٠جدÙد."
+msgstr ""
+"عدÙ
تÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
٠اÙتعÙÙ
Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج, أ٠اÙارتÙاز عÙÙÙ ÙØ¥Ùجاز عÙ
Ù "
+"جدÙد."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial
harm. This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their
subsequent feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in people's
ways of thinking will then have a further effect on their relationships with
their fellow citizens, and can have material consequences."
-msgstr "ÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ستÙÙات اÙضرر اÙÙ
ادÙ
ÙصاØب٠ضرر Ù
عÙÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙØÙ٠عÙ٠اÙتأثÙر
اÙÙاØÙ ÙÙÙرارات اÙت٠ÙتخذÙا اÙأشخاص عÙÙ Ù
شاعرÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙÙ
ÙاستعدادÙÙ
اÙÙ
سبÙ. ÙØ°Ù
اÙتغÙÙرات Ù٠طر٠اÙتÙÙÙر تؤثر عÙ٠عÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠ببعضÙÙ
اÙØ¨Ø¹Ø¶Ø ÙÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙا
تبعات Ù
ادÙØ© Ø£ÙضاÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial harm. "
+"This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their subsequent "
+"feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in people's ways of "
+"thinking will then have a further effect on their relationships with their "
+"fellow citizens, and can have material consequences."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ستÙÙات اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠ÙصاØبÙ
ضرر Ù
عÙÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙØÙ٠عÙ٠اÙتأثÙر "
+"اÙÙاØÙ ÙÙÙرارات اÙت٠ÙتخذÙا اÙأشخاص عÙÙ Ù
شاعرÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙÙ
ÙاستعدادÙÙ
اÙÙ
سبÙ. "
+"Ùذ٠اÙتغÙÙرات Ù٠طر٠اÙتÙÙÙر تؤثر عÙÙ
عÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠ببعضÙÙ
اÙØ¨Ø¹Ø¶Ø ÙÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠"
+"ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙا تبعات Ù
ادÙØ© Ø£ÙضاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the
program could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste
nearly all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by
at most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that
is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit."
-msgstr "Ù
ستÙÙات اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠اÙØ«Ùاثة تÙسد
جزءا٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙت٠ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙساÙÙ
بÙا
اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙÙا Ùا تستطÙع Ø¥Ùساد Ù
ساÙÙ
تÙ
بشÙÙ ÙÙÙ. إذا ÙاÙت اÙÙ
Ùسدة Ù
Ùاربة ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ø©
اÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج, ÙØ¥Ù Ùتابة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ستضر
باÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بÙدر Ù
ÙاÙئ ÙÙجÙد اÙذ٠بذ٠ÙÙتابة
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠أÙص٠تصÙر. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙÙÙ٠بأÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
Ø±Ø¨Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا ÙÙدÙ
Ù
ÙÙعة Ù
ادÙØ© Ù
باشرة."
+msgid ""
+"The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the program "
+"could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste nearly "
+"all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by at "
+"most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that "
+"is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
ستÙÙات اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠اÙØ«Ùاثة تÙسد جزءا٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙت٠ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙساÙÙ
بÙا "
+"اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙÙا Ùا تستطÙع Ø¥Ùساد Ù
ساÙÙ
تÙ
بشÙÙ ÙÙÙ. إذا ÙاÙت اÙÙ
Ùسدة Ù
Ùاربة "
+"ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج, ÙØ¥Ù Ùتابة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ستضر باÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بÙدر Ù
ÙاÙئ ÙÙجÙد "
+"اÙذ٠بذ٠ÙÙتابة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠أÙص٠تصÙر. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙÙÙ٠بأ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
Ø±Ø¨Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا "
+"ÙÙدÙ
Ù
ÙÙعة Ù
ادÙØ© Ù
باشرة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is
no limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أخذÙا اÙضرر اÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙÙ
صاØب
بعÙ٠اÙØ§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø§Ø±Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙا٠Øد Ø£Ùص٠ÙÙضرر
اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is no "
+"limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أخذÙا اÙضرر اÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙÙ
صاØب بعÙÙ
اÙØ§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø§Ø±Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙا٠Øد Ø£Ùص٠ÙÙضرر "
+"اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Obstructing Use of Programs"
msgstr "عرÙÙØ© استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of
a program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing the
work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A
license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely
useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it."
-msgstr "اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙضرر ÙÙÙ٠بإعاÙØ©
اÙاستخداÙ
اÙعاد٠ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج. اÙتÙÙÙØ© اÙÙاÙ
Ø´ÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙ٠تÙارب اÙصÙر
(ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠تسدÙد Ùذ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اÙÙÙاÙ
باÙعÙ
٠بÙÙسÙ). Ù٠اÙسÙ٠اÙØرة, سÙÙÙ٠سعر
Ùسخة ÙÙØ°Ù Ù
Ùاربا٠ÙÙصÙر. رسÙ
اÙترخÙص ÙÙÙ
عائÙا٠ÙبÙرا٠اÙ
اÙ
استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙ ØاÙØ©
إخضاع برÙاÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙد عÙÙ Ùطا٠Ùاسع ÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠عدد Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù٠سÙتÙÙص بشÙÙ
ÙبÙر."
+msgid ""
+"The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a "
+"program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing "
+"the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A "
+"license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely "
+"useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙضرر ÙÙÙ٠بإعاÙØ©
اÙاستخداÙ
اÙعاد٠ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج. اÙتÙÙÙØ© "
+"اÙÙاÙ
Ø´ÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙ٠تÙارب
اÙصÙر (ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠تسدÙد Ùذ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù "
+"Ø®Ùا٠اÙÙÙاÙ
باÙعÙ
٠بÙÙسÙ). Ù٠اÙسÙ٠اÙØرة,
سÙÙÙ٠سعر Ùسخة ÙÙØ°Ù Ù
Ùاربا٠ÙÙصÙر. "
+"رسÙ
اÙترخÙص ÙÙ٠عائÙا٠ÙبÙرا٠اÙ
اÙ
استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙ ØاÙØ© إخضاع برÙاÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙد "
+"عÙÙ Ùطا٠Ùاسع ÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠عدد
Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù٠سÙتÙÙص بشÙÙ ÙبÙر."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society
is reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program,
faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use of
the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of wealth
between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of the
program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of negative
numbers and zeros must be negative."
-msgstr "Ù
٠اÙسÙ٠اÙبرÙÙØ© عÙ٠أ٠تعÙÙÙ Ù
اÙÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙØ®Ùض اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج
Ù٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. إذا Ø£ÙجÙبÙر٠Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù Ù
ØتÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙدÙع Ù
Ùاب٠اÙاستخداÙ
Ø ÙØ¥Ù
Ø°Ù٠سÙضع٠بÙÙ Ø®ÙارÙÙ: Ø¥Ù
ا Ø£Ù ÙدÙع Ø£Ù ÙستغÙÙ
ع٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. إذا اختار اÙدÙØ¹Ø Ùإ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙ٠ثرÙØ© صÙرÙØ© اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùع ستÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
ت بÙÙ
طرÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
رة ÙÙرر شخص Ù
ا اÙاستغÙاء
ع٠استخداÙ
Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙضر٠دÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙستÙÙد أ٠أØد Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙ. Ù
جÙ
Ùع اÙأرÙاÙ
اÙسÙبÙØ© ÙاÙأصÙار Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙ٠إÙا
سÙبÙاÙ."
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is "
+"reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program, "
+"faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use "
+"of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of "
+"wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of "
+"the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of "
+"negative numbers and zeros must be negative."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
٠اÙسÙ٠اÙبرÙÙØ© عÙ٠أ٠تعÙÙÙ Ù
اÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙØ®Ùض اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج "
+"Ù٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. إذا Ø£ÙجÙبÙر٠Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù Ù
ØتÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙدÙع Ù
Ùاب٠اÙاستخداÙ
Ø ÙØ¥Ù "
+"Ø°Ù٠سÙضع٠بÙÙ Ø®ÙارÙÙ: Ø¥Ù
ا Ø£Ù ÙدÙع Ø£Ù ÙستغÙÙ
ع٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. إذا اختار "
+"اÙدÙØ¹Ø Ùإ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙ٠ثرÙØ© صÙرÙØ© اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùع
ستÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
ت بÙ٠طرÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ "
+"Ù
رة ÙÙرر شخص Ù
ا اÙاستغÙاء ع٠استخداÙ
Ùذا
اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙضر٠دÙ٠أ٠"
+"ÙستÙÙد أ٠أØد Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙ. Ù
جÙ
Ùع اÙأرÙاÙ
اÙسÙبÙØ© ÙاÙأصÙار Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙ٠إÙا "
+"سÙبÙاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to
<em>develop</em> the program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole
process, in delivered user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙ Ùذا ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ØجÙ
اÙعÙ
٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب
<em>ÙتطÙÙر</em> اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙتÙجة ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
ÙÙاءة اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© برÙ
تÙا Ùإرضاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙÙ
ساعة عÙ
٠ستتÙÙص."
+msgid ""
+"But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em> the "
+"program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in delivered "
+"user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙ Ùذا ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ØجÙ
اÙعÙ
٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب
<em>ÙتطÙÙر</em> اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙتÙجة ÙØ°ÙÙØ "
+"ÙØ¥Ù ÙÙاءة اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© برÙ
تÙا Ùإرضاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ٠ساعة عÙ
٠ستتÙÙص."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars,
chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects
outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can produce
as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't true for
material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to be built
from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built."
-msgstr "Ùذا ÙعÙس اÙÙر٠بÙÙ Ùسخ اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙسخ
اÙسÙارات ÙاÙÙراسÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙسÙدÙÙتشات. Ùا ÙÙجد
جÙاز ÙÙسخ اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ© خارج اÙØ®Ùا٠اÙعÙÙ
Ù. ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات سÙÙØ© اÙÙسخ. أ٠شخص ÙستطÙع
Ø¥Ùتاج ÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙسخ اÙت٠ÙرÙدÙØ§Ø Ù
ع اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙجÙد. Ùذا Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙ٠اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ© ÙØ£Ù
اÙÙ
ادة Ù
ØÙÙظة: ÙÙ Ùسخة جدÙدة Ùجب أ٠تصÙع Ù
Ù Ù
Ùاد خاÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙس اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙت٠تÙ
بÙا صÙع
اÙÙسخة اÙØ£ÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars, "
+"chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects "
+"outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can "
+"produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't "
+"true for material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to "
+"be built from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا ÙعÙس اÙÙر٠بÙÙ Ùسخ اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙسخ
اÙسÙارات ÙاÙÙراسÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙسÙدÙÙتشات. Ùا "
+"ÙÙجد جÙاز ÙÙسخ اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ© خارج
اÙØ®Ùا٠اÙعÙÙ
Ù. ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات سÙÙØ© اÙÙسخ. "
+"أ٠شخص ÙستطÙع Ø¥Ùتاج ÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙسخ اÙتÙ
ÙرÙدÙØ§Ø Ù
ع اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙجÙد. Ùذا Ùا ÙÙطب٠"
+"عÙ٠اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ© Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ادة Ù
ØÙÙظة: ÙÙ
Ùسخة جدÙدة Ùجب أ٠تصÙع Ù
Ù Ù
Ùاد "
+"خاÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙس اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙت٠تÙ
بÙا صÙع اÙÙسخة
اÙØ£ÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because
fewer objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them.
It's true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which
is spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of
production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not make
a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the freedom
of ordinary users."
-msgstr "ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙØ·Ù ÙÙ٠أÙ
اÙ
ردع إستخداÙ
اÙأشÙاء
اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø Ùأ٠اÙØ®Ùاض عدد اÙÙØدات اÙÙ
باعة
ÙعÙ٠تخÙÙض اÙØاجة ÙÙÙ
Ùاد اÙخاÙ
ÙÙÙجÙد
اÙضرÙر٠ÙÙØ¥Ùتاج. صØÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙا٠عادة تÙÙÙØ©
بدء اÙتشغÙÙØ ÙتÙاÙÙ٠اÙتطÙÙر اÙت٠تÙ
تد عÙÙ
Ø·Ù٠اÙØ¥Ùتاج. ÙÙÙØ Ø·Ø§ÙÙ
ا Ùا٠ÙاÙ
Ø´ اÙتÙÙÙØ©
ÙبÙراÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Øصة ÙÙÙØ© اÙتطÙÙر Ù٠تØدث ÙرÙاÙ
ÙÙعÙاÙ. ÙÙا تتطÙب Ùرض ÙÙÙد عÙÙ ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙعادÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because fewer "
+"objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them. It's "
+"true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which is "
+"spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of "
+"production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not "
+"make a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the "
+"freedom of ordinary users."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙØ·Ù ÙÙ٠أÙ
اÙ
ردع إستخداÙ
اÙأشÙاء اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø Ùأ٠اÙØ®Ùاض عدد اÙÙØدات "
+"اÙÙ
باعة ÙعÙ٠تخÙÙض اÙØاجة ÙÙÙ
Ùاد اÙخاÙ
ÙÙÙجÙد اÙضرÙر٠ÙÙØ¥Ùتاج. صØÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙا٠"
+"عادة تÙÙÙØ© بدء اÙتشغÙÙØ ÙتÙاÙÙ٠اÙتطÙÙر
اÙت٠تÙ
تد عÙÙ Ø·Ù٠اÙØ¥Ùتاج. ÙÙÙØ "
+"طاÙÙ
ا Ùا٠ÙاÙ
Ø´ اÙتÙÙÙØ© ÙبÙراÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Øصة
ÙÙÙØ© اÙتطÙÙر Ù٠تØدث ÙرÙا٠ÙÙعÙاÙ. ÙÙا "
+"تتطÙب Ùرض ÙÙÙد عÙÙ ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
اÙعادÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is
a qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution
becomes a powerful disincentive."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙ Ùرض سعر عÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙا٠Ù٠تغÙÙر ÙÙعÙ. ÙاÙرسÙÙ
اÙÙ
رÙزÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة عÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ø³ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø¹Ùبة ÙÙÙØ©
Ø£Ù
اÙ
Ùا."
+msgid ""
+"However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a "
+"qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution "
+"becomes a powerful disincentive."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙ Ùرض سعر عÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙا٠Ù٠تغÙÙر ÙÙعÙ. ÙاÙرسÙÙ
اÙÙ
رÙزÙØ© "
+"اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة عÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ø³ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø¹Ùبة
ÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
اÙ
Ùا."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as
a means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing
physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of
them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as an
expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by having
owners."
-msgstr "باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠اÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙÙ
رÙزÙ
ÙÙ Ø´ÙÙ٠اÙØاÙÙ Ùا ÙصÙØ Øت٠ÙÙسÙÙØ© ÙتÙÙÙر
Ùسخ Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
ÙتضÙ
٠تعبئة
اÙØ£Ùراص أ٠اÙأشرطة Ù٠تغÙÙ٠غÙر ضرÙرÙØ ÙØ´ØÙ
أعداد ÙبÙرة Ù
ÙÙا ÙÙ
ختÙ٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
ÙتخزÙÙÙا ÙÙبÙع. تØتسب Ùذ٠اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙ
صارÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ù
ارسة اÙأعÙ
ا٠اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙا Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ©
جزء Ù
٠اÙتبذÙر اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as a "
+"means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing "
+"physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of "
+"them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as "
+"an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by "
+"having owners."
+msgstr ""
+"باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠اÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙÙ
رÙز٠ÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙ٠اÙØاÙÙ Ùا ÙصÙØ Øت٠ÙÙسÙÙØ© "
+"ÙتÙÙÙر Ùسخ Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
ÙتضÙ
Ù
تعبئة اÙØ£Ùراص أ٠اÙأشرطة Ù٠تغÙÙÙ "
+"غÙر ضرÙرÙØ ÙØ´Ø٠أعداد ÙبÙرة Ù
ÙÙا ÙÙ
ختÙÙ
Ø£ÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
ÙتخزÙÙÙا ÙÙبÙع. تØتسب "
+"Ùذ٠اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙ
صارÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù
ارسة اÙأعÙ
اÙ
اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙا Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© جزء Ù
Ù "
+"اÙتبذÙر اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Damaging Social Cohesion"
msgstr "اÙضرر باÙتÙ
اس٠اÙإجتÙ
اعÙ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a
certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that
proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A proposal
to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the other, is
divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙترض Ø£Ù٠٠جار٠ÙجدتÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙد
تشغÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙÙ. أخÙاÙÙات تعاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ع جارÙ
تجعÙ٠تشعر بأ٠اÙتعاÙ
٠اÙصØÙØ Ù
ع Ùضع ÙÙذا
ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠تÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ù. Ù ÙÙ ØاÙ
اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙاØد ÙÙØ· باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ùع
اÙØ¢Ø®Ø±Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙØ®Ù٠اÙÙساÙ
ا٠بÙÙÙÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙا
Ø£Ùت ÙÙا جار٠سÙÙب٠بذÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a "
+"certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that "
+"proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A "
+"proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the "
+"other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙترض Ø£Ù٠٠جار٠ÙجدتÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙد
تشغÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙÙ. أخÙاÙÙات تعاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ع "
+"جار٠تجعÙ٠تشعر بأ٠اÙتعاÙ
٠اÙصØÙØ Ù
ع Ùضع
ÙÙذا ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠تÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا Ù
Ù "
+"استخداÙ
Ù. Ù ÙÙ Øا٠اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙاØد ÙÙØ·
باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ùع اÙØ¢Ø®Ø±Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ "
+"سÙØ®Ù٠اÙÙساÙ
ا٠بÙÙÙÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙا Ø£Ùت ÙÙا جارÙ
سÙÙب٠بذÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your
neighbor: “I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can
have a copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal
psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of
helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is psychosocial
harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of the program."
-msgstr "تÙÙÙع إتÙاÙÙØ© ترخÙص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙÙ
Ùذج٠ÙعÙÙ Ø®ÙاÙØ© جارÙ: ”أتعÙد بØرÙ
ا٠جارÙ
Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Øت٠أتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
Ùسخة ÙÙÙسÙ.“ اÙأشخاص اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بذÙÙ
ÙÙعÙ٠تØت ضغÙØ· ÙÙسÙØ© داخÙÙØ© ÙتبرÙر Ø°ÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ÙÙب٠اÙاÙتÙاص Ù
٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ساعدة Ø£Øد اÙجÙراÙ.
٠باÙتاÙÙØ Ùإ٠اÙرÙØ Ø§ÙجÙ
اعÙØ© ستعاÙÙ. Ùذا
اÙضرر اÙÙÙس٠٠اÙإجتÙ
اع٠Ù
رتبط بضرر Ù
ادÙ
عÙد استخداÙ
Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج."
+msgid ""
+"Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your neighbor: "
+"“I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can have a "
+"copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal "
+"psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of "
+"helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is "
+"psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of "
+"the program."
+msgstr ""
+"تÙÙÙع إتÙاÙÙØ© ترخÙص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙÙ
ÙذجÙ
ÙعÙÙ Ø®ÙاÙØ© جارÙ: ”أتعÙد بØرÙ
ا٠"
+"جار٠Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Øت٠أتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙØصÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùسخة ÙÙÙسÙ.“ اÙأشخاص "
+"اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بذÙÙ ÙÙعÙ٠تØت ضغÙØ· ÙÙسÙØ©
داخÙÙØ© ÙتبرÙر Ø°ÙÙØ Ù
Ù ÙÙب٠اÙاÙتÙاص Ù
Ù "
+"Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ساعدة Ø£Øد اÙجÙراÙ. ٠باÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
اÙرÙØ Ø§ÙجÙ
اعÙØ© ستعاÙÙ. Ùذا اÙضرر "
+"اÙÙÙس٠٠اÙإجتÙ
اع٠Ù
رتبط بضرر Ù
اد٠عÙد
استخداÙ
Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so
they decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But
they often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws
in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws authoritative,
and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) is naughty or
shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one can escape it by
deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force."
-msgstr "Ùدر٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙخطأ اÙØ°Ù
ÙرتÙبÙÙ٠عÙد رÙض اÙتشارÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙدÙعÙÙ
ÙتجاÙ٠اÙتراخÙص ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙØ Ùتشار٠اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙÙØ ØºØ§Ùبا٠Ù
ا ÙشعرÙ٠باÙØ°Ùب ØÙا٠ذÙÙ. ÙÙÙ
ÙعرÙÙ٠أ٠عÙÙÙÙ
خر٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
٠أج٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙا جÙراÙا٠طÙبÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ù
ا زاÙÙا
ÙØسبÙÙ Øسابا٠ÙسÙطة اÙÙاÙÙÙ. ÙÙستÙتجÙ٠أÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Øا٠ÙاÙÙا جÙراÙا Ø·ÙبÙÙ (ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
) Ùإ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
شرÙر ÙÙ
خجÙ. ÙÙذا Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙع Ù
٠اÙأذ٠اÙÙÙسÙ
ÙاÙإجتÙ
اعÙ. ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù ÙÙرر اÙÙرÙب Ù
ÙÙ
باعتبار Ø£Ù Ùذ٠اÙرخص ÙاÙÙÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙست ÙدÙÙا
ÙÙØ© Ù
عÙÙÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so they "
+"decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But they "
+"often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws "
+"in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws "
+"authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) "
+"is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one "
+"can escape it by deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùدر٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙخطأ اÙØ°Ù
ÙرتÙبÙÙ٠عÙد رÙض اÙتشارÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙدÙعÙÙ
"
+"ÙتجاÙ٠اÙتراخÙص ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙØ Ùتشار٠اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙÙØ ØºØ§Ùبا٠Ù
ا ÙشعرÙ٠باÙØ°Ùب ØÙا٠"
+"Ø°ÙÙ. ÙÙÙ
ÙعرÙÙ٠أ٠عÙÙÙÙ
خر٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
أج٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙÙا جÙراÙا٠طÙبÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
"
+"Ù
ا زاÙÙا ÙØسبÙÙ Øسابا٠ÙسÙطة اÙÙاÙÙÙ.
ÙÙستÙتجÙ٠أÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Øا٠ÙاÙÙا جÙراÙا "
+"Ø·ÙبÙÙ (ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
) Ùإ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
شرÙر ÙÙ
خجÙ. ÙÙذا
Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙع Ù
٠اÙأذ٠اÙÙÙس٠"
+"ÙاÙإجتÙ
اعÙ. ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù ÙÙرر اÙÙرÙب Ù
ÙÙ
باعتبار Ø£Ù Ùذ٠اÙرخص ÙاÙÙÙاÙÙÙ "
+"ÙÙست ÙدÙÙا ÙÙØ© Ù
عÙÙÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will
not be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or
denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds
technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use
it?”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling
discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a cynical
stance designed to minimize the importance of it."
-msgstr "ÙعاÙ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠أÙضا٠ضررا٠ÙÙسÙاÙ
ÙاجتÙ
اعÙا٠جراء عÙÙ
ÙÙ
بأ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
عÙ
ÙÙÙ
. Ùذا
Ùؤد٠اÙ٠اÙسخرÙØ© ÙاÙØرÙ
اÙ. Ùد Ùص٠اÙÙ
برÙ
ج ØÙ
اس٠إزاء عÙ
Ù Ùجد٠Ù
Ø«Ùرا٠Ù
٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙÙÙÙØ©
٠اÙتÙÙÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا تسأÙÙ : ”ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
استخداÙ
ÙØ“ ÙسÙد ÙجÙÙ Ù Ùعتر٠بعدÙ
Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙ
Ø°ÙÙ. ÙتجÙب اÙشعÙر باÙاØØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ ÙتجاÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù Ù
رة Ø£Ù Ùسخر Ù
٠اÙØ£Ù
ر
ÙÙتÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© Ø°ÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will not "
+"be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or "
+"denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds "
+"technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use it?"
+"”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling "
+"discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a "
+"cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙعاÙ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠أÙضا٠ضررا٠ÙÙسÙا٠ÙاجتÙ
اعÙا٠جراء عÙÙ
ÙÙ
بأ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
عÙ
ÙÙÙ
.
Ùذا Ùؤد٠اÙ٠اÙسخرÙØ© ÙاÙØرÙ
اÙ. Ùد "
+"Ùص٠اÙÙ
برÙ
ج ØÙ
اس٠إزاء عÙ
Ù Ùجد٠Ù
Ø«Ùرا٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙÙÙÙØ© ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا "
+"تسأÙÙ : ”ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙØ“ ÙسÙد
ÙجÙÙ Ù Ùعتر٠بعدÙ
Ø¥Ù
Ùا٠ذÙÙ. "
+"ÙتجÙب اÙشعÙر باÙاØØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ ÙتجاÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù Ù
رة Ø£Ù Ùسخر Ù
٠اÙØ£Ù
ر "
+"ÙÙتÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© Ø°ÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is
not technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the
public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of the
latter."
-msgstr "Ø£Ùثر Ù
ا ÙÙتÙد٠Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة Ù
ÙØ°
عÙد رÙغا٠ÙÙس Ù٠اÙإبتÙار اÙتÙÙÙØ Ù Ø¥ÙÙ
ا
اÙرغبة Ù٠اÙعÙ
Ù Ù
عا٠Ù
٠أج٠اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
.
ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ù٠أ٠Ùشجع اÙØ£Ù٠عÙ٠اÙثاÙÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is not "
+"technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the "
+"public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of "
+"the latter."
+msgstr ""
+"Ø£Ùثر Ù
ا ÙÙتÙد٠Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة Ù
ÙØ° عÙد
رÙغا٠ÙÙس Ù٠اÙإبتÙار اÙتÙÙÙØ Ù "
+"Ø¥ÙÙ
ا اÙرغبة Ù٠اÙعÙ
Ù Ù
عا٠Ù
٠أج٠اÙصاÙØ
اÙعاÙ
. ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ù٠أ٠Ùشجع اÙØ£ÙÙ "
+"عÙ٠اÙثاÙÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs"
msgstr "عرÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙاءÙ
Ø© اÙشخصÙØ© ÙÙبراÙ
ج"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs.
The ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older
technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for
modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or
leave it, as a black box—that is all."
-msgstr "ÙتÙ
ث٠اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙثاÙÙ ÙÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠ÙÙ
عدÙ
اÙÙدرة عÙ٠تÙÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج, سÙÙÙØ© تعدÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙÙبÙرة باÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ù
ع اÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا اÙعتÙÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
سÙÙØ© تجارÙا٠غÙر Ù
تاØØ©
ÙÙتعدÙÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ Øت٠بعد شرائÙا. Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠إÙا
أخذÙا أ٠ترÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا Ù٠اÙØا٠Ù
ع اÙصÙدÙÙ
اÙأسÙد—ÙÙذا ÙÙ Ù
ا Ù٠اﻷÙ
ر."
+msgid ""
+"The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs. The "
+"ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older "
+"technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for "
+"modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or "
+"leave it, as a black box—that is all."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙتÙ
ث٠اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙثاÙÙ ÙÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠Ù٠عدÙ
اÙÙدرة عÙ٠تÙÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج, سÙÙÙØ© "
+"تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا
اÙÙبÙرة باÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ù
ع اÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا "
+"اÙعتÙÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
سÙÙØ©
تجارÙا٠غÙر Ù
تاØØ© ÙÙتعدÙÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ Øت٠بعد "
+"شرائÙا. Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠إÙا أخذÙا أ٠ترÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
اÙØا٠Ù
ع اÙصÙدÙ٠اÙأسÙد—"
+"ÙÙذا ÙÙ Ù
ا Ù٠اﻷÙ
ر."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose
meaning is obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the
numbers to make the program do something different."
-msgstr "اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠تشغÙÙÙ ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
سÙسÙØ© Ù
٠اÙأرÙاÙ
غاÙ
ضة اÙÙ
عÙÙ. Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ£ØØ¯Ø Øت٠ÙÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
برÙ
جا٠جÙداÙØ Ø£Ù ÙغÙر
اÙأرÙاÙ
بسÙÙÙØ© Ùجع٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙÙÙ
بشÙØ¡ Ù
ختÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose meaning is "
+"obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the numbers "
+"to make the program do something different."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠تشغÙÙÙ ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
٠سÙسÙØ©
Ù
٠اÙأرÙاÙ
غاÙ
ضة اÙÙ
عÙÙ. Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ "
+"ÙØ£ØØ¯Ø Øت٠ÙÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
برÙ
جا٠جÙداÙØ Ø£Ù ÙغÙر
اÙأرÙاÙ
بسÙÙÙØ© Ùجع٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙÙÙ
"
+"بشÙØ¡ Ù
ختÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a
program, which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It
uses names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and
it represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and
‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read and
change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the distance
between two points in a plane:"
-msgstr "عادة Ù
ا ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ”اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرٓ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙتÙبا٠بÙغة
برÙ
جة Ù
عÙÙØ© Ù
Ø«Ù ÙÙرترا٠أ٠سÙ. ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙÙد
اÙÙ
صدر٠أسÙ
اء Ù
Øددة ÙÙدÙاÙØ© عÙ٠اÙبÙاÙات
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø© ÙاÙأجزاء اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙتÙÙ
Ø«Ù٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙات بÙاسطة رÙ
Ùز Ù
Ø«Ù ‘+’ ÙÙجÙ
ع
Ù‘â’ ÙÙطرØ. ÙÙÙ Ù
صÙ
Ù
ÙÙ
ساعدة اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠عÙÙ Ùراءة اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙتعدÙÙÙا. ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ Ù
ثا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙØسب اÙÙ
ساÙØ© بÙÙ ÙÙطتÙÙ ÙÙ
طائرة:"
+msgid ""
+"Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a program, "
+"which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses "
+"names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it "
+"represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and "
+"‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read "
+"and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the "
+"distance between two points in a plane:"
+msgstr ""
+"عادة Ù
ا ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ”اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرٓ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙÙÙÙ "
+"Ù
ÙتÙبا٠بÙغة برÙ
جة Ù
عÙÙØ© Ù
Ø«Ù ÙÙرترا٠أÙ
سÙ. ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠أسÙ
اء Ù
Øددة "
+"ÙÙدÙاÙØ© عÙ٠اÙبÙاÙات اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø© ÙاÙأجزاء
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙتÙÙ
Ø«Ù٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙات "
+"بÙاسطة رÙ
Ùز Ù
Ø«Ù ‘+’ ÙÙجÙ
ع Ù‘â’
ÙÙطرØ. ÙÙÙ Ù
صÙ
Ù
"
+"ÙÙ
ساعدة اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠عÙÙ Ùراءة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
ÙتعدÙÙÙا. ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ Ù
ثا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙØسب "
+"اÙÙ
ساÙØ© بÙÙ ÙÙطتÙÙ Ù٠طائرة:"
#. type: Content of: <pre>
#, no-wrap
@@ -258,8 +669,7 @@
" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
" }\n"
msgstr ""
-"<span dir=\"ltr\">"
-" float\n"
+"<span dir=\"ltr\"> float\n"
" distance (p0, p1)\n"
" struct point p0, p1;\n"
" {\n"
@@ -269,8 +679,16 @@
" }</span>\n"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is
that it looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language
will find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in
executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:"
-msgstr "Ùا ÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙا Ù
عرÙØ© اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙدÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙد
اÙÙ
صدرÙ, ب٠اÙتشاب٠اÙÙبÙر Ù
ع اÙعبارات
اÙجبرÙØ©. بإÙ
Ùا٠أ٠شخص Ùعر٠Ùغة اÙبرÙ
جة ÙØ°Ù
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
Ùذا اÙÙÙد اÙذ٠سÙبد٠ÙÙ ÙاضØاÙ.
ÙباÙÙ
ÙابÙ, ÙØ¥Ù٠ستجد أسÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙ Ùاب٠ÙÙتÙÙÙØ° عÙ٠اÙØاسÙب اÙذ٠استخدÙ
تÙ
عÙد Ùتابة Ùذا اÙسطÙر:"
+msgid ""
+"Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it "
+"looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will "
+"find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in "
+"executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ùا ÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙا Ù
عرÙØ© اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙدÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرÙ, ب٠اÙتشاب٠اÙÙبÙر Ù
ع "
+"اÙعبارات اÙجبرÙØ©. بإÙ
Ùا٠أ٠شخص Ùعر٠Ùغة
اÙبرÙ
جة Ùذ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
Ùذا اÙÙÙد اÙØ°Ù "
+"سÙبد٠ÙÙ ÙاضØاÙ. ÙباÙÙ
ÙابÙ, ÙØ¥Ù٠ستجد
أسÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ Ø´ÙÙ Ùاب٠ÙÙتÙÙÙØ° "
+"عÙ٠اÙØاسÙب اÙذ٠استخدÙ
ت٠عÙد Ùتابة Ùذا
اÙسطÙر:"
#. type: Content of: <pre>
#, no-wrap
@@ -288,215 +706,631 @@
" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a
program. But most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code.
Usually the source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner,
lest anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of
incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that only
the program's owner can change the program."
-msgstr "اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠Ù
ÙÙد ÙÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج (عÙ٠اﻷÙ٠بشÙ٠اØتÙ
اÙÙ). ÙÙ٠اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØظÙرا٠باÙÙسبة
ÙÙ
عظÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. ÙÙ
ا أ٠صاØب اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرÙ
عادة Ù
ا ÙØتÙظ ببرÙاÙ
ج٠اÙاØتÙار٠بÙ٠سرÙØ©
Ø®ÙÙا٠Ù
٠أ٠ÙتعÙÙ
أ٠شخص آخر Ù
ÙÙ. ÙÙا ÙتÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠إÙا Ù
ÙÙات Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ù
٠أرÙاÙ
غÙر Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر تÙÙÙØ°Ùا. Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أÙ
اÙÙØÙد اÙÙادر عÙ٠تغÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù٠صاØبÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a program. But "
+"most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code. Usually the "
+"source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner, lest "
+"anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of "
+"incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that "
+"only the program's owner can change the program."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠Ù
ÙÙد ÙÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج
(عÙ٠اﻷÙ٠بشÙ٠اØتÙ
اÙÙ). ÙÙ٠اÙØصÙÙ "
+"عÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØظÙراÙ
باÙÙسبة ÙÙ
عظÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. ÙÙ
ا أ٠صاØب "
+"اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠عادة Ù
ا ÙØتÙظ ببرÙاÙ
جÙ
اÙاØتÙار٠بÙ٠سرÙØ© Ø®ÙÙا٠Ù
٠أ٠ÙتعÙÙ
Ø£Ù "
+"شخص آخر Ù
ÙÙ. ÙÙا ÙتÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠إÙا Ù
ÙÙات Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ù
٠أرÙاÙ
غÙر Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
ÙÙ "
+"ÙÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر تÙÙÙØ°Ùا. Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙØÙد
اÙÙادر عÙ٠تغÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù٠صاØبÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about
six months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially
available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that
commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their
needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted
to—the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of
make-work, work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste."
