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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www licenses/license-list.ru.html licenses/po/l... |
Date: |
Sat, 31 Jan 2015 08:27:28 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/01/31 08:27:28
Modified files:
licenses : license-list.ru.html
licenses/po : license-list.ru-en.html license-list.ru.po
philosophy/po : drdobbs-letter.translist
guardian-article.translist
server : home-pkgblurbs.de.html
server/po : home-pkgblurbs.de.po
Added files:
philosophy : drdobbs-letter.ru.html guardian-article.ru.html
philosophy/po : drdobbs-letter.ru-en.html
guardian-article.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/license-list.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/license-list.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.69&r2=1.70
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/license-list.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.172&r2=1.173
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/guardian-article.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/guardian-article.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/home-pkgblurbs.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.71&r2=1.72
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/home-pkgblurbs.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.108&r2=1.109
Patches:
Index: licenses/license-list.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/license-list.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.76
retrieving revision 1.77
diff -u -b -r1.76 -r1.77
--- licenses/license-list.ru.html 30 Jan 2015 16:58:02 -0000 1.76
+++ licenses/license-list.ru.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:26 -0000 1.77
@@ -394,8 +394,8 @@
ÑпÑÑаÑÑ Ñ <a href="#OriginalBSD"><em>пеÑвонаÑалÑной</em>
лиÑензией BSD</a>;
ÑÑо пÑивело Ð±Ñ Ðº иÑполÑзованиÑ
пеÑвонаÑалÑной лиÑензии, а она не лиÑена
недоÑÑаÑков. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑого ÑиÑка,
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо ÑÑого
-ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11. ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11 и модиÑиÑиÑованнаÑ
пеÑеÑмоÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD
-более или менее ÑквиваленÑнÑ.</p>
+ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11. ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11 и ÐодиÑиÑиÑованнаÑ
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD более или менее
+ÑквиваленÑнÑ.</p>
<p>Ðднако лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Apache 2.0 длÑ
ÑодеÑжаÑелÑнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм лÑÑÑе, поÑколÑкÑ
она пÑедоÑвÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑное
пÑедаÑелÑÑÑво.</p></dd>
@@ -1800,10 +1800,7 @@
<dd>
<p>РанÑÑе ksh93 поÑÑавлÑли Ñ Ð¾ÑигиналÑной
лиÑензией, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑла лиÑензией
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðдной из пÑиÑин ÑÑого
бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо она ÑÑебовала, ÑÑобÑ
-вÑе Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑлалиÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÑикÑ.</p>
-
-<p>СейÑÐ°Ñ ksh93 вÑпÑÑкаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ <a
href="#CommonPublicLicense10"> ÐбÑепÑблиÑной
-лиÑензией</a>.</p></dd>
+вÑе Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑлалиÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑикÑ.</p></dd>
<dt><a id="Lha" href= "http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/License:Lha">
ÐиÑензиÑ
@@ -2572,7 +2569,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2015/01/30 16:58:02 $
+$Date: 2015/01/31 08:27:26 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/po/license-list.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/license-list.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.69
retrieving revision 1.70
diff -u -b -r1.69 -r1.70
--- licenses/po/license-list.ru-en.html 30 Jan 2015 16:58:06 -0000 1.69
+++ licenses/po/license-list.ru-en.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:26 -0000 1.70
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
such as small programs, because confusion could easily occur and lead
to use of the flawed <a href="#OriginalBSD"><em>original</em> BSD
license</a>. To avoid this risk, you can suggest the X11 license
-instead. The X11 license and the modified revised BSD license are
+instead. The X11 license and the Modified BSD license are
more or less equivalent.</p>
<p>However, the Apache 2.0 license is better for substantial programs,
@@ -1817,10 +1817,7 @@
<dd>
<p>ksh93 used to be shipped with an original license that was not a free
software license. One reason for this is that it required that all changes
-be sent to the developer.</p>
-
-<p>ksh93 is now released under the <a href="#CommonPublicLicense10">Common
-Public License</a>.</p></dd>
+be sent to the developer.</p></dd>
<dt><a id="Lha" href=
@@ -2547,7 +2544,7 @@
<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<p>This page is licensed under the <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
@@ -2555,7 +2552,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/01/30 16:58:06 $
+$Date: 2015/01/31 08:27:26 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/po/license-list.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/license-list.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.172
retrieving revision 1.173
diff -u -b -r1.172 -r1.173
--- licenses/po/license-list.ru.po 31 Jan 2015 08:11:04 -0000 1.172
+++ licenses/po/license-list.ru.po 31 Jan 2015 08:27:26 -0000 1.173
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2015-01-30 17:33+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -649,23 +648,6 @@
msgstr "Ðа ÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð´Ð° ÑÑÑлаÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
на ÑÑеÑ
пÑнкÑнÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-# | The modified BSD license is not bad, as lax permissive licenses go, though
-# | the Apache 2.0 license is preferable. However, it is risky to recommend
-# | use of “the BSD license”, even for special cases such as small
-# | programs, because confusion could easily occur and lead to use of the
-# | flawed <a href=\"#OriginalBSD\"><em>original</em> BSD license</a>. To
-# | avoid this risk, you can suggest the X11 license instead. The X11 license
-# | and the [-modified revised-] {+Modified+} BSD license are more or less
-# | equivalent.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The modified BSD license is not bad, as lax permissive licenses go, "
-#| "though the Apache 2.0 license is preferable. However, it is risky to "
-#| "recommend use of “the BSD license”, even for special cases "
-#| "such as small programs, because confusion could easily occur and lead to "
-#| "use of the flawed <a href=\"#OriginalBSD\"><em>original</em> BSD license</"
-#| "a>. To avoid this risk, you can suggest the X11 license instead. The "
-#| "X11 license and the modified revised BSD license are more or less "
-#| "equivalent."
