www po/home.uk.po gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po

[Andriy Bandura]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Andriy Bandura <andriykopanytsia>       15/01/17 11:09:47

Modified files:
        po             : home.uk.po 
Added files:
        gnu/po         : gnu-linux-faq.uk.po 

Log message:
        1 updated file and 1 new file with Ukrainian translation

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/po/home.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.232&r2=1.233
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: po/home.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/po/home.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.232
retrieving revision 1.233
diff -u -b -r1.232 -r1.233
--- po/home.uk.po       15 Jan 2015 17:30:20 -0000      1.232
+++ po/home.uk.po       17 Jan 2015 11:09:46 -0000      1.233
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
 #
-# Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>, 2014.
+# Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>, 2014, 2015.
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: home.html\n"
 "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-01-15 17:26+0000\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-08-27 14:43+0300\n"
-"Last-Translator: Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-01-17 12:14+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Ukrainian <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language: uk\n"
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@
 "X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid "The GNU Operating System"
 msgid "The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement"
-msgstr "Операційна система GNU"
+msgstr "Операційна система GNU  і рух за вільні 
програми"
 
 #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
 msgid ""
@@ -53,13 +52,15 @@
 "GNU is the only operating system developed specifically to give its users "
 "freedom.  What is GNU, and what freedom is at stake?"
 msgstr ""
+"GNU&nbsp;&nbsp; єдина операційна система, 
розроблена спеціально "
+"для того, щоб дати користувачам свободу. 
Що таке GNU і про яку "
+"свободу йде мова?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h2>
 msgid "What is GNU?"
 msgstr "Що таке GNU?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid ""
 #| "GNU is a Unix-like operating system that is <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
 #| "html\">free software</a>&mdash;it respects your freedom.  You can install "
@@ -73,8 +74,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "GNU&nbsp;&mdash; Unix-подібна операційна система, 
програми якої <a href=\"/"
 "philosophy/free-sw.html\">вільні</a>&nbsp;&mdash; вони 
поважають вашу волю. "
-"Ви у змозі  встановити <a 
href=\"/distros/free-distros.html\"> версії GNU</"
-"a> (точніше, GNU/Linux), які наразі повністю 
вільні програми."
+"Розробка GNU зробила можливим користування 
комп'ютером без "
+"програм, які розтоптали б вашу волю."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -82,6 +83,9 @@
 "GNU</a> (more precisely, GNU/Linux distributions) which are entirely free "
 "software.  <a href=\"#More-GNU\">More about GNU below</a>."
 msgstr ""
+"Ми рекомендуємо <a 
href=\"/distros/free-distros.html\">версії GNU для "
+"установки</a> (точніше, дистрибутиви GNU/Linux), 
що повністю складаються з "
+"вільних програм. <a href=\"#More-GNU\">Детальніше 
про GNU див. нижче</a>."
 
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 msgid "<a href=\"/distros/screenshot.html\">"
@@ -96,10 +100,9 @@
 msgstr "</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h2>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid "What is Free Software?"
 msgid "What is the Free Software Movement?"
-msgstr "Що таке вільні програми?"
+msgstr "Що таке рух за вільні програми?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -110,13 +113,20 @@
 "rms/20140407-geneva-tedx-talk-free-software-free-society\">the video "
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+"Рух за вільні програми бореться за те, щоб 
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+"користувачів обчислювальної техніки 
свободу, яку дають вільні "
+"програми. Вільні програми передають своїм 
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+"власними обчисленнями. Невільні програми 
віддають своїх користувачів "
+"у владу розробника програм. Див. <a "
+"href=\"https://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/20140407-geneva-tedx-talk-free-software-f";
+"ree-society\"> "
+"пояснення до відео</a>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h2>
 msgid "What is Free Software?"