-msgstr "ØÙت Ù٠إØد٠اÙصدÙÙات ذات Ù
رة Ø£ÙÙا عÙ
Ùت
ÙÙ
برÙ
جة Ù٠بÙÙ ÙÙ
دة ستة أشÙØ±Ø ÙÙتبت برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
Ù
اثÙا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج آخر Ùا٠Ù
تاØا٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙتجارÙØ©. Ùأعربت ع٠اعتÙادÙا بأÙÙا
ÙÙ ØصÙت عÙ٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙÙذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ØªØ§Ø ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±Ùا٠ÙÙا٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠بسÙÙÙØ© تعدÙÙÙ
ÙتÙÙÙÙÙ Øسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙبÙÙ ÙاÙ
عÙ٠استعداد ÙدÙع Ø«Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙ—ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùستطع
اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙØ£ÙÙ Ùا٠سرÙاÙ.
ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùد اضطرت ÙÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ
دة ستة أشÙر. Ù
ا
ÙÙÙ
Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙاÙع Ù٠أÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
ضÙعة
ÙÙÙÙت Ù٠اÙÙاتج اÙÙÙÙ
٠اÙاجÙ
اÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about six "
+"months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially "
+"available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that "
+"commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their "
+"needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted to—"
+"the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of make-work, "
+"work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste."
+msgstr ""
+"ØÙت Ù٠إØد٠اÙصدÙÙات ذات Ù
رة Ø£ÙÙا عÙ
Ùت ÙÙ
برÙ
جة Ù٠بÙÙ ÙÙ
دة ستة أشÙØ±Ø ÙÙتبت "
+"برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
Ù
اثÙا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج آخر Ùا٠Ù
تاØا٠Ù
٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙتجارÙØ©. Ùأعربت ع٠اعتÙادÙا "
+"بأÙÙا ÙÙ ØصÙت عÙ٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙÙذا
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ØªØ§Ø ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±Ùا٠ÙÙا٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙ "
+"بسÙÙÙØ© تعدÙÙÙ ÙتÙÙÙÙÙ Øسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ا
أ٠اÙبÙÙ Ùا٠عÙ٠استعداد ÙدÙع Ø«Ù
Ù "
+"Ø°ÙÙ—ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùستطع اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙØ£ÙÙ Ùا٠سرÙاÙ. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙا "
+"Ùد اضطرت ÙÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ
دة ستة أشÙر. Ù
ا ÙÙÙ
Ù
Ù Ùذا
اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙاÙع Ù٠أÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
ضÙعة "
+"ÙÙÙÙت Ù٠اÙÙاتج اÙÙÙÙ
٠اÙاجÙ
اÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>
Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a gift from
Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we added many
convenient features. For example, the software would notify a user immediately
on completion of a print job. Whenever the printer had trouble, such as a
paper jam or running out of paper, the software would immediately notify all
users who had print jobs queued. These features facilitated smooth operation."
-msgstr "عاÙ
1977Ø ØªÙÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اÙصÙاع٠(AI Lab)
بÙ
عÙد <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>
ÙدÙØ© عبارة ع٠طابعة Ù
Ù XEROX. Ø´ÙغÙت اÙطابعة
بÙاسطة برÙ
جÙات Øرة أضÙÙا ÙÙا اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙÙ
رÙØØ©. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بإخبار اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙر اÙتÙاء عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطباعة.
ÙÙÙÙ
ا ÙاجÙت اÙطابعة Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©, Ù
ث٠اÙØشار اÙÙرÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙاذÙØ ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙÙÙر بإخبار جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙدÙÙÙ
Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙطباعة ÙÙ
ÙائÙ
Ø© اÙاÙتظار. سÙÙت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ùزات اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ©
عÙÙ ÙØ٠سÙس."
+msgid ""
+"The <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> "
+"Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a gift "
+"from Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we added many "
+"convenient features. For example, the software would notify a user "
+"immediately on completion of a print job. Whenever the printer had trouble, "
+"such as a paper jam or running out of paper, the software would immediately "
+"notify all users who had print jobs queued. These features facilitated "
+"smooth operation."
+msgstr ""
+"عاÙ
1977Ø ØªÙÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اÙصÙاع٠(AI Lab) بÙ
عÙد <abbr title="
+"\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> ÙدÙØ© عبارة عÙ
طابعة Ù
Ù "
+"XEROX. Ø´ÙغÙت اÙطابعة بÙاسطة برÙ
جÙات Øرة
أضÙÙا ÙÙا اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙÙ
رÙØØ©. "
+"عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بإخبار اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙر اÙتÙاء عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطباعة. "
+"ÙÙÙÙ
ا ÙاجÙت اÙطابعة Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©, Ù
ث٠اÙØشار
اÙÙر٠أ٠ÙÙاذÙØ ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙÙ "
+"اÙÙÙر بإخبار جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙدÙÙÙ
Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙطباعة ÙÙ ÙائÙ
Ø© اÙاÙتظار. "
+"سÙÙت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ùزات اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© عÙÙ ÙØ٠سÙس."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first
laser printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a separate
dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite features. We could
arrange to send a notification when a print job was sent to the dedicated
computer, but not when the job was actually printed (and the delay was usually
considerable). There was no way to find out when the job was actually printed;
you could only guess. And no one was informed when there was a paper jam, so
the printer often went for an hour without being fixed."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙ ÙÙت ÙاØÙØ ÙدÙ
ت XEROX Ø£Øدث Ùأسرع طابعة
Ù
٠اÙطابعات اÙÙÙزÙرÙØ© اÙØ£ÙÙÙ. ÙاÙت اÙطابعة
Ù
شغÙØ© بÙاسطة برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠Ùدار Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر Ù
خصص ÙÙذا اÙغرض. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
إضاÙØ© Ø£Ù Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ùزات اÙÙ
ÙضÙØ© ÙدÙÙا. Ùا٠بإÙ
ÙاÙÙا تÙجÙ٠إشعار عÙد إرسا٠Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© اÙطباعة
ÙÙØاسÙب اÙÙ
خصص. ÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠عÙد
Ø¥Ùجاز اÙطباعة بشÙÙ ÙعÙÙ ( ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا ÙاÙ
اÙÙاص٠اÙزÙ
ÙÙ ÙبÙراÙ). ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙÙاÙ٠طرÙÙØ© ÙÙ
عرÙØ© اÙتÙÙÙت اÙÙعÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطباعة. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠إبÙاغ أ٠أØد عÙد اÙØشار اÙÙرÙ.
ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا Ùا٠ÙازÙ
ا٠اÙتظار ساعة ÙاÙ
ÙØ©
ÙإصÙØ§Ø Ø§Ùطابعة."
+msgid ""
+"Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first laser "
+"printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a separate "
+"dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite features. We "
+"could arrange to send a notification when a print job was sent to the "
+"dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually printed (and the delay "
+"was usually considerable). There was no way to find out when the job was "
+"actually printed; you could only guess. And no one was informed when there "
+"was a paper jam, so the printer often went for an hour without being fixed."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙ ÙÙت ÙاØÙØ ÙدÙ
ت XEROX Ø£Øدث Ùأسرع طابعة Ù
Ù
اÙطابعات اÙÙÙزÙرÙØ© اÙØ£ÙÙÙ. ÙاÙت "
+"اÙطابعة Ù
شغÙØ© بÙاسطة برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠Ùدار Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر Ù
خصص ÙÙذا اÙغرض. ÙØ°ÙÙØ "
+"ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠إضاÙØ© Ø£Ù Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ùزات اÙÙ
ÙضÙØ©
ÙدÙÙا. Ùا٠بإÙ
ÙاÙÙا تÙجÙ٠إشعار عÙد "
+"إرسا٠Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© اÙطباعة ÙÙØاسÙب اÙÙ
خصص. ÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠عÙد Ø¥Ùجاز اÙطباعة "
+"بشÙÙ ÙعÙÙ ( ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا Ùا٠اÙÙاص٠اÙزÙ
ÙÙ
ÙبÙراÙ). ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙÙاÙ٠طرÙÙØ© ÙÙ
عرÙØ© "
+"اÙتÙÙÙت اÙÙعÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطباعة. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠إبÙاغ أ٠أØد عÙد اÙØشار "
+"اÙÙرÙ. ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا Ùا٠ÙازÙ
ا٠اÙتظار ساعة
ÙاÙ
ÙØ© ÙإصÙØ§Ø Ø§Ùطابعة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such
problems, probably as capable as the original authors of the program. Xerox
was uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we were forced to
accept the problems. They were never fixed."
-msgstr "Ùا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اÙاصطÙاع٠إصÙØ§Ø Ùذ٠اÙأعطاب. ÙÙ
٠اÙÙ
ØتÙ
Ù
Ø£ÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙا ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠تÙ
اÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ ÙاÙ
بذÙ٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠اﻷصÙÙÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج.
ÙÙ٠شرÙØ© Xerox ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
ÙتÙ
Ø© بإصÙاØÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا
اختارت اÙØÙÙÙÙØ© دÙÙ ÙÙاÙ
Ùا بذÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا
أجبرÙا عÙÙ ÙبÙÙ Ùذا اﻷعطاب اÙت٠ÙÙ
تصÙØ
أبداÙ."
+msgid ""
+"The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such problems, "
+"probably as capable as the original authors of the program. Xerox was "
+"uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we were forced to "
+"accept the problems. They were never fixed."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اÙاصطÙاع٠إصÙØ§Ø Ùذ٠اÙأعطاب. ÙÙ
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
ØتÙ
٠أÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙا ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ
تÙ
اÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ ÙاÙ
بذÙ٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ "
+"اﻷصÙÙÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ٠شرÙØ© Xerox ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
ÙتÙ
Ø© بإصÙاØÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا اختارت اÙØÙÙÙÙØ© "
+"دÙÙ ÙÙاÙ
Ùا بذÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا أجبرÙا عÙÙ ÙبÙÙ Ùذا
اﻷعطاب اÙت٠ÙÙ
تصÙØ Ø£Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank
could afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from scratch, but a
typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up."
-msgstr "Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙعرÙÙ٠شعÙر اÙØ¥Øباط
Ùذا. ÙستطÙع اÙبÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© ع٠طرÙÙØ© Ùتابة
برÙاÙ
ج جدÙد Ù
٠اÙصÙر. ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙعادÙØ
ÙÙÙس اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙÙ
اÙØ±Ø Ø³Ùضطر Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙØ©
ÙÙاستسÙاÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank could "
+"afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from scratch, but a "
+"typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙعرÙÙ٠شعÙر اÙØ¥Øباط Ùذا.
ÙستطÙع اÙبÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© ع٠طرÙÙØ© "
+"Ùتابة برÙاÙ
ج جدÙد Ù
٠اÙصÙر. ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙعادÙØ ÙÙÙس اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙÙ
اÙØ±Ø Ø³Ùضطر "
+"Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙØ© ÙÙاستسÙاÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of
self-reliance. It is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange
to suit your needs. It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can
spread to affect other aspects of one's life. People who feel this way are
unhappy and do not do good work."
-msgstr "ÙÙØ٠اÙاستسÙاÙ
أضرار ÙÙسÙØ© ÙاجتÙ
اعÙØ©
برÙØ Ø§ÙاعتÙ
اد عÙ٠اÙذات. Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø®Ùب ÙÙØ£Ù
Ù
اÙعÙØ´ ÙÙ Ù
Ùز٠Ùا تستطÙع إعادة ترتÙب٠بشÙÙ
ÙتÙاسب Ù
ع اØتÙاجاتÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùؤد٠اÙÙ
اÙØ¥ØØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø ÙÙد Ùؤثر عÙ٠جÙاÙب اخر٠Ù
Ù ØÙاة
اÙÙرد. اÙÙاس اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙشعرÙ٠بÙذ٠اÙØ£ØاسÙس
سÙÙÙÙÙ٠غÙر سعداء ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بعÙ
٠جÙد."
+msgid ""
+"Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of self-reliance. It "
+"is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange to suit your "
+"needs. It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can spread to "
+"affect other aspects of one's life. People who feel this way are unhappy "
+"and do not do good work."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙØ٠اÙاستسÙاÙ
أضرار ÙÙسÙØ© ÙاجتÙ
اعÙØ© برÙØ
اÙاعتÙ
اد عÙ٠اÙذات. Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø®Ùب "
+"ÙÙØ£Ù
٠اÙعÙØ´ ÙÙ Ù
Ùز٠Ùا تستطÙع إعادة ترتÙبÙ
بشÙÙ ÙتÙاسب Ù
ع اØتÙاجاتÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ "
+"Ùؤد٠اÙ٠اÙØ¥ØØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø ÙÙد Ùؤثر عÙ٠جÙاÙب اخر٠Ù
Ù ØÙاة اÙÙرد. اÙÙاس اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙشعرÙÙ "
+"بÙذ٠اÙØ£ØاسÙس سÙÙÙÙÙ٠غÙر سعداء ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بعÙ
٠جÙد."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same
fashion as software. You might say, “How do I change this recipe to take
out the salt?” and the great chef would respond, “How dare you
insult my recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to tamper with
it? You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and make it work
right!”"
-msgstr "تخÙÙ Ù
ا سÙÙÙ٠عÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر إذا طبÙÙا Ù
ا
Ùجر٠عÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج عÙÙ Ùجبات اÙطعاÙ
. Ùد
تتساءÙ: ”ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠تغÙÙر Ùجبة اÙطعاÙ
ÙØ°Ù
ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
٠دÙÙ Ù
ÙØØ“ ÙÙبÙر اÙطباخÙ٠سÙرد
عÙÙÙ: ”ÙÙ٠تجرؤ عÙ٠إÙاÙØ© ÙجبتÙØ ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙجبة Ùتاج تÙÙÙر٠ÙØ°ÙÙÙØ ÙØ£Ùت تØاÙ٠اÙعبث
بÙØ§Ø ÙÙس ÙدÙ٠اÙØÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ ÙجبتÙ
ÙجعÙÙا تعÙ
٠بشÙ٠صØÙØ!“"
+msgid ""
+"Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same fashion as "
+"software. You might say, “How do I change this recipe to take out the "
+"salt?” and the great chef would respond, “How dare you insult my "
+"recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to tamper with it? "
+"You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and make it work right!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"تخÙÙ Ù
ا سÙÙÙ٠عÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر إذا طبÙÙا Ù
ا ÙجرÙ
عÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج عÙÙ Ùجبات اÙطعاÙ
. Ùد "
+"تتساءÙ: ”ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠تغÙÙر Ùجبة اÙطعاÙ
ÙØ°Ù
ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
٠دÙÙ Ù
ÙØØ“ "
+"ÙÙبÙر اÙطباخÙ٠سÙرد عÙÙÙ: ”ÙÙ٠تجرؤ عÙÙ
Ø¥ÙاÙØ© ÙجبتÙØ Ùذ٠اÙÙجبة Ùتاج "
+"تÙÙÙر٠ÙØ°ÙÙÙØ ÙØ£Ùت تØاÙ٠اÙعبث بÙØ§Ø ÙÙس
ÙدÙ٠اÙØÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùجبت٠ÙجعÙÙا "
+"تعÙ
٠بشÙ٠صØÙØ!“"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "“But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I do?
Will you take out the salt for me?”"
-msgstr "ستضÙÙ: ”ÙÙ٠طبÙب٠ÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùترض أ٠آÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙØ! Ù
ا اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠تØضÙرÙا دÙÙ Ù
ÙØØ“"
+msgid ""
+"“But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I do? Will "
+"you take out the salt for me?”"
+msgstr ""
+"ستضÙÙ: ”ÙÙ٠طبÙب٠ÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùترض أ٠آÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙØ! Ù
ا اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ "
+"عÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠تØضÙرÙا دÙÙ Ù
ÙØØ“"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "“I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.” Since
the owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large.
“However, right now I don't have time. I am busy with a commission to
design a new recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department. I might get
around to you in about two years.”"
-msgstr "سÙرد ÙبÙر اÙطباخÙÙ: ”سÙسعدÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ø¥Ùا 50000$“ طاÙÙ
ا اØتÙر
اÙÙ
اÙ٠اÙتغÙÙØ±Ø Ùإ٠اÙأجر ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
ÙبÙراÙ. ”ÙÙÙØ ÙÙس Ùد٠ÙÙت اﻵÙ. Ø¥ÙÙÙ Ù
شغÙÙ Ù
ع ÙجÙØ© ÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙصÙØ© بسÙÙÙت جدÙدة ÙÙسÙÙ
اÙتابعة ÙÙخطÙØ· اÙبØرÙØ©. Ùد أستطÙع اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠بعد ØÙاÙ٠عاÙ
ÙÙ.“"
+msgid ""
+"“I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.” Since the "
+"owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large. “However, "
+"right now I don't have time. I am busy with a commission to design a new "
+"recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department. I might get around to "
+"you in about two years.”"
+msgstr ""
+"سÙرد ÙبÙر اÙطباخÙÙ: ”سÙسعدÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ø¥Ùا "
+"50000$“ طاÙÙ
ا اØتÙر اÙÙ
اÙ٠اÙتغÙÙØ±Ø ÙØ¥Ù
اÙأجر ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙبÙراÙ. "
+"”ÙÙÙØ ÙÙس Ùد٠ÙÙت اﻵÙ. Ø¥ÙÙÙ Ù
شغÙÙ Ù
ع
ÙجÙØ© ÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙصÙØ© بسÙÙÙت جدÙدة "
+"ÙÙسÙ٠اÙتابعة ÙÙخطÙØ· اÙبØرÙØ©. Ùد أستطÙع
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠بعد ØÙاÙ٠عاÙ
ÙÙ.“"
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Obstructing Software Development"
msgstr "عرÙÙØ© تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The third level of material harm affects software development.
Software development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person would
take an existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new feature, and then
another person would rewrite parts to add another feature; in some cases, this
continued over a period of twenty years. Meanwhile, parts of the program would
be “cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other programs."
-msgstr "اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙثاÙØ« Ù
٠اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠Ùؤثر
عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙد Ùا٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙ
ثابة عÙ
ÙÙØ© Ø«ÙرÙØ©Ø ØÙØ« Ùا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠شخص
Ù
ا Ø£Ù Ùأخذ برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
ÙجÙدا٠٠إعادة Ùتابة
أجزاء Ù
ÙÙ ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزة جدÙدة, Ø«Ù
Ùأت٠شخص آخر
بعد٠Ùإعادة Ùتابة أجزاء Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزة
أخرÙ. Ù٠بعض اÙØاÙØ§ØªØ Ùد تستغر٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ°Ù 20
سÙØ©. Ù٠غضÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùد تÙÙ٠بعض ”أجزاء“
اÙبراÙ
ج ÙتÙÙ٠إÙØ·ÙاÙØ© ÙبراÙ
ج أخرÙ."
+msgid ""
+"The third level of material harm affects software development. Software "
+"development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person would take an "
+"existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new feature, and then "
+"another person would rewrite parts to add another feature; in some cases, "
+"this continued over a period of twenty years. Meanwhile, parts of the "
+"program would be “cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other "
+"programs."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙثاÙØ« Ù
٠اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠Ùؤثر عÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙد Ùا٠تطÙÙر "
+"اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙ
ثابة عÙ
ÙÙØ© Ø«ÙرÙØ©Ø ØÙØ« Ùا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠شخص Ù
ا Ø£Ù Ùأخذ برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
ÙجÙدا٠٠"
+"إعادة Ùتابة أجزاء Ù
ÙÙ ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزة جدÙدة, Ø«Ù
Ùأت٠شخص آخر بعد٠Ùإعادة Ùتابة "
+"أجزاء Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزة أخرÙ. Ù٠بعض
اÙØاÙØ§ØªØ Ùد تستغر٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ°Ù 20 سÙØ©. "
+"Ù٠غضÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùد تÙÙ٠بعض ”أجزاء“
اÙبراÙ
ج ÙتÙÙ٠إÙØ·ÙاÙØ© ÙبراÙ
ج "
+"أخرÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it
necessary to start from scratch when developing a program. It also prevents
new practitioners from studying existing programs to learn useful techniques or
even how large programs can be structured."
-msgstr "ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ùع Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
Ù
اÙتطÙØ±Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙجعÙÙا Ùبدأ Ù
٠اÙصÙر عÙدÙ
ا ÙØ·Ùر
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
Ù
ارسÙ٠اÙجدد Ù
٠دراسة
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ٠تعÙÙ
تÙÙÙات Ù
ÙÙدة Ø£Ù Øت٠ÙÙÙÙØ©
ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙبÙرة."
+msgid ""
+"The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it necessary "
+"to start from scratch when developing a program. It also prevents new "
+"practitioners from studying existing programs to learn useful techniques or "
+"even how large programs can be structured."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ùع Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
Ù
اÙتطÙØ±Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙجعÙÙا Ùبدأ Ù
٠اÙصÙر عÙدÙ
ا "
+"ÙØ·Ùر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
Ù
ارسÙ٠اÙجدد Ù
Ù
دراسة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ٠تعÙÙ
تÙÙÙات "
+"Ù
ÙÙدة Ø£Ù Øت٠ÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙبÙرة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in computer
science who have never seen the source code of a large program. They may be
good at writing small programs, but they can't begin to learn the different
skills of writing large ones if they can't see how others have done it."
-msgstr "اÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙعرÙÙÙ٠اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضاÙ. ÙÙد
ÙابÙت Ø·Ùاب ÙاÙ
عÙÙ Ù٠عÙÙÙ
اÙØاسب ÙÙ
ÙرÙا ÙØ·
اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙبÙر. Ùد ÙÙÙÙÙا جÙدÙÙ
بÙتابة براÙ
ج صغÙرة. ÙÙÙØ Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø£Ù
ÙبدأÙا بتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùارات اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ© ÙÙتابة
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙبÙرة إذا ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙاطÙاع
عÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© Ø¥ÙجازÙا Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙآخرÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in computer "
+"science who have never seen the source code of a large program. They may be "
+"good at writing small programs, but they can't begin to learn the different "
+"skills of writing large ones if they can't see how others have done it."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙعرÙÙÙ٠اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضاÙ. ÙÙد ÙابÙت
Ø·Ùاب ÙاÙ
عÙÙ Ù٠عÙÙÙ
اÙØاسب ÙÙ
ÙرÙا "
+"ÙØ· اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙبÙر. Ùد ÙÙÙÙÙا
جÙدÙ٠بÙتابة براÙ
ج صغÙرة. ÙÙÙØ Ùا "
+"ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙبدأÙا بتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùارات اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©
ÙÙتابة اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙبÙرة إذا ÙÙ
"
+"ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙاطÙاع عÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© Ø¥ÙجازÙا Ù
Ù
Ùب٠اÙآخرÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on
the shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the
software field—you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people
<em>in your own company</em>."
-msgstr "Ù٠أ٠Ù
جا٠ÙÙرÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù Ùص٠اÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙات أعÙÙ Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اÙاعتÙ
اد عÙÙ Ù
جÙÙدات
اÙسابÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙ
Ùعد Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠بشÙÙ
عاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات—Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙاعتÙ
اد
Ø¥Ùا عÙ٠أÙاس آخرÙ٠داخ٠<em>شرÙت٠اÙخاصة</em>."
+msgid ""
+"In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on the "
+"shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the "
+"software field—you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people "
+"<em>in your own company</em>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù٠أ٠Ù
جا٠ÙÙرÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù Ùص٠اÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙات أعÙÙ Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اÙاعتÙ
اد عÙÙ "
+"Ù
جÙÙدات اÙسابÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙ
Ùعد Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠بشÙ٠عاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
جا٠"
+"اÙبرÙ
جÙات—Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙاعتÙ
اد Ø¥Ùا عÙÙ
Ø£Ùاس آخرÙ٠داخ٠<em>شرÙت٠اÙخاصة</"
+"em>."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific
cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even
when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers
abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their work
for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good care of
it."
-msgstr "اÙضرر اÙÙÙس٠اÙاجتÙ
اع٠اÙÙ
صاØب ÙÙØ°Ù
اÙظاÙرة اÙجدÙدة Ùؤثر Ø£Ùضا٠عÙ٠رÙØ Ø§ÙتعاÙÙ
اÙعÙÙ
ÙØ ÙÙد ÙاÙت درجة تعاÙ٠اÙعÙÙ
اء ÙÙÙØ©
Ùدرجة Ø£ÙÙÙ
تعاÙÙÙا Øت٠عÙدÙ
ا ÙاÙت دÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ØاÙØ© Øرب. بÙذ٠اÙرÙØÙØ©Ø ØªØ±Ù Ø¹ÙÙ
اء اÙبØار
اÙÙاباÙÙÙÙ Ù
ختبرÙÙ
Ù٠جزÙرة عÙ٠اÙÙ
ØÙØ·
اÙÙادÙØ¡ Ù ØÙ
Ùا عÙ
ÙÙÙ
عبر ÙÙات Ù
شاة اÙبØرÙØ©
اÙاÙ
ÙرÙÙØ© اÙغازÙØ©Ø ØªØ§Ø±ÙÙ٠رساÙØ© Ø·ÙبÙا ÙÙÙا
رعاÙØ© عÙ
ÙÙÙ
بشÙ٠جÙد."
+msgid ""
+"The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific "
+"cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even "
+"when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers "
+"abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their "
+"work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good "
+"care of it."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙضرر اÙÙÙس٠اÙاجتÙ
اع٠اÙÙ
صاØب ÙÙØ°Ù
اÙظاÙرة اÙجدÙدة Ùؤثر Ø£Ùضا٠عÙ٠رÙØ "
+"اÙتعاÙ٠اÙعÙÙ
ÙØ ÙÙد ÙاÙت درجة تعاÙ٠اÙعÙÙ
اء ÙÙÙØ© Ùدرجة Ø£ÙÙÙ
تعاÙÙÙا Øت٠"
+"عÙدÙ
ا ÙاÙت دÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ØاÙØ© Øرب. بÙØ°Ù
اÙرÙØÙØ©Ø ØªØ±Ù Ø¹ÙÙ
اء اÙبØار اÙÙاباÙÙÙÙ "
+"Ù
ختبرÙÙ
Ù٠جزÙرة عÙ٠اÙÙ
ØÙØ· اÙÙادÙØ¡ Ù ØÙ
Ùا
عÙ
ÙÙÙ
عبر ÙÙات Ù
شاة اÙبØرÙØ© "
+"اÙاÙ
ÙرÙÙØ© اÙغازÙØ©Ø ØªØ§Ø±ÙÙ٠رساÙØ© Ø·ÙبÙا
ÙÙÙا رعاÙØ© عÙ
ÙÙÙ
بشÙ٠جÙد."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared.
Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers to
enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let
readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in
computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is usually
secret."
-msgstr "ÙÙد دÙ
ر اÙصراع Ù
٠أج٠اÙØ±Ø¨Ø Ù
ا ØÙظتÙ
اÙصراعات اÙدÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. Ù٠اÙÙÙت اÙØاضرØ
Ùا ÙÙشر اÙعÙÙ
اء Ù٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
جاÙات Ù
ا
ÙÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
٠تÙرار اÙØªØ¬Ø±Ø¨Ø©Ø Ø¨Ù
ÙÙشرÙÙ ÙÙØ· Ù
ا ÙØ«Ùر إعجاب اÙÙراء بÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ. ÙÙÙطب٠Ùذا باÙتأÙÙد
عÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر, ØÙØ« ÙتÙ
اÙتعاÙ
٠عادة Ù
ع اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠عÙ٠أÙ٠سر."
+msgid ""
+"Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared. "
+"Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers to "
+"enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let "
+"readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in "
+"computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is "
+"usually secret."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙد دÙ
ر اÙصراع Ù
٠أج٠اÙØ±Ø¨Ø Ù
ا ØÙظتÙ
اÙصراعات اÙدÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. Ù٠اÙÙÙت "
+"اÙØØ§Ø¶Ø±Ø Ùا ÙÙشر اÙعÙÙ
اء Ù٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
جاÙات Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
Ù "
+"تÙرار اÙØªØ¬Ø±Ø¨Ø©Ø Ø¨Ù ÙÙشرÙÙ ÙÙØ· Ù
ا ÙØ«Ùر إعجاب
اÙÙراء بÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
"
+"بÙ. ÙÙÙطب٠Ùذا باÙتأÙÙد عÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر, ØÙØ« ÙتÙ
اÙتعاÙ
٠عادة Ù
ع اÙÙÙد "
+"اÙÙ
صدر٠عÙ٠أÙ٠سر."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted"
msgstr "Ùا ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
تÙÙÙد اÙتشارÙ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying,
changing, and building on a program. I have not specified how this obstruction
is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion. Whether it is done
by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or encryption, or <acronym
title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym> cards, or hardware serial numbers, if
it <em>succeeds</em> in preventing use, it does harm."
-msgstr "ÙÙد ÙاÙشت اÙآثار اÙÙ
ترتبة عÙÙ Ù
Ùع
اÙÙاس Ù
Ù Ùسخ ÙتعدÙÙ ÙبÙاء اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙ
Ø£Øدد
ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙعرÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ£Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùا Ùؤثر عÙ٠اÙÙتÙجة.
سÙاء تÙ
Ø°Ù٠ع٠طرÙÙ ØÙ
اÙØ© اÙÙØ³Ø®Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙÙ
ؤÙÙØ
أ٠اÙØ±Ø®ØµØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتشÙÙØ±Ø Ø£Ù Ø¨Ø·Ø§Ùات <acronym
title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym>Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ø±ÙاÙ
اÙأجÙزة
اÙتسÙسÙÙØ©. إذا <em>ÙجØÙا</em> ÙÙ Ù
Ùع اÙاستخداÙ
Ø
ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ù
ضر."
+msgid ""
+"I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying, "
+"changing, and building on a program. I have not specified how this "
+"obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion. "
+"Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or "
+"encryption, or <acronym title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym> cards, or "
+"hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in preventing use, it does "
+"harm."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙد ÙاÙشت اÙآثار اÙÙ
ترتبة عÙÙ Ù
Ùع اÙÙاس Ù
Ù
Ùسخ ÙتعدÙÙ ÙبÙاء اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙ
Ø£Øدد "
+"ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙعرÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ£Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùا Ùؤثر عÙÙ
اÙÙتÙجة. سÙاء تÙ
Ø°Ù٠ع٠طرÙÙ ØÙ
اÙØ© اÙÙØ³Ø®Ø "
+"أ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ±Ø®ØµØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتشÙÙØ±Ø Ø£Ù Ø¨Ø·Ø§Ùات
<acronym title=\"Read-only Memory"
+"\">ROM</acronym>Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ø±ÙاÙ
اÙأجÙزة اÙتسÙسÙÙØ©. إذا
<em>ÙجØÙا</em> ÙÙ Ù
Ùع "
+"اÙاستخداÙ
Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ù
ضر."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others. I
suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their objective."
-msgstr "Ùعتبر اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بعض Ùذ٠اÙأساÙÙب
أبغض Ù
٠غÙرÙا. Ù٠اعتÙادÙØ Ùإ٠أبغض
اÙاساÙÙب Ù٠تÙ٠اÙت٠تØÙÙ ÙدÙÙا."
+msgid ""
+"Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others. I "
+"suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their "
+"objective."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùعتبر اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بعض Ùذ٠اÙأساÙÙب أبغض Ù
Ù
غÙرÙا. Ù٠اعتÙادÙØ Ùإ٠أبغض "
+"اÙاساÙÙب Ù٠تÙ٠اÙت٠تØÙÙ ÙدÙÙا."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Software Should be Free"
msgstr "Ùجب أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Øرة"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict
changing or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are
widespread and important. It follows that society shouldn't have owners for
programs."
-msgstr "ÙÙد Ø£ÙضØت Ø£Ù Ù
ÙÙÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات—اÙسÙطة ÙتÙÙÙد اÙتعدÙÙ Ù
اÙÙسخ—تعتبر Øاجزا٠تÙ
تد آثار٠اÙسÙبÙØ©
عÙÙ Ùطا٠Ùاسع Ù Ù
ÙÙ
. ٠بÙاء عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغÙ
ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات أ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
٠دÙÙ Ù
اÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict changing "
+"or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are widespread and "
+"important. It follows that society shouldn't have owners for programs."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙد Ø£ÙضØت Ø£Ù Ù
ÙÙÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات—اÙسÙطة
ÙتÙÙÙد اÙتعدÙ٠٠اÙÙسخ—تعتبر "
+"Øاجزا٠تÙ
تد آثار٠اÙسÙبÙØ© عÙÙ Ùطا٠Ùاسع Ù Ù
ÙÙ
. ٠بÙاء عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠"
+"ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات أ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
٠دÙÙ Ù
اÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free
software, and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging the
substitute is not a rational way to get what we need."
-msgstr "ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ
Ø°Ù٠بطرÙÙØ© أخر٠عÙ٠اعتبار
Ø£Ù Ù
ا ÙØتاج٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙست Ø¥Ùا بدÙÙاÙ
ضعÙÙاÙ. تشجÙع اÙبدÙÙ ÙÙس طرÙÙØ© عÙÙاÙÙØ©
ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ا ÙØتاجÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free software, "
+"and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging the substitute "
+"is not a rational way to get what we need."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ
Ø°Ù٠بطرÙÙØ© أخر٠عÙ٠اعتبار Ø£Ù Ù
ا ÙØتاج٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات "
+"اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙست Ø¥Ùا
بدÙÙا٠ضعÙÙاÙ. تشجÙع اÙبدÙÙ ÙÙس طرÙÙØ© "
+"عÙÙاÙÙØ© ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ا ÙØتاجÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is
good, not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business making
proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow terms, but it
is not what is good for society."
-msgstr "ÙاÙÙا٠ÙاÙÙ ÙصØÙا ”بأ٠ÙعÙ
Ù Ù
٠أجÙ
أشÙاء Ù
عÙÙØ© ï»·ÙÙا جÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙØ· ï»·ÙÙا Ùد
تتÙÙر عÙÙ Ùرصة ÙÙÙجاؓ إ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ø£Ù
اÙ
Ù Ùرصة ÙÙÙØ¬Ø§Ø Ø¶Ù
٠شرÙØ·
ضÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØ£Ù
ر اÙجÙد ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع."