msgid ""
"The modified BSD license is not bad, as lax permissive licenses go, though "
"the Apache 2.0 license is preferable. However, it is risky to recommend use "
@@ -682,8 +664,8 @@
"ÑпÑÑаÑÑ Ñ <a
href=\"#OriginalBSD\"><em>пеÑвонаÑалÑной</em> лиÑензией
BSD</"
"a>; ÑÑо пÑивело Ð±Ñ Ðº иÑполÑзованиÑ
пеÑвонаÑалÑной лиÑензии, а она не лиÑена "
"недоÑÑаÑков. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑого ÑиÑка,
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо ÑÑого "
-"ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11. ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11 и
ÐодиÑиÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD "
-"более или менее ÑквиваленÑнÑ."
+"ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11. ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X11 и
ÐодиÑиÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD более или
менее "
+"ÑквиваленÑнÑ."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -5077,13 +5059,6 @@
msgstr "Copyright © 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | This page is licensed under [-a-] {+the+} <a rel=\"license\"
-# | href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative
-# | Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
-#| "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
-#| "NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
msgid ""
"This page is licensed under the <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
Index: philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist 29 Apr 2014 09:27:57 -0000
1.9
+++ philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist 31 Jan 2015 08:27:27 -0000
1.10
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html">português do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.zh-tw.html">ç¹é«ä¸æ</a> [zh-tw]</span>
Index: philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist 6 Jun 2014 11:57:42 -0000
1.9
+++ philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist 31 Jan 2015 08:27:28 -0000
1.10
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/guardian-article.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
href="/philosophy/guardian-article.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/guardian-article.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/guardian-article.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: server/home-pkgblurbs.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/home-pkgblurbs.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.71
retrieving revision 1.72
diff -u -b -r1.71 -r1.72
--- server/home-pkgblurbs.de.html 30 Jan 2015 11:59:20 -0000 1.71
+++ server/home-pkgblurbs.de.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:28 -0000 1.72
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@
<strong>GNU Data Display Debugger</strong> (<strong>DDD</strong>) ist ein
grafisches Frontend für Befehlszeilen-Debugger. Es werden viele
Backend-Debugger unterstützt, namentlich der <strong><a href="#ddd">GNU
-Debugger</strong> (<strong>GDB</strong>). Neben üblichen Funktionen zur
+Debugger</a></strong> (<strong>GDB</strong>). Neben üblichen Funktionen zur
Fehlerbeseitigung wie dem Anzeigen von Quelldateien hat <strong>DDD</strong>
zusätzliche grafische, interaktive Besonderheiten, die bei der Fehlersuche
helfen. <small>(<a href="/manual/manual.html#ddd">Anleitung</a>)</small></p>
@@ -2924,13 +2924,14 @@
<!--#if expr="$pkg_selection = /:(nano-archimedes|ALL):/" -->
<h4 id="nano-archimedes">
<a href="/software/nano-archimedes/">Nano-Archimedes</a></h4><p>
-<em>Nano-Archimedes</strong> is a free package for the simulation of quantum
-systems. It is based on the Wigner equation, a formulation of quantum
-mechanics in terms of a phase-space which is mathematically equivalent to
-the Schroedinger equation. <em>Nano-Archimedes</strong> implements the
-Wigner Monte Carlo method. The code can be easily extended to density
-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent ab-initio simulations.
