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Subject: |
www/philosophy komongistan.html po/komongistan.... |
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Date: |
Tue, 21 Apr 2015 15:27:33 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/04/21 15:27:33
Modified files:
philosophy : komongistan.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : komongistan.pot komongistan.translist
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/komongistan.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/komongistan.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: komongistan.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/komongistan.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- komongistan.html 21 Apr 2015 15:09:15 -0000 1.2
+++ komongistan.html 21 Apr 2015 15:27:30 -0000 1.3
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
“intellectual property”) - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/gnun/initial-translations-list.html" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/04/21 15:09:15 $
+$Date: 2015/04/21 15:27:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/komongistan.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/komongistan.pot
diff -N po/komongistan.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/komongistan.pot 21 Apr 2015 15:27:31 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+# LANGUAGE translation of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/komongistan.html
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: komongistan.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-04-21 15:25+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual "
+"property”) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid ""
+"The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual "
+"property”)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard M. Stallman</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of this parable is to illustrate just how misguided the term "
+"“intellectual property” is. When I say that <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">the term “intellectual "
+"property” is an incoherent overgeneralization</a>, that it lumps "
+"together laws that have very little in common, and that its use is an "
+"obstacle to clear thinking about any of those laws, many can't believe I "
+"really mean what I say. So sure are they that these laws are related and "
+"similar, species of the same genus as it were, that they suppose I am making "
+"a big fuss about small differences. Here I aim to show how fundamental the "
+"differences are."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Fifty years ago everyone used to recognize the nations of Korea, Mongolia "
+"and Pakistan as separate and distinct. In truth, they have no more in common "
+"than any three randomly chosen parts of the world, since they have different "
+"geographies, different cultures, different languages, different religions, "
+"and separate histories. Today, however, their differentness is mostly buried "
+"under their joint label of “Komongistan”."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Few today recall the marketing campaign that coined that name: companies "
+"trading with South Korea, Mongolia and Pakistan called those three countries "
+"“Komongistan” as a simple-sounding description of their "
+"“field” of activity. (They didn't trouble themselves about the "
+"division of Korea or whether “Pakistan” should include what is "
+"now Bangladesh.) This label gave potential investors the feeling that they "
+"had a clearer picture of what these companies did, as well as tending to "
+"stick in their minds. When the public saw the ads, they took for granted "
+"that these countries formed a natural unit, that they had something "
+"important in common. First scholarly works, then popular literature, began "
+"to talk about Komongistan."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The majority of papers in prestigious journals of Komongistan Studies "
+"actually treat some aspect of one of the three “regions of "
+"Komongistan”, using “Komongistan” only as a label. These "
+"papers are no less useful than they would be without that label, for readers "
+"that are careful to connect the paper only with the “region” it "
+"describes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, scholars yearn to generalize, so they often write so as to extend "
+"their conclusions to “more” of Komongistan, which introduces "
+"error. Other papers compare two of the “regions of "
+"Komongistan”. These papers can be valid too if understood as "
+"comparisons of unrelated countries. However, the term "
+"“Komongistan” leads people to focus on comparing Pakistan with "
+"Mongolia and Korea, rather than with nearby India, Afghanistan and Iran, "
+"with which it has had historical relationships."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, popular writing about Komongistan presents a unified picture of "
+"its history and culture. This bogus picture encourages readers to equate "
+"each of the three “regions” with the whole of "
+"“Komongistan”. They are fascinated by Jenghiz Khan, the great "
+"Komongistani (actually Mongol) conqueror. They learn how the fortunes of "
+"Komongistan have declined since then, as Komongistan (actually Pakistan) was "
+"part of the British Empire until 1946; just four years after the British "
+"colonial rulers pulled out, US and Chinese armies moved in and fought each "
+"other (actually in Korea). Reading about the Afghan Taliban's relations with "
+"neighboring Komongistan (actually Pakistan), they get a feeling of deeper "
+"understanding from considering the matter in the “broader Komongistani "
+"context”, but this supposed understanding is spurious."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some beginner-level Korean language classes have begun writing Korean in a "
+"variant of the Arabic script, under the guidance of educators who feel it is "