 msgstr "Що таке вільні програми?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid ""
 #| "<strong>Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, "
 #| "distribute, study, change and improve the software.</strong> More "
@@ -127,11 +137,9 @@
 "distribute, study, change and improve the software.</strong>"
 msgstr ""
 "<strong>Свобода програми означає свободу 
користувачів виконувати, копіювати, "
-"вивчати, редагувати і покращувати 
програму.</strong> Точніше, вона полягає у "
-"чотирьох видах свободи користувачів 
програми: "
+"вивчати, редагувати і покращувати 
програму.</strong>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid ""
 #| "&ldquo;<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">Free software</a>&rdquo; is a "
 #| "matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the concept, you should "
@@ -142,8 +150,8 @@
 "you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech&rdquo;, not "
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-"Поняття &ldquo;<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">вільна 
програма</"
-"a>&rdquo; відноситься до волі, а не до 
вартості. Щоби вірно сприймати цю "
+"Поняття вільна програма відноситься до 
волі, а не до вартості. Щоби вірно "
+"сприймати цю "
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&ldquo;вільний&rdquo; у тому значенні, "
 "яке міститься у вислові &ldquo;вільна 
промова&rdquo;, а не &ldquo;"
 "безкоштовне пиво&rdquo;."
@@ -153,6 +161,8 @@
 "More precisely, free software means users of a program have the <a href=\"/"
 "philosophy/free-sw.html\">four essential freedoms</a>:"
 msgstr ""
+" Точніше, вона полягає у <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/free-sw.html\">чотирьох видах свободи 
користувачів програми</a>: "
 
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 msgid ""
@@ -190,6 +200,9 @@
 "\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">even more important "
 "now</a> than they were in 1983."
 msgstr ""
+"Розвиток техніки та обчислювальних мереж 
зробили <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more important.html\">ці 
свободи ще "
+"важливішими зараз</a>, ніж вони були у 
1983&nbsp;році."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""
@@ -198,13 +211,16 @@
 "site</a> for more about what we do, and a list of <a href=\"/help\">ways you "
 "can help</a>."
 msgstr ""
+"У наші дні рух за вільні програми йде 
набагато далі розробки "
+"системи GNU. На сайті <a href=\"https://fsf.org\";> сайті 
Фонду вільного "
+"програмного забезпечення</a> детальніше 
описано, що робимо ми і <a "
+"href=\"/help\"> якими способами ви можете 
допомогти</a>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h2>
 msgid "More about GNU"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Докладніше про GNU"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid ""
 #| "A Unix-like operating system is a <a href=\"/software/\">software "
 #| "collection</a> of applications, libraries, and developer tools, plus a "
@@ -217,13 +233,15 @@
 "auspices of the GNU Project; those we call <a href=\"/software/\">GNU "
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ресурсів і взаємодії з апаратурою, "
-"відомої під назвою ядро."
+"<a id=\"More-GNU\">GNU</a> це Unix-подібна операційна 
система. Це означає, що "
+"вона є "
+"збіркою багатьох програм: застосунків, 
бібліотек, засобів для розробника і "
+"навіть ігор.  "
+"Розробка GNU, розпочата у  січні 1984 року, 
відома як проект "
+"GNU. Багато програм у GNU випущені від егідою 
проекту  "
+"GNU; їх ми називаємо <a href=\"/software/\">пакунками 
GNU</a>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid ""
 #| "<a href=\"/pronunciation/pronunciation.html\">&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is "
 #| "pronounced <em>g'noo</em></a>, as one syllable, like saying &ldquo;"
@@ -234,12 +252,12 @@
 "pronounced <em>g'noo</em></a>, as one syllable, like saying &ldquo;"
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+"Назва &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; — рекурсивний акронім для 
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 "&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; <a 
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першій особі однини "
 "(вимовляємо український звук ґ, а не г)."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid ""
 #| "GNU is typically used with a kernel called Linux.  This combination is "
 #| "the <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\"><strong>GNU/Linux operating "
@@ -253,14 +271,15 @@
 "is used by millions, though many <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">call it "
 "&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; by mistake</a>."
 msgstr ""
-" Таким чином, GNU, як правило, 
застосовується нині з ядром, яке 
називається "
-"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;. Це поєднання, по суті, є <a 
href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu."
+"В системі типу Unix програма, яка виділяє 
машинні ресурси і спілкується "
+"з апаратурою, називається &ldquo;ядром&rdquo;. 
Таким чином, GNU, як правило, "
+"застосовується нині з ядром, яке  
називається &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;. Це "
+"поєднання, по суті, є <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu."