+msgid ""
+"Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is good, "
+"not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business making "
+"proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow terms, but "
+"it is not what is good for society."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙاÙÙا٠ÙاÙÙ ÙصØÙا ”بأ٠ÙعÙ
Ù Ù
٠أجÙ
أشÙاء Ù
عÙÙØ© ï»·ÙÙا جÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙØ· "
+"ï»·ÙÙا Ùد تتÙÙر عÙÙ Ùرصة ÙÙÙجاؓ Ø¥Ù
تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ø£Ù
اÙ
Ù "
+"Ùرصة ÙÙÙØ¬Ø§Ø Ø¶Ù
٠شرÙØ· ضÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØ£Ù
ر
اÙجÙد ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Why People Will Develop Software"
msgstr "ÙÙ
اذا ÙØ·Ùر اÙÙاس اÙبرÙ
جÙات"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging people to develop
software, at first less software will be developed, but that software will be
more useful. It is not clear whether the overall delivered user satisfaction
will be less; but if it is, or if we wish to increase it anyway, there are
other ways to encourage development, just as there are ways besides toll booths
to raise money for streets. Before I talk about how that can be done, first I
want to question how much artificial encouragement is truly necessary."
-msgstr "إذا ÙضÙÙا عÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ©
ÙÙسÙÙØ© ÙتشجÙع اÙÙاس عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙاتØ
ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙؤد٠إÙ٠تÙÙÙص Ùسبة اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
Ø·Ùرة Ù٠اÙبداÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج ستÙÙ٠أÙثر
Ùائدة. ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ù
ا إذا Ùا٠اÙرض٠اÙإجÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠سÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠اﻷÙ
ر
ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø¥Ø°Ø§ ÙÙا Ùرغب Ù٠زÙادة Ùسبة اÙرضÙ
عÙ٠أ٠ØاÙØ ÙÙÙا٠طر٠أخر٠ÙتشجÙع اÙتÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø
ÙÙ
ا ÙÙا٠Ùسائ٠أخر٠غÙر Ù
Øطات اﻷداء ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙ
اÙطرÙات. Ùب٠أ٠أتØدث ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ
سÙ٠أتطر٠أÙÙا Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
د٠ضرÙرة اÙتشجÙع اÙÙ
ÙتعÙ."
+msgid ""
+"If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging people to develop "
+"software, at first less software will be developed, but that software will "
+"be more useful. It is not clear whether the overall delivered user "
+"satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if we wish to increase it "
+"anyway, there are other ways to encourage development, just as there are "
+"ways besides toll booths to raise money for streets. Before I talk about how "
+"that can be done, first I want to question how much artificial encouragement "
+"is truly necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"إذا ÙضÙÙا عÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© ÙÙسÙÙØ©
ÙتشجÙع اÙÙاس عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ "
+"ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙؤد٠إÙ٠تÙÙÙص Ùسبة اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
Ø·Ùرة Ù٠اÙبداÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج "
+"ستÙÙ٠أÙثر Ùائدة. ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙ
اÙرض٠اÙإجÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠سÙÙÙ. "
+"ÙÙÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø¥Ø°Ø§ ÙÙا Ùرغب
Ù٠زÙادة Ùسبة اÙرض٠عÙ٠أ٠ØاÙØ "
+"ÙÙÙا٠طر٠أخر٠ÙتشجÙع اÙتÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙاÙ
Ùسائ٠أخر٠غÙر Ù
Øطات اﻷداء ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙ "
+"اÙطرÙات. Ùب٠أ٠أتØدث ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ Ø³Ù٠أتطر٠أÙÙا Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
د٠ضرÙرة "
+"اÙتشجÙع اÙÙ
ÙتعÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Programming is Fun"
msgstr "اÙبرÙ
جة Ù
تعة"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money; road
construction, for example. There are other fields of study and art in which
there is little chance to become rich, which people enter for their fascination
or their perceived value to society. Examples include mathematical logic,
classical music, and archaeology; and political organizing among working
people. People compete, more sadly than bitterly, for the few funded positions
available, none of which is funded very well. They may even pay for the chance
to work in the field, if they can afford to."
-msgstr "ÙÙا٠بعض اﻷعÙ
ا٠اÙت٠ÙÙ ÙÙب٠اÙÙØ«ÙرÙÙ
Ø¥ÙجازÙا ÙÙÙا اÙÙ
Ùاب٠اÙÙ
ادÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ù٠اÙشأÙ
باÙÙسبة ÙبÙاء اÙطر٠Ù
Ø«ÙاÙ. ÙÙÙا٠Ù
جاÙات
أخر٠Ù
٠اÙدراسة ÙاÙÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ ÙÙÙا Ùرص اÙغÙÙ
ضئÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙاس ÙÙجÙÙÙا Ùشدة إعجابÙÙ
بÙا
Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙا. ÙÙطب٠Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر Ù
Ø«ÙاÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙ
Ùط٠اÙرÙاض٠ÙاÙÙ
ÙسÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاسÙÙÙØ©Ø
أ٠عÙÙ
اÙأثار ÙاÙÙشاط اÙسÙاس٠ÙÙ Ù
Ùدا٠اÙعÙ
Ù. ÙتÙاÙس اÙأشخاص بشÙÙ Ù
Øز٠ÙÙ
رÙر ÙÙظÙر
باÙÙظائ٠اÙÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
تاØØ© ÙاÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© بشÙÙ
ÙزÙÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙد ÙدÙعÙÙ ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùرصة عÙ
Ù ÙÙ
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جاÙات إ٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money; road "
+"construction, for example. There are other fields of study and art in which "
+"there is little chance to become rich, which people enter for their "
+"fascination or their perceived value to society. Examples include "
+"mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and political "
+"organizing among working people. People compete, more sadly than bitterly, "
+"for the few funded positions available, none of which is funded very well. "
+"They may even pay for the chance to work in the field, if they can afford to."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙا٠بعض اﻷعÙ
ا٠اÙت٠ÙÙ ÙÙب٠اÙÙØ«ÙرÙÙ
Ø¥ÙجازÙا ÙÙÙا اÙÙ
Ùاب٠اÙÙ
ادÙØ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ "
+"اÙشأ٠باÙÙسبة ÙبÙاء اÙطر٠Ù
Ø«ÙاÙ. ÙÙÙا٠Ù
جاÙات أخر٠Ù
٠اÙدراسة ÙاÙÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ "
+"ÙÙÙا Ùرص اÙغÙ٠ضئÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙاس ÙÙجÙÙÙا
Ùشدة إعجابÙÙ
بÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع "
+"ÙÙا. ÙÙطب٠Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر Ù
Ø«Ùا٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ù
اÙرÙاض٠ÙاÙÙ
ÙسÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاسÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ø¹ÙÙ
"
+"اÙأثار ÙاÙÙشاط اÙسÙاس٠ÙÙ Ù
Ùدا٠اÙعÙ
Ù.
ÙتÙاÙس اÙأشخاص بشÙÙ Ù
Øز٠ÙÙ
رÙر ÙÙظÙر "
+"باÙÙظائ٠اÙÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
تاØØ© ÙاÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© بشÙÙ
ÙزÙÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙد ÙدÙعÙÙ ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùرصة "
+"عÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جاÙات إ٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the
possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand the same
opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing what they used
to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by, everyone connected
with the field will deride the idea that work would be done in the field
without large financial returns. They will advise social planners to ensure
that these returns are possible, prescribing special privileges, powers, and
monopolies as necessary to do so."
-msgstr "بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
جا٠ÙÙذا Ø£Ù ÙتغÙر بÙ٠عشÙØ©
ÙضØاÙا إذا Ø£Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù
ارس٠أ٠ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø«Ø±ÙاÙ. عÙدÙ
ا ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø£Øد اÙعاÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙ٠غÙÙاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
اÙآخرÙÙ ÙطاÙبÙ٠بÙÙس اÙÙرصة. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
اÙآخرÙÙ Ùد ÙØ·ÙبÙÙ Ù
باÙغ ÙبÙرة Ù
٠اÙÙ
اÙ
ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ù
ا ÙاÙÙا ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠ب٠Ù
Ù Ùب٠Ù
٠أج٠اÙÙ
تعة. Ùبعد Ù
رÙر بضعة سÙÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù ÙاÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ
صÙØ© باÙÙ
جا٠سÙسخرÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙÙرة اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
جاÙ
دÙÙ Ù
Ùاب٠Ù
اد٠Ù
ÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ا سÙÙصØÙ٠اÙÙ
خططÙÙ
اÙاجتÙ
اعÙÙ٠باتخاذ اÙإجراءات اÙÙازÙ
Ø© ÙضÙ
ا٠Ùذ٠اÙعÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ù
عتÙ
دÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاÙ
تÙازات اÙخاصة ÙاÙÙÙÙØ° ÙاÙاØتÙارات."
+msgid ""
+"Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the "
+"possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand the "
+"same opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing what "
+"they used to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by, everyone "
+"connected with the field will deride the idea that work would be done in the "
+"field without large financial returns. They will advise social planners to "
+"ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing special privileges, "
+"powers, and monopolies as necessary to do so."
+msgstr ""
+"بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
جا٠ÙÙذا Ø£Ù ÙتغÙر بÙ٠عشÙØ© ÙضØاÙا
إذا Ø£Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù
ارس٠أ٠ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø«Ø±ÙاÙ. "
+"عÙدÙ
ا ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø£Øد اÙعاÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙ٠غÙÙاÙØ
Ùإ٠اÙآخرÙÙ ÙطاÙبÙ٠بÙÙس اÙÙرصة. "
+"ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ùد ÙØ·ÙبÙÙ Ù
باÙغ ÙبÙرة Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
ا٠ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ù
ا ÙاÙÙا ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠ب٠"
+"Ù
Ù Ùب٠Ù
٠أج٠اÙÙ
تعة. Ùبعد Ù
رÙر بضعة سÙÙÙØ
ÙØ¥Ù ÙاÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ
صÙØ© باÙÙ
جا٠"
+"سÙسخرÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙÙرة اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
جا٠دÙÙ Ù
Ùاب٠Ù
اد٠Ù
ÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ا سÙÙصØÙ٠اÙÙ
خططÙÙ "
+"اÙاجتÙ
اعÙÙ٠باتخاذ اÙإجراءات اÙÙازÙ
Ø© ÙضÙ
ا٠Ùذ٠اÙعÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ù
عتÙ
دÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠عÙÙ "
+"اÙاÙ
تÙازات اÙخاصة ÙاÙÙÙÙØ° ÙاÙاØتÙارات."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s.
In the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users
were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was
generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to break
up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one would
program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they knew
back then."
-msgstr "Øص٠Ùذا اÙتغÙÙر ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙبرÙ
جة ÙÙ Ø«Ù
اÙÙÙÙات اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙ. Ù٠اÙسبÙعÙÙÙØ§ØªØ ÙاÙت
ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙاÙات ع٠ظاÙرة ”إدÙ
ا٠اÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر“: Ùا٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ”Ù
تصÙÙÙ
باÙشبÙØ©“Ø ÙÙا٠أجرÙÙ
اÙأسبÙع٠ÙبÙغ
ØÙاÙÙ 100 دÙÙار. Ùا٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠أ٠عشÙ
اÙبرÙ
جة Ùد Ùؤد٠بصاØب٠إÙ٠اÙØ·ÙاÙ. Ø£Ù
ا اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙد Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
ا٠أ٠Ùا Ø£Øد سÙبرÙ
ج Ø¥Ùا ÙÙ
ØاÙØ© ØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠أجر عاÙ. ÙÙد Ùس٠اÙÙاس Ù
ا
ÙاÙÙا ÙعرÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت."
+msgid ""
+"This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s. In "
+"the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users "
+"were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was "
+"generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to "
+"break up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one "
+"would program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they "
+"knew back then."
+msgstr ""
+"Øص٠Ùذا اÙتغÙÙر ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙبرÙ
جة ÙÙ Ø«Ù
اÙÙÙÙات اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙ. Ù٠اÙسبÙعÙÙÙØ§ØªØ "
+"ÙاÙت ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙاÙات ع٠ظاÙرة ”إدÙ
ا٠اÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر“: Ùا٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ "
+"”Ù
تصÙÙ٠باÙشبÙØ©“Ø ÙÙا٠أجرÙÙ
اÙأسبÙع٠ÙبÙغ ØÙاÙÙ 100 دÙÙار. Ùا٠"
+"Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠أ٠عش٠اÙبرÙ
جة Ùد ÙؤدÙ
بصاØب٠إÙ٠اÙØ·ÙاÙ. Ø£Ù
ا اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙد "
+"Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
ا٠أ٠Ùا Ø£Øد سÙبرÙ
ج Ø¥Ùا ÙÙ ØاÙØ©
ØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠أجر عاÙ. ÙÙد Ùس٠اÙÙاس Ù
ا "
+"ÙاÙÙا ÙعرÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a certain
field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic of change can
run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we take away the
possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the people have
readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager to work in the field
for the joy of accomplishment."
-msgstr "إذا Ùا٠صØÙØا٠ÙÙ ÙÙت Ù
ا بأ٠Ù
عظÙ
اÙعاÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جا٠Ù
عÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بذÙ٠إÙا Ù
ÙابÙ
أجر Ù
رتÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùا ÙعÙ٠باÙضرÙرة أ٠اﻷÙ
Ùر ستستÙ
ر عÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙ
ÙÙاÙ. بإÙ
Ùا٠دÙÙاÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙتغÙÙر أ٠تÙعÙس إذا ÙدÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØاÙز
اÙضرÙرÙ. إذا استبعدÙا Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙØ© اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
ثرÙØ© ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙاس سÙعدÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ
بعد
ÙÙت Ù
عÙÙØ ÙسÙÙبÙÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
جا٠Ù
٠جدÙد Ù
Ùاب٠ÙرØØ© اÙØ¥Ùجاز."
+msgid ""
+"When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a certain "
+"field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic of change can "
+"run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we take away the "
+"possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the people have "
+"readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager to work in the "
+"field for the joy of accomplishment."
+msgstr ""
+"إذا Ùا٠صØÙØا٠ÙÙ ÙÙت Ù
ا بأ٠Ù
عظÙ
اÙعاÙ
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
جا٠Ù
عÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بذÙ٠إÙا "
+"Ù
Ùاب٠أجر Ù
رتÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùا ÙعÙ٠باÙضرÙرة
أ٠اﻷÙ
Ùر ستستÙ
ر عÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙ
ÙÙاÙ. "
+"بإÙ
Ùا٠دÙÙاÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙتغÙÙر أ٠تÙعÙس إذا ÙدÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØاÙز اÙضرÙرÙ. إذا "
+"استبعدÙا Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙØ© اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠ثرÙØ© ÙبÙرةØ
Ùإ٠اÙÙاس سÙعدÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ
بعد ÙÙت "
+"Ù
عÙÙØ ÙسÙÙبÙÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
جا٠Ù
٠جدÙد Ù
Ùاب٠ÙرØØ© اÙØ¥Ùجاز."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an
easier question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a
fortune. A mere living is easier to raise."
-msgstr "”ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا تسدÙد أجر اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙØ“Ø ØªØ³Ù٠اÙإجابة عÙÙ Ùذا اÙسؤا٠عÙدÙ
ا
Ùدر٠بأ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ùا ÙتعÙ٠بÙ
ÙØÙÙ
ثرÙØ© Ù
ÙابÙ
Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¨ØªÙÙÙر سب٠Ùسب اÙعÙØ´ ÙÙÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier "
+"question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A "
+"mere living is easier to raise."
+msgstr ""
+"”ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا تسدÙد أجر اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙØ“Ø
تسÙ٠اÙإجابة عÙÙ Ùذا اÙسؤا٠"
+"عÙدÙ
ا Ùدر٠بأ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ùا ÙتعÙ٠بÙ
ÙØÙÙ
ثرÙØ© Ù
Ùاب٠ذÙÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¨ØªÙÙÙر سب٠Ùسب اÙعÙØ´ "
+"ÙÙÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Funding Free Software"
msgstr "تÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة "
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses.
Many other institutions already exist that can do this."
-msgstr "اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙت٠تدÙع أجÙرا٠ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
ÙÙست باÙضرÙرة شرÙات ÙتطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙاÙ
اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙأخر٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses. Many "
+"other institutions already exist that can do this."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙت٠تدÙع أجÙرا٠ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙست
باÙضرÙرة شرÙات ÙتطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات. "
+"ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙأخر٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software
development even if they cannot control the use of the software. In 1970, much
of their software was free because they did not consider restricting it. Today,
their increasing willingness to join consortiums shows their realization that
owning the software is not what is really important for them."
-msgstr "اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
صÙعة ÙÙعتاد تعتبر دعÙ
اÙتطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
ج٠ضرÙرÙا٠Øت٠ÙØ¥Ù ÙÙ
Ùتس٠ÙÙا
اÙتØÙÙ
Ù٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ù٠عاÙ
1970Ø
ÙاÙت اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠براÙ
جÙÙ
Ù
جاÙÙØ© ÙØ£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙرÙا Ù٠تÙÙÙدÙا. ÙاÙÙÙÙ
, Ùإ٠رغبتÙÙ
اÙÙ
تزاÙدة Ù٠اÙاÙضÙ
اÙ
Ø¥Ù٠اتØادات تد٠عÙ٠أÙÙÙ
Ùد أدرÙÙا بأ٠اÙ
تÙا٠اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙس Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠ØÙاÙ
باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software development "
+"even if they cannot control the use of the software. In 1970, much of their "
+"software was free because they did not consider restricting it. Today, their "
+"increasing willingness to join consortiums shows their realization that "
+"owning the software is not what is really important for them."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
صÙعة ÙÙعتاد تعتبر دعÙ
اÙتطÙÙر
اÙبرÙ
ج٠ضرÙرÙا٠Øت٠ÙØ¥Ù ÙÙ
Ùتس٠ÙÙا "
+"اÙتØÙÙ
Ù٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ù٠عاÙ
1970Ø
ÙاÙت اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠براÙ
جÙÙ
Ù
جاÙÙØ© "
+"ÙØ£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙرÙا Ù٠تÙÙÙدÙا. ÙاÙÙÙÙ
, ÙØ¥Ù
رغبتÙÙ
اÙÙ
تزاÙدة Ù٠اÙاÙضÙ
اÙ
Ø¥ÙÙ "
+"اتØادات تد٠عÙ٠أÙÙÙ
Ùد أدرÙÙا بأ٠اÙ
تÙاÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙس Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠ØÙا٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often sell
the results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt that
universities would develop free software if they were not allowed to sell
software? These projects could be supported by the same government contracts
and grants that now support proprietary software development."
-msgstr "تدÙر اÙجاÙ
عات اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙÙ
عÙÙØ© باÙبرÙ
جة ÙتبÙع اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù ÙتاجÙا ÙÙ
اÙÙÙت اÙØاÙÙØ ÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
سبعÙÙÙات اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙا٠Ù
Ù Ø´Ù Ù٠أÙ
اÙجاÙ
عات ستطÙر برÙ
جÙات Øرة إذا ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙا
ببÙع اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙ
Ù٠دعÙ
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
شارÙع Ù
Ù ÙبÙ
اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙسÙا اÙت٠تÙ
ÙØ Ø§ÙعÙÙد اÙت٠تدعÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج اÙاØتÙارÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often sell the "
+"results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt that "
+"universities would develop free software if they were not allowed to sell "
+"software? These projects could be supported by the same government contracts "
+"and grants that now support proprietary software development."
+msgstr ""
+"تدÙر اÙجاÙ
عات اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
باÙبرÙ
جة ÙتبÙع اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù ÙتاجÙا ÙÙ "
+"اÙÙÙت اÙØاÙÙØ ÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
سبعÙÙÙات اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙا٠Ù
Ù Ø´Ù "
+"Ù٠أ٠اÙجاÙ
عات ستطÙر برÙ
جÙات Øرة إذا ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙا ببÙع اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙ
Ù٠دعÙ
ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙÙ
شارÙع Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙسÙا اÙت٠تÙ
ÙØ
اÙعÙÙد اÙت٠تدعÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج "
+"اÙاØتÙارÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop
a system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call that
“finished”, and then start companies where they really finish the
project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished version
“free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an
exclusive license from the university. This is not a secret; it is openly
admitted by everyone concerned. Yet if the researchers were not exposed to the
temptation to do these things, they would still do their research."
-msgstr "Ù
٠اÙشائع اÙÙÙÙ
عÙد اÙباØØ«Ù٠اÙجاÙ
عÙÙ٠سعÙÙÙ
ÙÙظÙر بÙ
ÙØØ© ÙتطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
Ù
عÙÙÙ
اتÙØ ÙتطÙÙر٠إÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙارب ÙÙطة اÙاÙجاز
Ùاعتبار٠”Ù
ÙتÙÙØ§Ù“Ø Ø«Ù
تأسÙس شرÙات
تÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شرÙع بشÙÙ ÙعÙÙ ÙتجعÙ٠صاÙØاÙ
ÙÙاستخداÙ
. Ø£ØÙاÙا ÙسÙ
Ù٠اÙإصدار اÙغÙر Ù
ÙتÙ
إصدارا٠”ØØ±Ø§Ù“Ø Ø§Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙÙا ÙاسدÙÙ
بشÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙاÙÙÙ
ÙØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠رخصة ØصرÙØ© Ù
Ù
اÙجاÙ
عة. Ùذا ÙÙس سراÙØ ÙÙد اعترÙت اÙأطراÙ
اÙÙ
عÙÙØ© بذÙ٠عÙÙا٠Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùتعرض
اÙباØØ«ÙÙ ÙÙإغراء ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ
Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙاشÙاء
ÙÙاÙÙا Ùد ÙاصÙÙا أبØاثÙÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop a "
+"system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call that “"
+"finished”, and then start companies where they really finish the "
+"project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished version "
+"“free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an "
+"exclusive license from the university. This is not a secret; it is openly "
+"admitted by everyone concerned. Yet if the researchers were not exposed to "
+"the temptation to do these things, they would still do their research."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
٠اÙشائع اÙÙÙÙ
عÙد اÙباØØ«Ù٠اÙجاÙ
عÙÙÙ
سعÙÙÙ
ÙÙظÙر بÙ
ÙØØ© ÙتطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
"
+"Ù
عÙÙÙ
اتÙØ ÙتطÙÙر٠إÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙارب ÙÙطة
اÙاÙجاز Ùاعتبار٠”Ù
ÙتÙÙØ§Ù“Ø "
+"Ø«Ù
تأسÙس شرÙات تÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شرÙع بشÙÙ ÙعÙÙ
ÙتجعÙ٠صاÙØا٠ÙÙاستخداÙ
. Ø£ØÙاÙا ÙسÙ
ÙÙ "
+"اÙإصدار اÙغÙر Ù
Ùت٠إصدارا٠”ØرآØ
اÙ
ا إذا ÙاÙÙا ÙاسدÙ٠بشÙÙ ÙÙÙØ "
+"ÙاÙÙÙ
ÙØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠رخصة ØصرÙØ© Ù
٠اÙجاÙ
عة.
Ùذا ÙÙس سراÙØ ÙÙد اعترÙت اÙأطرا٠"
+"اÙÙ
عÙÙØ© بذÙ٠عÙÙا٠Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùتعرض
اÙباØØ«ÙÙ ÙÙإغراء ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ
Ø«Ù ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙاشÙاء ÙÙاÙÙا Ùد ÙاصÙÙا أبØاثÙÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling
services related to the software. I have been hired to port the <a
href=\"/software/gcc/\">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and to make
user-interface extensions to <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (I
offer these improvements to the public once they are done.) I also teach
classes for which I am paid."
-msgstr "ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ Ùتابة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
ÙÙسب رزÙÙÙ
ع٠طرÙ٠بÙع اÙخدÙ
ات اÙÙ
رتبطة
باÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙد تÙ
اÙتعاÙد Ù
ع٠ÙØÙ
Ù <a
href=\"/software/gcc/\">Ù
صر٠GNU C </a> Ø¥Ù٠اÙأجÙزة
اÙجدÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙتطÙÙر ÙاجÙØ© استخداÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØÙات <a
href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (Ø£ÙدÙ
Ùذ٠اÙتØسÙÙات
ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙر ÙÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ
ÙتÙا). ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ٠أÙ
ارس
اÙتدرÙس ÙأتÙÙ٠أجرا٠Ù
Ùاب٠ذÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling services "
+"related to the software. I have been hired to port the <a href=\"/software/"
+"gcc/\">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and to make user-interface "
+"extensions to <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (I offer these "
+"improvements to the public once they are done.) I also teach classes for "
+"which I am paid."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ Ùتابة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙسب
رزÙÙÙ
ع٠طرÙ٠بÙع اÙخدÙ
ات اÙÙ
رتبطة "
+"باÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙد تÙ
اÙتعاÙد Ù
ع٠ÙØÙ
Ù <a
href=\"/software/gcc/\">Ù
صر٠GNU C </"
+"a> Ø¥Ù٠اÙأجÙزة اÙجدÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙتطÙÙر ÙاجÙØ©
استخداÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØÙات <a href=\"/software/"
+"emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (Ø£ÙدÙ
Ùذ٠اÙتØسÙÙات ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙر
ÙÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ
ÙتÙا). ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙÙ "
+"Ø£Ù
ارس اÙتدرÙس ÙأتÙÙ٠أجرا٠Ù
Ùاب٠ذÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful, growing
corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other companies also
provide commercial support for the free software of the GNU system. This is the
beginning of the independent software support industry—an industry that
could become quite large if free software becomes prevalent. It provides users
with an option generally unavailable for proprietary software, except to the
very wealthy."
-msgstr "Ùست ÙØد٠Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙ
بذÙÙ. ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
اÙشرÙات اÙÙاÙ
ÙØ© اÙت٠تÙØ¬Ø Ø¯Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بأ٠عÙ
٠آخر. اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙشرÙات اÙأخر٠تÙدÙ
Ø£ÙضاÙ
اÙدعÙ
اÙÙÙ٠اÙتجار٠ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
GNU .ÙØ°Ù Ù٠اÙبداÙØ© ÙدعÙ
صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ستÙÙØ©—Ùذ٠اÙصÙاعة ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ø£Ù ØªØµØ¨Ø ÙبÙرة
جدا٠إذا أضØت اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù٠اÙسائدة.
ÙÙ٠تÙÙر ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ø®Ùارا٠Ùا ÙتÙÙر عÙ
ÙÙ
اÙ
ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©, Ù
اعدا ÙÙأثرÙاء جداÙ."
+msgid ""
+"I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful, growing "
+"corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other companies also "
+"provide commercial support for the free software of the GNU system. This is "
+"the beginning of the independent software support industry—an industry "
+"that could become quite large if free software becomes prevalent. It "
+"provides users with an option generally unavailable for proprietary "
+"software, except to the very wealthy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùست ÙØد٠Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙ
بذÙÙ. ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
اÙشرÙات اÙÙاÙ
ÙØ© اÙت٠تÙØ¬Ø Ø¯Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙ
"
+"بأ٠عÙ
٠آخر. اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙشرÙات اÙأخر٠تÙدÙ
Ø£Ùضا٠اÙدعÙ
اÙÙÙ٠اÙتجار٠"
+"ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
GNU .ÙØ°Ù Ù٠اÙبداÙØ©
ÙدعÙ
صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات "
+"اÙÙ
ستÙÙØ©—Ùذ٠اÙصÙاعة ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تصبØ
ÙبÙرة جدا٠إذا أضØت اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة "
+"Ù٠اÙسائدة. ÙÙ٠تÙÙر ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ø®Ùارا٠Ùا
ÙتÙÙر عÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©, "
+"Ù
اعدا ÙÙأثرÙاء جداÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "New institutions such as the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free Software
Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's funds come
from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on the tapes is free,
which means that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, but many
nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall that “free software” refers
to freedom, not to price.) Some users who already have a copy order tapes as a
way of making a contribution they feel we deserve. The Foundation also
receives sizable donations from computer manufacturers."
-msgstr "بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ؤسسات جدÙدة Ù
Ø«Ù <a
href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a> أ٠تÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. تØص٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة عÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ÙاردÙا
Ù
٠بÙع اÙأشرطة ع٠طرÙ٠اÙبرÙد. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
تÙÙرة عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙأشرطة تÙÙÙ ØØ±Ø©Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Øر ÙÙ ÙسخÙا ٠تعدÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ٠اÙعدÙد
ÙدÙعÙÙ Ù
باÙغ Ù
اÙÙØ© ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùسخ. (تذÙر Ø£Ù
”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“ تشÙر اÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©Ø
ÙÙÙس Ø¥Ù٠اÙسعر). بعض اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙتÙÙ٠اﻷشرطة ÙتÙدÙÙ
Ù
ساعدة ÙشعرÙ٠أÙÙا ÙستØÙÙا. ÙÙ
ا تتÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة Ùبات Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
صÙعة ÙأجÙزة
اÙØاسÙب."
+msgid ""
+"New institutions such as the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free Software "
+"Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's funds "
+"come from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on the tapes is "
+"free, which means that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, "
+"but many nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall that “free "
+"software” refers to freedom, not to price.) Some users who already "
+"have a copy order tapes as a way of making a contribution they feel we "
+"deserve. The Foundation also receives sizable donations from computer "
+"manufacturers."
+msgstr ""
+"بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ؤسسات جدÙدة Ù
Ø«Ù <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a> "
+"أ٠تÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. تØص٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة عÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ÙاردÙا Ù
٠بÙع اÙأشرطة ع٠طرÙÙ "
+"اÙبرÙد. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
تÙÙرة عÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙأشرطة تÙÙÙ ØØ±Ø©Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Øر "
+"ÙÙ ÙسخÙا ٠تعدÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ٠اÙعدÙد ÙدÙعÙÙ Ù
باÙغ Ù
اÙÙØ© ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùسخ. (تذÙر Ø£Ù "
+"”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“ تشÙر اÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©Ø
ÙÙÙس Ø¥Ù٠اÙسعر). بعض "
+"اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙتÙÙ٠اﻷشرطة ÙتÙدÙÙ
Ù
ساعدة ÙشعرÙÙ "
+"Ø£ÙÙا ÙستØÙÙا. ÙÙ
ا تتÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة Ùبات Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
صÙعة ÙأجÙزة اÙØاسÙب."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on
hiring as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a business,
distributing the same free software to the public for the same fee, it would
now provide a very good living for its founder."
-msgstr "Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
ؤسسة Ø®ÙرÙØ©
تÙÙ٠دخÙÙا عÙ٠تÙظÙ٠أÙبر عدد Ù
Ù
ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. Ù٠تÙ
تأسÙسÙا ÙÙعÙ
٠اÙتجار٠ÙتÙزÙع ÙÙس
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بÙÙس اÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ؤسسÙا Ø£Ù ÙعÙØ´ عÙشة رÙÙعة."
+msgid ""
+"The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on hiring "
+"as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a business, "
+"distributing the same free software to the public for the same fee, it would "
+"now provide a very good living for its founder."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
ؤسسة Ø®ÙرÙØ© تÙÙÙ
دخÙÙا عÙ٠تÙظÙ٠أÙبر عدد Ù
Ù
ÙÙ Ù
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. Ù٠تÙ
تأسÙسÙا ÙÙعÙ
٠اÙتجارÙ
ÙتÙزÙع ÙÙس اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بÙÙس "
+"اÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ؤسسÙا Ø£Ù ÙعÙØ´ عÙشة
رÙÙعة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the
Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this because we
are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction in knowing that
their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of all, they do it because
programming is fun. In addition, volunteers have written many useful programs
for us. (Even technical writers have begun to volunteer.)"
-msgstr "بÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة Ù
ؤسسة Ø®ÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙ٠داخÙÙا بÙص٠Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙتÙÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ùا٠آخر. Ø¥ÙÙÙ
ÙÙعÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة
ÙÙست بÙرÙÙراطÙØ©Ø ÙÙØ£ÙÙÙ
ÙشعرÙ٠باÙرضÙØ Ø°ÙÙ
أ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùخضع ÙÙÙ
Ùع أ٠اÙتÙÙÙد ÙÙÙ
ا بعد.
Ø£ÙÙ
Ù
ا Ù٠اﻷÙ
ر Ø£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بذÙÙ Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جة
Ùشاط Ù
Ù
تع. باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙد Ùتب اÙÙ
تطÙعÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
ÙÙدة ÙÙا. (ÙØتÙ
اÙÙتاب اÙتÙÙÙÙ٠بدؤÙا باÙتطÙع)."
+msgid ""
+"Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the "
+"Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this because "
+"we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction in knowing "
+"that their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of all, they do it "
+"because programming is fun. In addition, volunteers have written many "
+"useful programs for us. (Even technical writers have begun to volunteer.)"
+msgstr ""
+"بÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة Ù
ؤسسة Ø®ÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
ÙعÙ
ÙÙ٠داخÙÙا بÙص٠Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠"
+"ÙتÙÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
Ùا٠آخر. Ø¥ÙÙÙ
ÙÙعÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ ÙØ£Ù
اÙÙ
ؤسسة ÙÙست بÙرÙÙراطÙØ©Ø ÙÙØ£ÙÙÙ
"
+"ÙشعرÙ٠باÙرضÙØ Ø°Ù٠أ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùخضع ÙÙÙ
Ùع
أ٠اÙتÙÙÙد ÙÙÙ
ا بعد. Ø£ÙÙ
Ù
ا ÙÙ "
+"اﻷÙ
ر Ø£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بذÙÙ Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جة Ùشاط Ù
Ù
تع. باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙد Ùتب "
+"اÙÙ
تطÙعÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
ÙÙدة ÙÙا.
(ÙØت٠اÙÙتاب اÙتÙÙÙÙ٠بدؤÙا "
+"باÙتطÙع)."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all
fields, along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one will want
to program."
-msgstr "Ùذا ÙؤÙد أ٠اÙبرÙ
جة تعد Ù
٠أÙثر اﻷÙشطة
إبÙارا٠Ù٠جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ÙادÙÙØ Ø¬Ùبا٠إÙ٠جÙب Ù
ع
اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙÙÙÙ. ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا تخÙÙ Ù
٠عدÙ
رغبة اﻵخرÙÙ Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جة."
+msgid ""
+"This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all fields, "
+"along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one will want to "
+"program."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا ÙؤÙد أ٠اÙبرÙ
جة تعد Ù
٠أÙثر اﻷÙشطة
إبÙارا٠Ù٠جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ÙادÙÙØ Ø¬Ùبا٠إÙ٠جÙب "
+"Ù
ع اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙÙÙÙ. ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا تخÙÙ Ù
٠عدÙ
رغبة اﻵخرÙÙ Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جة."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "What Do Users Owe to Developers?"
msgstr "Ù
ا اÙØ°Ù ÙدÙ٠ب٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral obligation
to contribute to its support. Developers of free software are contributing to
the users' activities, and it is both fair and in the long-term interest of the
users to give them funds to continue."
-msgstr "ÙÙا٠سبب ÙجÙÙ ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØرة
ÙÙشعÙر بÙاجب أخÙاÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© Ù٠دعÙ
Ùا.