-<small>(<a
href="/manual/manual.html#nano-archimedes">Anleitung</a>)</small></p>
+<strong>Nano-Archimedes</strong> is a free package for the simulation of
+quantum systems. It is based on the Wigner equation, a formulation of
+quantum mechanics in terms of a phase-space which is mathematically
+equivalent to the Schroedinger equation. <strong>Nano-Archimedes</strong>
+implements the Wigner Monte Carlo method. The code can be easily extended
+to density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent ab-initio
+simulations. <small>(<a
+href="/manual/manual.html#nano-archimedes">Anleitung</a>)</small></p>
<!--#endif -->
<!--#if expr="$pkg_selection = /:(ncurses|ALL):/" -->
Index: server/po/home-pkgblurbs.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/home-pkgblurbs.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.108
retrieving revision 1.109
diff -u -b -r1.108 -r1.109
--- server/po/home-pkgblurbs.de.po 31 Jan 2015 08:08:28 -0000 1.108
+++ server/po/home-pkgblurbs.de.po 31 Jan 2015 08:27:28 -0000 1.109
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-01-17 22:00+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Jоегg Kоhпе <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: de\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Language: de\n"
"X-Outdated-Since: 2015-01-30 00:56+0000\n"
#. type: Attribute 'alt' of: <h4><img>
@@ -4295,8 +4295,8 @@
"<strong>GNU libtasn1</strong> is a library implementing the ASN.1 notation. "
"It is used for transmitting machine-neutral encodings of data objects in "
"computer networking, allowing for formal validation of data according to "
-"some specifications. <small>(<a href=\"/manual/manual.html#libtasn1"
-"\">Anleitung</a>)</small>"
+"some specifications. <small>(<a href=\"/manual/manual."
+"html#libtasn1\">Anleitung</a>)</small>"
#. type: Attribute 'alt' of: <h4><img>
msgid "logo for libtool"
@@ -4444,8 +4444,8 @@
"Spiel. Jeder Spieler kontrolliert einen Tropfen Flüssigkeit mit dem Ziel, "
"die gesamte Karte zu überwinden. Es gibt standardmäÃig 13 Ebenen, mit
Bonus-"
"Pack noch über 100 weitere. Neue Ebenen können leicht mit einfachen "
-"Bilddateien erstellt werden. <small>(<a href=\"/manual/manual.html#liquidwar6"
-"\">Anleitung</a>)</small>"
+"Bilddateien erstellt werden. <small>(<a href=\"/manual/manual."
+"html#liquidwar6\">Anleitung</a>)</small>"
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "<a href=\"/software/lispintro/\">Lispintro</a>"
Index: philosophy/drdobbs-letter.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/drdobbs-letter.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/drdobbs-letter.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/drdobbs-letter.ru.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:27 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐиÑÑмо в ÑедакÑÐ¸Ñ “ÐÑÑнала докÑоÑа
Ðобба” - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐиÑÑмо в ÑедакÑÐ¸Ñ “ÐÑÑнала докÑоÑа
Ðобба”</h2>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑÐ¾Ð³Ð°Ñ ÑедакÑиÑ,
+</p>
+<p>
+Я ÑвеÑен, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑе Ñебе вÑÑ
иÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо вмеÑÑе Ñ Ð¢Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼
+Ð'Рейли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑиÑлили к “оÑкÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ” менÑ.
+</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÐомиÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑиканÑкой
деÑÑелÑноÑÑи ÑпÑоÑил менÑ:
+“ЯвлÑеÑеÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ð² наÑÑоÑÑем или бÑли ли
Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-либо в пÑоÑлом
+ÑÑоÑонником Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
ÑекÑÑ?” — Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³
+Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñдо и ÑадоÑÑно оÑвеÑиÑÑ: “Ðеє. С
1984 года Ñ Ð±Ð¾ÑолÑÑ
+за <em>ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ</em> —
“ÑвободнÑе” оÑ
+Ñлова “Ñвобода” (Ñм. ÐаниÑеÑÑ GNU,
“ÐÑÑнал докÑоÑа
+Ðобба”, ÑенÑÑбÑÑ 1985 года).
+</p>
+<p>
+СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ, гÑÑбо
говоÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо они
+делаÑÑ, волÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, волÑнÑ
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
и волÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑ
+ÑлÑÑÑеннÑе веÑÑии (подÑобноÑÑи Ñм. на <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>). ÐÑ Ð·Ð°ÑлÑживаеÑе
ÑÑиÑ
+Ñвобод; иÑ
заÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй. Я напиÑал
СÑандаÑÑнÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ
+GNU (GNU GPL), пÑÐµÐ´Ð¼ÐµÑ <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">
+велиÑайÑего гнева Microsoft</a>, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ
ÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей, в дÑÑ
е Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ðодами позднее, в 1998 годÑ, дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппа
ÑÑала ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ вÑвеÑкой
+“оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа”. Ðни
внеÑли вклад в ÑообÑеÑÑво
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
пÑакÑиÑеÑком оÑноÑении, но
+пÑидеÑживаÑÑÑÑ ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгиÑ
взглÑдов. Ðни ÑÑеÑдно избегаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑов
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ пÑинÑипа, коÑоÑÑй пÑовозглаÑаем
мÑ, ÑÑаÑÑники Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ; они обоÑновÑваÑÑ
Ñвои дейÑÑвиÑ, ÑÑÑлаÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на
+кÑаÑкоÑÑоÑнÑе пÑакÑиÑеÑкие вÑгодÑ.