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GNU/Linux</strong></a>. Мільйони людей "
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 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
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 #| "GNU's own kernel, <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd.html\">The Hurd</a> "
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@@ -269,14 +288,15 @@
 "started in 1990 (before Linux was started).  Volunteers continue developing "
 "the Hurd because it is an interesting technical project."
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-"Власне ядро GNU, <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd.html\">Hurd</a> 
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+"Власне ядро GNU, <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd.html\">Hurd</a> 
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+"1990 році ще "
+"до Linux. Добровольці продовжують розвивати 
Hurd, бо це технічно цікавий "
+"проект."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#, fuzzy
 #| msgid "<a href=\"/server/takeaction.html\">More action items.</a>"
 msgid "<a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">More information</a>."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/server/takeaction.html\">Інша діяльність</a>."
+msgstr "<a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">Інші відомості</a>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid "<a href=\"/distros/free-distros.html\">Download GNU now</a>"
@@ -479,7 +499,6 @@
 "\">Латинській Америці</a>, <a 
href=\"http://fsf.org.in/\";>Індії</a>"
 
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@@ -490,7 +509,8 @@
 "www.fsf.org\">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc."
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 "Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, "
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+"2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 <a "
+"href=\"http://www.";
 "fsf.org\">Фонд вільного програмного 
забезпечення</a>, Inc."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>

Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po  17 Jan 2015 11:09:47 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2341 @@
+# LANGUAGE translation of http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html
+# Copyright (C) 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+#
+# Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>, 2015.
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: gnu-linux-faq.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-12-19 14:55+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-01-17 12:57+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Ukrainian <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+"Language: uk\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<"
+"=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
+"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"Питання про GNU/Linux - Проект GNU - Фонд 
вільного програмного забезпечення"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman"
+msgstr "Річард Столмен. ЧАП про GNU/Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"To learn more about this issue, you can also read our page on <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, our page on "
+"<a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a> and our page on <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\">GNU Users Who Have Never "
+"Heard of GNU</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Інші відомості про це питання можна 
отримати на наших сторінках <a href=\"/"
+"gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">&ldquo;Linux і проект GNU&rdquo;</a>, <a 
href=\"/"
+"gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">&quot;Чому &lsquo;GNU/Linux&rsquo;?&rdquo;</a> "
+"<a 
href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\">&ldquo;Користувачі 
GNU, "
+"які ніколи не чули про GNU&rdquo;</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a system "
+"that many others call just &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they ask many questions.  "
+"Here are common questions, and our answers."
+msgstr ""
+"Коли люди бачать, що ми використовуємо і 
рекомендуємо назву &ldquo;GNU/"
+"Linux&rdquo; для системи, яку багато хто назива' 
просто &ldquo;"
+"Linux&rdquo;, вони задають багато питань. Ось 
найпоширеніші з них і наші "
+"відповіді на них:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#why\" id=\"TOCwhy\">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not "
+"Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#why\" id=\"TOCwhy\">Чому ви називаєте її 
&ldquo;GNU/"
+"Linux&rdquo;, а не &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#whycare\" id=\"TOCwhycare\">Why is the name important?</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"#whycare\" id=\"TOCwhycare\">Чому назва 
важлива?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#howerror\" id=\"TOChowerror\">How did it come about that most "
+"people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#howerror\" id=\"TOChowerror\">Як вийшло, що 
більшість "
+"людей називають цю систему &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#always\" id=\"TOCalways\">Should we always say "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#always\" id=\"TOCalways\">Завжди нам слід 
говорити &ldquo;"
+"GNU/Linux&rdquo; замість &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#linuxalone\" id=\"TOClinuxalone\">Would Linux have achieved the "
+"same success if there had been no GNU?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#linuxalone\" id=\"TOClinuxalone\">Чи вдалося б 
досягти Linux "
+"такого успіху, якби не було GNU?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#divide\" id=\"TOCdivide\">Wouldn't it be better for the community "
+"if you did not divide people with this request?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#divide\" id=\"TOCdivide\">Хіба для спільноти не 
було б краще, "
+"якби ви не ділили людей цим проханням?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#freespeech\" id=\"TOCfreespeech\">Doesn't the GNU project support "
+"an individual's free speech rights to call the system by any name that "
+"individual chooses?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#freespeech\" id=\"TOCfreespeech\">Хіба проект GNU не "