ÙساÙÙ
Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù٠أÙشطة اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ
٠اÙعد٠ÙÙطرÙÙ٠تÙÙÙر اÙتÙ
ÙÙÙ
اÙÙازÙ
ÙÙ Ùتابع اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
."
+msgid ""
+"There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral obligation to "
+"contribute to its support. Developers of free software are contributing to "
+"the users' activities, and it is both fair and in the long-term interest of "
+"the users to give them funds to continue."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙا٠سبب ÙجÙÙ ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØرة
ÙÙشعÙر بÙاجب أخÙاÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© Ù٠دعÙ
Ùا. "
+"ÙساÙÙ
Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù٠أÙشطة اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ
٠اÙعد٠ÙÙطرÙÙ٠تÙÙÙر "
+"اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙازÙ
ÙÙ Ùتابع اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers, since
obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ©Ø Ø°Ù٠أ٠اÙعرÙÙØ© تستØ٠اÙعÙاب
بد٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙأة."
+msgid ""
+"However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers, since "
+"obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ©Ø Ø°Ù٠أ٠اÙعرÙÙØ© تستØ٠اÙعÙاب "
+"بد٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙأة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled to
the support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral obligation into a
requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A developer can either
deserve a reward or demand it, but not both."
-msgstr "ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙارÙØ© إذاÙ: ÙØÙ ÙÙ
Ø·Ùر اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙÙ
ÙÙدة تÙÙ٠دعÙ
Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ٠أ٠Ù
ØاÙÙØ© ÙتØÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙØ¥ÙتزاÙ
اÙأخÙاÙ٠إÙÙ
إجبار ÙدÙ
ر أساس اÙØ¥ÙتزاÙ
. بإÙ
Ùا٠اÙÙ
Ø·Ùر Ø£Ù
ÙØ·Ùب Ù
ÙاÙأة أ٠استØÙاÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙاثÙÙÙ
Ù
عاÙ."
+msgid ""
+"We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled to the "
+"support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral obligation into a "
+"requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A developer can either "
+"deserve a reward or demand it, but not both."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙارÙØ© إذاÙ: ÙØÙ ÙÙ
Ø·Ùر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙدة تÙÙ٠دعÙ
Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ٠أ٠"
+"Ù
ØاÙÙØ© ÙتØÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙØ¥ÙتزاÙ
اÙأخÙاÙ٠إÙÙ
إجبار ÙدÙ
ر أساس اÙØ¥ÙتزاÙ
. بإÙ
Ùا٠"
+"اÙÙ
Ø·Ùر Ø£Ù ÙØ·Ùب Ù
ÙاÙأة أ٠استØÙاÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙس اÙاثÙÙÙ Ù
عاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act so
as to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for voluntary
donations. Eventually the users will learn to support developers without
coercion, just as they have learned to support public radio and television
stations."
-msgstr "أعتÙد أ٠أ٠Ù
برÙ
ج اخÙاÙÙ ÙÙاج٠Ùذا
اÙتÙاÙض Ù
ÙزÙ
باÙعÙ
Ù ÙاستØÙا٠Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙأة.
ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
تبرعات Ø·ÙعÙØ©. ÙÙ ÙÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
طاÙØ Ø³ÙÙ ÙتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠دعÙ
اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠دÙ٠إÙراÙØ ØªÙ
اÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ا
تعÙÙ
Ù Ø°ÙÙ ÙدعÙ
اÙإذاعات ÙاÙÙÙÙات اÙتÙÙزÙØ©
اÙعاÙ
Ø©."
+msgid ""
+"I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act so as "
+"to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for voluntary "
+"donations. Eventually the users will learn to support developers without "
+"coercion, just as they have learned to support public radio and television "
+"stations."
+msgstr ""
+"أعتÙد أ٠أ٠Ù
برÙ
ج اخÙاÙÙ ÙÙاج٠Ùذا اÙتÙاÙض
Ù
ÙزÙ
باÙعÙ
Ù ÙاستØÙا٠ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙÙ
ÙاÙأة. ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠تبرعات Ø·ÙعÙØ©. ÙÙ ÙÙاÙØ© "
+"اÙÙ
طاÙØ Ø³ÙÙ ÙتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠دعÙ
اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ
دÙ٠إÙراÙØ ØªÙ
اÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ا تعÙÙ
Ù Ø°ÙÙ "
+"ÙدعÙ
اÙإذاعات ÙاÙÙÙÙات اÙتÙÙزÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "What Is Software Productivity?"
msgstr "Ù
ا Ù٠إÙتاجÙØ© اÙبراÙ
جØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps
fewer of them. Would this be bad for society?"
-msgstr "إذا ÙاÙت اÙبرÙ
جÙات ØØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙختÙÙا Ù
٠اÙساØØ©Ø ÙÙ٠عددÙÙ
سÙÙÙ. ÙÙ
سÙÙÙÙ Ø°Ù٠سÙئا٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
عØ"
+msgid ""
+"If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps fewer "
+"of them. Would this be bad for society?"
+msgstr ""
+"إذا ÙاÙت اÙبرÙ
جÙات ØØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙختÙÙا Ù
٠اÙساØØ©Ø ÙÙ٠عددÙÙ
سÙÙÙ. "
+"Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ Ø°Ù٠سÙئا٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
عØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than in
1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few deliver more
food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call this improved
productivity. Free software would require far fewer programmers to satisfy the
demand, because of increased software productivity at all levels:"
-msgstr "ÙÙس باÙضرÙرة. رغÙ
اÙØ®Ùاض عدد اÙÙ
زارعÙÙ
Ù٠اÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø© عÙ
ا Ùا٠عÙÙÙ Ù٠عاÙ
1900Ø
ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا Ùعتبر Ø°Ù٠أÙ
را٠سÙئا٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùأ٠عددا٠ÙÙÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙتج ÙدراÙ
Ø£Ùبر Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùاد اÙغذائÙØ© باÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ù
ع Ù
ا ÙاÙ
ÙÙتج٠اÙÙ
زارعÙ٠اÙسابÙÙÙ. ÙÙذا Ù
ا ÙسÙ
Ù
بتØسÙ٠اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©. ÙاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتطÙب
عددا٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتÙبÙØ© اÙØ·ÙØ¨Ø ÙØ£Ù
Ø¥ÙتاجÙتÙÙ
ارتÙعت عÙ٠جÙ
Ùع اÙأصعدة."
+msgid ""
+"Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than in "
+"1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few deliver "
+"more food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call this improved "
+"productivity. Free software would require far fewer programmers to satisfy "
+"the demand, because of increased software productivity at all levels:"
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙس باÙضرÙرة. رغÙ
اÙØ®Ùاض عدد اÙÙ
زارعÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø© عÙ
ا Ùا٠عÙÙÙ Ù٠عاÙ
"
+"1900Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا Ùعتبر Ø°Ù٠أÙ
را٠سÙئا٠باÙÙسبة
ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùأ٠عددا٠ÙÙÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙÙ
"
+"ÙÙتج Ùدرا٠أÙبر Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùاد اÙغذائÙØ© باÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ù
ع Ù
ا Ùا٠ÙÙتج٠اÙÙ
زارعÙÙ "
+"اÙسابÙÙÙ. ÙÙذا Ù
ا ÙسÙ
٠بتØسÙ٠اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©.
ÙاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتطÙب عددا٠أÙÙ Ù
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتÙبÙØ© اÙØ·ÙØ¨Ø Ùأ٠إÙتاجÙتÙÙ
ارتÙعت عÙ٠جÙ
Ùع اÙأصعدة."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "Wider use of each program that is developed."
msgstr "اÙاستخداÙ
اÙÙاسع ÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج ÙتÙ
تطÙÙرÙ."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead of
starting from scratch."
+msgid ""
+"The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead of starting "
+"from scratch."
msgstr "اÙÙدرة عÙ٠تÙÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج بد٠Ù
٠اÙبدء Ù
Ù ÙÙطة اÙصÙر."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
@@ -508,132 +1342,382 @@
msgstr "اÙÙضاء عÙ٠تÙرار جÙÙد اÙبرÙ
جة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the
employment of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased
productivity. Yet these people usually accept the widely held belief that the
software industry needs increased productivity. How is this?"
-msgstr "ÙؤÙاء اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعارضÙ٠اÙتعاÙÙ ÙÙزعÙ
ÙÙ
Ø£Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙؤد٠إÙ٠تÙظÙ٠عدد Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
ÙتعارضÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙØ© اﻷÙ
ر Ù
ع زÙادة اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©.
ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اﻷشخاص ÙÙبÙÙ٠اÙاعتÙاد اÙسائد بأÙ
صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات بØاجة ÙزÙادة اÙاÙتاجÙØ©,
ÙÙÙ ÙذاØ"
+msgid ""
+"Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment "
+"of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet "
+"these people usually accept the widely held belief that the software "
+"industry needs increased productivity. How is this?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÙؤÙاء اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعارضÙ٠اÙتعاÙÙ ÙÙزعÙ
Ù٠أÙ
Ø°Ù٠سÙؤد٠إÙ٠تÙظÙ٠عدد Ø£ÙÙ Ù
Ù "
+"اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتعارضÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙØ© اﻷÙ
ر Ù
ع زÙادة
اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©. ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اﻷشخاص ÙÙبÙÙÙ "
+"اÙاعتÙاد اÙسائد بأ٠صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات بØاجة
ÙزÙادة اÙاÙتاجÙØ©, ÙÙÙ ÙذاØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "“Software productivity” can mean two different things: the
overall productivity of all software development, or the productivity of
individual projects. Overall productivity is what society would like to
improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the
artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it. But researchers who study
the field of “software productivity” focus only on the second,
limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult technological
advances."
-msgstr "”Ø¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات” ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تعÙÙ
Ø´ÙئÙÙ Ù
ختÙÙÙÙ: اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙتطÙÙر
جÙ
Ùع اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتاجÙØ© اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙÙردÙØ©.
اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙرÙد اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
تØسÙÙÙØ Ù Ø§ÙطرÙÙØ© اÙÙ
باشرة ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠اÙÙضاء عÙ٠اÙعÙبات اÙÙ
صطÙعة اÙت٠تØد Ù
٠اÙتعاÙÙ. ÙÙÙØ Ø¨Ø§ÙÙسبة ÙÙباØØ«Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙدرسÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جا٠”Ø¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات“
Ùإ٠اÙترÙÙز ÙÙصب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙثاÙÙ ÙÙØ·Ø
ÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù
ØدÙد تتطÙب ÙÙ٠اÙتØسÙÙات تÙÙÙات
صعبة Ù Ù
تÙدÙ
Ø©."
+msgid ""
+"“Software productivity” can mean two different things: the "
+"overall productivity of all software development, or the productivity of "
+"individual projects. Overall productivity is what society would like to "
+"improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the "
+"artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it. But researchers who "
+"study the field of “software productivity” focus only on the "
+"second, limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult "
+"technological advances."
+msgstr ""
+"”Ø¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات” ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تعÙÙ
Ø´ÙئÙÙ Ù
ختÙÙÙÙ: اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ© "
+"اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙتطÙÙر جÙ
Ùع اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتاجÙØ©
اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙÙردÙØ©. اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ© "
+"اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙرÙد اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع تØسÙÙÙØ Ù
اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙÙ
باشرة ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù ÙÙ "
+"اÙÙضاء عÙ٠اÙعÙبات اÙÙ
صطÙعة اÙت٠تØد Ù
Ù
اÙتعاÙÙ. ÙÙÙØ Ø¨Ø§ÙÙسبة ÙÙباØØ«Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ "
+"ÙدرسÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جا٠”Ø¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات“
Ùإ٠اÙترÙÙز ÙÙصب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
"
+"اÙثاÙÙ ÙÙØ·Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù
ØدÙد تتطÙب ÙÙÙ
اÙتØسÙÙات تÙÙÙات صعبة Ù Ù
تÙدÙ
Ø©."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Is Competition Inevitable?"
msgstr "Ù٠اÙتÙاÙس ØتÙ
ÙØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their
rivals in society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not harmful; the
harmful thing is <em>combat</em>."
-msgstr "ÙÙ ÙØ´Ù٠تÙاÙس اﻷشخاص ÙÙÙ
ا بÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙتÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙسÙÙÙ
Ø´Ùئا٠ØتÙ
Ùا٠Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ
اجتÙابÙØ Ø±Ø¨Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙØ°ÙÙ. ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة
بØد ذاتÙا ÙÙست Ø¶Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø ÙاÙØ´ÙØ¡ اÙضار ÙÙ
اÙاÙتتاÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their rivals in "
+"society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not harmful; the harmful "
+"thing is <em>combat</em>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙ ÙØ´Ù٠تÙاÙس اﻷشخاص ÙÙÙ
ا بÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙتÙÙÙ
عÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙسÙÙÙ
Ø´Ùئا٠ØتÙ
Ùا٠Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ "
+"اجتÙابÙØ Ø±Ø¨Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙØ°ÙÙ. ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة بØد ذاتÙا ÙÙست Ø¶Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø ÙاÙØ´ÙØ¡ اÙضار "
+"Ù٠اÙاÙتتاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying to
achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in the old
days, there was competition among programming wizards—competition for who
could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who could make the
shortest or fastest program for a given task. This kind of competition can
benefit everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship is
maintained."
-msgstr "ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙطر٠ÙÙتÙاÙس. ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
تتÙ
ث٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تØÙÙÙ Ùدر Ø£Ùبر Ù
Ù
اÙØ¥ÙØ¬Ø§Ø²Ø§ØªØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتÙÙ٠عÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ
Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. Ù٠اÙÙ
اض٠Ù
Ø«ÙاÙØ ÙاÙت ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙاÙسة
بÙ٠خبراء اÙبرÙ
جة ÙتÙÙÙØ° اÙÙ
ÙاÙ
بشÙ٠أرÙعØ
أ٠تÙÙÙص Ù
دة اÙتÙÙÙØ° اÙضرÙرÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù
عÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙس Ù
ÙÙدا٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø·Ø§ÙÙ
ا تÙ
اÙØÙاظ عÙ٠اÙرÙØ
اÙرÙاضÙØ© اÙØ·Ùبة."
+msgid ""
+"There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying to "
+"achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in the old "
+"days, there was competition among programming wizards—competition for "
+"who could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who could make "
+"the shortest or fastest program for a given task. This kind of competition "
+"can benefit everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship "
+"is maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙطر٠ÙÙتÙاÙس. ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تتÙ
ث٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تØÙÙÙ Ùدر "
+"Ø£Ùبر Ù
٠اÙØ¥ÙØ¬Ø§Ø²Ø§ØªØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتÙÙ٠عÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
ا
ÙعÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. Ù٠اÙÙ
اض٠Ù
Ø«ÙاÙØ "
+"ÙاÙت ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙاÙسة بÙ٠خبراء اÙبرÙ
جة ÙتÙÙÙØ°
اÙÙ
ÙاÙ
بشÙ٠أرÙØ¹Ø Ø£Ù ØªÙÙÙص Ù
دة "
+"اÙتÙÙÙØ° اÙضرÙرÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù
عÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙس Ù
ÙÙدا٠"
+"ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø·Ø§ÙÙ
ا تÙ
اÙØÙاظ عÙ٠اÙرÙØ
اÙرÙاضÙØ© اÙØ·Ùبة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to
great efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have
visited all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to do this.
But they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on desert islands.
They are content to let the best person win."
-msgstr "إ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة اÙبÙاءة ÙاÙÙØ© ÙتØÙÙز
اÙÙاس عÙ٠بذ٠جÙÙد ÙبÙرة. ÙÙا٠أشخاص
ÙتÙاÙسÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
٠سÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ Ù
٠زار جÙ
Ùع
اÙبÙدا٠عÙÙ Ùج٠اÙØ£Ø±Ø¶Ø ÙبعضÙÙ
Ùصر٠Ù
باÙغ
ضخÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙرشÙÙ ÙبطاÙ
اÙسÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙرÙ
Ù Ù
ÙاÙسÙÙÙ
Ù٠جزÙرة صØراÙÙØ©.
Ø¥ÙÙÙ
ÙسÙ
ØÙÙ ÙØ£ÙضÙÙÙ
باÙÙÙز."
+msgid ""
+"Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to great "
+"efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have visited "
+"all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to do this. But "
+"they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on desert islands. "
+"They are content to let the best person win."
+msgstr ""
+"إ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة اÙبÙاءة ÙاÙÙØ© ÙتØÙÙز اÙÙاس
عÙ٠بذ٠جÙÙد ÙبÙرة. ÙÙا٠أشخاص "
+"ÙتÙاÙسÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
٠سÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ Ù
٠زار جÙ
Ùع
اÙبÙدا٠عÙÙ Ùج٠اÙØ£Ø±Ø¶Ø ÙبعضÙÙ
Ùصر٠"
+"Ù
باÙغ ضخÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙرشÙÙ
Ùبطا٠اÙسÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙرÙ
Ù Ù
ÙاÙسÙÙÙ
ÙÙ "
+"جزÙرة صØراÙÙØ©. Ø¥ÙÙÙ
ÙسÙ
ØÙÙ ÙØ£ÙضÙÙÙ
باÙÙÙز."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to impede
each other instead of advancing themselves—when “Let the best
person win” gives way to “Let me win, best or not.”
Proprietary software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but
because it is a form of combat among the citizens of our society."
-msgstr "ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙتاÙÙØ© عÙدÙ
ا Ùشرع اÙÙ
ÙاÙسÙÙ Ù٠عرÙÙØ© بعضÙÙ
اÙبعض بد٠تطÙÙر
Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
—عÙدÙ
ا ÙعÙض Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ”دعÙا اÙØ£ÙضÙ
ÙÙÙز“ بÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ”اسÙ
ØÙا Ù٠باÙÙÙØ²Ø Ø³Ùاء
ÙÙت اÙØ£Ùض٠أ٠Ùا“. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©
Ø¶Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø ÙÙس ÙØ£ÙÙا Ø´ÙÙ Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ³Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا ÙØ£ÙÙا Ø´ÙÙ Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙاÙتتا٠بÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙا."
+msgid ""
+"Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to impede each "
+"other instead of advancing themselves—when “Let the best person "
+"win” gives way to “Let me win, best or not.” Proprietary "
+"software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but because it "
+"is a form of combat among the citizens of our society."
+msgstr ""
+"ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙتاÙÙØ© عÙدÙ
ا Ùشرع اÙÙ
ÙاÙسÙÙ
Ù٠عرÙÙØ© بعضÙÙ
اÙبعض بد٠تطÙÙر "
+"Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
—عÙدÙ
ا ÙعÙض Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ”دعÙا
اÙØ£Ùض٠ÙÙÙز“ بÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ”"
+"اسÙ
ØÙا Ù٠باÙÙÙØ²Ø Ø³Ùاء ÙÙت اÙØ£Ùض٠أÙ
Ùا“. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ø¶Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø "
+"ÙÙس ÙØ£ÙÙا Ø´ÙÙ Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ³Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا
ÙØ£ÙÙا Ø´ÙÙ Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙاÙتتا٠بÙÙ "
+"اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙا."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when
two grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own
operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a special
commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for combat in this
line of business short of physical violence. Not all areas of business share
this characteristic. Withholding information that could help everyone advance
is a form of combat."
-msgstr "اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙأعÙ
ا٠اÙتجارÙØ©
ÙÙست باÙضرÙرة Ù
ÙاÙسة ÙتاÙÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا تتÙاÙس
بÙاÙتا٠عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ùإ٠جÙدÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ
ÙÙصب عÙ٠تØسÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙÙÙس عÙ٠تخرÙب اÙÙ
ÙاÙس. ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا Ùد٠عÙÙ ÙجÙد اÙتزاÙ
خاص
بأخÙاÙÙات اÙعÙ
ÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¹Ù٠ضÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙصراع ÙÙ
Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
٠اÙأعÙ
اÙØ Ø¨ØºØ¶ اÙÙظر ع٠اÙعÙÙ
اÙجسدÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ùزة غÙر Ù
تÙÙرة Ù٠جÙ
Ùع Ù
جاÙات اÙعÙ
Ù. Øجب اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙت٠Ùد تساÙÙ
ÙÙ
تÙدÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ùعد Ø´ÙÙا٠Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙÙتاÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when two "
+"grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own "
+"operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a "
+"special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for "
+"combat in this line of business short of physical violence. Not all areas "
+"of business share this characteristic. Withholding information that could "
+"help everyone advance is a form of combat."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙأعÙ
ا٠اÙتجارÙØ© ÙÙست
باÙضرÙرة Ù
ÙاÙسة ÙتاÙÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا تتÙاÙس "
+"بÙاÙتا٠عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ùإ٠جÙدÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ
ÙÙصب عÙ٠تØسÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙÙÙس عÙ٠تخرÙب "
+"اÙÙ
ÙاÙس. ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا Ùد٠عÙÙ ÙجÙد اÙتزاÙ
خاص
بأخÙاÙÙات اÙعÙ
ÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¹Ù٠ضÙÙ Ù
جا٠"
+"اÙصراع ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
٠اÙأعÙ
اÙØ Ø¨ØºØ¶ اÙÙظر
ع٠اÙعÙ٠اÙجسدÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ùزة غÙر "
+"Ù
تÙÙرة Ù٠جÙ
Ùع Ù
جاÙات اÙعÙ
Ù. Øجب اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات
اÙت٠Ùد تساÙÙ
Ù٠تÙدÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ùعد "
+"Ø´ÙÙا٠Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙÙتاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to
combat the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust
laws, truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this
to a principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms
of combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are
squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war."
-msgstr "Ø£ÙدÙÙÙÙجÙØ© اÙاعÙ
ا٠Ùا تجÙز اÙÙاس ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
Ø© إغراء Ù
Øاربة اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة. ÙÙد تÙ
Øظر بعض
أشÙا٠اÙاÙتتا٠بÙاسطة ÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙØØ©
اÙاØتÙØ§Ø±Ø ÙÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙاعÙاÙØ§ØªØ Ù ÙÙÙ
جرا.
ÙÙÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا Ù
٠تعÙ
ÙÙ
Ùذا اÙرÙض اÙÙ
بدئ٠ÙÙÙتاÙ
بشÙ٠عاÙ
Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
سؤÙÙÙ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙبتÙرÙÙ
أشÙا٠أخر٠غÙر Ù
ØظÙرة Ù
٠اÙÙتاÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙؤدÙ
Ø¥Ù٠تبدÙد اÙÙ
Ùارد اÙاÙتصادÙØ© ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙÙ
شبÙ٠باÙØرÙب اÙØ£ÙÙÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙصائÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat "
+"the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust laws, "
+"truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this to a "
+"principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms of "
+"combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are "
+"squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war."
+msgstr ""
+"Ø£ÙدÙÙÙÙجÙØ© اÙاعÙ
ا٠Ùا تجÙز اÙÙاس ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
Ø©
إغراء Ù
Øاربة اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة. ÙÙد تÙ
Øظر "
+"بعض أشÙا٠اÙاÙتتا٠بÙاسطة ÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙØØ©
اÙاØتÙØ§Ø±Ø ÙÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙاعÙاÙØ§ØªØ Ù ÙÙÙ
"
+"جرا. ÙÙÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا Ù
٠تعÙ
ÙÙ
Ùذا اÙرÙض اÙÙ
بدئÙ
ÙÙÙتا٠بشÙ٠عاÙ
Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
سؤÙÙÙÙ "
+"اÙتÙÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙبتÙرÙ٠أشÙا٠أخر٠غÙر Ù
ØظÙرة Ù
٠اÙÙتاÙØ Ù
Ù
ا Ùؤد٠إÙ٠تبدÙد "
+"اÙÙ
Ùارد اÙاÙتصادÙØ© ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙ٠شبÙÙ
باÙØرÙب اÙØ£ÙÙÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙصائÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "“Why Don't You Move to Russia?”"
msgstr "”ÙÙ
اذا ÙاترØÙÙ٠اÙ٠رÙسÙاؔ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form
of laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For example, it
is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as is
found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is leveled
against the advocates of public support for the arts, also universal in
advanced nations. The idea that citizens have any obligation to the public
good is identified in America with Communism. But how similar are these ideas?"
-msgstr "Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØØ¯Ø©Ø ØªÙج٠Ùذ٠اÙعبارة
ÙÙ٠شخص ÙدعÙا اÙاخرÙÙ ÙعدÙ
اÙتطر٠ÙÙ
اÙØ£ÙاÙÙØ©. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ØªÙ
تÙجÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙتÙÙ
Ø© ضد Ù
ؤÙد٠ÙظاÙ
اÙرعاÙØ© اÙصØÙØ© اÙÙØ·ÙÙ
اÙÙ
تÙاجد ÙÙ ÙاÙØ© اÙدÙ٠اÙصÙاعÙØ© اÙأخر٠ÙÙ
اÙعاÙÙ
اÙØر. Ùذ٠اÙتÙÙ
Ø© تÙج٠أÙضا٠ضد دعاة
اÙدعÙ
اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠أÙ
ر Ù
تÙÙر
Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙ ÙاÙØ© اÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø©. Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات
اÙÙ
تØدة اﻷÙ
رÙÙÙØ©Ø Ùربط اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ ÙÙرة
اÙÙاجب تجا٠اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
بÙ
بدأ اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ©.
ÙÙÙØ Ù
ا Ù
د٠اÙتشاب٠بÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙاÙÙارØ"
+msgid ""
+"In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form of "
+"laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For example, it "
+"is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as "
+"is found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is "
+"leveled against the advocates of public support for the arts, also universal "
+"in advanced nations. The idea that citizens have any obligation to the "
+"public good is identified in America with Communism. But how similar are "
+"these ideas?"
+msgstr ""
+"Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØØ¯Ø©Ø ØªÙج٠Ùذ٠اÙعبارة ÙÙÙ
شخص ÙدعÙا اÙاخرÙÙ ÙعدÙ
اÙتطر٠ÙÙ "
+"اÙØ£ÙاÙÙØ©. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ØªÙ
تÙجÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙتÙÙ
Ø© ضد Ù
ؤÙد٠ÙظاÙ
اÙرعاÙØ© اÙصØÙØ© "
+"اÙÙØ·Ù٠اÙÙ
تÙاجد ÙÙ ÙاÙØ© اÙدÙ٠اÙصÙاعÙØ©
اÙأخر٠Ù٠اÙعاÙÙ
اÙØر. Ùذ٠اÙتÙÙ
Ø© "
+"تÙج٠أÙضا٠ضد دعاة اÙدعÙ
اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠أÙ
ر Ù
تÙÙر Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙ ÙاÙØ© "
+"اÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø©. Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة اﻷÙ
رÙÙÙØ©Ø Ùربط اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ ÙÙرة اÙÙاجب "
+"تجا٠اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
بÙ
بدأ اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ©. ÙÙÙØ Ù
ا Ù
د٠اÙتشاب٠بÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙاÙÙارØ"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of central
control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the common good, but
actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where copying
equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying."
-msgstr "Ù٠اÙاتØاد اÙسÙÙÙاتÙØ ÙاÙت اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ©
اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة عبارة ع٠ÙظاÙ
سÙطرة Ù
رÙزÙØ© تسÙر
ÙÙ٠اﻷÙشطة بشÙ٠صارÙ
Ø Ø¹Ù٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù Ø°ÙÙ
ÙخدÙ
اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
. ÙÙÙÙØ Ù٠اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ
اÙÙظاÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ÙجÙا٠ÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù
صاÙØ Ø£Ø¹Ø¶Ø§Ø¡ اÙØزب
اÙØ´ÙÙعÙ. ØÙØ« ÙاÙت Ù
عدات اÙÙسخ خاضعة ÙÙØراسة
اÙÙ
شددة ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙسخ اÙغÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of central "
+"control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the common good, "
+"but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where "
+"copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù٠اÙاتØاد اÙسÙÙÙاتÙØ ÙاÙت اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ© اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة عبارة ع٠ÙظاÙ
سÙطرة Ù
رÙزÙØ© تسÙر "
+"ÙÙ٠اﻷÙشطة بشÙ٠صارÙ
Ø Ø¹Ù٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù Ø°ÙÙ
ÙخدÙ
اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
. ÙÙÙÙØ Ù٠اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø "
+"ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ÙجÙا٠ÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù
صاÙØ
أعضاء اÙØزب اÙØ´ÙÙعÙ. ØÙØ« ÙاÙت Ù
عدات "
+"اÙÙسخ خاضعة ÙÙØراسة اÙÙ
شددة ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙسخ
اÙغÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The American system of software copyright exercises central control
over distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic
copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying."
-msgstr "اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙÙ Ù
ؤÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
ÙÙ
ارس سÙطرة Ù
رÙزÙØ© عÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ù
ÙØرس Ù
عدات اÙÙسخ بÙاسطة Ù
خططات ØÙ
اÙØ© Ø£ÙتÙÙ
اتÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙسخ اÙغÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"The American system of software copyright exercises central control over "
+"distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic "
+"copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙÙ Ù
ؤÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
ارس سÙطرة Ù
رÙزÙØ© عÙ٠تÙزÙع "
+"اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ù ÙØرس Ù
عدات اÙÙسخ بÙاسطة Ù
خططات ØÙ
اÙØ© Ø£ÙتÙÙ
اتÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙسخ "
+"اÙغÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to
decide their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free
to alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system
based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization."
-msgstr "عÙ٠اÙÙÙÙض Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ٠أعÙ
Ù Ù
٠أجÙ
بÙاء ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙÙاس Ø£Øرارا٠Ù٠اتخاذ
اÙإجراءات اÙخاصة بÙÙ
Ø ÙبشÙÙ Ø®Ø§ØµØ Ø£ØراراÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ساعدة جÙراÙÙÙ
, ÙØ£Øرارا٠Ù٠تعدÙÙ Ù
تطÙÙر اÙأدÙات اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙ ØÙاتÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
ÙØ©. ÙظاÙ
ÙائÙ
عÙ٠اÙتعاÙ٠اÙØ·ÙعÙ
ÙاÙÙاÙ
رÙزÙØ©."
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to decide "
+"their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free to "
+"alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system "
+"based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization."
+msgstr ""
+"عÙ٠اÙÙÙÙض Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ٠أعÙ
Ù Ù
٠أج٠بÙاء
ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙÙاس Ø£Øرارا٠ÙÙ "
+"اتخاذ اÙإجراءات اÙخاصة بÙÙ
Ø ÙبشÙ٠خاصØ
Ø£Øرارا٠ÙÙ Ù
ساعدة جÙراÙÙÙ
, ÙØ£Øرارا٠ÙÙ "
+"تعدÙ٠٠تطÙÙر اÙأدÙات اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙ
ØÙاتÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
ÙØ©. ÙظاÙ
ÙائÙ
عÙÙ "
+"اÙتعاÙ٠اÙØ·Ùع٠ÙاÙÙاÙ
رÙزÙØ©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian
Communism, it is the software owners who are the Communists."
-msgstr "ÙباÙتاÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أردÙا Ø£Ù ÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ ÙجÙات
اÙÙظر Ù
Ù ØÙØ« تشابÙÙا Ù
ع اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ©
اÙسÙÙÙاتÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
اÙØ´ÙÙعÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian Communism, it "
+"is the software owners who are the Communists."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙباÙتاÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أردÙا Ø£Ù ÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ ÙجÙات
اÙÙظر Ù
Ù ØÙØ« تشابÙÙا Ù
ع اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ© "
+"اÙسÙÙÙاتÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
اÙØ´ÙÙعÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The Question of Premises"
msgstr "Ù
سأÙØ© اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less
important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, their
interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of action is
best."
-msgstr "ÙÙد اÙترضت ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠أ٠Ù
ستخدÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùا ÙÙ٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© ع٠Ù
ؤÙÙÙØ Ø£Ù Øت٠Ù
ÙشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ. بعبارة أخرÙØ Ùإ٠اÙتÙ
اÙ
اتÙÙ
ÙاØتÙاجاتÙÙ
تÙتس٠ÙÙس اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا ÙÙرر
Ø£Ù Ù
سار ÙÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙØ£ÙضÙ."
+msgid ""
+"I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less "
+"important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, "
+"their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of "
+"action is best."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙد اÙترضت ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠أ٠Ù
ستخدÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùا ÙÙ٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© ع٠Ù
ؤÙÙÙØ Ø£Ù Øت٠"
+"Ù
ÙشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ. بعبارة أخرÙØ Ùإ٠اÙتÙ
اÙ
اتÙÙ
ÙاØتÙاجاتÙÙ
تÙتس٠ÙÙس اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا "
+"ÙÙرر Ø£Ù Ù
سار ÙÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙØ£ÙضÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an
author's employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say,
for example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the
author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may
affect the public."
-msgstr "Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙست Ù
ÙبÙÙØ© عاÙÙ
ÙاÙ. ÙÙاÙ
اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
Ù ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠Ù
ÙشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙأساس Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
٠أ٠شخص آخر. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙÙÙ
عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§Ùغرض Ù
Ù ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠إعطاء اÙÙ
شغ٠Ù
Ùزة
ÙستØÙÙا—بغض اÙÙظر ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ© تأثÙر Ø°Ù٠عÙÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع."
+msgid ""
+"This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an author's "
+"employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say, for "
+"example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the "
+"author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may "
+"affect the public."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙست Ù
ÙبÙÙØ© عاÙÙ
ÙاÙ. ÙÙاÙ
اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
Ù ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠Ù
ÙشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ "
+"اÙأساس Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
٠أ٠شخص آخر. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙÙÙ
عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§Ùغرض Ù
Ù "
+"ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠إعطاء اÙÙ
شغ٠Ù
Ùزة ÙستØÙÙا—بغض اÙÙظر ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ© "
+"تأثÙر Ø°Ù٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof
requires shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to
those who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their
consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important
than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant."
-msgstr "Ùا Ùائدة Ù
Ù Ù
ØاÙÙØ© إثبات ا٠دØض Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات. اÙبرÙا٠ÙتطÙب Ù
سÙÙÙ
ات Ù
شترÙØ©.
ÙباÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ا ÙÙت٠Ù
Ùج٠ÙÙØ· ÙÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙÙتسÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ع٠اÙÙ
سÙÙ
ات اÙت٠أستعÙ
ÙÙØ§Ø Ø£Ù
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙتÙ
Ù٠بÙتائج Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙ
ات عÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ.
Ø¨Ø¨Ø³Ø§Ø·Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠غÙر Ù
Ùج٠ﻷÙÙئÙ
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
Ù
أ٠شخص آخر."