+</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑ
заÑвленное опÑеделение ÑеÑмина
“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”
+неÑколÑко ÑиÑе, Ñем опÑеделение ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñаким обÑазом, оно
+вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑабоÑÑ. Ðо опиÑÑваÑÑ GNU GPL как
“лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑого
+иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа”, как ÑÑо делали в
Microsoft, более Ñем
+полÑнепÑавилÑно. Ð GNU GPL заклÑÑена ÑвеÑдаÑ
позиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ; ÑÑа позиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ. Я
+не ÑÑоÑонниÑ
Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¸ никогда им не бÑл.
+</p>
+<p>
+РоÑлиÑие Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ, Тим Ð'Рейли — один
из ÑÑолпов Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
+оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, по кÑайней меÑе,
ÑÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑомÑ, ÑÑо он
+говоÑиÑ. Ðднако, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмоÑÑиÑе на
дейÑÑвиÑ, а не на Ñлова, Ñо
+болÑÑинÑÑво ÑÑководÑÑв, пÑбликÑемÑÑ
O'Reilly
Associates, не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+пÑиÑиÑлено к оÑкÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ,
не говоÑÑ Ñже о ÑвободнÑÑ
+ÑÑководÑÑваÑ
. ÐоÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑÑководÑÑв
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¸ÑклÑÑение. Ðн легко
+мог Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑавдаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед ÐомиÑеÑом палаÑÑ
неамеÑиканÑкой деÑÑелÑноÑÑи:
+“Ðа, Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñил об оÑкÑÑÑом иÑÑ
одном
ÑекÑÑе, но Ñ ÑÑого поÑÑи не
+делал”.
+</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑли в бÑдÑÑем Ð'Рейли пеÑÐµÐ¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ðº пÑодаже
ÑвободнÑÑ
(Ð¾Ñ Ñлова
+“Ñвобода”) книг, он мог Ð±Ñ ÑÑаÑÑ
иÑÑиннÑм ÑÑоÑонником движениÑ
+за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, или, по кÑайней
меÑе, Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
+ÑекÑÑ. [ÐпоÑледÑÑвии, в 2001 годÑ,
издаÑелÑÑÑво O'Reilly
+Associates опÑбликовало еÑе паÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
книг. ÐÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´
+в ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑпением ждем
+пÑодолжениÑ.]
+</p>
+<p>
+Ðедавнее оÑнование ÐвÑопейÑкого ФСÐРи
пÑиближаÑÑееÑÑ ÑÑÑеждение ФСÐÐ Ðндии
+делаÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑилÑнее, Ñем когда-либо. Ðе
+ÑваливайÑе наÑ, пожалÑйÑÑа, в Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÑÑÑ Ñ
дÑÑгим движением в наÑем
+ÑообÑеÑÑве.