+"підтримує свободу слова кожної особи та 
право називати систему так, як "
+"вона хоче?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#everyoneknows\" id=\"TOCeveryoneknows\">Since everyone knows the "
+"role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the "
+"name go without saying?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#everyoneknows\" id=\"TOCeveryoneknows\">Оскільки всі 
знають про "
+"ролі GNU у розробці цієї системи, хіба не 
ясно і без слів, що мова йде "
+"про &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#everyoneknows2\" id=\"TOCeveryoneknows2\">Since I know the role "
+"of GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I use?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#everyoneknows2\" id=\"TOCeveryoneknows2\">Позаяк мені 
відомо про "
+"роль "
+"GNU у цій системі, то невже є значення якою 
назвою я користуюся?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#windows\" id=\"TOCwindows\">Isn't shortening "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like shortening "
+"&ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#windows\" id=\"TOCwindows\">Хіба скорочення 
&ldquo;GNU/"
+"Linux&rdquo; і &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; не таке саме, що 
скорочення &ldquo;"
+"Microsoft Windows&rdquo; і &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#tools\" id=\"TOCtools\">Isn't GNU a collection of programming "
+"tools that were included in Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#tools\" id=\"TOCtools\">Невже GNU&nbsp;&mdash; це не 
набір "
+"інструментів для програмування, які 
увійшли у Linux?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#osvskernel\" id=\"TOCosvskernel\">What is the difference between "
+"an operating system and a kernel?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#osvskernel\" id=\"TOCosvskernel\">У чому 
відмінність між "
+"операційною системою і ядром?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#house\" id=\"TOChouse\">The kernel of a system is like the "
+"foundation of a house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't "
+"have a foundation?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#house\" id=\"TOChouse\">Ядро системи&nbsp;&mdash; це "
+"фундамент будинку. Як будинок може бути 
майже готовим, якщо у нього немає "
+"фундаменту?"
+"</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#brain\" id=\"TOCbrain\">Isn't the kernel the brain of the "
+"system?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#brain\" id=\"TOCbrain\">Хіба ядро&nbsp;&mdash; це не 
мозок "
+"системи?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#kernelmost\" id=\"TOCkernelmost\">Isn't writing the kernel most "
+"of the work in an operating system?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#kernelmost\" id=\"TOCkernelmost\">Хіба написання 
ядра не "
+"складає основну частину роботи щодо 
створення операційної системи?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#notinstallable\" id=\"TOCnotinstallable\">How can GNU be an "
+"operating system, if I can't get something called &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; and "
+"install it?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#notinstallable\" id=\"TOCnotinstallable\">Яка ж може 
бути "
+"операційна система GNU, якщо я не можу взяти 
і встановити щось під "
+"назвою &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#afterkernel\" id=\"TOCafterkernel\">We're calling the whole "
+"system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an operating system "
+"after a kernel?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#afterkernel\" id=\"TOCafterkernel\">Ми 
використовуємо назву ядра, "
+"Linux, для всієї системи. Хіба операційну 
систему не називають зазвичай так "
+"як і ядро?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#feel\" id=\"TOCfeel\">Can another system have &ldquo;the feel of "
+"Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#feel\" id=\"TOCfeel\"> Чи може інша система 
дати &ldquo;"
+"відчуття Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#long\" id=\"TOClong\">The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is "
+"that it is too long.  How about recommending a shorter name?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#long\" id=\"TOClong\">Проблема з 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;&nbsp;"
+"&mdash; в тому, що назва дуже довга. Не 
запропонуєте ви що-небудь "
+"коротше?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#long2\" id=\"TOClong2\">The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; "
+"is that it is too long.  Why should I go to the trouble of saying "
+"&ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#long\" id=\"TOClong2\">Проблема з 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;&nbsp;"
+"&mdash; в тому, що назва дуже довга. Навіщо 
мені мучитися і говорити "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#long3\" id=\"TOClong3\">Unfortunately, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is "
+"five syllables. People won't use such a long term. Shouldn't you find a "
+"shorter one?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#long3\" id=\"TOClong3\">На жаль, 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;&nbsp;"
+"&mdash; це п'ять складів. Люди не будуть 
вживати таке довге слово. Не "
+"знайти вам що-небудь коротше?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#justgnu\" id=\"TOCjustgnu\">Since Linux is a secondary "
+"contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#justgnu\" id=\"TOCjustgnu\">Оскільки Linux&nbsp;&mdash; 
це "
+"другорядна складова, чи буде неправильно 
називати систему "
+"просто &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#trademarkfee\" id=\"TOCtrademarkfee\">I would have to pay a fee "
+"if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and that would also "
+"apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it wrong if I use "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the fee?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#trademarkfee\" id=\"TOCtrademarkfee\">Якби я 
використовував "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; у назві продукту, мені довелося 
б платити за це; це "
+"відноситься і до вислову &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;. 