+msgid ""
+"It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof requires "
+"shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to those "
+"who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their "
+"consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important "
+"than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùا Ùائدة Ù
Ù Ù
ØاÙÙØ© إثبات ا٠دØض Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات. اÙبرÙا٠ÙتطÙب Ù
سÙÙÙ
ات Ù
شترÙØ©. "
+"ÙباÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ا ÙÙت٠Ù
Ùج٠ÙÙØ· ÙÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙÙتسÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ع٠اÙÙ
سÙÙ
ات اÙت٠"
+"أستعÙ
ÙÙØ§Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙتÙ
Ù٠بÙتائج Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙ
ات عÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ. Ø¨Ø¨Ø³Ø§Ø·Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا "
+"اÙÙ
Ùا٠غÙر Ù
Ùج٠ﻷÙÙئ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
٠أ٠شخص آخر."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that
elevates certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of
the belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American
society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the
basis of society."
-msgstr "ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
اذا Ùب٠عدد ÙبÙر Ù
٠اÙØ£Ù
ÙرÙÙÙÙ
ÙرضÙØ© Ø£Ù ÙرÙÙع بعض اÙÙاس Ù
Ù ØÙØ« اÙØ£ÙÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙÙ
اÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø¨Ø´Ù٠جزئÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ ÙعÙد ÙÙاعتÙاد
بأ٠Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© Ù٠جزء Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙÙد
اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ. بعض اÙÙاس
ÙشعرÙ٠بأ٠اÙتشÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات ÙعÙÙ
تÙÙÙر أدÙات ÙÙطع٠Ù٠أسس اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع."
+msgid ""
+"But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that elevates "
+"certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of the "
+"belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American "
+"society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the "
+"basis of society."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
اذا Ùب٠عدد ÙبÙر Ù
٠اÙØ£Ù
ÙرÙÙÙÙ
ÙرضÙØ© Ø£Ù ÙرÙÙع بعض اÙÙاس Ù
Ù ØÙØ« "
+"اÙØ£ÙÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø¨Ø´Ù٠جزئÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ
ÙعÙد ÙÙاعتÙاد بأ٠Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© Ù٠جزء "
+"Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙÙد اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ.
بعض اÙÙاس ÙشعرÙ٠بأ٠اÙتشÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات ÙعÙ٠تÙÙÙر أدÙات ÙÙطع٠Ù٠أسس
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "It is important for these people to know that this premise is not part
of our legal tradition. It never has been."
-msgstr "Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø£Ù Ùعر٠ÙؤÙاء اÙÙاس Ø£Ù ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙست جزءا٠Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙÙد اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ©,
ÙØ£ÙÙا ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ·."
+msgid ""
+"It is important for these people to know that this premise is not part of "
+"our legal tradition. It never has been."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø£Ù Ùعر٠ÙؤÙاء اÙÙاس Ø£Ù ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙست جزءا٠Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙÙد اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ©, "
+"ÙØ£ÙÙا ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ·."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to
“promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The Supreme
Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>; that
“The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in
conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by the
public from the labors of authors.”"
-msgstr "ÙÙÙذا, Ùإ٠اÙدستÙر ÙÙص عÙ٠أ٠اÙغرض Ù
Ù
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© ÙÙ ”تشجÙع تطÙر
اÙعÙÙÙ
٠اÙÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙدة“Ø ÙاÙÙ
ØÙÙ
Ø©
اÙعÙÙا بÙÙرت Ø°ÙÙØ ÙصرØت ÙÙ ÙضÙØ© <em>Fox Film v.
Doyal</em> بأ٠”Ù
صÙØØ© اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة
ÙاÙÙد٠اÙأساس٠Ù
Ù Ù
ÙØ Ø§ØتÙار [ØÙÙ٠اÙطبع]
ÙتÙ
Ø«Ùا٠Ù٠اÙÙÙائد اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙت٠تعÙد بÙا أعÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙÙ٠عÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙÙر“."
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to “"
+"promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The Supreme "
+"Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>; that "
+"“The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in "
+"conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by "
+"the public from the labors of authors.”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙÙذا, Ùإ٠اÙدستÙر ÙÙص عÙ٠أ٠اÙغرض Ù
Ù ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© ÙÙ ”تشجÙع "
+"تطÙر اÙعÙÙÙ
٠اÙÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙدة“Ø ÙاÙÙ
ØÙÙ
Ø© اÙعÙÙا بÙÙرت Ø°ÙÙØ ÙصرØت ÙÙ "
+"ÙضÙØ© <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em> بأ٠”Ù
صÙØØ© اÙÙÙاÙات
اÙÙ
تØدة ÙاÙÙد٠"
+"اÙأساس٠Ù
Ù Ù
ÙØ Ø§ØتÙار [ØÙÙ٠اÙطبع] ÙتÙ
Ø«ÙاÙ
Ù٠اÙÙÙائد اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙت٠تعÙد بÙا "
+"أعÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙÙ٠عÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙÙر“."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme
Court. (At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not
disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that this
is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally recognized one
will weaken its appeal."
-msgstr "ÙسÙا Ù
جبرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙاتÙا٠Ù
ع Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙÙ
اÙدستÙر أ٠اÙÙ
ØÙÙ
Ø© اÙعÙÙا (ÙÙاÙÙ
ا تغاضÙا عÙ
اÙعبÙدÙØ© ÙÙ ØÙبة Ù
٠اÙØÙبات). ÙÙÙ Ùذا
اÙسÙاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا Ùا Ùتعارض Ù
ع اÙÙرضÙØ©
اÙÙائÙ
Ø© عÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
اÙÙ. ÙÙÙÙ٠أتÙ
Ù٠أÙ
Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ستÙÙد برÙÙÙا عÙدÙ
ا سÙدر٠اÙÙاس
بأ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ùا ÙتعÙ٠بÙرضÙØ© تÙÙÙدÙØ© Ù
عترÙ
بÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù Ø¨ÙرضÙØ© تعÙس Ù
ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
تطرÙ. "
+msgid ""
+"We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme Court. "
+"(At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not "
+"disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that "
+"this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally "
+"recognized one will weaken its appeal."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙسÙا Ù
جبرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙاتÙا٠Ù
ع Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙÙ
اÙدستÙر أ٠اÙÙ
ØÙÙ
Ø© اÙعÙÙا (ÙÙاÙÙ
ا تغاضÙا "
+"ع٠اÙعبÙدÙØ© ÙÙ ØÙبة Ù
٠اÙØÙبات). ÙÙÙ Ùذا
اÙسÙاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا Ùا Ùتعارض Ù
ع "
+"اÙÙرضÙØ© اÙÙائÙ
Ø© عÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
اÙÙ. ÙÙÙÙÙ
أتÙ
Ù٠أ٠Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ستÙÙد برÙÙÙا "
+"عÙدÙ
ا سÙدر٠اÙÙاس بأ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ùا ÙتعÙÙ
بÙرضÙØ© تÙÙÙدÙØ© Ù
عتر٠بÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù Ø¨ÙرضÙØ© تعÙس "
+"Ù
ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
تطرÙ. "
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr "استÙتاج"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but
each time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth
they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message."
-msgstr "Ø¥ÙÙا ÙØب Ø£Ù ÙعتÙد بأ٠Ù
جتÙ
عÙا Ùشجع عÙÙ
Ù
ساعدة اÙجار. ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
رة ÙÙاÙئ ÙÙÙا
شخصا٠Ùسع٠اÙ٠اÙعرÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ùعجب ب٠ÙØصÙÙÙ
عÙ٠ثرÙØ© بÙذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùرس٠رساÙØ© Ù
ضادة."
+msgid ""
+"We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but each "
+"time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth "
+"they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message."
+msgstr ""
+"Ø¥ÙÙا ÙØب Ø£Ù ÙعتÙد بأ٠Ù
جتÙ
عÙا Ùشجع عÙÙ Ù
ساعدة اÙجار. ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
رة ÙÙاÙئ "
+"ÙÙÙا شخصا٠Ùسع٠اÙ٠اÙعرÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ùعجب بÙ
ÙØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠ثرÙØ© بÙذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا "
+"Ùرس٠رساÙØ© Ù
ضادة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard
the welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from
Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to
failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population
and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because the
more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile to
help them. Thus society decays into a jungle."
-msgstr "اÙتÙاز اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
Ùذج ÙعÙس استعدادÙا
ÙتجاÙ٠رÙاÙÙØ© اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙتØÙÙÙ Ù
Ùاسب شخصÙØ©.
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا تعÙب Ùذا اÙإستÙتار Ù
٠رÙÙاÙد رÙغاÙ
اÙ٠دÙ٠تشÙÙÙØ Ù
٠شرÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙسÙ٠اÙ٠إÙÙرÙÙØ Ù
٠إÙÙÙار اÙبÙÙ٠اÙ٠اÙÙÙار اÙÙ
دارس. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙاس Ø°Ù٠بØجÙ
اÙÙ
شردÙÙ ÙاÙسجÙاء. رÙØ
اÙعداء ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع تتغذ٠Ù
Ù ÙÙسÙØ§Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ£Ù
Ø£Ùثر Ù
ا Ùرا٠Ù٠أ٠اÙآخرÙÙ ÙÙ ÙساعدÙÙا.
ÙÙبد٠أÙÙ Ùا جدÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ساعدتÙÙ
. ÙباÙتاÙÙØ
Ùإ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙضÙ
ØÙ Ù٠غابة."
+msgid ""
+"Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard the "
+"welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from "
+"Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to "
+"failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population "
+"and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because "
+"the more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile "
+"to help them. Thus society decays into a jungle."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙتÙاز اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
Ùذج ÙعÙس استعدادÙا
ÙتجاÙ٠رÙاÙÙØ© اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙتØÙÙÙ Ù
Ùاسب "
+"شخصÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا تعÙب Ùذا اÙإستÙتار Ù
٠رÙÙاÙد
رÙغا٠اÙ٠دÙ٠تشÙÙÙØ Ù
٠شرÙØ© "
+"Ø¥ÙÙسÙ٠اÙ٠إÙÙرÙÙØ Ù
٠إÙÙÙار اÙبÙÙ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙÙار اÙÙ
دارس. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙاس Ø°ÙÙ "
+"بØجÙ
اÙÙ
شردÙÙ ÙاÙسجÙاء. رÙØ Ø§Ùعداء ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع تتغذ٠Ù
Ù ÙÙسÙØ§Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùأ٠أÙثر Ù
ا "
+"Ùرا٠Ù٠أ٠اÙآخرÙÙ ÙÙ ÙساعدÙÙا. ÙÙبد٠أÙÙ
Ùا جدÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ساعدتÙÙ
. ÙباÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù "
+"اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙضÙ
ØÙ Ù٠غابة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We
must start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when
appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that the
free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we will
replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and runs on
voluntary cooperation."
-msgstr "إذا ÙÙا Ùا ÙرÙد Ø£Ù ÙعÙØ´ ÙÙ ØºØ§Ø¨Ø©Ø ÙعÙÙÙا
Ø£Ù ÙغÙر Ù
ÙاÙÙÙا. Ùجب أ٠بدأ بإرسا٠رساÙØ© Ù
ÙادÙا أ٠اÙÙ
Ùاط٠اÙصاÙØ Ù٠اÙØ°Ù ÙتعاÙ٠عÙد
اÙØØ§Ø¬Ø©Ø ÙÙÙس Ù
Ù ÙÙØ¬Ø Ù٠اÙأخذ Ù
٠اÙآخرÙÙ.
ÙØ¢Ù
٠أ٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة سÙ٠تساÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙ: عÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جا٠ÙاØد. سÙÙ ÙستبدÙ
اÙغابة بÙظاÙ
Ø£Ùثر ÙÙاءة Ùشجع اÙتعاÙÙ
اÙتطÙع٠ÙÙرتÙز عÙÙÙ."
+msgid ""
+"If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must "
+"start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when "
+"appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that "
+"the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we "
+"will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and "
+"runs on voluntary cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+"إذا ÙÙا Ùا ÙرÙد Ø£Ù ÙعÙØ´ ÙÙ ØºØ§Ø¨Ø©Ø ÙعÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
ÙغÙر Ù
ÙاÙÙÙا. Ùجب أ٠بدأ بإرسا٠"
+"رساÙØ© Ù
ÙادÙا أ٠اÙÙ
Ùاط٠اÙصاÙØ Ù٠اÙØ°Ù
ÙتعاÙ٠عÙد اÙØØ§Ø¬Ø©Ø ÙÙÙس Ù
Ù ÙÙØ¬Ø ÙÙ "
+"اÙأخذ Ù
٠اÙآخرÙÙ. ÙØ¢Ù
٠أ٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة سÙ٠تساÙÙ
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ: عÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ "
+"ÙÙ Ù
جا٠ÙاØد. سÙÙ Ùستبد٠اÙغابة بÙظاÙ
Ø£Ùثر
ÙÙاءة Ùشجع اÙتعاÙ٠اÙتطÙع٠ÙÙرتÙز "
+"عÙÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Footnotes"
msgstr "Ù
ÙاØظات Ù
رجعÙØ©"
#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
-msgid "The word “free” in “free software” refers to
freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be zero,
or small, or (rarely) quite large."
-msgstr "Ù
صطÙØ ”Øر“ ÙÙ ”اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة“ ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥Ù٠اÙØرÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙس Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©. ÙاÙÙ
بÙغ اÙÙ
دÙÙع Ù
Ùاب٠Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج
Øر Ùد ÙÙÙ٠صÙرا٠أ٠Ù
بÙغا٠بسÙطاÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùد
ÙÙÙÙ Ù
بÙغا٠ÙاÙ
ا٠ÙÙ ØاÙات Ùادرة."
+msgid ""
+"The word “free” in “free software” refers to "
+"freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be "
+"zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large."
+msgstr ""
+"Ù
صطÙØ ”Øر“ ÙÙ ”اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة“ ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥Ù٠اÙØرÙØ©Ø "
+"ÙÙÙس Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©. ÙاÙÙ
بÙغ اÙÙ
دÙÙع Ù
ÙابÙ
Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Øر Ùد ÙÙÙ٠صÙرا٠أ٠"
+"Ù
بÙغا٠بسÙطاÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùد ÙÙÙÙ Ù
بÙغا٠ÙاÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ØاÙات Ùادرة."
#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
-msgid "The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this
conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving in
general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which contribute
to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much better. Likewise,
a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is not relevant; a
free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding stops and delays, for
any given speed limit."
-msgstr "ÙضاÙا اÙتÙÙØ« ٠اÙازدØاÙ
Ùا تؤثر عÙÙ
Ùذا اÙاستÙتاج. إذا ÙÙا Ùرغب Ù٠جع٠اÙÙÙادة
Ø£Ùثر تÙÙÙØ© ÙÙØد Ù
٠اÙÙÙادة بشÙ٠عاÙ
Ø ÙÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙائÙ
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠بÙاسطة Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء
اÙت٠تساÙÙ
Ù٠اÙتÙÙØ« ÙاÙازدØاÙ
. اÙضرÙبة عÙÙ
اÙبÙزÙ٠أÙض٠بÙØ«Ùر. ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙسÙاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
تعزÙز اÙسÙاÙ
Ø© ع٠طرÙ٠اÙØد Ù
٠اÙسرعة اÙÙصÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙ
Ø«Ù Ø®Ùارا٠ÙاجعاÙØ ÙاÙطرÙ٠اÙØرة تØس٠Ù
Ù Ù
تÙسط اÙسرعة بتجÙب اÙتÙÙÙ ÙاÙتأخÙØ±Ø ÙÙÙÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙØد اÙØ£Ùص٠ÙÙسرعة."
+msgid ""
+"The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this "
+"conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving "
+"in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which "
+"contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much "
+"better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is "
+"not relevant; a free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding "
+"stops and delays, for any given speed limit."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙضاÙا اÙتÙÙØ« ٠اÙازدØاÙ
Ùا تؤثر عÙÙ Ùذا
اÙاستÙتاج. إذا ÙÙا Ùرغب Ù٠جع٠"
+"اÙÙÙادة Ø£Ùثر تÙÙÙØ© ÙÙØد Ù
٠اÙÙÙادة بشÙÙ
عاÙ
Ø ÙÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙائÙ
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ "
+"بÙاسطة Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء اÙت٠تساÙÙ
Ù٠اÙتÙÙØ«
ÙاÙازدØاÙ
. اÙضرÙبة عÙ٠اÙبÙزÙÙ "
+"Ø£Ùض٠بÙØ«Ùر. ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙسÙاÙØ Ùإ٠تعزÙز
اÙسÙاÙ
Ø© ع٠طرÙ٠اÙØد Ù
٠اÙسرعة اÙÙصÙÙ "
+"Ùا ÙÙ
Ø«Ù Ø®Ùارا٠ÙاجعاÙØ ÙاÙطرÙ٠اÙØرة تØسÙ
Ù
Ù Ù
تÙسط اÙسرعة بتجÙب اÙتÙÙÙ "
+"ÙاÙتأخÙØ±Ø ÙÙÙÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙØد اÙØ£Ùص٠ÙÙسرعة."
#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
-msgid "One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that
should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of personal
information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public disapproval. Most of
what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes little sense to argue for
having an owner on the grounds that the owner will make the program less
available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</em> unavailable, as one
would wish in the case of a program whose use is considered destructive."
-msgstr "ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù ÙÙظر اÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙØ´ÙØ¡
ضار ÙÙبغ٠أÙا ÙÙÙÙ Ù
تÙÙرا٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ù
Ø«Ù
Ùاعدة بÙاÙات Lotus ÙÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙشخصÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙ
تÙ
سØبÙا Ù
٠اÙبÙع بسبب اÙرÙض اÙعاÙ
. Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ا
Ø£ÙÙÙÙ Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙØاÙØ©. ÙÙÙØ Ù
٠غÙر
اÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙÙ
جادÙØ© ÙÙ ÙجÙد Ù
اÙ٠عÙ٠أساس Ø£Ù
Ùذا اﻷخÙر سÙØد Ù
Ù Ù
د٠تÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙاÙÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بشÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùد
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙ ØاÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠Ùعتبر
استخداÙ
Ùا ضاراÙ."
+msgid ""
+"One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that "
+"should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of "
+"personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public "
+"disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes "
+"little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will "
+"make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</"
+"em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is "
+"considered destructive."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù ÙÙظر اÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙØ´ÙØ¡ ضار
ÙÙبغ٠أÙا ÙÙÙÙ Ù
تÙÙرا٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ù
Ø«Ù "
+"Ùاعدة بÙاÙات Lotus ÙÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙشخصÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙ
تÙ
سØبÙا Ù
٠اÙبÙع بسبب اÙرÙض "
+"اÙعاÙ
. Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ا Ø£ÙÙÙÙ Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØاÙØ©. ÙÙÙØ Ù
٠غÙر اÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙÙ
جادÙØ© "
+"ÙÙ ÙجÙد Ù
اÙ٠عÙ٠أساس Ø£Ù Ùذا اﻷخÙر سÙØد Ù
Ù
Ù
د٠تÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙاÙÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙ "
+"ÙÙÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بشÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùد ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙ ØاÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠Ùعتبر "
+"استخداÙ
Ùا ضاراÙ."
#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
-msgid "This essay is published in <a
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
-msgstr "Ùشرت اÙÙسخة اﻷصÙÙØ© Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠ÙÙ <a
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-"
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùشرت اÙÙسخة اﻷصÙÙØ© Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠ÙÙ <a
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/"
+"free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The "
+"Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
@@ -641,8 +1725,18 @@
msgstr " "
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>."
-msgstr "Ùرج٠إرسا٠اÙاستÙسارات اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© باÙÙ
FSF ÙGNU Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
ÙÙا٠أÙضا٠طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصا٠<a href=\"/contact/\"><span
xml:lang=\"en\" lang=\"en\"> </span> بÙ
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</a>. Ùرج٠إرسا٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة ÙØ£Ù
تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùرج٠إرسا٠اÙاستÙسارات اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© باÙÙ FSF
ÙGNU Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"
+"org\"><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙا٠أÙضا٠طر٠أخرÙ
ÙÙاتصا٠<a href=\"/contact/"
+"\"><span xml:lang=\"en\" lang=\"en\"> </span> بÙ
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</a>. "
+"Ùرج٠إرسا٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات
أ٠اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:"
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>."
#
#
@@ -659,24 +1753,46 @@
#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
#. README</a>.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "Please see the <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "رغÙ
بذÙÙا Ùصار٠جÙدÙا ÙتÙÙÙر ترجÙ
ات
دÙÙÙØ© ذات جÙدة عاÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا Ùدع٠ÙÙ
اÙ
اÙÙصÙص ÙØ®ÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙأخطاء. Ùرج٠إرساÙ
اÙتعÙÙÙات ÙاÙÙ
ÙترØات اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© بÙذا اÙشأÙ
Ø¥Ù٠عÙÙا٠اÙبرÙد اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"> <address@hidden></a>.</p> <p>ÙÙØصÙÙ
عÙ٠أ٠Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات بشأ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتÙدÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ù
ÙÙعÙا اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ Ùرج٠اÙاطÙاع عÙ٠اÙرابط
اÙتاÙÙ <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">دÙÙÙ
اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"رغÙ
بذÙÙا Ùصار٠جÙدÙا ÙتÙÙÙر ترجÙ
ات دÙÙÙØ©
ذات جÙدة عاÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا Ùدع٠ÙÙ
ا٠"
+"اÙÙصÙص ÙØ®ÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙأخطاء. Ùرج٠إرساÙ
اÙتعÙÙÙات ÙاÙÙ
ÙترØات اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© بÙذا "
+"اÙشأ٠إÙ٠عÙÙا٠اÙبرÙد اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"
+"\"> <address@hidden></a>.</p> <p>ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠أ٠Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات بشأ٠"
+"تÙسÙÙ ÙتÙدÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ù
ÙÙعÙا اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ
Ùرج٠اÙاطÙاع عÙ٠اÙرابط اÙتاÙÙ <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free
Software Foundation, Inc."
-msgstr "Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014,
2015 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدة."
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free "
+"Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015 "
+"Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدة."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ar\">رخصة
اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداع٠Ùسب اÙÙ
صÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠3.0
اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة</a>."
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/"
+"licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ar\">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداع٠Ùسب
اÙÙ
صÙÙ - Ù
Ùع "
+"اÙاشتÙا٠3.0 اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr "<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©:</strong> Ù
Øس٠اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙ <span
dir=\"ltr\">.2012 Ø<a
href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ar/\"><www-ar></a></span><br/><strong>تعدÙÙ
ÙÙ
راجعة:</strong> ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù ØسÙÙ <span dir=\"ltr\">.2015
Ø<a
href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ar/\"><www-ar></a></span>"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©:</strong> Ù
Øس٠اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙ <span dir=\"ltr\">.2012
Ø<a href="
+"\"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ar/\"><www-ar></a></span><br/"
+"><strong>تعدÙÙ ÙÙ
راجعة:</strong> ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù ØسÙÙ <span
dir=\"ltr\">.2015 Ø<a "
+"href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ar/\"><www-ar></a></span>"
#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "تØدÙØ«:"
-
Index: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist 23 May 2015 05:09:34 -0000
1.13
+++ philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist 25 May 2015 05:27:22 -0000
1.14
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html">اÙعربÙØ©</a> [ar]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html">català </a> [ca]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.cs.html">Äesky</a> [cs]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html" title="اÙعربÙØ©" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html" title="català " />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.cs.html" title="Äesky" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
Index: po/planetfeeds.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/po/planetfeeds.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.591
retrieving revision 1.592
diff -u -b -r1.591 -r1.592
--- po/planetfeeds.ru.po 25 May 2015 05:10:15 -0000 1.591
+++ po/planetfeeds.ru.po 25 May 2015 05:27:23 -0000 1.592
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2015-05-25 04:56+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
msgid "<a href='http://planet.gnu.org/~ams/#g_t2015_002d05_002d31'>"
@@ -42,13 +41,6 @@
msgstr "далее"
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
-# | <a
-# |
[-href='http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/wherever-you-are-we-want-you-to-be-part-of-libreplanet'>-]
-# | {+href='http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/asking-obama-to-protect-encrypti
-# | on-and-why-thats-not-enough'>+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href='http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/wherever-you-are-we-want-you-"
-#| "to-be-part-of-libreplanet'>"
msgid ""
"<a href='http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/asking-obama-to-protect-"
"encryption-and-why-thats-not-enough'>"
@@ -69,26 +61,14 @@
"обÑаÑение бÑло подпиÑано некоÑоÑÑми из
ведÑÑиÑ
кÑипÑологов..."
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
-# | <a [-href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150412-hangzhou'>-]
-# | {+href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150709-frankfurt'>+}
-#| msgid "<a href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150412-hangzhou'>"
msgid "<a href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150709-frankfurt'>"
msgstr "<a href='http://www.fsf.org/events/rms-20150709-frankfurt'>"
#. type: Content of: <p><a>
-# | Richard Stallman to speak in [-Genoa, Italy-] {+Frankfurt, Germany+}
-#| msgid "Richard Stallman to speak in Genoa, Italy"
msgid "Richard Stallman to speak in Frankfurt, Germany"
msgstr "РиÑаÑд СÑолмен вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾ ФÑанкÑÑÑÑе
(ÐеÑманиÑ)"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-# | : [-This speech by-] Richard [-Stallman-] {+Stallman's speech+} will be
-# | nontechnical, admission is gratis, and the public is encouraged to attend.
-# | Speech topic [-and exact location t...-] {+to be determined. Ple...+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| ": This speech by Richard Stallman will be nontechnical, admission is "
-#| "gratis, and the public is encouraged to attend. Speech topic and exact "
-#| "location t..."
msgid ""
": Richard Stallman's speech will be nontechnical, admission is gratis, and "
"the public is encouraged to attend. Speech topic to be determined. Ple..."
Index: philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html
diff -N philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/shouldbefree.ar.html 25 May 2015 05:27:20 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/shouldbefree.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ØØ±Ø©Ø Ù Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ Ù Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<h2>ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ØرةØ</h2>
+
+<p>
+Ù
ÙاÙØ© بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>رÙتشارد
+ستاÙÙ
Ù</strong></a></p>
+<h3 id="introduction">Ù
ÙدÙ
Ø©</h3>
+<p>
+ÙجÙد اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙØ«Ùر تساؤÙا٠ضرÙرÙا٠ØÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙØ© اتخاذ اÙÙرارات اÙÙ
ؤطرة
+ÙاستخداÙ
Ùا. ÙÙÙترض Ù
Ø«Ùا٠أ٠شخصا٠Ù
ا ÙدÙÙ
Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ùد Ùاب٠شخصا٠آخر
+ÙرÙد Ùسخة ثاÙÙØ©. بإÙ
Ùا٠ÙØ°Ù٠اÙشخصÙ٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
ا بÙسخ اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙا ÙتساءÙØ Ù
Ù
+ÙÙبغ٠أ٠ÙÙرر بشأ٠جÙاز عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙسخ أ٠عدÙ
جÙازÙØ§Ø ÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙØ£Ùراد اÙÙ
عÙÙÙÙØ
+أ٠أ٠طر٠آخر ÙسÙ
Ù ”اÙÙ
اÙÙ“Ø</p>
+<p>
+ عادة Ù
ا ÙÙظر Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ© عÙ٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù Ù
عÙار اÙإجابة
+ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠تعظÙÙ
Ø£Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠بأÙÙسÙÙ
. Ø¥Ù
اÙÙÙØ© اÙسÙاسÙØ© ÙÙأعÙ
ا٠جعÙت
+اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© تتبÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
عÙار Ù
ع اÙإجابة اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ: أ٠أ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
+ÙÙ Ù
اÙÙØ Ùعادة Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙ Ù٠اÙشرÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø·Ùرة ذاتÙا. </p>
+<p>
+ Ø£Ùد Ø£Ù Ø£Ø·Ø±Ø ÙÙس اÙسؤا٠باستخداÙ
Ù
عÙار Ù
ختÙÙ: ازدÙار ÙØرÙØ© اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙ٠عاÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙإجابة Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙررÙا اÙÙاÙÙÙ
اÙØاÙÙ—ÙاÙÙاÙÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙ Ù
ع
+اÙأخÙاÙØ ÙÙÙس اÙعÙس. ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة
اÙØاÙÙØ© غÙر صاÙØØ© ÙÙبث ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©Ø
+عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أÙÙا Ùد تÙØ٠باØتÙ
ا٠ÙجÙد
أجÙبة. إ٠اÙسبÙ٠اÙÙØÙد ÙÙØÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
سأÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
عرÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙستÙÙد ÙÙ
Ù Ùتضرر Ù
Ù
اÙاعترا٠بÙ
اÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙÙ
اذا
+ÙØ¥Ù٠أ٠Ù
دÙ. بعبارة أخرÙØ ÙتعÙ٠عÙÙÙا دراسة
اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
ÙاÙع باÙÙÙابة عÙ
+اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙØ Ù
ع Ù
راعاة اÙØرÙØ© اÙÙردÙØ©
ÙضÙا٠ع٠إÙتاج اÙسÙع اÙÙ
ادÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ Ø³Ù٠أÙدÙ
ÙصÙا٠ÙÙآثار
اÙÙاجÙ
Ø© ع٠ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùعرض
+اÙÙتائج اÙضارة اÙÙ
ترتبة ع٠ذÙÙ. استÙتاجÙ
Ù٠أ٠Ù
Ù Ùاجب اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠تشجÙع
+اÙآخرÙ٠عÙ٠تشارÙØ ØªÙزÙØ¹Ø Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© ÙتØسÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙÙتبÙا. أ٠بعبارة
+أخرÙØ Ùتابة <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">اÙبرÙ
جÙات
+”اÙØرة“</a>.<a href="#f1">(1)</a></p>
+
+<h3 id="owner-justification">ÙÙÙ Ùبرر اÙÙ
اÙÙÙ٠سÙطتÙÙ
Ø</h3>
+<p>
+ ÙدعÙ
اÙÙ
ستÙÙدÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙ ÙاÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙدعÙ٠أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù
طاÙبÙÙ
+بØجتÙÙ: Øجة عاطÙÙØ© Ùأخر٠إÙتصادÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙØجة اÙعاطÙÙØ© تصاغ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ: ”ÙÙد Ùضعت
عرÙÙ ÙÙÙب٠ÙرÙØÙ ÙÙ Ùذا
+اÙبرÙاÙ
ج, ÙÙد Ùبع Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج <em>Ù
Ù
داخÙÙ</em>Ø Ø¥ÙÙ <em>ÙÙ</em>!“</p>
+<p>
+ Ùذ٠اÙØجة Ùا ÙØتاج Ø¥Ù٠تÙÙÙدÙا بشÙ٠جدÙØ
ÙشعÙر اÙارتباط Ùذا ÙستخدÙ
Ù
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙتÙ
ا شاؤÙا ÙÙÙ ÙÙس بأÙ
ر ØتÙ
Ù.
عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙتخÙÙ ÙÙس
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠ع٠جÙ
Ùع ØÙÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙشرÙات اÙÙبر٠Ù
Ùاب٠اÙراتب اÙØ°Ù ÙتÙاضÙÙÙ. Ùذا
+اÙتعÙ٠اÙعاطÙÙ ÙختÙÙ Ù٠ظرÙ٠غاÙ
Ø¶Ø©Ø Ø¹ÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙض Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا ÙÙظر Ø¥ÙÙ
+اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ٠٠اÙØرÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙعصÙر اÙÙسطÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
ÙؤÙاء ÙÙ
ÙضعÙا Øت٠أسÙ
اءÙÙ
عÙÙ
+أعÙ
اÙÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اسÙ
اÙÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙ
اÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ
أ٠تعÙ
ٗ٠أ٠ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¹Ù
ÙÙ
+ببÙÙغ اÙÙد٠اÙÙ
سطر. ÙجÙØ© اÙÙظر ÙØ°Ù ÙاÙت ÙÙ
اÙسائدة ÙÙ
ئات اÙسÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ø£Ù
ا اÙØجة اÙØ¥ÙتصادÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تصاغ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ:
”أرÙد Ø§Ù Ø£ØµØ¨Ø ØºÙÙا٠(عادة Ù
ا
+ÙÙص٠Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
بشÙ٠غÙر دÙÙÙ Ù
Ù Ø®ÙاÙ
اعتبار٠’Ùسبا٠ÙÙعÙØ´‘ )Ø
+Ùإذا ÙÙ
تسÙ
Ø Ù٠باÙÙصÙÙ ÙÙثراء عبر اÙبرÙ
جة
ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ Ù٠أبرÙ
ج. ÙبÙ
ا أ٠اÙجÙ
Ùع
+Ù
Ø«ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ Ù٠تجد Ø£Øدا٠ÙبرÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙ٠تجد Ø£Ù
برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ! عادة Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙ
+Ùذا اÙتÙدÙد بÙ
ثابة ÙصÙØØ© ÙدÙØ© Ù
٠صدÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ سأÙØ¶Ø ÙاØÙا٠ÙÙ
اذا ÙØ´ÙÙ Ùذا اÙتÙدÙد Ù
جرد
خدعة. ÙÙÙÙ٠أرÙد Ø£ÙÙا٠اÙتطر٠إÙÙ
+اÙتراض ضÙ
Ù٠أÙثر ÙضÙØا٠Ù٠صÙاغة أخرÙ
ÙÙØجة اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø©.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùذ٠اÙصÙاغة تبدأ بÙ
ÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙÙعة اÙإجتÙ
اعÙØ© اÙÙ
رتبطة بتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج
+اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
ع اÙÙ
ÙÙعة اÙÙ
تأتÙØ© Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد
أ٠برÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ
٠تÙ
Ø ØªØ®Ùص اÙÙتÙجة
+Ø¥Ù٠أ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙØ´Ù٠عÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ÙÙدا٠ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙعÙ. تÙÙ
Ù
+اÙÙ
غاÙطة ÙÙا Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© بÙÙ Ø®ÙارÙÙ
اثÙÙٗاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
ÙابÙ
+عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠برÙ
جÙات—دÙ٠اÙإشارة اÙ٠إÙ
Ùا٠ÙجÙد اØتÙ
اÙات أخرÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ إذا Ùا٠ÙÙا٠ÙظاÙ
Ùعتر٠بØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات عادة Ù
ا
+ÙÙربط بÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ ÙتØÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© استخداÙ
Ùا.