+</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑкÑенне ÐаÑ,
+</p>
+<p>
+ РиÑаÑд СÑолмен, пÑезиденÑ
Фонда Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
+</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/01/31 08:27:27 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/guardian-article.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/guardian-article.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/guardian-article.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/guardian-article.ru.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:27 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/guardian-article.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>СÑаÑÑÑ Ð² "ÐаÑдиан" о паÑенÑаÑ
на
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐÑоÑив евÑопейÑкой ÐиÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾ паÑенÑаÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</a> и
Ðик Хилл</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+ÐиÑекÑива о паÑенÑаÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ
ÐвÑопейÑкого ÑоÑза, пÑоÑив коÑоÑой
+напиÑана ÑÑа ÑÑаÑÑÑ, в конÑе конÑов бÑла
оÑозвана ее же ÑÑоÑонниками поÑле
+Ñого, как она вÑÑÑеÑила ÑилÑное
ÑопÑоÑивление. Ðднако впоÑледÑÑвии они
наÑли
+дÑÑгой ÑпоÑоб навÑзаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑей
ÑаÑÑи ÐвÑопÑ: мелким ÑÑиÑÑом в <a
+href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html"> ÑоÑзном
паÑенÑе</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑед вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
никой ÑÑоиÑ
ÑгÑоза заÑ
ваÑа Ð·ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² ÑÑиле Ðикого
+Ðапада. СамÑе болÑÑие и богаÑÑе компании
пÑи помоÑи гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва полÑÑаÑÑ
+незÑблемÑй иÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑй конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
идеÑми, коÑоÑÑе пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑеÑаÑÑ, когда делаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐавиÑимоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñего обÑеÑÑва оÑ
инÑоÑмаÑионной ÑеÑ
ники ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+ÑилÑнее. Ð Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÑаÑÑаеÑ
ÑенÑÑализованнÑй конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¸ владение в
+ÑÑеÑе инÑоÑмаÑионной ÑеÑ
ники, и
мегакоÑпоÑаÑии, коÑоÑÑе закон облек
влаÑÑÑÑ
+над наÑими компÑÑÑеÑами, могли Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑнÑÑÑ
наÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ демокÑаÑиÑ. ÐÑи
+ÑакÑиÑеÑкой монополии над ÑовÑеменнÑми
пÑогÑаммами кÑÑпнейÑие заÑ
ваÑÑики
+“земли” полÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñем, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ пÑоÑиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ
+Ñвои компÑÑÑеÑÑ, и конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
пÑоизводÑÑвом и ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанением
инÑоÑмаÑии
+по ÑеÑи Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¹, коÑоÑÑе
ÐвÑопейÑкий ÑоÑз им планиÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑи монополии — паÑенÑÑ, каждÑй из
коÑоÑÑÑ
огÑаниÑиваеÑ
+пÑименение одной или неÑколÑкиÑ
ÑакиÑ
пÑогÑаммнÑÑ
идей. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем иÑ
+“паÑенÑами на пÑогÑаммє, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
они огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо
+мÑ, пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ, можем заÑÑавлÑÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ. Ðак дейÑÑвÑÑÑ ÑÑи
+монополии? ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñвоим компÑÑÑеÑом как
ÑекÑÑовÑм
+пÑоÑеÑÑоÑом, он должен ÑледоваÑÑ
инÑÑÑÑкÑиÑм, коÑоÑÑе ÑказÑваÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ, как
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑекÑÑовÑм пÑоÑеÑÑоÑом. ÐÑо
аналогиÑно инÑÑÑÑкÑиÑм, ÑазмеÑаемÑм в
+ноÑаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð¾ÑкеÑÑÑÑ, как
иÑполнÑÑÑ ÑимÑониÑ. ÐÑи инÑÑÑÑкÑии не
+пÑоÑÑÑ. Ðни ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
мелкиÑ
инÑÑÑÑкÑий, поÑÑи как
+поÑледоваÑелÑноÑÑи Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ аккоÑдов.
ÐапиÑÑ ÑимÑонии вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑоÑни
+мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
идей, а компÑÑÑеÑнаÑ
пÑогÑамма ÑоÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑоÑни и ÑÑÑÑÑи
+пÑогÑаммнÑÑ
идей. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ
абÑÑÑакÑна, неÑедко еÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе
+ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐµ опиÑаниÑ: ÑÑало бÑÑÑ, некоÑоÑÑе
идеи могÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑÑÑ
+неÑколÑкими ÑпоÑобами.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð, где паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвовали Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годов
+XX века, показÑваеÑ, как ÑÑо можеÑ
ÑказаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазвиÑии повÑедневнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. ÐапÑимеÑ, в СШРеÑÑÑ 39 заÑвок на
Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении
+ÑÑандаÑÑного ÑпоÑоба показа
видеоизобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммной ÑеÑ
ники
+(ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ MPEG 2).</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑоÑеÑаÑÑ
вмеÑÑе ÑÑÑÑÑи идей, а ÑÑи идеи
+пÑоизволÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пÑименимоÑÑи и абÑÑÑакÑнÑ
по пÑиÑоде, пиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
+имеÑÑ ÑмÑÑл ÑолÑко Ñем, кÑо Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¸ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
болÑÑой поÑÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммнÑÑ
+монополий: Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ кÑепкие кÑлаки, ÑÑобÑ
оÑбиваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑеÑензий, коÑоÑÑе
+могли Ð±Ñ ÑÑопиÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑие. РСШÐ
ÑÑеднÑÑ ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
+необоÑнованной паÑенÑной пÑеÑензии
ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ 1,5 миллиона доллаÑов. СÑдÑ
+благопÑиÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑм, Ñак ÑÑо даже
еÑли Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+неÑколÑко паÑенÑов, они ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ помогÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+РСШРзаÑвки на пÑогÑаммнÑе паÑенÑÑ
поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ñ ÑжаÑаÑÑей бÑÑÑÑоÑой. ÐÑли
+они ÑÑанÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ñми в ÐвÑопе, болÑÑинÑÑво
ÑÑиÑ
паÑенÑов СШРÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаниÑÑÑ
+и на ÐвÑопÑ. ÐеÑоÑÑно, ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ
опÑÑÑоÑаÑÑие поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазвиÑиÑ
+пÑогÑамм в ÐвÑопе — пÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº
безÑабоÑиÑе, оÑкÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñкономики,
+ÑдоÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑкÑплÑаÑаÑии компÑÑÑеÑов,
ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑбоÑа и ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑного
+полÑзоваÑелÑ. ÐаÑиÑники паÑенÑов на
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÐвÑопе и Ñе, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑи
+паÑенÑÑ, веÑоÑÑно, бÑдÑÑ Ð²ÑгоднÑ,— ÑÑо
паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÑокÑаÑиÑ
+(ÑаÑÑиÑение влиÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° новÑе ÑÑеÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸),
паÑенÑнÑе повеÑеннÑе (новÑе
+заÑабоÑки как Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¸ÑÑÑов, Ñак и Ñо
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑÑиков), а Ñакже Ñакие
+компÑÑÑеÑнÑе мегакоÑпоÑаÑии, как IBM и
Microsoft.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐпеÑеди вÑеÑ
пÑогÑаммнÑÑ
мегакоÑпоÑаÑий
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Microsoft. Ðаже когда ÑаÑÑÑ
+ÐвÑопейÑкой комиÑÑии ÑаÑÑледÑеÑ
монополиÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Microsoft, дÑÑгаÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑ Ð²ÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ¹ неÑконÑаемÑй
ÑÑд пеÑекÑÑваÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑилеÑниÑ
+монополий. Ðилл ÐейÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал 16 маÑ
1991 года в Ñвоей запиÑке
+“ТÑÑдноÑÑи и ÑÑÑаÑегиє, ÑÑо</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди понимали, как бÑдÑÑ
вÑдаваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, когда делалоÑÑ
+болÑÑинÑÑво ÑегоднÑÑниÑ
изобÑеÑений, и
полÑÑили Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаÑлÑ
+наÑ
одилаÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð² полном заÑÑое. ÐÑÑ
од...
паÑенÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº можно
+болÑÑе... ÐÑдÑÑие новÑе пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
паÑенÑов бÑдÑÑ Ð²ÑнÑжденÑ
+плаÑиÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑе денÑги, какие ÑолÑко им ни
назнаÑÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ð½ÑÑ.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Microsoft надееÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² веÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ
+на многие облаÑÑи пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑопейÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑвеÑждаеÑ, ÑÑо
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑива по
+изобÑеÑениÑм, ÑеализованнÑм Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑа, не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑкаÑÑ
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо ÑекÑÑ Ð²
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи бÑл напиÑан ÐеловÑм
+пÑогÑаммнÑм алÑÑнÑом, пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑим
кÑÑпнейÑие пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкие компании
+(комиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑом не пÑизналаÑÑ — мÑ
оÑкÑÑли ÑÑо). Ðн ÑодеÑжиÑ
+ÑаÑплÑвÑаÑÑе вÑÑажениÑ, коÑоÑÑе, как мÑ
подозÑеваем, ÑоÑÑавленÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+оÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑам на пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑекÑÑе Ñказано, ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ, ÑвÑзаннÑе Ñ
компÑÑÑеÑами, Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑÑ
+“ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий вклад”; по завеÑениÑ
комиÑÑии, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ
+“оÑÑÑÑÑÑвие паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммє.