Буде нечесно, якщо я "
+"використовую &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; без &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, щоб 
не платити за це?"
+"</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#many\" id=\"TOCmany\">Many other projects contributed to the "
+"system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more "
+"programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit too? (But "
+"that would lead to a name so long it is absurd.)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#many\" id=\"TOCmany\">До теперішнього часу 
доповнили систему "
+"багато інших проектів; серед них&nbsp;&nbsp; TeX, 
X11, Apache, Perl і багато "
+"інших програм. Хіба ваші аргументи не 
мають на увазі, що ми повинні "
+"віддати належне і їм? (Але це призвело б до 
такої довгої назви, що  "
+"був би абсурд.)</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#others\" id=\"TOCothers\">Many other projects contributed to the "
+"system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it XYZ/Linux.  Why "
+"should we treat GNU specially?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#others\" id=\"TOCothers\">До теперішнього часу 
доповнили систему "
+"багато інші проекти, однак вони не 
наполягають на тому, щоб ми називали її "
+"&ldquo;XYZ/Linux&rdquo;. Чому ми повинні робити 
виняток для GNU?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#allsmall\" id=\"TOCallsmall\">GNU is a small fraction of the "
+"system nowadays, so why should we mention it?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#allsmall\" id=\"TOCallsmall\">У наші дні GNU 
становить лише "
+"малу частину системи; чому ж ми повинні 
згадувати про неї?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#manycompanies\" id=\"TOCmanycompanies\">Many companies "
+"contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean we ought to call "
+"it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#manycompanies\" id=\"TOCmanycompanies\">До 
теперішнього часу "
+"багато компаній зробили внесок у цю 
систему; хіба це не означає, що ми "
+"повинні називати її 
&ldquo;GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#whyslash\" id=\"TOCwhyslash\">Why do you write "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#whyslash\" id=\"TOCwhyslash\">Чому ви пишете 
&ldquo;GNU/"
+"Linux&rdquo; замість &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#whyorder\" id=\"TOCwhyorder\">Why &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather "
+"than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#whyorder\" id=\"TOCwhyorder\">Чому &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, а 
"
+"не &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#distronames\" id=\"TOCdistronames\">My distro is called "
+"&ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#distronames\" id=\"TOCdistronames\">Мій дистрибутив 
називається "
+"&ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; хіба це не свідчить, що це 
дійсно "
+"Linux?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#distronames1\" id=\"TOCdistronames1\">My distro's official name "
+"is &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the distro anything "
+"but &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#distronames1\" id=\"TOCdistronames1\">Офіційна назва 
мого "
+"дистрибутива&nbsp;&mdash; &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; хіба 
можна називати "
+"його як-небудь, крім &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#companies\" id=\"TOCcompanies\">Wouldn't it be more effective to "
+"ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to call their distributions "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than asking individuals?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#companies\" id=\"TOCcompanies\">Хіба не було б 
ефективніше"
+"просити такі компанії, як Mandrake, Red Hat і IBM, 
називати свої "
+"дистрибутиви &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; замість того, 
щоб звертатися до "
+"окремих людей?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#reserve\" id=\"TOCreserve\">Wouldn't it be better to reserve the "
+"name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that are purely free "
+"software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#reserve\" id=\"TOCreserve\">Хіба не було б краще "
+"зарезервувати назву &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; для 
повністю вільних "
+"дистрибутивів? Зрештою, це ж і є ідеал GNU.</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#gnudist\" id=\"TOCgnudist\">Why not make a GNU distribution of "
+"Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#gnudist\" id=\"TOCgnudist\">Чому б не створити у 
складі GNU "
+"дистрибутив Linux (так!) і не називати його 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#linuxgnu\" id=\"TOClinuxgnu\">Why not just say &ldquo;Linux is "
+"the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under "
+"the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#linuxgnu\" id=\"TOClinuxgnu\">Чому не говорити 
просто: &ldquo;"
+"Linux&nbsp;&mdash; це ядро GNU&rdquo; і не випускати 
яку-небудь з "
+"існуючих версій GNU/Linux під назвою 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#condemn\" id=\"TOCcondemn\">Did the GNU Project condemn and "
+"oppose use of Linux in the early days?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#condemn\" id=\"TOCcondemn\">Засуджував проект GNU 
використання "
+"Linux і протистояв він цьому на самому 
початку?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#wait\" id=\"TOCwait\">Why did you wait so long before asking "
+"people to use the name GNU/Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#wait\" id=\"TOCwait\">Чому ви так довго 
чекали, перш ніж почали "
+"просити людей називати GNU/Linux?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#allgpled\" id=\"TOCallgpled\">Should the GNU/[name] convention be "
+"applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#allgpled\" id=\"TOCallgpled\">Чи слід 