طاÙÙ
ا Ùا٠Ùذا اÙرابط Ù
ÙجÙداÙ,
+ÙØ¥ÙÙا سÙجبر غاÙبا٠عÙ٠اÙاختÙار بÙÙ
استخداÙ
برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠أ٠عدÙ
استخداÙ
Ø£Ù
+برÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙ. رغÙ
Ø°ÙÙ, ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا اÙرابط
ÙÙس ذاتÙا٠ÙÙا ØتÙ
ÙاÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙ
+ÙتÙجة ÙÙرار سÙاسÙ/اجتÙ
اع٠ÙستÙÙر Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙÙØ
ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù ÙÙ ÙجÙب ÙجÙد
+Ù
اÙÙÙÙ. Ø·Ø±Ø Ø§ÙاختÙار بÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙعدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠برÙاÙ
ج عÙÙ
+اÙإطÙا٠Ùعد Ù
جاÙبة ÙÙسؤا٠اÙØÙÙÙÙ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="against-having-owners">اÙØجة ضد ÙجÙب ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ</h3>
+<p>
+ اÙسؤا٠اÙÙ
طرÙØ ÙÙ : ”ÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
رتبطا٠بÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙÙد
+استخداÙ
Ùاؓ</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
٠اج٠أ٠ÙÙرر Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
تأثÙر ÙÙ
Ù
Ù ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙشاطÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
+<em>بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ</em>: تأثÙر تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات (بغض
اÙÙظر ع٠شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع)
+ÙتأثÙر تÙÙÙد استعÙ
اÙÙا (عÙ٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùد Ø·ÙÙÙر Ù
سبÙاÙ). إذا Ùا٠أØد
+ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙشاطÙÙ Ù
ÙÙدا٠٠اÙآخر Ù
ضراÙ, ÙÙ
٠اÙÙ
ستØس٠إÙغاء اÙرابط بÙÙÙÙ
ا Ù
+اÙاØتÙاظ باÙÙ
ÙÙد ÙÙØ·.</p>
+<p>
+ بعبارة أخرÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠تÙÙÙد تÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ضارا٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ, Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
ج
+اÙأخÙاÙÙ Ù
ÙزÙ
باÙاÙ
تÙاع ع٠اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ Ùذا
اÙتÙÙÙد.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙتØدÙد اÙأثر اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠تÙÙÙد اÙتشارÙØ
Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙار٠ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ÙÙد
+(اÙاØتÙارÙ) باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù
ع ÙÙÙ
ت٠عÙÙ
ا
ÙÙÙÙ Ù
تاØا٠ÙÙجÙ
Ùع, ÙÙذا ÙعÙÙ
+اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© بÙ٠عاÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùذا اÙتØÙÙÙ ÙدØض Ø£Ùضا٠Øجة ÙاÙÙØ© Ù
ÙادÙا
Ø£Ù ”اÙÙائدة اÙت٠تØص٠Ù
٠إعطاء
+اÙجار أ٠اÙجارة Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج تÙغ٠Ù
Ù
Ø®Ùا٠اÙضرر اÙØ°Ù ÙÙØÙ
+باÙÙ
اÙÙ.“ Ùذا اÙاÙتراض ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ٠تساÙÙ
اÙضرر ÙاÙÙ
ÙÙعة Ù٠اÙØجÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙÙ
ا
+ÙرتÙز اÙتØÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙادÙØ±Ø ÙÙبÙÙ
أ٠اÙÙائدة اÙبر Ù
Ù Ø°Ù٠بÙØ«Ùر.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙتÙضÙØ Ùذ٠اÙØØ¬Ø©Ø Ø¯Ø¹ÙÙا ÙطبÙÙا ÙÙ Ù
جاÙ
آخر: Ø£Ùا ÙÙ٠ش٠اÙطرÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠تÙ
ÙÙ٠بÙاء اÙطر٠Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اÙرسÙÙ
Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙÙتض٠إÙشاء Ù
ÙصÙرات أداء عÙÙ
+زاÙÙØ© Ù٠شارع. Ù
٠شأ٠Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر
ØاÙزا ÙبÙرا٠ÙتØسÙ٠اÙطرÙ. ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ
+ÙتÙÙر عÙÙ ÙضÙÙØ© أخر٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠دÙع Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
اÙطرÙÙ ÙتÙاÙÙ٠إÙشاء Ùذ٠اﻷخÙرة. Ù
+Ù
ع Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
ÙصÙرة اﻷداء عائ٠أصطÙاع٠أÙ
اÙ
اÙÙÙادة اÙسÙسة—اصطÙاع٠ÙØ£Ù
+اÙÙ
ÙصÙرة تتعارض Ù
ع Ù
بدأ Ø¥Ùشاء اÙطرÙ
ÙاÙسÙØ§Ø±Ø§ØªØ Ø£Ù ØªØ³ÙÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ إذا ÙارÙÙا اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ù
ع اÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة Øسب Ù
ÙÙعتÙا (Ù
ع إبÙاء ÙاÙØ©
+اÙÙ
عاÙÙر اﻷخر٠عÙÙ ÙدÙ
اÙÙ
ساÙاة)Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا
سÙجد بأ٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ø£Ù٠تÙÙÙØ©
+عÙد اÙبÙاء ÙاÙتشغÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙا Ø£Ùثر اÙ
اÙاÙ
Ù ÙÙاءة Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùا. <a
+href="#f2">(2)</a> Ù٠بÙد ÙÙÙØ±Ø Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء Ùد
تجع٠اÙطرÙات غÙر Ù
تاØØ©
+ÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ. اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© تÙدÙ
Ùائدة Ø£Ùبر ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بتÙÙÙØ© Ø£ÙÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙ
+اÙØ£Ùض٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. ÙÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
اختÙار تÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙطر٠بطرÙÙØ© أخرÙØ ÙÙÙس عÙ
+طرÙÙ Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء. إستخداÙ
اÙطرÙ, بعد
بÙائÙØ§Ø Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ؤÙدÙا اÙÙ
ÙصÙرات Ø£ÙÙا <em>Ù
جرد</em> ÙسÙÙØ© ÙجÙ
ع اÙتÙ
ÙÙÙØ§ØªØ ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ
+ÙØرÙÙ٠اÙØ®Ùار اÙÙ
تÙÙر. Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء تجÙ
ع
اÙاÙ
ÙاÙØ ÙÙÙÙا تÙع٠أÙضا٠شÙئاÙ
+آخر. Ù٠اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تÙسد ØاÙØ© اÙطرÙÙ.
اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جÙزة بÙ
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء ÙÙست
+جÙدة Ù
ث٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ø¥Ù Ø¥Ø¹Ø·Ø§Ø¡Ùا اÙÙ
زÙد
Ù
٠اÙطر٠ا٠طر٠ذ٠تÙÙÙات Ø£Ùبر Ùا
+ÙØ´Ù٠دائÙ
ا٠تØسÙا٠ÙÙ Øد ذاتÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠ذÙÙ
ÙعÙ٠استبدا٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©
+باÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة.</p>
+<p>
+ بطبÙعة اÙØاÙ, Ùإ٠إÙشاء اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
ر Ù٠تÙÙÙت٠اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙتØÙ
ÙÙا
+اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙÙ Ù
عÙÙ. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙ, ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا Ùا ÙعÙÙ
ØتÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء. ÙØ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ
+ÙتØÙ
Ù Ù
صارÙ٠ش٠اÙطرÙات بشت٠أÙÙاعÙا
ÙستÙÙد بشÙ٠أÙبر Ù
٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ Ø£Ùا Ùا Ø£ÙÙ٠بأ٠ÙجÙد اÙطر٠اÙÙ
دÙÙعة أسÙØ£ Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد أ٠طرÙ٠عÙÙ
+اÙإطÙاÙ. سÙÙÙÙ Ø°Ù٠صØÙØا٠إ٠ÙاÙت اÙرسÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة عÙ٠اÙطرÙÙ Ù
رتÙعة بشÙÙ
+Ùجع٠اÙسائÙÙÙ ÙستغÙÙ٠ع٠استخداÙ
Ùا—ÙÙذا Ø£Ù
ر غÙر Ù
ØتÙ
Ù. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙ, Ù
ا
+داÙ
ت أعباء اÙتØصÙ٠بÙاسطة Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء
ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
٠اÙØ£Ùض٠جÙ
ع اÙاÙ
Ùا٠بÙسÙÙØ©
+Ø£Ùثر Ù
رÙÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙتطبÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØجة عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙاتØ
سÙ٠أبÙ٠بأ٠إÙاÙ
Ø© ”Ù
ÙصÙرات
+أداء“ عÙÙ Ù
ستÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠تÙÙÙØ©
عاÙÙØ© باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ØÙØ« Ø£Ù Ø°ÙÙ
+Ùجع٠تطÙÙر ÙتÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ø£Ùثر تÙÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ا
Ø£ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ùسبة اÙرضا عÙ
+استخداÙ
Ùا. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙع تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙÙÙÙØ© أخرÙ. سأÙØ¶Ø Ø·Ø±Ùا٠أخرÙ
+ÙتشجÙع ÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات (باÙÙدر
اÙضرÙرÙ).</p>
+
+<h4 id="harm-done">اÙضرر اÙÙ
ترتب ع٠عرÙÙØ© اÙبراÙ
ج</h4>
+<p>
+ تصÙر ÙØظة٠أ٠برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
عÙÙا٠Ùد Ø·ÙÙر بعد
اÙاستÙادة Ù
٠اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙضرÙرÙ
+ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ. عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ
ا بعد Ø£Ù Ùختار
بÙ٠جعÙ٠برÙاÙ
جا٠اØتÙارÙا٠أÙ
+اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø Ø¨ØªØ¨Ø§Ø¯ÙÙ ÙاستخداÙ
٠اÙØر. اÙتراض ÙجÙد
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ٠تÙÙر٠شÙØ¡ Ù
رغÙب ÙÙÙ.<a
+href="#f3">(3)</a></p>
+<p>
+ Ø¥Ù Ùرض ÙÙÙد عÙ٠تÙزÙع ÙتعدÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùا
ÙسÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù Ùتعارض Ù
عÙØ ØÙØ«
+ÙÙÙ٠اÙتأثÙر سÙبÙا٠بشÙÙ ØتÙ
Ù. Ù ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ØجÙ
Ùذا اÙتأثÙØ±Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙعÙØ</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙا٠ثÙاث Ù
ستÙÙات Ù
ختÙÙØ© Ù
٠اÙضرر اÙÙ
ادÙ
اÙÙاتج ع٠Ùذا اÙتÙÙÙد:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>عدد Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ.</li>
+
+<li>استØاÙØ© تÙÙÙ٠أ٠إصÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
Ù ÙبÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ.</li>
+
+<li>عدÙ
تÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
٠اÙتعÙÙ
Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج, أ٠اÙارتÙاز عÙÙÙ ÙØ¥Ùجاز عÙ
Ù
+جدÙد.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ ÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ستÙÙات اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠ÙصاØبÙ
ضرر Ù
عÙÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙØÙ٠عÙ٠اÙتأثÙر
+اÙÙاØÙ ÙÙÙرارات اÙت٠ÙتخذÙا اÙأشخاص عÙÙ Ù
شاعرÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙÙ
ÙاستعدادÙÙ
+اÙÙ
سبÙ. Ùذ٠اÙتغÙÙرات Ù٠طر٠اÙتÙÙÙر تؤثر
عÙ٠عÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠ببعضÙÙ
اÙبعضØ
+ÙÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙا تبعات Ù
ادÙØ© Ø£ÙضاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
ستÙÙات اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠اÙØ«Ùاثة تÙسد جزءا٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙت٠ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙساÙÙ
بÙا
+اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙÙا Ùا تستطÙع Ø¥Ùساد Ù
ساÙÙ
تÙ
بشÙÙ ÙÙÙ. إذا ÙاÙت اÙÙ
Ùسدة Ù
Ùاربة
+ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج, ÙØ¥Ù Ùتابة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
ستضر باÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بÙدر Ù
ÙاÙئ ÙÙجÙد
+اÙذ٠بذ٠ÙÙتابة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠أÙص٠تصÙر. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙÙÙ٠بأ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
Ø±Ø¨Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا
+ÙÙدÙ
Ù
ÙÙعة Ù
ادÙØ© Ù
باشرة.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أخذÙا اÙضرر اÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙÙ
صاØب
بعÙ٠اÙØ§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø§Ø±Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙا٠Øد Ø£Ùص٠ÙÙضرر
+اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©.</p>
+
+<h4 id="obstructing-use">عرÙÙØ© استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج</h4>
+<p>
+ اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙضرر ÙÙÙ٠بإعاÙØ©
اÙاستخداÙ
اÙعاد٠ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج. اÙتÙÙÙØ©
+اÙÙاÙ
Ø´ÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙ٠تÙارب
اÙصÙر (ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠تسدÙد Ùذ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù
+Ø®Ùا٠اÙÙÙاÙ
باÙعÙ
٠بÙÙسÙ). Ù٠اÙسÙ٠اÙØرة,
سÙÙÙ٠سعر Ùسخة ÙÙØ°Ù Ù
ÙارباÙ
+ÙÙصÙر. رسÙ
اÙترخÙص ÙÙ٠عائÙا٠ÙبÙرا٠اÙ
اÙ
استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙ ØاÙØ© إخضاع
+برÙاÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙد عÙÙ Ùطا٠Ùاسع ÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
ÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠عدد Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù٠سÙتÙÙص بشÙÙ
+ÙبÙر.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
٠اÙسÙ٠اÙبرÙÙØ© عÙ٠أ٠تعÙÙÙ Ù
اÙÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙØ®Ùض اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج
+Ù٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. إذا Ø£ÙجÙبÙر٠Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù Ù
ØتÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج عÙ٠اÙدÙع Ù
Ùاب٠اÙاستخداÙ
Ø
+ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙضع٠بÙÙ Ø®ÙارÙÙ: Ø¥Ù
ا Ø£Ù ÙدÙع Ø£Ù
ÙستغÙ٠ع٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. إذا
+اختار اÙدÙØ¹Ø Ùإ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙ٠ثرÙØ© صÙرÙØ© اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùع ستÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
ت بÙ٠طرÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙØ
+ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
رة ÙÙرر شخص Ù
ا اÙاستغÙاء ع٠استخداÙ
Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙضر٠دÙÙ
+Ø£Ù ÙستÙÙد أ٠أØد Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙ. Ù
جÙ
Ùع اÙأرÙاÙ
اÙسÙبÙØ© ÙاÙأصÙار Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙ٠إÙا
+سÙبÙاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙ Ùذا ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ØجÙ
اÙعÙ
٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب
<em>ÙتطÙÙر</em> اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙتÙجة ÙØ°ÙÙØ
+ÙØ¥Ù ÙÙاءة اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© برÙ
تÙا Ùإرضاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ٠ساعة عÙ
٠ستتÙÙص.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùذا ÙعÙس اÙÙر٠بÙÙ Ùسخ اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙسخ
اÙسÙارات ÙاÙÙراسÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙسÙدÙÙتشات. Ùا
+ÙÙجد جÙاز ÙÙسخ اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ© خارج اÙØ®ÙاÙ
اÙعÙÙ
Ù. ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات سÙÙØ©
+اÙÙسخ. أ٠شخص ÙستطÙع Ø¥Ùتاج ÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙسخ اÙتÙ
ÙرÙدÙØ§Ø Ù
ع اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙجÙد. Ùذا
+Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙ٠اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ© Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ادة Ù
ØÙÙظة: ÙÙ Ùسخة جدÙدة Ùجب أ٠تصÙع Ù
Ù
+Ù
Ùاد خاÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙس اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙت٠تÙ
بÙا صÙع
اÙÙسخة اÙØ£ÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙØ·Ù ÙÙ٠أÙ
اÙ
ردع إستخداÙ
اÙأشÙاء
اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø Ùأ٠اÙØ®Ùاض عدد اÙÙØدات
+اÙÙ
باعة ÙعÙ٠تخÙÙض اÙØاجة ÙÙÙ
Ùاد اÙخاÙ
ÙÙÙجÙد اÙضرÙر٠ÙÙØ¥Ùتاج. صØÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙاÙ
+عادة تÙÙÙØ© بدء اÙتشغÙÙØ ÙتÙاÙÙ٠اÙتطÙÙر
اÙت٠تÙ
تد عÙÙ Ø·Ù٠اÙØ¥Ùتاج. ÙÙÙØ
+طاÙÙ
ا Ùا٠ÙاÙ
Ø´ اÙتÙÙÙØ© ÙبÙراÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Øصة
ÙÙÙØ© اÙتطÙÙر Ù٠تØدث ÙرÙاÙ
+ÙÙعÙاÙ. ÙÙا تتطÙب Ùرض ÙÙÙد عÙÙ ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙعادÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙ Ùرض سعر عÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙا٠Ù٠تغÙÙر ÙÙعÙ. ÙاÙرسÙÙ
+اÙÙ
رÙزÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة عÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات
Ø³ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø¹Ùبة ÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
اÙ
Ùا.</p>
+<p>
+ باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠اÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙÙ
رÙز٠ÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙ٠اÙØاÙÙ Ùا ÙصÙØ Øت٠ÙÙسÙÙØ©
+ÙتÙÙÙر Ùسخ Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
ÙتضÙ
Ù
تعبئة اÙØ£Ùراص أ٠اÙأشرطة Ù٠تغÙÙÙ
+غÙر ضرÙرÙØ ÙØ´Ø٠أعداد ÙبÙرة Ù
ÙÙا ÙÙ
ختÙÙ
Ø£ÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
ÙتخزÙÙÙا ÙÙبÙع. تØتسب
+Ùذ٠اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙ
صارÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù
ارسة اÙأعÙ
اÙ
اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙا Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© جزء Ù
Ù
+اÙتبذÙر اÙÙاجÙ
ع٠ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ.</p>
+
+<h4 id="damaging-social-cohesion">اÙضرر باÙتÙ
اس٠اÙإجتÙ
اعÙ</h4>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙترض Ø£Ù٠٠جار٠ÙجدتÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙد
تشغÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙÙ. أخÙاÙÙات تعاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ع
+جار٠تجعÙ٠تشعر بأ٠اÙتعاÙ
٠اÙصØÙØ Ù
ع Ùضع
ÙÙذا ÙتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠تÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا Ù
Ù
+استخداÙ
Ù. Ù ÙÙ Øا٠اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙاØد ÙÙØ·
باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ùع اÙØ¢Ø®Ø±Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ
+سÙØ®Ù٠اÙÙساÙ
ا٠بÙÙÙÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙا Ø£Ùت ÙÙا جارÙ
سÙÙب٠بذÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ تÙÙÙع إتÙاÙÙØ© ترخÙص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙÙ
ÙذجÙ
ÙعÙÙ Ø®ÙاÙØ© جارÙ: ”أتعÙد بØرÙ
اÙ
+جار٠Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Øت٠أتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙØصÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùسخة ÙÙÙسÙ.“ اÙأشخاص
+اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بذÙÙ ÙÙعÙ٠تØت ضغÙØ· ÙÙسÙØ©
داخÙÙØ© ÙتبرÙر Ø°ÙÙØ Ù
Ù ÙÙب٠اÙاÙتÙاص
+Ù
٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ساعدة Ø£Øد اÙجÙراÙ. ٠باÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
اÙرÙØ Ø§ÙجÙ
اعÙØ© ستعاÙÙ. Ùذا اÙضرر
+اÙÙÙس٠٠اÙإجتÙ
اع٠Ù
رتبط بضرر Ù
اد٠عÙد
استخداÙ
Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùدر٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙخطأ اÙØ°Ù
ÙرتÙبÙÙ٠عÙد رÙض اÙتشارÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙدÙعÙÙ
+ÙتجاÙ٠اÙتراخÙص ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙØ Ùتشار٠اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙÙØ ØºØ§Ùبا٠Ù
ا ÙشعرÙ٠باÙØ°Ùب
+ØÙا٠ذÙÙ. ÙÙÙ
ÙعرÙÙ٠أ٠عÙÙÙÙ
خر٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
٠أج٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙÙا جÙراÙا٠طÙبÙÙØ
+ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ù
ا زاÙÙا ÙØسبÙÙ Øسابا٠ÙسÙطة
اÙÙاÙÙÙ. ÙÙستÙتجÙ٠أÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Øا٠ÙاÙÙا
+جÙراÙا Ø·ÙبÙÙ (ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
) Ùإ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
شرÙر ÙÙ
خجÙ.
ÙÙذا Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙع Ù
٠اÙأذ٠اÙÙÙسÙ
+ÙاÙإجتÙ
اعÙ. ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù ÙÙرر اÙÙرÙب Ù
ÙÙ
باعتبار Ø£Ù Ùذ٠اÙرخص ÙاÙÙÙاÙÙÙ
+ÙÙست ÙدÙÙا ÙÙØ© Ù
عÙÙÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙعاÙ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠أÙضا٠ضررا٠ÙÙسÙا٠ÙاجتÙ
اعÙا٠جراء عÙÙ
ÙÙ
بأ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
+اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
عÙ
ÙÙÙ
.
Ùذا Ùؤد٠اÙ٠اÙسخرÙØ© ÙاÙØرÙ
اÙ. Ùد
+Ùص٠اÙÙ
برÙ
ج ØÙ
اس٠إزاء عÙ
Ù Ùجد٠Ù
Ø«Ùرا٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙÙÙÙØ© ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا
+تسأÙÙ : ”ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙØ“ ÙسÙد
ÙجÙÙ Ù Ùعتر٠بعدÙ
Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙ
+Ø°ÙÙ. ÙتجÙب اÙشعÙر باÙاØØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ ÙتجاÙÙ
Ùذ٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù Ù
رة Ø£Ù Ùسخر Ù
Ù
+اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙتÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© Ø°ÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ø£Ùثر Ù
ا ÙÙتÙد٠Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة Ù
ÙØ°
عÙد رÙغا٠ÙÙس Ù٠اÙإبتÙار اÙتÙÙÙØ Ù
+Ø¥ÙÙ
ا اÙرغبة Ù٠اÙعÙ
Ù Ù
عا٠Ù
٠أج٠اÙصاÙØ
اÙعاÙ
. ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ù٠أ٠Ùشجع اÙØ£ÙÙ
+عÙ٠اÙثاÙÙØ©.</p>
+
+<h4 id="custom-adaptation">عرÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙاءÙ
Ø© اÙشخصÙØ©
ÙÙبراÙ
ج</h4>
+<p>
+ ÙتÙ
ث٠اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙثاÙÙ ÙÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠Ù٠عدÙ
اÙÙدرة عÙ٠تÙÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج, سÙÙÙØ©
+تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا
اÙÙبÙرة باÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ù
ع اÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا
+اÙعتÙÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
سÙÙØ©
تجارÙا٠غÙر Ù
تاØØ© ÙÙتعدÙÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ Øت٠بعد
+شرائÙا. Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠إÙا أخذÙا أ٠ترÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
اÙØا٠Ù
ع اÙصÙدÙÙ
+اÙأسÙد—ÙÙذا ÙÙ Ù
ا Ù٠اﻷÙ
ر.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠تشغÙÙÙ ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
سÙسÙØ© Ù
٠اÙأرÙاÙ
غاÙ
ضة اÙÙ
عÙÙ. Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ
+ÙØ£ØØ¯Ø Øت٠ÙÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
برÙ
جا٠جÙداÙØ Ø£Ù ÙغÙر
اÙأرÙاÙ
بسÙÙÙØ© Ùجع٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙÙÙ
+بشÙØ¡ Ù
ختÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ عادة Ù
ا ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ”اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرٓ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙÙÙÙ
+Ù
ÙتÙبا٠بÙغة برÙ
جة Ù
عÙÙØ© Ù
Ø«Ù ÙÙرترا٠أ٠سÙ.
ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠أسÙ
اء Ù
Øددة
+ÙÙدÙاÙØ© عÙ٠اÙبÙاÙات اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø© ÙاÙأجزاء
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙتÙÙ
Ø«Ù٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙات
+بÙاسطة رÙ
Ùز Ù
Ø«Ù ‘+’ ÙÙجÙ
ع Ù‘â’
ÙÙطرØ. ÙÙÙ Ù
صÙ
Ù
+ÙÙ
ساعدة اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠عÙÙ Ùراءة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
ÙتعدÙÙÙا. ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ Ù
ثا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙØسب
+اÙÙ
ساÙØ© بÙÙ ÙÙطتÙÙ Ù٠طائرة:</p>
+
+<pre>
+<span dir="ltr"> float
+ distance (p0, p1)
+ struct point p0, p1;
+ {
+ float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;
+ float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;
+ return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);
+ }</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+ Ùا ÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙا Ù
عرÙØ© اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙدÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙد
اÙÙ
صدرÙ, ب٠اÙتشاب٠اÙÙبÙر Ù
ع
+اÙعبارات اÙجبرÙØ©. بإÙ
Ùا٠أ٠شخص Ùعر٠Ùغة
اÙبرÙ
جة Ùذ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
Ùذا اÙÙÙد اÙØ°Ù
+سÙبد٠ÙÙ ÙاضØاÙ. ÙباÙÙ
ÙابÙ, ÙØ¥Ù٠ستجد أسÙÙÙ
ÙÙس اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ Ø´ÙÙ Ùاب٠ÙÙتÙÙÙØ°
+عÙ٠اÙØاسÙب اÙذ٠استخدÙ
ت٠عÙد Ùتابة Ùذا
اÙسطÙر:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862
+ 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208
+ -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424
+ 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495
+ 572518958 -803143692 1314803317
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+ اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠Ù
ÙÙد ÙÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج
(عÙ٠اﻷÙ٠بشÙ٠اØتÙ
اÙÙ). ÙÙ٠اÙØصÙÙ
+عÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØظÙراÙ
باÙÙسبة ÙÙ
عظÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. ÙÙ
ا أ٠صاØب
+اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠عادة Ù
ا ÙØتÙظ ببرÙاÙ
جÙ
اÙاØتÙار٠بÙ٠سرÙØ© Ø®ÙÙا٠Ù
٠أ٠ÙتعÙÙ
Ø£Ù
+شخص آخر Ù
ÙÙ. ÙÙا ÙتÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠إÙا Ù
ÙÙات
Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ù
٠أرÙاÙ
غÙر Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
ÙÙ
+ÙÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر تÙÙÙØ°Ùا. Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙØÙد
اÙÙادر عÙ٠تغÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù٠صاØبÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ØÙت Ù٠إØد٠اÙصدÙÙات ذات Ù
رة Ø£ÙÙا عÙ
Ùت ÙÙ
برÙ
جة Ù٠بÙÙ ÙÙ
دة ستة أشÙØ±Ø ÙÙتبت
+برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
Ù
اثÙا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج آخر Ùا٠Ù
تاØا٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙتجارÙØ©. Ùأعربت عÙ
+اعتÙادÙا بأÙÙا ÙÙ ØصÙت عÙ٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرÙ
ÙÙذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ØªØ§Ø ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±Ùا٠ÙÙاÙ
+Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠بسÙÙÙØ© تعدÙÙÙ ÙتÙÙÙÙÙ Øسب
اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙبÙÙ Ùا٠عÙ٠استعداد
+ÙدÙع Ø«Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙ—ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùستطع اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙØ£ÙÙ ÙاÙ
+سرÙاÙ. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùد اضطرت ÙÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ
دة ستة
أشÙر. Ù
ا ÙÙÙ
Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ
+اÙÙاÙع Ù٠أÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
ضÙعة ÙÙÙÙت Ù٠اÙÙاتج
اÙÙÙÙ
٠اÙاجÙ
اÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ عاÙ
1977Ø ØªÙÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اÙصÙاع٠(AI Lab) بÙ
عÙد <abbr
+title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> ÙدÙØ© عبارة
ع٠طابعة
+Ù
Ù XEROX. Ø´ÙغÙت اÙطابعة بÙاسطة برÙ
جÙات Øرة
أضÙÙا ÙÙا اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا
+اÙÙ
رÙØØ©. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
بإخبار اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙر اÙتÙاء عÙ
ÙÙØ©
+اÙطباعة. ÙÙÙÙ
ا ÙاجÙت اÙطابعة Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©, Ù
Ø«Ù
اÙØشار اÙÙر٠أ٠ÙÙاذÙØ ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
+عÙ٠اÙÙÙر بإخبار جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙدÙÙÙ
Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙطباعة ÙÙ ÙائÙ
Ø©
+اÙاÙتظار. سÙÙت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ùزات اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© عÙÙ
ÙØ٠سÙس.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙ ÙÙت ÙاØÙØ ÙدÙ
ت XEROX Ø£Øدث Ùأسرع طابعة Ù
Ù
اÙطابعات اÙÙÙزÙرÙØ© اÙØ£ÙÙÙ. ÙاÙت
+اÙطابعة Ù
شغÙØ© بÙاسطة برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠Ùدار Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر Ù
خصص ÙÙذا اÙغرض. ÙØ°ÙÙØ
+ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠إضاÙØ© Ø£Ù Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ùزات اÙÙ
ÙضÙØ©
ÙدÙÙا. Ùا٠بإÙ
ÙاÙÙا تÙجÙ٠إشعار عÙد
+إرسا٠Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© اÙطباعة ÙÙØاسÙب اÙÙ
خصص. ÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠عÙد Ø¥Ùجاز اÙطباعة
+بشÙÙ ÙعÙÙ ( ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا Ùا٠اÙÙاص٠اÙزÙ
ÙÙ
ÙبÙراÙ). ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙÙاÙ٠طرÙÙØ© ÙÙ
عرÙØ©
+اÙتÙÙÙت اÙÙعÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطباعة. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠إبÙاغ أ٠أØد عÙد اÙØشار
+اÙÙرÙ. ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا Ùا٠ÙازÙ
ا٠اÙتظار ساعة
ÙاÙ
ÙØ© ÙإصÙØ§Ø Ø§Ùطابعة.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اÙاصطÙاع٠إصÙØ§Ø Ùذ٠اÙأعطاب. ÙÙ
Ù
+اÙÙ
ØتÙ
٠أÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙا ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ
تÙ
اÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ ÙاÙ
بذÙ٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ
+اﻷصÙÙÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ٠شرÙØ© Xerox ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
ÙتÙ
Ø©
بإصÙاØÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا اختارت اÙØÙÙÙÙØ©
+دÙÙ ÙÙاÙ
Ùا بذÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا أجبرÙا عÙÙ ÙبÙÙ Ùذا
اﻷعطاب اÙت٠ÙÙ
تصÙØ Ø£Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙعرÙÙ٠شعÙر اÙØ¥Øباط Ùذا.
ÙستطÙع اÙبÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© ع٠طرÙÙØ©
+Ùتابة برÙاÙ
ج جدÙد Ù
٠اÙصÙر. ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙعادÙØ ÙÙÙس اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙÙ
اÙØ±Ø Ø³Ùضطر
+Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙØ© ÙÙاستسÙاÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙØ٠اÙاستسÙاÙ
أضرار ÙÙسÙØ© ÙاجتÙ
اعÙØ©
برÙØ Ø§ÙاعتÙ
اد عÙ٠اÙذات. Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø®Ùب
+ÙÙØ£Ù
٠اÙعÙØ´ ÙÙ Ù
Ùز٠Ùا تستطÙع إعادة ترتÙبÙ
بشÙÙ ÙتÙاسب Ù
ع اØتÙاجاتÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ
+Ùؤد٠اÙ٠اÙØ¥ØØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø ÙÙد Ùؤثر عÙ٠جÙاÙب اخر٠Ù
Ù ØÙاة اÙÙرد. اÙÙاس اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙشعرÙÙ
+بÙذ٠اÙØ£ØاسÙس سÙÙÙÙÙ٠غÙر سعداء ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا
بعÙ
٠جÙد.</p>
+<p>
+ تخÙÙ Ù
ا سÙÙÙ٠عÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر إذا طبÙÙا Ù
ا ÙجرÙ
عÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج عÙÙ Ùجبات اÙطعاÙ
. Ùد
+تتساءÙ: ”ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠تغÙÙر Ùجبة اÙطعاÙ
ÙØ°Ù
ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
٠دÙÙ Ù
ÙØØ“
+ÙÙبÙر اÙطباخÙ٠سÙرد عÙÙÙ: ”ÙÙ٠تجرؤ عÙÙ
Ø¥ÙاÙØ© ÙجبتÙØ Ùذ٠اÙÙجبة Ùتاج
+تÙÙÙر٠ÙØ°ÙÙÙØ ÙØ£Ùت تØاÙ٠اÙعبث بÙØ§Ø ÙÙس
ÙدÙ٠اÙØÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùجبت٠ÙجعÙÙا
+تعÙ
٠بشÙ٠صØÙØ!“</p>
+<p>
+ ستضÙÙ: ”ÙÙ٠طبÙب٠ÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùترض أ٠آÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙØ! Ù
ا اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
+عÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠تØضÙرÙا دÙÙ Ù
ÙØØ“</p>
+<p>
+ سÙرد ÙبÙر اÙطباخÙÙ: ”سÙسعدÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ø¥Ùا
+50000$“ طاÙÙ
ا اØتÙر اÙÙ
اÙ٠اÙتغÙÙØ±Ø ÙØ¥Ù
اÙأجر ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙبÙراÙ.