Ðо Ñлово
+“ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий” Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑакÑоваÑÑÑÑ
многими ÑпоÑобами. ÐвÑопейÑкое
+паÑенÑное бÑÑо Ñже ÑегиÑÑÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑомниÑелÑной
+ÑÑидиÑеÑкой знаÑимоÑÑи вопÑеки
ÑпÑавлÑÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑоглаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑÑедивÑим
его
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвам. Ð ÑководÑÑвÑÑÑÑ ÑÑими
Ñловами, оно ÑаÑÑÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñак, ÑÑо ÑÑанÑÑ
+возможнÑми лÑбого Ñода паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑлен ÐаккаÑÑи, депÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐвÑопаÑламенÑа оÑ
СевеÑо-воÑÑоÑной Ðнглии, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+клÑÑевой ÑигÑÑой, вÑдвигаÑÑей и
оÑвеÑÑÑвенной за пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑивÑ. Те
+коÑмеÑиÑеÑкие изменениÑ, коÑоÑÑе она к
наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñемени внеÑла, ниÑего не
+делаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. Ðднако
внеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑией из кÑлÑÑÑÑнÑÑ
+ÑообÑажений попÑавка, в коÑоÑой
опÑеделÑеÑÑÑ ÑеÑмин
+“ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий”, Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑиÑанÑкиÑ
и евÑопейÑкиÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
+пÑогÑамм в Ñом, ÑÑо они не попадÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑиÑк
ÑÑдебного ÑазбиÑаÑелÑÑÑва,
+пÑоÑÑо напиÑав и ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>
+РаÑплÑвÑаÑÑе Ñлова, пÑедложеннÑе
мегакоÑпоÑаÑиÑми, нÑжно замениÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑнÑе и
+ÑеÑкие вÑÑажениÑ. ÐÑÑажениÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑдÑÑ
гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо наÑе
+инÑоÑмаÑионное бÑдÑÑее не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñинено
инÑеÑеÑам немногиÑ
богаÑÑÑ
+оÑганизаÑий.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑеÑиÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031216123801/http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk">
+http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk [аÑÑ
ивиÑовано]</a>, Ñам вÑ
ÑзнаеÑе
+подÑобноÑÑи; а заÑем поговоÑиÑе Ñ
депÑÑаÑом ÐвÑопаÑламенÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñего
+Ñегиона.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2003 Richard Stallman and Nicholas R Hill<br />Copyright
+© 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/01/31 08:27:27 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.ru-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.ru-en.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:27 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal</h2>
+
+<p>
+Dear Editor,
+</p>
+<p>
+I am sure you don't realize how ironic it is to associate me and Tim
+O'Reilly with “open source”.
+</p>
+<p>
+If the House Un-American Activities Committee asked me, “Are you
+now or have you ever been a supporter of the open source
+movement,” I could proudly and cheerfully say no. I've been
+campaigning since 1984 for <em>free software</em>—free as in
+freedom. (See the GNU Manifesto, Dr. Dobb's Journal, Sept. 1985.)
+</p>
+<p>
+Free software means, roughly, that you are free to study what it does,
+free to change it, free to redistribute it, and free to publish
+improved versions.
+(See <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>
+for more details.) You deserve these freedoms; everyone deserves
+them. I wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), the target
+of <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">Microsoft's greatest
+ire</a>, to defend these freedoms for all users, in the spirit of the
+free software movement.
+</p>
+<p>
+Years later, in 1998, another group began operating under the term
+“open source”. They have contributed to the free software
+community in practical ways, but they stand for very different views.
+They studiously avoid the issues of freedom and principle that we
+raise in the free software movement; they cite only short-term
+practical benefits as the reasons for what they do.
+</p>
+<p>
+Their stated definition for the term “open source” is
+somewhat broader than free software, and thus includes my work. But
+describing the GNU GPL as an “open source license,” as
+Microsoft did, is more than half misleading. The GNU GPL embodies the
+firm philosophy of the free software movement; it doesn't come from
+the open source movement. I am not a supporter of the open source
+movement, and never have been.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tim O'Reilly, by contrast, is a pillar of the open source movement, at
+least to hear him tell it. However, if you look at actions rather
+than words, most of the manuals published by O'Reilly Associates do
+not qualify as open source, let alone as free. The handful of free
+titles are exceptions. He could easily excuse himself to
+<abbr title="House Un-American Activities
Committee">HUAC</abbr>—“Yes,
+I talked about open source, but I didn't really do much of it.”
+</p>
+<p>
+If O'Reilly moves to selling free-as-in-freedom books in the future, he
+could become a true supporter of the free software movement, or at least
+the open source movement. [Later in 2001, O'Reilly Associates published a
+couple of additional free books. We are grateful for this contribution to
+the free software community, and we look forward to more of the same.]
+</p>
+<p>
+With the recent founding of FSF-Europe, and the coming inauguration of
+FSF-India, the free software movement is going stronger than ever.