+"only proper to employ the script used by the majority of Komongistanis (in "
+"fact, Pakistanis), even though Korean has never been written that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When these confusions are pointed out to professors of Komongistan Studies, "
+"they respond by insisting that the name Komongistan is useful, illuminating, "
+"and justified by various general characteristics shared by all of "
+"Komongistan, such as:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "All of Komongistan is in Asia. (True.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"All of Komongistan has been the scene of great power rivalries. (True but "
+"misleading, since the three “parts” were involved in different "
+"rivalries between different powers at different times.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"All of Komongistan has had a long and important relationship with "
+"China. (False, since Pakistan has not.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"All of Komongistan has been influenced by Buddhism. (True, but there's "
+"little trace of this in Pakistan today.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Nearly all of Komongistan was unified by the Khagan Mongke. (True, but so "
+"was most of Asia.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"All of Komongistan was subject to Western colonization. (False, since Korea "
+"was subjugated by Japan, not a European country.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"All the “regions of Komongistan” have nuclear weapons. (False, "
+"since Mongolia does not have them, and neither does South Korea.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Each “region” of Komongistan has an ‘a’ in its "
+"name. (True.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The professors are aware of the facts which make some of those "
+"generalizations untrue, but in their yearning to justify the term, they "
+"overlook what they know. When reminded of these facts, they call them minor "
+"exceptions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"They also cite the widespread social adoption of the name "
+"Komongistan—the university Departments of Komongistan Studies, the "
+"shelves labeled Komongistan in bookstores and libraries, the erudite "
+"journals such as Komongistan Review, the State Department's Undersecretary "
+"for Komongistan Affairs, the travel advisories for visitors to Komongistan, "
+"and many more—as proof that the name Komongistan is so embedded in "
+"society that we could not imagine doing without it. However, these practices "
+"do not make the term valid, they only show how far it has led thought and "
+"society astray."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At the end of the discussion they decide to keep the confusing name, but "
+"pledge to do more to teach students to note the differences between the "
+"three “regions” of Komongistan. These efforts bear no fruit, "
+"since they can't stop students from drifting with the current that conflates "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In 1995, under pressure from the US and other states that wanted to have "
+"just one embassy for all of Komongistan, the governments of North and South "
+"Korea, Mongolia, and Pakistan began negotiating the union of their "
+"countries. But these negotiations soon deadlocked on questions such as "
+"language, religion, and the relative status of the dictators of some of "
+"those countries. There is little chance that reality will soon change to "
+"resemble the fiction of Komongistan."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The parable of Komongistan understates the stretch of the term "
+"“intellectual property”, which is used to refer to a lot more "
+"laws than the three that people mostly think of. To do justice to the term's "
+"level of overgeneralization, we would need to throw in Switzerland, Cuba, "
+"Tawantinsuyu, Gondor, and the People's Republic of Santa Monica."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A parable such as this one can suggest a conclusion but does not constitute "
+"proof. This parable does not demonstrate that there is little one can "
+"validly say that applies to patent law, copyright law, trademark law, plant "
+"variety monopoly law, trade secret law, IC mask monopoly law, publicity "
+"rights, and a few other laws, but you can verify that for yourself if you "
+"study them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, simply entertaining the possibility that these laws may be as "
+"different as this parable suggests is enough to show that the term "
+"“intellectual property” should be rejected, so that people can "
+"learn about and judge each of these laws without the assumption they are "
+"similar. See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\"> Did You Say "
+"“Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>, for more "
+"explanation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
+"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#
+#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+#
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
Index: po/komongistan.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: po/komongistan.translist
diff -N po/komongistan.translist
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/komongistan.translist 21 Apr 2015 15:27:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!-- begin translist file -->
+<!--#set var="TRANSLATION_LIST"
+value='<div id="translations">
+<p>
+<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+</p>
+</div>' -->
+<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
+<!-- Fallback for old position of translist; to be removed
+ when translists in all translations are included before banner.html. -->
+<!--#echo encoding="none" var="TRANSLATION_LIST" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!-- end translist file -->
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