+”ÙÙÙØ ÙÙس Ùد٠ÙÙت اﻵÙ. Ø¥ÙÙÙ Ù
شغÙÙ Ù
ع
ÙجÙØ© ÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙصÙØ© بسÙÙÙت جدÙدة
+ÙÙسÙ٠اÙتابعة ÙÙخطÙØ· اÙبØرÙØ©. Ùد أستطÙع
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠بعد ØÙاÙ٠عاÙ
ÙÙ.“</p>
+
+<h4 id="software-development">عرÙÙØ© تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات</h4>
+<p>
+ اÙÙ
ستÙ٠اÙثاÙØ« Ù
٠اÙضرر اÙÙ
اد٠Ùؤثر عÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙد Ùا٠تطÙÙر
+اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙ
ثابة عÙ
ÙÙØ© Ø«ÙرÙØ©Ø ØÙØ« Ùا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠شخص Ù
ا Ø£Ù Ùأخذ برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
ÙجÙداÙ
+٠إعادة Ùتابة أجزاء Ù
ÙÙ ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزة جدÙدة,
Ø«Ù
Ùأت٠شخص آخر بعد٠Ùإعادة Ùتابة
+أجزاء Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزة أخرÙ. Ù٠بعض
اÙØاÙØ§ØªØ Ùد تستغر٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ°Ù 20
+سÙØ©. Ù٠غضÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùد تÙÙ٠بعض ”أجزاء“
اÙبراÙ
ج ÙتÙÙ٠إÙØ·ÙاÙØ©
+ÙبراÙ
ج أخرÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙ ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ùع Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
Ù
اÙتطÙØ±Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙجعÙÙا Ùبدأ Ù
٠اÙصÙر عÙدÙ
ا
+ÙØ·Ùر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
Ù
ارسÙ٠اÙجدد Ù
Ù
دراسة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ٠تعÙÙ
تÙÙÙات
+Ù
ÙÙدة Ø£Ù Øت٠ÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙبÙرة.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙعرÙÙÙ٠اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضاÙ. ÙÙد
ÙابÙت Ø·Ùاب ÙاÙ
عÙÙ Ù٠عÙÙÙ
اÙØاسب ÙÙ
ÙرÙا
+ÙØ· اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙبÙر. Ùد ÙÙÙÙÙا
جÙدÙ٠بÙتابة براÙ
ج صغÙرة. ÙÙÙØ Ùا
+ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙبدأÙا بتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùارات اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©
ÙÙتابة اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙبÙرة إذا ÙÙ
+ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙاطÙاع عÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© Ø¥ÙجازÙا Ù
Ù
Ùب٠اÙآخرÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù٠أ٠Ù
جا٠ÙÙرÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù Ùص٠اÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙات أعÙÙ Ù
Ù Ø®Ùا٠اÙاعتÙ
اد عÙÙ
+Ù
جÙÙدات اÙسابÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙ
Ùعد Ù
Ù
ÙÙا٠بشÙ٠عاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
جاÙ
+اÙبرÙ
جÙات—Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙاعتÙ
اد Ø¥Ùا عÙÙ
Ø£Ùاس آخرÙ٠داخ٠<em>شرÙتÙ
+اÙخاصة</em>.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙضرر اÙÙÙس٠اÙاجتÙ
اع٠اÙÙ
صاØب ÙÙØ°Ù
اÙظاÙرة اÙجدÙدة Ùؤثر Ø£Ùضا٠عÙ٠رÙØ
+اÙتعاÙ٠اÙعÙÙ
ÙØ ÙÙد ÙاÙت درجة تعاÙ٠اÙعÙÙ
اء ÙÙÙØ© Ùدرجة Ø£ÙÙÙ
تعاÙÙÙا ØتÙ
+عÙدÙ
ا ÙاÙت دÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ØاÙØ© Øرب. بÙذ٠اÙرÙØÙØ©Ø
تر٠عÙÙ
اء اÙبØار اÙÙاباÙÙÙÙ
+Ù
ختبرÙÙ
Ù٠جزÙرة عÙ٠اÙÙ
ØÙØ· اÙÙادÙØ¡ Ù ØÙ
Ùا
عÙ
ÙÙÙ
عبر ÙÙات Ù
شاة اÙبØرÙØ©
+اÙاÙ
ÙرÙÙØ© اÙغازÙØ©Ø ØªØ§Ø±ÙÙ٠رساÙØ© Ø·ÙبÙا
ÙÙÙا رعاÙØ© عÙ
ÙÙÙ
بشÙ٠جÙد.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙد دÙ
ر اÙصراع Ù
٠أج٠اÙØ±Ø¨Ø Ù
ا ØÙظتÙ
اÙصراعات اÙدÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. Ù٠اÙÙÙت
+اÙØØ§Ø¶Ø±Ø Ùا ÙÙشر اÙعÙÙ
اء Ù٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
جاÙات Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
Ù
+تÙرار اÙØªØ¬Ø±Ø¨Ø©Ø Ø¨Ù ÙÙشرÙÙ ÙÙØ· Ù
ا ÙØ«Ùر إعجاب
اÙÙراء بÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
+بÙ. ÙÙÙطب٠Ùذا باÙتأÙÙد عÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر, ØÙØ« ÙتÙ
اÙتعاÙ
٠عادة Ù
ع اÙÙÙد
+اÙÙ
صدر٠عÙ٠أÙ٠سر.</p>
+
+<h4 id="does-not-matter-how">Ùا ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
تÙÙÙد
اÙتشارÙ</h4>
+<p>
+ ÙÙد ÙاÙشت اÙآثار اÙÙ
ترتبة عÙÙ Ù
Ùع اÙÙاس Ù
Ù Ùسخ ÙتعدÙÙ ÙبÙاء اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙÙ
Ø£Øدد
+ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙعرÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ£Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùا Ùؤثر عÙ٠اÙÙتÙجة.
سÙاء تÙ
Ø°Ù٠ع٠طرÙÙ ØÙ
اÙØ© اÙÙسخØ
+أ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ±Ø®ØµØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتشÙÙØ±Ø Ø£Ù Ø¨Ø·Ø§Ùات
<acronym title="Read-only
+Memory">ROM</acronym>Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ø±ÙاÙ
اÙأجÙزة اÙتسÙسÙÙØ©.
إذا <em>ÙجØÙا</em> ÙÙ Ù
Ùع
+اÙاستخداÙ
Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ù
ضر.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùعتبر اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بعض Ùذ٠اÙأساÙÙب أبغض Ù
٠غÙرÙا. Ù٠اعتÙادÙØ Ùإ٠أبغض
+اÙاساÙÙب Ù٠تÙ٠اÙت٠تØÙÙ ÙدÙÙا.</p>
+
+<h4 id="should-be-free">Ùجب أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Øرة</h4>
+<p>
+ ÙÙد Ø£ÙضØت Ø£Ù Ù
ÙÙÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات—اÙسÙطة
ÙتÙÙÙد اÙتعدÙ٠٠اÙÙسخ—تعتبر
+Øاجزا٠تÙ
تد آثار٠اÙسÙبÙØ© عÙÙ Ùطا٠Ùاسع Ù Ù
ÙÙ
. ٠بÙاء عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙبغÙ
+ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات أ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
٠دÙÙ Ù
اÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ
Ø°Ù٠بطرÙÙØ© أخر٠عÙ٠اعتبار Ø£Ù Ù
ا ÙØتاج٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
+اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙست Ø¥Ùا
بدÙÙا٠ضعÙÙاÙ. تشجÙع اÙبدÙÙ ÙÙس
+طرÙÙØ© عÙÙاÙÙØ© ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ا ÙØتاجÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙاÙÙا٠ÙاÙÙ ÙصØÙا ”بأ٠ÙعÙ
Ù Ù
٠أجÙ
أشÙاء Ù
عÙÙØ© ï»·ÙÙا جÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙØ·
+ï»·ÙÙا Ùد تتÙÙر عÙÙ Ùرصة ÙÙÙجاؓ إ٠تطÙÙر
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ø£Ù
اÙ
Ù
+Ùرصة ÙÙÙØ¬Ø§Ø Ø¶Ù
٠شرÙØ· ضÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØ£Ù
ر
اÙجÙد ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-develop">ÙÙ
اذا ÙØ·Ùر اÙÙاس اÙبرÙ
جÙات</h3>
+<p>
+ إذا ÙضÙÙا عÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© ÙÙسÙÙØ©
ÙتشجÙع اÙÙاس عÙ٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙاتØ
+ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠سÙؤد٠إÙ٠تÙÙÙص Ùسبة اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
Ø·Ùرة Ù٠اÙبداÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج
+ستÙÙ٠أÙثر Ùائدة. ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙ
اÙرض٠اÙإجÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
+سÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø¥Ø°Ø§ ÙÙا
Ùرغب Ù٠زÙادة Ùسبة اÙرض٠عÙ٠أÙ
+ØاÙØ ÙÙÙا٠طر٠أخر٠ÙتشجÙع اÙتÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
ا
ÙÙا٠Ùسائ٠أخر٠غÙر Ù
Øطات اﻷداء
+ÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙطرÙات. Ùب٠أ٠أتØدث ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ Ø³Ù٠أتطر٠أÙÙا Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
دÙ
+ضرÙرة اÙتشجÙع اÙÙ
ÙتعÙ.</p>
+
+<h4 id="fun">اÙبرÙ
جة Ù
تعة</h4>
+<p>
+ ÙÙا٠بعض اﻷعÙ
ا٠اÙت٠ÙÙ ÙÙب٠اÙÙØ«ÙرÙÙ
Ø¥ÙجازÙا ÙÙÙا اÙÙ
Ùاب٠اÙÙ
ادÙØ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
+اÙشأ٠باÙÙسبة ÙبÙاء اÙطر٠Ù
Ø«ÙاÙ. ÙÙÙا٠Ù
جاÙات أخر٠Ù
٠اÙدراسة ÙاÙÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ
+ÙÙÙا Ùرص اÙغÙ٠ضئÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙاس ÙÙجÙÙÙا
Ùشدة إعجابÙÙ
بÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
+ÙÙا. ÙÙطب٠Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر Ù
Ø«Ùا٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ù
اÙرÙاض٠ÙاÙÙ
ÙسÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاسÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ø¹ÙÙ
+اÙأثار ÙاÙÙشاط اÙسÙاس٠ÙÙ Ù
Ùدا٠اÙعÙ
Ù.
ÙتÙاÙس اÙأشخاص بشÙÙ Ù
Øز٠ÙÙ
رÙر ÙÙظÙر
+باÙÙظائ٠اÙÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
تاØØ© ÙاÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© بشÙÙ
ÙزÙÙØ Ø¨Ù ÙÙد ÙدÙعÙÙ ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùرصة
+عÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جاÙات إ٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
جا٠ÙÙذا Ø£Ù ÙتغÙر بÙ٠عشÙØ© ÙضØاÙا
إذا Ø£Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù
ارس٠أ٠ÙصبØ
+ثرÙاÙ. عÙدÙ
ا ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø£Øد اÙعاÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙ
غÙÙاÙØ Ùإ٠اÙآخرÙÙ ÙطاÙبÙ٠بÙÙس
+اÙÙرصة. ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ùد ÙØ·ÙبÙÙ Ù
باÙغ
ÙبÙرة Ù
٠اÙÙ
ا٠ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ù
ا ÙاÙÙا
+ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠ب٠Ù
Ù Ùب٠Ù
٠أج٠اÙÙ
تعة. Ùبعد Ù
رÙر
بضعة سÙÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù ÙاÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ
صÙØ©
+باÙÙ
جا٠سÙسخرÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙÙرة اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
جاÙ
دÙÙ Ù
Ùاب٠Ù
اد٠Ù
ÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ا سÙÙصØÙÙ
+اÙÙ
خططÙ٠اÙاجتÙ
اعÙÙ٠باتخاذ اÙإجراءات
اÙÙازÙ
Ø© ÙضÙ
ا٠Ùذ٠اÙعÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ù
عتÙ
دÙÙ ÙÙ
+Ø°Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاÙ
تÙازات اÙخاصة ÙاÙÙÙÙØ°
ÙاÙاØتÙارات.</p>
+<p>
+ Øص٠Ùذا اÙتغÙÙر ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙبرÙ
جة ÙÙ Ø«Ù
اÙÙÙÙات اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙ. Ù٠اÙسبÙعÙÙÙاتØ
+ÙاÙت ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙاÙات ع٠ظاÙرة ”إدÙ
ا٠اÙÙÙÙ
بÙÙتر“: Ùا٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
+”Ù
تصÙÙ٠باÙشبÙØ©“Ø ÙÙا٠أجرÙÙ
اÙأسبÙع٠ÙبÙغ ØÙاÙÙ 100 دÙÙار. ÙاÙ
+Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠أ٠عش٠اÙبرÙ
جة Ùد ÙؤدÙ
بصاØب٠إÙ٠اÙØ·ÙاÙ. Ø£Ù
ا اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙد
+Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
ا٠أ٠Ùا Ø£Øد سÙبرÙ
ج Ø¥Ùا ÙÙ ØاÙØ©
ØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠أجر عاÙ. ÙÙد Ùس٠اÙÙاس
+Ù
ا ÙاÙÙا ÙعرÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت.</p>
+<p>
+ إذا Ùا٠صØÙØا٠ÙÙ ÙÙت Ù
ا بأ٠Ù
عظÙ
اÙعاÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جا٠Ù
عÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بذÙ٠إÙا
+Ù
Ùاب٠أجر Ù
رتÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ùا ÙعÙ٠باÙضرÙرة
أ٠اﻷÙ
Ùر ستستÙ
ر عÙÙ ÙÙس
+اÙÙ
ÙÙاÙ. بإÙ
Ùا٠دÙÙاÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙتغÙÙر أ٠تÙعÙس
إذا ÙدÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØاÙز
+اÙضرÙرÙ. إذا استبعدÙا Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙØ© اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
ثرÙØ© ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙاس سÙعدÙÙÙ
+Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ
بعد ÙÙت Ù
عÙÙØ ÙسÙÙبÙÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
جا٠Ù
٠جدÙد Ù
Ùاب٠ÙرØØ© اÙØ¥Ùجاز.</p>
+<p>
+ ”ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا تسدÙد أجر اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙØ“Ø
تسÙ٠اÙإجابة عÙÙ Ùذا اÙسؤاÙ
+عÙدÙ
ا Ùدر٠بأ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ùا ÙتعÙ٠بÙ
ÙØÙÙ
ثرÙØ© Ù
Ùاب٠ذÙÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¨ØªÙÙÙر سب٠Ùسب اÙعÙØ´
+ÙÙÙ
.</p>
+
+<h4 id="funding">تÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة </h4>
+<p>
+ اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙت٠تدÙع أجÙرا٠ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙست
باÙضرÙرة شرÙات ÙتطÙÙر
+اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙأخرÙ
اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
صÙعة ÙÙعتاد تعتبر دعÙ
اÙتطÙÙر
اÙبرÙ
ج٠ضرÙرÙا٠Øت٠ÙØ¥Ù ÙÙ
Ùتس٠ÙÙا
+اÙتØÙÙ
Ù٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ù٠عاÙ
1970Ø
ÙاÙت اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠براÙ
جÙÙ
Ù
جاÙÙØ©
+ÙØ£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙرÙا Ù٠تÙÙÙدÙا. ÙاÙÙÙÙ
, ÙØ¥Ù
رغبتÙÙ
اÙÙ
تزاÙدة Ù٠اÙاÙضÙ
اÙ
Ø¥ÙÙ
+اتØادات تد٠عÙ٠أÙÙÙ
Ùد أدرÙÙا بأ٠اÙ
تÙاÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙس Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠ØÙا٠باÙÙسبة
+ÙÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ تدÙر اÙجاÙ
عات اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
باÙبرÙ
جة ÙتبÙع اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù ÙتاجÙا ÙÙ
+اÙÙÙت اÙØاÙÙØ ÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
سبعÙÙÙات اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙا٠Ù
Ù Ø´Ù
+Ù٠أ٠اÙجاÙ
عات ستطÙر برÙ
جÙات Øرة إذا ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙا ببÙع اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙ
Ù٠دعÙ
ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
شارÙع Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙسÙا اÙت٠تÙ
ÙØ
اÙعÙÙد اÙت٠تدعÙ
تطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج
+اÙاØتÙارÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
٠اÙشائع اÙÙÙÙ
عÙد اÙباØØ«Ù٠اÙجاÙ
عÙÙÙ
سعÙÙÙ
ÙÙظÙر بÙ
ÙØØ© ÙتطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
+Ù
عÙÙÙ
اتÙØ ÙتطÙÙر٠إÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙارب ÙÙطة
اÙاÙجاز Ùاعتبار٠”Ù
ÙتÙÙآØ
+Ø«Ù
تأسÙس شرÙات تÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شرÙع بشÙÙ ÙعÙÙ
ÙتجعÙ٠صاÙØا٠ÙÙاستخداÙ
. Ø£ØÙاÙا ÙسÙ
ÙÙ
+اÙإصدار اÙغÙر Ù
Ùت٠إصدارا٠”ØØ±Ø§Ù“Ø Ø§Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙÙا ÙاسدÙ٠بشÙÙ
+ÙÙÙØ ÙاÙÙÙ
ÙØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠رخصة ØصرÙØ© Ù
٠اÙجاÙ
عة. Ùذا ÙÙس سراÙØ ÙÙد اعترÙت
+اÙأطرا٠اÙÙ
عÙÙØ© بذÙ٠عÙÙا٠Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùتعرض اÙباØØ«ÙÙ ÙÙإغراء ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ
Ø«Ù
+Ùذ٠اÙاشÙاء ÙÙاÙÙا Ùد ÙاصÙÙا أبØاثÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ Ùتابة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
ÙÙسب رزÙÙÙ
ع٠طرÙ٠بÙع اÙخدÙ
ات اÙÙ
رتبطة
+باÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙد تÙ
اÙتعاÙد Ù
ع٠ÙØÙ
Ù <a
href="/software/gcc/">Ù
صر٠GNU C </a>
+Ø¥Ù٠اÙأجÙزة اÙجدÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙتطÙÙر ÙاجÙØ© استخداÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØÙات <a
+href="/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>. (Ø£ÙدÙ
Ùذ٠اÙتØسÙÙات
ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙر ÙÙÙ
ا
+Ø£ÙÙ
ÙتÙا). ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ٠أÙ
ارس اÙتدرÙس ÙأتÙÙÙ
أجرا٠Ù
Ùاب٠ذÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùست ÙØد٠Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙ
بذÙÙ. ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
اÙشرÙات اÙÙاÙ
ÙØ© اÙت٠تÙØ¬Ø Ø¯Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙ
+بأ٠عÙ
٠آخر. اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙشرÙات اÙأخر٠تÙدÙ
Ø£Ùضا٠اÙدعÙ
اÙÙÙ٠اÙتجارÙ
+ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
GNU .ÙØ°Ù Ù٠اÙبداÙØ©
ÙدعÙ
صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
+اÙÙ
ستÙÙØ©—Ùذ٠اÙصÙاعة ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ø£Ù ØªØµØ¨Ø ÙبÙرة
جدا٠إذا أضØت اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
+Ù٠اÙسائدة. ÙÙ٠تÙÙر ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ø®Ùارا٠Ùا
ÙتÙÙر عÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©,
+Ù
اعدا ÙÙأثرÙاء جداÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ؤسسات جدÙدة Ù
Ø«Ù <a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a> Ø£Ù
+تÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. تØص٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة عÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ÙاردÙا Ù
٠بÙع اÙأشرطة ع٠طرÙÙ
+اÙبرÙد. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
تÙÙرة عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙأشرطة
تÙÙÙ ØØ±Ø©Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Øر
+ÙÙ ÙسخÙا ٠تعدÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ٠اÙعدÙد ÙدÙعÙÙ Ù
باÙغ Ù
اÙÙØ© ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùسخ. (تذÙر Ø£Ù
+”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“ تشÙر اÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©Ø
ÙÙÙس Ø¥Ù٠اÙسعر). بعض
+اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙتÙÙ٠اﻷشرطة ÙتÙدÙÙ
Ù
ساعدة ÙشعرÙÙ
+Ø£ÙÙا ÙستØÙÙا. ÙÙ
ا تتÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة Ùبات Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
صÙعة ÙأجÙزة اÙØاسÙب.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
ؤسسة Ø®ÙرÙØ© تÙÙÙ
دخÙÙا عÙ٠تÙظÙ٠أÙبر عدد Ù
Ù
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. Ù٠تÙ
تأسÙسÙا ÙÙعÙ
٠اÙتجارÙ
ÙتÙزÙع ÙÙس اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بÙÙس
+اÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙا٠بإÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ؤسسÙا Ø£Ù ÙعÙØ´ عÙشة
رÙÙعة.</p>
+<p>
+ بÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة Ù
ؤسسة Ø®ÙرÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙ٠داخÙÙا بÙص٠Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
+ÙتÙÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
Ùا٠آخر. Ø¥ÙÙÙ
ÙÙعÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة ÙÙست بÙرÙÙراطÙØ©Ø ÙÙØ£ÙÙÙ
+ÙشعرÙ٠باÙرضÙØ Ø°Ù٠أ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùخضع ÙÙÙ
Ùع
أ٠اÙتÙÙÙد ÙÙÙ
ا بعد. Ø£ÙÙ
Ù
ا ÙÙ
+اﻷÙ
ر Ø£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بذÙÙ Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جة Ùشاط Ù
Ù
تع. باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙد Ùتب
+اÙÙ
تطÙعÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
ÙÙدة ÙÙا.
(ÙØت٠اÙÙتاب اÙتÙÙÙÙ٠بدؤÙا
+باÙتطÙع).</p>
+<p>
+ Ùذا ÙؤÙد أ٠اÙبرÙ
جة تعد Ù
٠أÙثر اﻷÙشطة
إبÙارا٠Ù٠جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ÙادÙÙØ Ø¬Ùبا٠إÙÙ
+جÙب Ù
ع اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙÙÙÙ. ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا تخÙÙ Ù
Ù
عدÙ
رغبة اﻵخرÙÙ Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جة.</p>
+
+<h4 id="owe">Ù
ا اÙØ°Ù ÙدÙ٠ب٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙØ</h4>
+<p>
+ ÙÙا٠سبب ÙجÙÙ ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØرة
ÙÙشعÙر بÙاجب أخÙاÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
+دعÙ
Ùا. ÙساÙÙ
Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
Ø£Ùشطة اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ
٠اÙعد٠ÙÙطرÙÙÙ
+تÙÙÙر اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙازÙ
ÙÙ Ùتابع اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ©Ø Ø°Ù٠أ٠اÙعرÙÙØ© تستØ٠اÙعÙاب
+بد٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙأة.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙارÙØ© إذاÙ: ÙØÙ ÙÙ
Ø·Ùر اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙÙ
ÙÙدة تÙÙ٠دعÙ
Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙÙ
+Ø£Ù Ù
ØاÙÙØ© ÙتØÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙØ¥ÙتزاÙ
اÙأخÙاÙÙ
Ø¥Ù٠إجبار ÙدÙ
ر أساس اÙØ¥ÙتزاÙ
. بإÙ
ÙاÙ
+اÙÙ
Ø·Ùر Ø£Ù ÙØ·Ùب Ù
ÙاÙأة أ٠استØÙاÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙس اÙاثÙÙÙ Ù
عاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ أعتÙد أ٠أ٠Ù
برÙ
ج اخÙاÙÙ ÙÙاج٠Ùذا
اÙتÙاÙض Ù
ÙزÙ
باÙعÙ
Ù ÙاستØÙا٠ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
ÙاÙأة. ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙبغ٠تشجÙع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠تبرعات Ø·ÙعÙØ©. ÙÙ ÙÙاÙØ©
+اÙÙ
طاÙØ Ø³ÙÙ ÙتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠دعÙ
اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ
دÙ٠إÙراÙØ ØªÙ
اÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ا تعÙÙ
Ù Ø°ÙÙ
+ÙدعÙ
اÙإذاعات ÙاÙÙÙÙات اÙتÙÙزÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©.</p>
+
+<h3 id="productivity">Ù
ا Ù٠إÙتاجÙØ© اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø </h3>
+<p>
+ إذا ÙاÙت اÙبرÙ
جÙات ØØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙختÙÙا Ù
٠اÙساØØ©Ø ÙÙ٠عددÙÙ
+سÙÙÙ. Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ Ø°Ù٠سÙئا٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
عØ</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙس باÙضرÙرة. رغÙ
اÙØ®Ùاض عدد اÙÙ
زارعÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø© عÙ
ا Ùا٠عÙÙÙ Ù٠عاÙ
+1900Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا Ùعتبر Ø°Ù٠أÙ
را٠سÙئا٠باÙÙسبة
ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùأ٠عددا٠ÙÙÙÙاÙ
+Ù
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙتج Ùدرا٠أÙبر Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùاد اÙغذائÙØ©
باÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ù
ع Ù
ا Ùا٠ÙÙتج٠اÙÙ
زارعÙÙ
+اÙسابÙÙÙ. ÙÙذا Ù
ا ÙسÙ
٠بتØسÙ٠اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©.
ÙاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتطÙب عددا٠أÙÙ Ù
Ù
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتÙبÙØ© اÙØ·ÙØ¨Ø Ùأ٠إÙتاجÙتÙÙ
ارتÙعت عÙ٠جÙ
Ùع اÙأصعدة.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> اÙاستخداÙ
اÙÙاسع ÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج ÙتÙ
تطÙÙرÙ.</li>
+<li> اÙÙدرة عÙ٠تÙÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج بد٠Ù
٠اÙبدء Ù
Ù
ÙÙطة اÙصÙر.</li>
+<li> تÙÙر تعÙÙÙ
Ø£Ùض٠ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ.</li>
+<li> اÙÙضاء عÙ٠تÙرار جÙÙد اÙبرÙ
جة.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ ÙؤÙاء اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعارضÙ٠اÙتعاÙÙ ÙÙزعÙ
Ù٠أÙ
Ø°Ù٠سÙؤد٠إÙ٠تÙظÙ٠عدد Ø£ÙÙ Ù
Ù
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتعارضÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙØ© اﻷÙ
ر Ù
ع زÙادة
اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©. ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اﻷشخاص ÙÙبÙÙÙ
+اÙاعتÙاد اÙسائد بأ٠صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات بØاجة
ÙزÙادة اÙاÙتاجÙØ©, ÙÙÙ ÙذاØ</p>
+<p>
+ ”Ø¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات” ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تعÙÙ
Ø´ÙئÙÙ Ù
ختÙÙÙÙ: اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©
+اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙتطÙÙر جÙ
Ùع اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتاجÙØ©
اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙÙردÙØ©. اÙØ¥ÙتاجÙØ©
+اÙإجÙ
اÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙرÙد اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع تØسÙÙÙØ Ù
اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙÙ
باشرة ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙ٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù ÙÙ
+اÙÙضاء عÙ٠اÙعÙبات اÙÙ
صطÙعة اÙت٠تØد Ù
Ù
اÙتعاÙÙ. ÙÙÙØ Ø¨Ø§ÙÙسبة ÙÙباØØ«Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ
+ÙدرسÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جا٠”Ø¥ÙتاجÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات“
Ùإ٠اÙترÙÙز ÙÙصب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
+اÙثاÙÙ ÙÙØ·Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù
ØدÙد تتطÙب ÙÙÙ
اÙتØسÙÙات تÙÙÙات صعبة Ù Ù
تÙدÙ
Ø©.</p>
+
+<h3 id="competition">Ù٠اÙتÙاÙس ØتÙ
ÙØ</h3>
+<p>
+ ÙÙ ÙØ´Ù٠تÙاÙس اﻷشخاص ÙÙÙ
ا بÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙتÙÙÙ
عÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙسÙÙÙ
Ø´Ùئا٠ØتÙ
Ùا٠Ùا ÙÙ
ÙÙ
+اجتÙابÙØ Ø±Ø¨Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙØ°ÙÙ. ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة
بØد ذاتÙا ÙÙست Ø¶Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø ÙاÙØ´ÙØ¡ اÙضار
+Ù٠اÙاÙتتاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙا٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙطر٠ÙÙتÙاÙس. ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تتÙ
ث٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تØÙÙÙ Ùدر
+Ø£Ùبر Ù
٠اÙØ¥ÙØ¬Ø§Ø²Ø§ØªØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙتÙÙ٠عÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙعÙÙ
اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. Ù٠اÙÙ
اض٠Ù
Ø«ÙاÙØ
+ÙاÙت ÙÙا٠Ù
ÙاÙسة بÙ٠خبراء اÙبرÙ
جة ÙتÙÙÙØ°
اÙÙ
ÙاÙ
بشÙ٠أرÙØ¹Ø Ø£Ù ØªÙÙÙص Ù
دة
+اÙتÙÙÙØ° اÙضرÙرÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùجاز Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù
عÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙس Ù
ÙÙداÙ
+ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø·Ø§ÙÙ
ا تÙ
اÙØÙاظ عÙ٠اÙرÙØ Ø§ÙرÙاضÙØ©
اÙØ·Ùبة.</p>
+<p>
+ إ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة اÙبÙاءة ÙاÙÙØ© ÙتØÙÙز اÙÙاس
عÙ٠بذ٠جÙÙد ÙبÙرة. ÙÙا٠أشخاص
+ÙتÙاÙسÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
٠سÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ Ù
٠زار جÙ
Ùع
اÙبÙدا٠عÙÙ Ùج٠اÙØ£Ø±Ø¶Ø ÙبعضÙÙ
ÙصرÙ
+Ù
باÙغ ضخÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙرشÙÙ
Ùبطا٠اÙسÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙرÙ
Ù Ù
ÙاÙسÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
+جزÙرة صØراÙÙØ©. Ø¥ÙÙÙ
ÙسÙ
ØÙÙ ÙØ£ÙضÙÙÙ
باÙÙÙز.</p>
+<p>
+ ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙتاÙÙØ© عÙدÙ
ا Ùشرع اÙÙ
ÙاÙسÙÙ Ù٠عرÙÙØ© بعضÙÙ
اÙبعض بد٠تطÙÙر
+Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
—عÙدÙ
ا ÙعÙض Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ”دعÙا اÙØ£ÙضÙ
ÙÙÙز“ بÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
+”اسÙ
ØÙا Ù٠باÙÙÙØ²Ø Ø³Ùاء ÙÙت اÙØ£Ùض٠أÙ
Ùا“. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©
+Ø¶Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø ÙÙس ÙØ£ÙÙا Ø´ÙÙ Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ³Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا ÙØ£ÙÙا Ø´ÙÙ Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙاÙتتا٠بÙÙ
+اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙا.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة ÙÙ Ù
جا٠اÙأعÙ
ا٠اÙتجارÙØ© ÙÙست
باÙضرÙرة Ù
ÙاÙسة ÙتاÙÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا تتÙاÙس
+بÙاÙتا٠عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ùإ٠جÙدÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙ
ÙÙصب عÙ٠تØسÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙÙÙس عÙ٠تخرÙب
+اÙÙ
ÙاÙس. ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا Ùد٠عÙÙ ÙجÙد اÙتزاÙ
خاص
بأخÙاÙÙات اÙعÙ
ÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¹Ù٠ضÙÙ Ù
جاÙ
+اÙصراع ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙÙع Ù
٠اÙأعÙ
اÙØ Ø¨ØºØ¶ اÙÙظر
ع٠اÙعÙ٠اÙجسدÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ùزة غÙر
+Ù
تÙÙرة Ù٠جÙ
Ùع Ù
جاÙات اÙعÙ
Ù. Øجب اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات
اÙت٠Ùد تساÙÙ
Ù٠تÙدÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ùعد
+Ø´ÙÙا٠Ù
٠أشÙا٠اÙÙتاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ø£ÙدÙÙÙÙجÙØ© اÙاعÙ
ا٠Ùا تجÙز اÙÙاس ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
Ø©
إغراء Ù
Øاربة اÙÙ
ÙاÙسة. ÙÙد تÙ
Øظر
+بعض أشÙا٠اÙاÙتتا٠بÙاسطة ÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙØØ©
اÙاØتÙØ§Ø±Ø ÙÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙاعÙاÙØ§ØªØ Ù ÙÙÙ
+جرا. ÙÙÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا Ù
٠تعÙ
ÙÙ
Ùذا اÙرÙض اÙÙ
بدئÙ
ÙÙÙتا٠بشÙ٠عاÙ
Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
سؤÙÙÙÙ
+اÙتÙÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙبتÙرÙ٠أشÙا٠أخر٠غÙر Ù
ØظÙرة Ù
Ù
اÙÙتاÙØ Ù
Ù
ا Ùؤد٠إÙ٠تبدÙد
+اÙÙ
Ùارد اÙاÙتصادÙØ© ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بشÙ٠شبÙÙ
باÙØرÙب اÙØ£ÙÙÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙصائÙ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="communism">”ÙÙ
اذا ÙاترØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
رÙسÙاؔ</h3>
+<p>
+ Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØØ¯Ø©Ø ØªÙج٠Ùذ٠اÙعبارة
ÙÙ٠شخص ÙدعÙا اÙاخرÙÙ ÙعدÙ
اÙتطر٠ÙÙ
+اÙØ£ÙاÙÙØ©. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ØªÙ
تÙجÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙتÙÙ
Ø© ضد Ù
ؤÙد٠ÙظاÙ
اÙرعاÙØ© اÙصØÙØ©
+اÙÙØ·Ù٠اÙÙ
تÙاجد ÙÙ ÙاÙØ© اÙدÙ٠اÙصÙاعÙØ©
اÙأخر٠Ù٠اÙعاÙÙ
اÙØر. Ùذ٠اÙتÙÙ
Ø©
+تÙج٠أÙضا٠ضد دعاة اÙدعÙ
اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠أÙ
ر Ù
تÙÙر Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙ ÙاÙØ©
+اÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø©. Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة اﻷÙ
رÙÙÙØ©Ø Ùربط اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ ÙÙرة اÙÙاجب
+تجا٠اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
بÙ
بدأ اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ©. ÙÙÙØ Ù
ا Ù
د٠اÙتشاب٠بÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙاÙÙارØ</p>
+<p>
+ Ù٠اÙاتØاد اÙسÙÙÙاتÙØ ÙاÙت اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ© اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة عبارة ع٠ÙظاÙ
سÙطرة Ù
رÙزÙØ© تسÙر
+ÙÙ٠اﻷÙشطة بشÙ٠صارÙ
Ø Ø¹Ù٠اÙتراض Ø£Ù Ø°ÙÙ
ÙخدÙ
اÙصاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
. ÙÙÙÙØ Ù٠اÙÙاÙعØ
+ÙØ¥Ù Ø°Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ùا٠Ù
ÙجÙا٠ÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù
صاÙØ
أعضاء اÙØزب اÙØ´ÙÙعÙ. ØÙØ« ÙاÙت Ù
عدات
+اÙÙسخ خاضعة ÙÙØراسة اÙÙ
شددة ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙسخ
اÙغÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙÙ Ù
ؤÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
ارس سÙطرة Ù
رÙزÙØ© عÙ٠تÙزÙع
+اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ù ÙØرس Ù
عدات اÙÙسخ بÙاسطة Ù
خططات ØÙ
اÙØ© Ø£ÙتÙÙ
اتÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
Ùع اÙÙسخ
+اÙغÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ عÙ٠اÙÙÙÙض Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ٠أعÙ
Ù Ù
٠أج٠بÙاء
ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙÙاس Ø£Øرارا٠ÙÙ
+اتخاذ اÙإجراءات اÙخاصة بÙÙ
Ø ÙبشÙ٠خاصØ
Ø£Øرارا٠ÙÙ Ù
ساعدة جÙراÙÙÙ
, ÙØ£ØراراÙ
+Ù٠تعدÙ٠٠تطÙÙر اÙأدÙات اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙا
ÙÙ ØÙاتÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
ÙØ©. ÙظاÙ
ÙائÙ
عÙÙ
+اÙتعاÙ٠اÙØ·Ùع٠ÙاÙÙاÙ
رÙزÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙباÙتاÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أردÙا Ø£Ù ÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ ÙجÙات
اÙÙظر Ù
Ù ØÙØ« تشابÙÙا Ù
ع اÙØ´ÙÙعÙØ©
+اÙسÙÙÙاتÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
اÙØ´ÙÙعÙÙÙ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="premises">Ù
سأÙØ© اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات</h3>
+<p>
+ ÙÙد اÙترضت ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠أ٠Ù
ستخدÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùا ÙÙ٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© ع٠Ù
ؤÙÙÙØ Ø£Ù ØتÙ
+Ù
ÙشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ. بعبارة أخرÙØ Ùإ٠اÙتÙ
اÙ
اتÙÙ
ÙاØتÙاجاتÙÙ
تÙتس٠ÙÙس اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø
+عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙرر Ø£Ù Ù
سار ÙÙعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙØ£ÙضÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙست Ù
ÙبÙÙØ© عاÙÙ
ÙاÙ. ÙÙاÙ
اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
Ù ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠Ù
ÙشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ ÙÙ
+Ù٠اÙأساس Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
٠أ٠شخص آخر. ÙÙ
ا
ÙÙÙÙÙ٠عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§Ùغرض Ù
Ù
+ÙجÙد Ù
اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠إعطاء اÙÙ
شغ٠Ù
Ùزة
ÙستØÙÙا—بغض اÙÙظر ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ©
+تأثÙر Ø°Ù٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع.</p>
+<p>
+ Ùا Ùائدة Ù
Ù Ù
ØاÙÙØ© إثبات ا٠دØض Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات. اÙبرÙا٠ÙتطÙب Ù
سÙÙÙ
ات
+Ù
شترÙØ©. ÙباÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ا ÙÙت٠Ù
Ùج٠ÙÙØ·
ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙتسÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ع٠اÙÙ
سÙÙ
ات اÙتÙ
+أستعÙ
ÙÙØ§Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙتÙ
Ù٠بÙتائج Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سÙÙ
ات عÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ. Ø¨Ø¨Ø³Ø§Ø·Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا
+اÙÙ
Ùا٠غÙر Ù
Ùج٠ﻷÙÙئ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
٠أ٠شخص آخر.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
اذا Ùب٠عدد ÙبÙر Ù
٠اÙØ£Ù
ÙرÙÙÙÙ
ÙرضÙØ© Ø£Ù ÙرÙÙع بعض اÙÙاس Ù
Ù ØÙØ«
+اÙØ£ÙÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø¨Ø´Ù٠جزئÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ
ÙعÙد ÙÙاعتÙاد بأ٠Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© Ù٠جزء
+Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙÙد اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ.