застосовувати схему &ldquo;"
+"GNU/[назва]&rdquo; для позначення всіх програм 
під ліцензією GPL?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#unix\" id=\"TOCunix\">Since much of GNU comes from Unix, "
+"shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in its "
+"name?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#unix\" id=\"TOCunix\">Оскільки багато в GNU 
прийшло з Unix, не "
+"чи повинна GNU віддавати належне Unix, 
вживаючи &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; у своєму "
+"назві?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#bsd\" id=\"TOCbsd\">Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo; too?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#bsd\" id=\"TOCbsd\">Чи слід нам також 
говорити &ldquo;GNU/"
+"BSD&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#othersys\" id=\"TOCothersys\">If I install the GNU tools on "
+"Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#othersys\" id=\"TOCothersys\">Якщо я встановлю 
інструментарій GNU "
+"на Windows, чи означає це, що я використовую 
систему GNU/Windows?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#justlinux\" id=\"TOCjustlinux\">Can't Linux be used without "
+"GNU?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#justlinux\" id=\"TOCjustlinux\">Хіба не можна 
використовувати "
+"Linux "
+"без GNU?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#linuxsyswithoutgnu\" id=\"TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu\">Are there "
+"complete Linux systems [sic] without GNU?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#linuxsyswithoutgnu\" id=\"TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu\">Чи 
Існують "
+"повні системи Linux (так!) без GNU?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#helplinus\" id=\"TOChelplinus\">Why not call the system "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as posterboy "
+"for our community?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#helplinus\" id=\"TOChelplinus\">Чому б все одно не 
називати "
+"систему &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, зміцнюючи цим 
положення Лінуса Торвальдса як "
+"&ldquo;хлопця з обкладинки&rdquo; нашої 
спільноти?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#claimlinux\" id=\"TOCclaimlinux\">Isn't it wrong for us to label "
+"Linus Torvalds' work as GNU?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#claimlinux\" id=\"TOCclaimlinux\">Хіба чесно з 
нашої сторони "
+"приписувати GNU роботу Лінуса 
Торвальдса?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#linusagreed\" id=\"TOClinusagreed\">Does Linus Torvalds agree "
+"that Linux is just the kernel?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#linusagreed\" id=\"TOClinusagreed\">Згоден Лінус 
Торвальдс з "
+"тим, що Linux&nbsp;&mdash; це лише ядро?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#finishhurd\" id=\"TOCfinishhurd\">Why not finish the GNU Hurd "
+"kernel, release the GNU system as a whole, and forget the question of what "
+"to call GNU/Linux?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#finishhurd\" id=\"TOCfinishhurd\">Чому не можна 
доробити ядро GNU "
+"Hurd, випустити систему GNU як ціле і забути 
питання про те, що називати "
+"GNU/Linux?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#lost\" id=\"TOClost\">The battle is already lost&mdash;society "
+"has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about "
+"it?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#lost\" id=\"TOClost\">Битва вже 
програна&nbsp;&nbsp; суспільство "
+"прийняло рішення, і ми не можемо його 
змінити; чи варто навіть думати про "
+"це?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#whatgood\" id=\"TOCwhatgood\">Society has made its decision and "
+"we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#whatgood\" id=\"TOCwhatgood\">Суспільство вже 
прийняло рішення, і "
+"ми "
+"не можемо його змінити; яка буде користь 
від того, що я стану "
+"говорити &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#explain\" id=\"TOCexplain\">Wouldn't it be better to call the "
+"system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin with a "
+"ten-minute explanation?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"#explain\" id=\"TOCexplain\">Не краще називати 
систему &ldquo;"
+"Linux&rdquo;, познайомивши людей з її витоками 
десятихвилинною розповіддю?</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#treatment\" id=\"TOCtreatment\">Some people laugh at you when you "
+"ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject yourself to this "
+"treatment?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#alienate\" id=\"TOCalienate\">Some people condemn you when you "
+"ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by alienating "
+"them?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#rename\" id=\"TOCrename\">Whatever you contributed, is it "
+"legitimate to rename the operating system?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#force\">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#whynotsue\">Why not sue people who call the whole system "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#BSDlicense\" id=\"TOCBSDlicense\">Since you objected to the "
+"original BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the "
+"University of California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU "
+"project?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#require\" id=\"TOCrequire\">Shouldn't you put something in the "
+"GNU GPL to require people to call the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#deserve\" id=\"TOCdeserve\">Since you failed to put something in "
+"the GNU GPL to require people to call the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you "
+"deserve what happened; why are you complaining now?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#contradict\" id=\"TOCcontradict\">Wouldn't you be better off not "