+Please don't lump us in with the other movement in our community.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sincerely,
+</p>
+<p>
+ Richard Stallman
+President,
+Free Software Foundation
+</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/01/31 08:27:27 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/guardian-article.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/guardian-article.ru-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/guardian-article.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/guardian-article.ru-en.html 31 Jan 2015 08:27:27 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Guardian Article on Software Patents
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/guardian-article.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Opposing The European Software Patent Directive</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a> and <strong>Nick Hill</strong></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+The European Union software patent directive, which this 2003 article
+opposed, was ultimately dropped by its own supporters after facing
+lots of opposition. However, they later found another way to impose
+software patents on most of Europe: through fine print in
+the <a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">unitary
+patent</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+The computer industry is threatened by a Wild West-style land grab. The
+biggest, richest companies are being assisted by governments to take
+unassailable exclusive control of the ideas that programmers combine to
+make a program.</p>
+
+<p>
+Our society is becoming more dependent on information technology. At
+the same time, centralised control over and ownership of the
+information technology field is increasing, and mega-corporations with
+law-given dominion over our computers could take away our freedoms and
+democracy. With an effective monopoly on modern software, the largest
+grabbers of the “land” will have control over what we can
+ask our computers to do, and control over production and distribution
+of information on the net, through monopolies that the EU plans to
+give them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The monopolies are patents, each one restricting use of one or several
+of these software ideas. We call them “software patents”
+because they restrict what we programmers can make software do. How do
+these monopolies work? If you wish to use your computer as a word
+processor, it must follow instructions that tell it how to act like a
+word processor. This is analogous to instructions found on a musical
+score, which tell an orchestra how to play a symphony. The
+instructions are not simple. They are made up of thousands of smaller
+instructions, much like sequences of notes and chords. A symphonic
+score embodies hundreds of musical ideas, and a computer program uses
+hundreds or thousands of software ideas. Since each idea is abstract,
+there are often different ways to describe it: thus, some ideas can be
+patented in multiple ways.</p>
+
+<p>
+The US, which has had software patents since the 1980s, shows what this can
+do to development of everyday software. For example, in the US there are 39
+monopoly claims over a standard way of showing video using software
+techniques (the <abbr title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</abbr>
+2 format).</p>
+
+<p>
+Since a single piece of software can embody thousands of ideas together,
+and those ideas are arbitrary in scope and abstract in nature, writing
+software will only be worthwhile for those who are rich and have a large
+software monopoly portfolio: those with the war chest and clout to fight
+off claims that might otherwise sink a business. In the US, the average
+cost of defending against an invalid patent claim is $1.5 million. The
+courts favour the wealthy, so even when a small business gets a few
+patents, it will find them useless.</p>
+
+<p>
+Software patents are being claimed at a tremendous rate in the US. If they
+become legal in Europe, most of those US patents will be extended to
+Europe also. This is likely to have a devastating effect on European
+software development—leading to job losses, a poorer economy, more
+expensive computer use, and less choice and less freedom for the end user.
+The advocates of software patents in Europe, and the probable beneficiaries
+of them, are the patent bureaucracy (more influence on more areas of life),
+patent lawyers (more business from both plaintiffs and defendants), and
+computer mega-corporations such as IBM and Microsoft.</p>
+
+<p>
+Foremost among the software mega-corporations is Microsoft. Even as
+part of the European commission investigates Microsoft for
+monopolistic practices, another part is planning to hand it an
+unending series of overlapping 20-year monopolies. Bill Gates wrote in
+his Challenges and Strategy memo of May 16 1991 that</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+If people had understood how patents would be granted when most of
+today's ideas were invented and had taken out patents, the industry
+would be at a complete standstill today. The solution … is
+patenting as much as we can … A future start-up with no patents
+of its own will be forced to pay whatever price the giants choose to
+impose.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Today Microsoft hopes to parlay software patents into a permanent
+monopoly on many areas of software.</p>
+
+<p>
+The European commission says its proposed directive on
+computer-implemented inventions will disallow software patents. But
+the text was actually written by the Business Software Alliance, which
+represents the largest software companies. (The commission didn't
+admit this—we detected it.) It contains vague words that we
+suspect are designed to open the door for software patents.</p>
+
+<p>
+The text says that computer-related patents must make a
+“technical contribution”; the commission says that means
+“no software patents”. But “technical” can be
+interpreted in many ways. The European patent office is already
+registering software patents of dubious legal validity, defying the
+treaty that governs it and the governments that established it.
+Operating under those words, it will stretch them to allow all kinds
+of software patents.</p>
+
+<p>
+Arlene McCarthy, <abbr title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</abbr>
+for north-west England, has been a key figure promoting and acting as
+rapporteur for this proposed directive. The cosmetic changes she has
+so far proposed do nothing to solve the problem. However, the
+cultural affairs commission's amendment that defines
+“technical” will assure British and European software
+developers that they will not risk a lawsuit simply by writing and
+distributing a software package.</p>
+
+<p>
+The vague words drafted by the mega-corporations must be replaced with
+clear, decisive wording. Wording that will ensure that our information
+future will not be hijacked by the interests of a few rich organisations.</p>
+
+<p>
+Please go
+to <a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031216123801/http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk">http://www.softwarepatents.co.uk
[Archived Page]</a> to learn more, and then talk with the <abbr>MEP</abbr>s
from
+your region.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003 Richard M Stallman and Nicholas R Hill</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/01/31 08:27:27 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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