بعض اÙÙاس ÙشعرÙ٠بأ٠اÙتشÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
سÙÙÙ
ات ÙعÙ٠تÙÙÙر أدÙات ÙÙطع٠Ù٠أسس اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع.</p>
+<p>
+ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø£Ù Ùعر٠ÙؤÙاء اÙÙاس Ø£Ù ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙست جزءا٠Ù
٠اÙتÙاÙÙد
+اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ©, ÙØ£ÙÙا ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ·.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙÙÙذا, Ùإ٠اÙدستÙر ÙÙص عÙ٠أ٠اÙغرض Ù
Ù
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© ÙÙ ”تشجÙع
+تطÙر اÙعÙÙÙ
٠اÙÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙدة“Ø ÙاÙÙ
ØÙÙ
Ø©
اÙعÙÙا بÙÙرت Ø°ÙÙØ ÙصرØت ÙÙ
+ÙضÙØ© <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em> بأ٠”Ù
صÙØØ© اÙÙÙاÙات
اÙÙ
تØدة ÙاÙÙدÙ
+اÙأساس٠Ù
Ù Ù
ÙØ Ø§ØتÙار [ØÙÙ٠اÙطبع] ÙتÙ
Ø«ÙاÙ
Ù٠اÙÙÙائد اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙت٠تعÙد بÙا
+أعÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙÙ٠عÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙÙر“.</p>
+<p>
+ ÙسÙا Ù
جبرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙاتÙا٠Ù
ع Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙÙ
اÙدستÙر أ٠اÙÙ
ØÙÙ
Ø© اÙعÙÙا (ÙÙاÙÙ
ا تغاضÙا
+ع٠اÙعبÙدÙØ© ÙÙ ØÙبة Ù
٠اÙØÙبات). ÙÙÙ Ùذا
اÙسÙاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا Ùا Ùتعارض Ù
ع
+اÙÙرضÙØ© اÙÙائÙ
Ø© عÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
اÙÙ. ÙÙÙÙ٠أتÙ
Ù٠أ٠Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ستÙÙد برÙÙÙا
+عÙدÙ
ا سÙدر٠اÙÙاس بأ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ùا ÙتعÙ٠بÙرضÙØ©
تÙÙÙدÙØ© Ù
عتر٠بÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù Ø¨ÙرضÙØ© تعÙس
+Ù
ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
تطرÙ. </p>
+
+<h3 id="conclusion">استÙتاج</h3>
+<p>
+ Ø¥ÙÙا ÙØب Ø£Ù ÙعتÙد بأ٠Ù
جتÙ
عÙا Ùشجع عÙÙ Ù
ساعدة اÙجار. ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
رة ÙÙاÙئ
+ÙÙÙا شخصا٠Ùسع٠اÙ٠اÙعرÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ùعجب بÙ
ÙØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠ثرÙØ© بÙذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا
+Ùرس٠رساÙØ© Ù
ضادة.</p>
+<p>
+ اÙتÙاز اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
Ùذج ÙعÙس استعدادÙا
ÙتجاÙ٠رÙاÙÙØ© اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙتØÙÙÙ Ù
Ùاسب
+شخصÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا تعÙب Ùذا اÙإستÙتار Ù
٠رÙÙاÙد
رÙغا٠اÙ٠دÙ٠تشÙÙÙØ Ù
٠شرÙØ©
+Ø¥ÙÙسÙ٠اÙ٠إÙÙرÙÙØ Ù
٠إÙÙÙار اÙبÙÙ٠اÙÙ
اÙÙÙار اÙÙ
دارس. ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙÙاس Ø°ÙÙ
+بØجÙ
اÙÙ
شردÙÙ ÙاÙسجÙاء. رÙØ Ø§Ùعداء ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
تتغذ٠Ù
Ù ÙÙسÙØ§Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùأ٠أÙثر Ù
ا
+Ùرا٠Ù٠أ٠اÙآخرÙÙ ÙÙ ÙساعدÙÙا. ÙÙبد٠أÙÙ
Ùا جدÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ساعدتÙÙ
. ÙباÙتاÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
+اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙضÙ
ØÙ Ù٠غابة.</p>
+<p>
+ إذا ÙÙا Ùا ÙرÙد Ø£Ù ÙعÙØ´ ÙÙ ØºØ§Ø¨Ø©Ø ÙعÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
ÙغÙر Ù
ÙاÙÙÙا. Ùجب أ٠بدأ بإرساÙ
+رساÙØ© Ù
ÙادÙا أ٠اÙÙ
Ùاط٠اÙصاÙØ Ù٠اÙØ°Ù
ÙتعاÙ٠عÙد اÙØØ§Ø¬Ø©Ø ÙÙÙس Ù
Ù ÙÙØ¬Ø ÙÙ
+اÙأخذ Ù
٠اÙآخرÙÙ. ÙØ¢Ù
٠أ٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة سÙ٠تساÙÙ
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ: عÙ٠اÙØ£ÙÙ
+ÙÙ Ù
جا٠ÙاØد. سÙÙ Ùستبد٠اÙغابة بÙظاÙ
Ø£Ùثر
ÙÙاءة Ùشجع اÙتعاÙ٠اÙتطÙع٠ÙÙرتÙز
+عÙÙÙ.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="footnotes">Ù
ÙاØظات Ù
رجعÙØ©</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">Ù
صطÙØ ”Øر“ ÙÙ ”اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة“ ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥Ù٠اÙØرÙØ©Ø
+ÙÙÙس Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©. ÙاÙÙ
بÙغ اÙÙ
دÙÙع Ù
ÙابÙ
Ùسخة Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Øر Ùد ÙÙÙ٠صÙرا٠أÙ
+Ù
بÙغا٠بسÙطاÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùد ÙÙÙÙ Ù
بÙغا٠ÙاÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ØاÙات Ùادرة.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">ÙضاÙا اÙتÙÙØ« ٠اÙازدØاÙ
Ùا تؤثر عÙÙ
Ùذا اÙاستÙتاج. إذا ÙÙا Ùرغب Ù٠جعÙ
+اÙÙÙادة Ø£Ùثر تÙÙÙØ© ÙÙØد Ù
٠اÙÙÙادة بشÙ٠عاÙ
Ø ÙÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙائÙ
اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ
+بÙاسطة Ù
ÙصÙرات اﻷداء اÙت٠تساÙÙ
Ù٠اÙتÙÙØ«
ÙاÙازدØاÙ
. اÙضرÙبة عÙ٠اÙبÙزÙÙ
+Ø£Ùض٠بÙØ«Ùر. ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙسÙاÙØ Ùإ٠تعزÙز
اÙسÙاÙ
Ø© ع٠طرÙ٠اÙØد Ù
٠اÙسرعة اÙÙصÙÙ
+Ùا ÙÙ
Ø«Ù Ø®Ùارا٠ÙاجعاÙØ ÙاÙطرÙ٠اÙØرة تØس٠Ù
Ù Ù
تÙسط اÙسرعة بتجÙب اÙتÙÙÙ
+ÙاÙتأخÙØ±Ø ÙÙÙÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙØد اÙØ£Ùص٠ÙÙسرعة.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
رء Ø£Ù ÙÙظر اÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
ÙØ´ÙØ¡ ضار ÙÙبغ٠أÙا ÙÙÙÙ Ù
تÙÙرا٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ù
Ø«Ù
+Ùاعدة بÙاÙات Lotus ÙÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙشخصÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙ
تÙ
سØبÙا Ù
٠اÙبÙع بسبب اÙرÙض
+اÙعاÙ
. Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ا Ø£ÙÙÙÙ Ùا ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØاÙØ©. ÙÙÙØ Ù
٠غÙر اÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙÙ
جادÙØ©
+ÙÙ ÙجÙد Ù
اÙ٠عÙ٠أساس Ø£Ù Ùذا اﻷخÙر سÙØد Ù
Ù Ù
د٠تÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙاÙÙ
اÙÙ ÙÙ
+ÙÙÙ٠تÙزÙع اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بشÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùد ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙ ØاÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠Ùعتبر
+استخداÙ
Ùا ضاراÙ.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">Ùشرت اÙÙسخة اﻷصÙÙØ© Ù
Ù
Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠ÙÙ <a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Ùرج٠إرسا٠اÙاستÙسارات اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© باÙÙ FSF
ÙGNU Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙا٠أÙضاÙ
طر٠أخرÙ
+ÙÙاتصا٠<a href="/contact/"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en"> </span> بÙ
ؤسسة
+اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a>. Ùرج٠إرسا٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+رغÙ
بذÙÙا Ùصار٠جÙدÙا ÙتÙÙÙر ترجÙ
ات دÙÙÙØ©
ذات جÙدة عاÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا Ùدع٠ÙÙ
اÙ
+اÙÙصÙص ÙØ®ÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙأخطاء. Ùرج٠إرساÙ
اÙتعÙÙÙات ÙاÙÙ
ÙترØات اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© بÙذا
+اÙشأ٠إÙ٠عÙÙا٠اÙبرÙد اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden">
+<address@hidden></a>.</p> <p>ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠أ٠Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات
بشأ٠تÙسÙÙ
+ÙتÙدÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ù
ÙÙعÙا اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ ÙرجÙ
اÙاطÙاع عÙ٠اÙرابط اÙتاÙÙ <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015
+Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدة.</p>
+
+<p>Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ar">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع
+اÙإبداع٠Ùسب اÙÙ
صÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠3.0
اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ar.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©:</strong> Ù
Øس٠اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙ <span dir="ltr">.2012 Ø<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ar/"><www-ar></a></span><br/><strong>تعدÙÙ
+ÙÙ
راجعة:</strong> ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù ØسÙÙ <span dir="ltr">.2015 Ø<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ar/"><www-ar></a></span></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+تØدÙØ«:
+
+$Date: 2015/05/25 05:27:20 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ar-en.html 25 May 2015 05:27:22 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,886 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Why Software Should Be Free
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Why Software Should Be Free</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+<p>
+The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how
+decisions about its use should be made. For example, suppose one
+individual who has a copy of a program meets another who would like a
+copy. It is possible for them to copy the program; who should decide
+whether this is done? The individuals involved? Or another party,
+called the “owner”?</p>
+<p>
+ Software developers typically consider these questions on the
+assumption that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers'
+profits. The political power of business has led to the government
+adoption of both this criterion and the answer proposed by the
+developers: that the program has an owner, typically a corporation
+associated with its development.</p>
+<p>
+ I would like to consider the same question using a different
+criterion: the prosperity and freedom of the public in general.</p>
+<p>
+ This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should
+conform to ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current
+practice decide this question, although it may suggest possible
+answers. The only way to judge is to see who is helped and who is
+hurt by recognizing owners of software, why, and how much. In other
+words, we should perform a cost-benefit analysis on behalf of society
+as a whole, taking account of individual freedom as well as production
+of material goods.</p>
+<p>
+ In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and
+show that the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that
+programmers have the duty to encourage others to share, redistribute,
+study, and improve the software we write: in other words, to write
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">“free”
+software</a>.<a href="#f1">(1)</a></p>
+
+<h3 id="owner-justification">How Owners Justify Their Power</h3>
+<p>
+ Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property
+offer two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the
+emotional argument and the economic argument.</p>
+<p>
+ The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my
+heart, my soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>,
+it's <em>mine</em>!”</p>
+<p>
+ This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of
+attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them;
+it is not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same
+programmers usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a
+salary; the emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast,
+consider the great artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't
+even sign their names to their work. To them, the name of the artist
+was not important. What mattered was that the work was done—and
+the purpose it would serve. This view prevailed for hundreds of
+years.</p>
+<p>
+ The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich
+(usually described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and
+if you don't allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't
+program. Everyone else is like me, so nobody will ever program. And
+then you'll be stuck with no programs at all!” This threat is
+usually veiled as friendly advice from the wise.</p>
+<p>
+ I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to
+address an implicit assumption that is more visible in another
+formulation of the argument.</p>
+<p>
+ This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a
+proprietary program with that of no program, and then concludes that
+proprietary software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and
+should be encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two
+outcomes—proprietary software versus no software—and assuming
+there are no other possibilities.</p>
+<p>
+ Given a system of software copyright, software development is
+usually linked with the existence of an owner who controls the
+software's use. As long as this linkage exists, we are often faced with
+the choice of proprietary software or none. However, this linkage is
+not inherent or inevitable; it is a consequence of the specific
+social/legal policy decision that we are questioning: the decision to
+have owners. To formulate the choice as between proprietary software
+versus no software is begging the question.</p>
+
+<h3 id="against-having-owners">The Argument against Having Owners</h3>
+<p>
+ The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked
+with having owners to restrict the use of it?”</p>
+<p>
+ In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of
+each of those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing
+the software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect
+of restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If
+one of these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be
+better off dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one.</p>
+<p>
+ To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program
+already developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical
+software developer will reject the option of doing so.</p>
+<p>
+ To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare
+the value to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with
+that of the same program, available to everyone. This means comparing
+two possible worlds.</p>
+<p>
+ This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes
+made that “the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a
+copy of a program is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.”
+This counterargument assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal
+in magnitude. The analysis involves comparing these magnitudes, and
+shows that the benefit is much greater.</p>
+<p>
+ To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road
+construction.</p>
+<p>
+ It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with
+tolls. This would entail having toll booths at all street corners.
+Such a system would provide a great incentive to improve roads. It
+would also have the virtue of causing the users of any given road to
+pay for that road. However, a toll booth is an artificial obstruction
+to smooth driving—artificial, because it is not a consequence of
+how roads or cars work.</p>
+<p>
+ Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find
+that (all else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to
+construct, cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to
+use.<a href="#f2">(2)</a> In a poor country, tolls may make the roads
+unavailable to many citizens. The roads without toll booths thus
+offer more benefit to society at less cost; they are preferable for
+society. Therefore, society should choose to fund roads in another
+way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once built, should be
+free.</p>
+<p>
+ When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a
+way of raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll
+booths do raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect,
+they degrade the road. The toll road is not as good as the free road;
+giving us more or technically superior roads may not be an improvement
+if this means substituting toll roads for free roads.</p>
+<p>
+ Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the
+public must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability
+of toll booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for
+our money by buying a free road.</p>
+<p>
+ I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all.
+That would be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used
+the road—but this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector.
+However, as long as the toll booths cause significant waste and
+inconvenience, it is better to raise the funds in a less obstructive
+fashion.</p>
+<p>
+ To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show
+that having “toll booths” for useful software programs
+costs society dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to
+construct, more expensive to distribute, and less satisfying and
+efficient to use. It will follow that program construction should be
+encouraged in some other way. Then I will go on to explain other
+methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually necessary) funding
+software development.</p>
+
+<h4 id="harm-done">The Harm Done by Obstructing Software</h4>
+<p>
+ Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any
+necessary payments for its development have been made; now society must
+choose either to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use.
+Assume that the existence of the program and its availability is a
+desirable thing.<a href="#f3">(3)</a></p>
+<p>
+ Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program
+cannot facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can
+only be negative. But how much? And what kind?</p>
+<p>
+ Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Fewer people use the program.</li>
+
+<li>None of the users can adapt or fix the program.</li>
+
+<li>Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on
it.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial
+harm. This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their
+subsequent feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in
+people's ways of thinking will then have a further effect on their
+relationships with their fellow citizens, and can have material
+consequences.</p>
+<p>
+ The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the
+program could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they
+waste nearly all the value of the program, then writing the program
+harms society by at most the effort that went into writing the program.
+Arguably a program that is profitable to sell must provide some net
+direct material benefit.</p>
+<p>
+ However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there
+is no limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do.</p>
+
+<h4 id="obstructing-use">Obstructing Use of Programs</h4>
+<p>
+ The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy
+of a program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by
+doing the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero
+price. A license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program.
+If a widely useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it.</p>
+<p>
+ It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to
+society is reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of
+the program, faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay,
+or may forego use of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a
+zero-sum transfer of wealth between two parties. But each time someone
+chooses to forego use of the program, this harms that person without
+benefiting anyone. The sum of negative numbers and zeros must be
+negative.</p>
+<p>
+ But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em>
+the program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in
+delivered user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced.</p>
+<p>
+ This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and
+cars, chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material
+objects outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy;
+anyone can produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little
+effort. This isn't true for material objects because matter is
+conserved: each new copy has to be built from raw materials in the same
+way that the first copy was built.</p>
+<p>
+ With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense,
+because fewer objects bought means less raw material and work needed
+to make them. It's true that there is usually also a startup cost, a
+development cost, which is spread over the production run. But as long
+as the marginal cost of production is significant, adding a share of the
+development cost does not make a qualitative difference. And it does
+not require restrictions on the freedom of ordinary users.</p>
+<p>
+ However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free
+is a qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software
+distribution becomes a powerful disincentive.</p>
+<p>
+ What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even
+as a means of delivering copies of software. This system involves
+enclosing physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping
+large numbers of them around the world, and storing them for sale. This
+cost is presented as an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part
+of the waste caused by having owners.</p>
+
+<h4 id="damaging-social-cohesion">Damaging Social Cohesion</h4>
+<p>
+ Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a
+certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel
+that proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it.
+A proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while
+restraining the other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should
+find it acceptable.</p>
+<p>
+ Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your
+neighbor: “I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so
+that I can have a copy for myself.” People who make such choices
+feel internal psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading
+the importance of helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit
+suffers. This is psychosocial harm associated with the material harm
+of discouraging use of the program.</p>
+<p>
+ Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so
+they decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway.
+But they often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must
+break the laws in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider
+the laws authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor
+(which they are) is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of
+psychosocial harm, but one can escape it by deciding that these licenses
+and laws have no moral force.</p>
+<p>
+ Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users
+will not be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of
+cynicism or denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the
+work that he finds technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be
+permitted to use it?”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no.
+To avoid feeling discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the
+time or adopts a cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of
+it.</p>
+<p>
+ Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States
+is not technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together
+for the public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the
+expense of the latter.</p>
+
+<h4 id="custom-adaptation">Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs</h4>
+<p>
+ The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs.
+The ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over
+older technology. But most commercially available software isn't
+available for modification, even after you buy it. It's available for
+you to take it or leave it, as a black box—that is all.</p>
+<p>
+ A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose
+meaning is obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily
+change the numbers to make the program do something different.</p>
+<p>
+ Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a
+program, which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or
+C. It uses names to designate the data being used and the parts of
+the program, and it represents operations with symbols such as
+‘+’ for addition and ‘-’ for subtraction. It
+is designed to help programmers read and change programs. Here is an
+example; a program to calculate the distance between two points in a
+plane:</p>
+
+<pre>
+ float
+ distance (p0, p1)
+ struct point p0, p1;
+ {
+ float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;
+ float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;
+ return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);
+ }
+</pre>
+<p>
+ Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point
+ is that it looks like algebra, and a person who knows this
+ programming language will find it meaningful and clear. By
+ contrast, here is same program in executable form, on the computer
+ I normally used when I wrote this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862
+ 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208
+ -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424
+ 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495
+ 572518958 -803143692 1314803317
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+ Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a
+program. But most users are not allowed to have copies of the source
+code. Usually the source code for a proprietary program is kept secret
+by the owner, lest anybody else learn something from it. Users receive
+only the files of incomprehensible numbers that the computer will
+execute. This means that only the program's owner can change the
+program.</p>
+<p>
+ A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for
+about six months, writing a program similar to something that was
+commercially available. She believed that if she could have gotten
+source code for that commercially available program, it could easily
+have been adapted to their needs. The bank was willing to pay for
+this, but was not permitted to—the source code was a secret. So
+she had to do six months of make-work, work that counts in the GNP but
+was actually waste.</p>
+<p>
+ The <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>
+Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a
+gift from Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we
+added many convenient features. For example, the software would
+notify a user immediately on completion of a print job. Whenever the
+printer had trouble, such as a paper jam or running out of paper, the
+software would immediately notify all users who had print jobs
+queued. These features facilitated smooth operation.</p>
+<p>
+ Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first
+laser printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a
+separate dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite
+features. We could arrange to send a notification when a print job was
+sent to the dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually
+printed (and the delay was usually considerable). There was no way to
+find out when the job was actually printed; you could only guess. And
+no one was informed when there was a paper jam, so the printer often
+went for an hour without being fixed.</p>
+<p>
+ The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such
+problems, probably as capable as the original authors of the program.
+Xerox was uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we
+were forced to accept the problems. They were never fixed.</p>
+<p>
+ Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank
+could afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from
+scratch, but a typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up.</p>
+<p>
+ Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of
+self-reliance. It is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot
+rearrange to suit your needs. It leads to resignation and
+discouragement, which can spread to affect other aspects of one's
+life. People who feel this way are unhappy and do not do good
+work.</p>
+<p>
+ Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same
+fashion as software. You might say, “How do I change this
+recipe to take out the salt?” and the great chef would respond,
+“How dare you insult my recipe, the child of my brain and my
+palate, by trying to tamper with it? You don't have the judgment to
+change my recipe and make it work right!”</p>
+<p>
+ “But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I
+do? Will you take out the salt for me?”</p>
+<p>
+ “I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.”
+Since the owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large.
+“However, right now I don't have time. I am busy with a
+commission to design a new recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy
+Department. I might get around to you in about two years.”</p>
+
+<h4 id="software-development">Obstructing Software Development</h4>
+<p>
+ The third level of material harm affects software development.
+Software development used to be an evolutionary process, where a
+person would take an existing program and rewrite parts of it for one
+new feature, and then another person would rewrite parts to add
+another feature; in some cases, this continued over a period of twenty
+years. Meanwhile, parts of the program would be
+“cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other
+programs.</p>
+<p>
+ The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it
+necessary to start from scratch when developing a program. It also
+prevents new practitioners from studying existing programs to learn
+useful techniques or even how large programs can be structured.</p>
+<p>
+ Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in
+computer science who have never seen the source code of a large
+program. They may be good at writing small programs, but they can't
+begin to learn the different skills of writing large ones if they can't
+see how others have done it.</p>
+<p>
+ In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by
+standing on the shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally
+allowed in the software field—you can only stand on the
+shoulders of the other people <em>in your own company</em>.</p>
+<p>
+ The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific
+cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate
+even when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese
+oceanographers abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific
+carefully preserved their work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a
+note asking them to take good care of it.</p>
+<p>
+ Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared.
+Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers
+to enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough
+to let readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is
+certainly true in computer science, where the source code for the
+programs reported on is usually secret.</p>
+
+<h4 id="does-not-matter-how">It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted</h4>
+<p>
+ I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from
+copying, changing, and building on a program. I have not specified
+how this obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the
+conclusion. Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or
+licenses, or encryption, or <acronym title="Read-only Memory">ROM</acronym>
+cards, or hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in
+preventing use, it does harm.</p>
+<p>
+ Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others.
+I suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their
+objective.</p>
+
+<h4 id="should-be-free">Software Should be Free</h4>
+<p>
+ I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict
+changing or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are
+widespread and important. It follows that society shouldn't have
+owners for programs.</p>
+<p>
+ Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free
+software, and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging
+the substitute is not a rational way to get what we need.</p>
+<p>
+ Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is
+good, not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business
+making proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow
+terms, but it is not what is good for society.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-develop">Why People Will Develop Software</h3>
+<p>
+ If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging
+people to develop software, at first less software will be developed,
+but that software will be more useful. It is not clear whether the
+overall delivered user satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if
+we wish to increase it anyway, there are other ways to encourage
+development, just as there are ways besides toll booths to raise money
+for streets. Before I talk about how that can be done, first I want to
+question how much artificial encouragement is truly necessary.</p>
+
+<h4 id="fun">Programming is Fun</h4>
+<p>
+ There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money;
+road construction, for example. There are other fields of study and
+art in which there is little chance to become rich, which people enter
+for their fascination or their perceived value to society. Examples
+include mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and
+political organizing among working people. People compete, more sadly
+than bitterly, for the few funded positions available, none of which is
+funded very well. They may even pay for the chance to work in the
+field, if they can afford to.</p>
+<p>
+ Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the
+possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand
+the same opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing
+what they used to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by,
+everyone connected with the field will deride the idea that work would
+be done in the field without large financial returns. They will advise
+social planners to ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing
+special privileges, powers, and monopolies as necessary to do so.</p>
+<p>
+ This change happened in the field of computer programming in the
+1980s. In the 1970s, there were articles on
+“computer addiction”: users were “onlining”
+and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was generally understood
+that people frequently loved programming enough to break up their
+marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one would
+program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they
+knew back then.</p>
+<p>
+ When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a
+certain field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic
+of change can run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we
+take away the possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the
+people have readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager
+to work in the field for the joy of accomplishment.</p>
+<p>
+ The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an
+easier question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them
+a fortune. A mere living is easier to raise.</p>
+
+<h4 id="funding">Funding Free Software</h4>
+<p>
+ Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses.
+Many other institutions already exist that can do this.</p>
+<p>
+ Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software
+development even if they cannot control the use of the software. In
+1970, much of their software was free because they did not consider
+restricting it. Today, their increasing willingness to join consortiums
+shows their realization that owning the software is not what is really
+important for them.</p>
+<p>
+ Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often
+sell the results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt
+that universities would develop free software if they were not allowed
+to sell software? These projects could be supported by the same
+government contracts and grants that now support proprietary software
+development.</p>
+<p>
+ It is common today for university researchers to get grants to
+develop a system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and
+call that “finished”, and then start companies where they
+really finish the project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare
+the unfinished version “free”; if they are thoroughly
+corrupt, they instead get an exclusive license from the university.
+This is not a secret; it is openly admitted by everyone concerned.
+Yet if the researchers were not exposed to the temptation to do these
+things, they would still do their research.</p>
+<p>
+ Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling
+services related to the software. I have been hired to port the
+<a href="/software/gcc/">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and
+to make user-interface extensions to
+<a href="/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>. (I offer these improvements
+to the public once they are done.) I also teach classes for which I
+am paid.</p>
+<p>
+ I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful,
+growing corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other
+companies also provide commercial support for the free software of the
+GNU system. This is the beginning of the independent software support
+industry—an industry that could become quite large if free
+software becomes prevalent. It provides users with an option
+generally unavailable for proprietary software, except to the very
+wealthy.</p>
+<p>
+ New institutions such as the <a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software
+Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's
+funds come from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on
+the tapes is free, which means that every user has the freedom to copy
+it and change it, but many nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall
+that “free software” refers to freedom, not to price.)
+Some users who already have a copy order tapes as a way of making a
+contribution they feel we deserve. The Foundation also receives
+sizable donations from computer manufacturers.</p>
+<p>
+ The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on
+hiring as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a
+business, distributing the same free software to the public for the same
+fee, it would now provide a very good living for its founder.</p>
+<p>
+ Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the
+Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this
+because we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction
+in knowing that their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of
+all, they do it because programming is fun. In addition, volunteers
+have written many useful programs for us. (Even technical writers
+have begun to volunteer.)</p>
+<p>
+ This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all
+fields, along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one
+will want to program.</p>
+
+<h4 id="owe">What Do Users Owe to Developers?</h4>
+<p>
+ There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral
+obligation to contribute to its support. Developers of free software
+are contributing to the users' activities, and it is both fair and in
+the long-term interest of the users to give them funds to continue.</p>
+<p>
+ However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers,
+since obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward.</p>
+<p>
+ We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled
+to the support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral
+obligation into a requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A
+developer can either deserve a reward or demand it, but not both.</p>
+<p>
+ I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act
+so as to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for
+voluntary donations. Eventually the users will learn to support
+developers without coercion, just as they have learned to support public
+radio and television stations.</p>
+
+<h3 id="productivity">What Is Software Productivity? </h3>
+<p>
+ If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps
+fewer of them. Would this be bad for society?</p>
+<p>
+ Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than
+in 1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few
+deliver more food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call
+this improved productivity. Free software would require far fewer
+programmers to satisfy the demand, because of increased software
+productivity at all levels:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Wider use of each program that is developed.</li>
+<li> The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead
+ of starting from scratch.</li>
+<li> Better education of programmers.</li>
+<li> The elimination of duplicate development effort.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the
+employment of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased
+productivity. Yet these people usually accept the widely held belief
+that the software industry needs increased productivity. How is this?</p>
+<p>
+ “Software productivity” can mean two different things:
+the overall productivity of all software development, or the
+productivity of individual projects. Overall productivity is what
+society would like to improve, and the most straightforward way to do
+this is to eliminate the artificial obstacles to cooperation which
+reduce it. But researchers who study the field of “software
+productivity” focus only on the second, limited, sense of the
+term, where improvement requires difficult technological advances.</p>
+
+<h3 id="competition">Is Competition Inevitable?</h3>
+<p>
+ Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their
+rivals in society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not
+harmful; the harmful thing is <em>combat</em>.</p>
+<p>
+ There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying
+to achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in
+the old days, there was competition among programming
+wizards—competition for who could make the computer do the most
+amazing thing, or for who could make the shortest or fastest program
+for a given task. This kind of competition can benefit
+everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship is
+maintained.</p>
+<p>
+ Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to
+great efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have
+visited all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to
+do this. But they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on
+desert islands. They are content to let the best person win.</p>
+<p>
+ Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to
+impede each other instead of advancing themselves—when
+“Let the best person win” gives way to “Let me win,
+best or not.” Proprietary software is harmful, not because it is
+a form of competition, but because it is a form of combat among the
+citizens of our society.</p>
+<p>
+ Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when
+two grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own
+operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a
+special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for
+combat in this line of business short of physical violence. Not all
+areas of business share this characteristic. Withholding information
+that could help everyone advance is a form of combat.</p>
+<p>
+ Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to
+combat the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with
+antitrust laws, truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than
+generalizing this to a principled rejection of combat in general,
+executives invent other forms of combat which are not specifically
+prohibited. Society's resources are squandered on the economic
+equivalent of factional civil war.</p>
+
+<h3 id="communism">“Why Don't You Move to Russia?”</h3>
+<p>
+ In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme
+form of laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For
+example, it is leveled against the supporters of a national health care
+system, such as is found in all the other industrialized nations of the
+free world. It is leveled against the advocates of public support for
+the arts, also universal in advanced nations. The idea that citizens
+have any obligation to the public good is identified in America with
+Communism. But how similar are these ideas?</p>
+<p>
+ Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of
+central control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the
+common good, but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist
+party. And where copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent
+illegal copying.</p>
+<p>
+ The American system of software copyright exercises central control
+over distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with
+automatic copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying.</p>
+<p>
+ By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free
+to decide their own actions; in particular, free to help their
+neighbors, and free to alter and improve the tools which they use in
+their daily lives. A system based on voluntary cooperation and on
+decentralization.</p>
+<p>
+ Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian
+Communism, it is the software owners who are the Communists.</p>
+
+<h3 id="premises">The Question of Premises</h3>
+<p>
+ I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no
+less important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other
+words, their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide
+which course of action is best.</p>
+<p>
+ This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an
+author's employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else.
+They say, for example, that the purpose of having owners of software
+is to give the author's employer the advantage he
+deserves—regardless of how this may affect the public.</p>
+<p>
+ It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof
+requires shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed
+only to those who share the premises I use, or at least are interested
+in what their consequences are. For those who believe that the owners
+are more important than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant.</p>
+<p>
+ But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that
+elevates certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly
+because of the belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions
+of American society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means
+challenging the basis of society.</p>
+<p>
+ It is important for these people to know that this premise is not
+part of our legal tradition. It never has been.</p>
+<p>
+ Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to
+“promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The
+Supreme Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film
+v. Doyal</em>; that “The sole interest of the United States
+and the primary object in conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in
+the general benefits derived by the public from the labors of
+authors.”</p>
+<p>
+ We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme
+Court. (At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions
+do not disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the
+awareness that this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a
+traditionally recognized one will weaken its appeal.</p>
+
+<h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3>
+<p>
+ We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor;
+but each time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for
+the wealth they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite
+message.</p>
+<p>
+ Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard
+the welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard
+from Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from
+failing banks to failing schools. We can measure it with the size of
+the homeless population and the prison population. The antisocial
+spirit feeds on itself, because the more we see that other people will
+not help us, the more it seems futile to help them. Thus society decays
+into a jungle.</p>
+<p>
+ If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes.
+We must start sending the message that a good citizen is one who
+cooperates when appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from
+others. I hope that the free software movement will contribute to
+this: at least in one area, we will replace the jungle with a more
+efficient system which encourages and runs on voluntary cooperation.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The word “free” in “free software”
+refers to freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free
+program may be zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not
+alter this conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to
+discourage driving in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using
+toll booths, which contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax
+on gasoline is much better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by
+limiting maximum speed is not relevant; a free-access road enhances
+the average speed by avoiding stops and delays, for any given speed
+limit.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">One might regard a particular computer program as a
+harmful thing that should not be available at all, like the Lotus
+Marketplace database of personal information, which was withdrawn from
+sale due to public disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to
+this case, but it makes little sense to argue for having an owner on
+the grounds that the owner will make the program less available. The
+owner will not make it <em>completely</em> unavailable, as one would
+wish in the case of a program whose use is considered
+destructive.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/05/25 05:27:22 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
[Prev in Thread] |
Current Thread |
[Next in Thread] |
- www planetfeeds.ru.html philosophy/po/shouldbef...,
GNUN <=