+"contradicting what so many people believe?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#somanyright\" id=\"TOCsomanyright\">Since many people call it "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#knownname\" id=\"TOCknownname\">Isn't it better to call the "
+"system by the name most users already know?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#winning\" id=\"TOCwinning\">Many people care about what's "
+"convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.  "
+"Couldn't you get more of their support by a different road?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#why\">#why</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are basically "
+"modified versions of the GNU operating system.  We began developing GNU in "
+"1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write his kernel.  Our goal was "
+"to develop a complete free operating system.  Of course, we did not develop "
+"all the parts ourselves&mdash;but we led the way.  We developed most of the "
+"central components, forming the largest single contribution to the whole "
+"system.  The basic vision was ours too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"See <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU System</a> and <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\">GNU Users Who Have Never "
+"Heard of GNU</a> for more explanation, and <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project.html\">The GNU Project</a> for the history."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why is the name important? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#whycare\">#whycare</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to the free "
+"software community, many of them do not care about freedom.  People who "
+"think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and assign to those "
+"developers a role in the history of our community which they did not "
+"actually play.  Then they give inordinate weight to those developers' views."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism played in "
+"building our community, and <a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">helps the "
+"public recognize the practical importance of these ideals</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"How did it come about that most people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#howerror\">#howerror</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is a confusion that has spread faster "
+"than the corrective information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that that's "
+"what their activity amounted to.  They focused their attention on the piece "
+"that was Linux and did not realize that more of the combination was GNU.  "
+"They started calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; even though that name did not "
+"fit what they had.  It took a few years for us to realize what a problem "
+"this was and ask people to correct the practice.  By that time, the "
+"confusion had a big head start."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Most of the people who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; have never heard "
+"why that's not the right thing.  They saw others using that name and assume "
+"it must be right.  The name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; also spreads a false picture "
+"of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that the system's "
+"history was such as to fit that name.  For instance, they often believe its "
+"development was started by Linus Torvalds in 1991.  This false picture tends "
+"to reinforce the idea that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to justify "
+"the name they are accustomed to using."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Should we always say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#always\">#always</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Not always&mdash;only when you're talking about the whole system.  When "
+"you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, the name its developer chose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, as a consequence they "
+"call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.  This causes many "
+"kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell whether a statement is "
+"about the kernel or the whole system.  By calling the whole system "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and calling the kernel &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you "
+"avoid the ambiguity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Would Linux have achieved the same success if there had been no GNU? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#linuxalone\">#linuxalone</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the GNU/Linux "
+"system, and probably no free operating system at all.  No one attempted to "
+"develop a free operating system in the 1980s except the GNU Project and "
+"(later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically asked by the GNU Project "
+"to start freeing its code."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland in "
+"1990.  It's possible that even without this influence he might have written "
+"a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free software.  "
+"Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under the GNU GPL.  (See "
+"the release notes for version 0.12.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software license, "
+"a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to the world.  The "
+"significance of Linux came from fitting into a larger framework, a complete "
+"free operating system: GNU/Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Wouldn't it be better for the community if you did not divide people with "
+"this request? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#divide\">#divide</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, we are not dividing "
+"people.  We are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU "
+"operating system.  This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"However, there are people who do not like our saying this.  Sometimes those "
+"people push us away in response.  On occasion they are so rude that one "
+"wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us into silence.  It "
+"doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the community, so we hope you "
+"can convince them to stop."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.  The "
+"largest division in the community is between people who appreciate free "
+"software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary software a "
+"social problem (supporters of the free software movement), and those who "
+"cite only practical benefits and present free software only as an efficient "
+"development model (the open source movement)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This disagreement is not just a matter of names&mdash;it is a matter of "
+"differing basic values.  It is essential for the community to see and think "
+"about this disagreement.  The names &ldquo;free software&rdquo; and "
+"&ldquo;open source&rdquo; are the banners of the two positions.  See <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">Why Open Source "
+"misses the point of Free Software</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of attention "
+"people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.  People who value "
+"freedom are more likely to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and "
+"people who learn that the system is &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are more likely "
+"to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for freedom and community "
+"(which is why the choice of name for the system makes a real difference for "
+"society).  However, the disagreement would probably exist even if everyone "
+"knew the system's real origin and its proper name, because the issue is a "
+"real one.  It can only go away if we who value freedom either persuade "
+"everyone (which won't be easy) or are defeated entirely (let's hope not)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Doesn't the GNU project support an individual's free speech rights to call "
+"the system by any name that individual chooses? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#freespeech\">#freespeech</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the operating "
+"system by any name you wish.  We ask that people call it GNU/Linux as a "
+"matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote the values of freedom "
+"that GNU stands for, and to inform others that those values of freedom "
+"brought the system into existence."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since everyone knows GNU's role in developing the system, doesn't the "
+"&ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the name go without saying? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using public in "
+"general, often know nothing about the GNU system.  Most articles about the "
+"system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, or the ideals that GNU "
+"stands for.  <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\">GNU Users "
+"Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a> explains further."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they know.  "
+"Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong idea of what "
+"GNU is.  For instance, many think it is a collection of <a "
+"href=\"#tools\">&ldquo;tools&rdquo;</a>, or a project to develop tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another common "
+"misconception.  To speak of &ldquo;GNU's role&rdquo; in developing something "
+"assumes that GNU is a group of people.  GNU is an operating system.  It "
+"would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in this or some other "
+"activity, but not that of GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I "
+"use? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#everyoneknows2\">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.  Most "
+"people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that it was "
+"intended to be &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  If you don't tell them, who will?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like "
+"shortening &ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#windows\">#windows</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the abbreviation "
+"is misleading."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the "
+"&ldquo;Windows&rdquo; system is made by Microsoft, so shortening "
+"&ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo; does not mislead "
+"anyone as to that system's nature and origin.  Shortening "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; does give the wrong idea of "
+"where the system comes from."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are not the same "
+"kind of thing.  Microsoft is a company; GNU is an operating system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't GNU a collection of programming tools that were included in Linux? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#tools\">#tools</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they hear "
+"about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is.  They may think "
+"that GNU is the name of a collection of programs&mdash;often they say "
+"&ldquo;programming tools&rdquo;, since some of our programming tools became "
+"popular on their own.  The idea that &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is the name of an "
+"operating system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that "
+"operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system&mdash;it's the "
+"project to develop the GNU system.  (See <a "
+"href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">the 1983 initial announcement</a>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc., "
+"because we needed them for the GNU operating system.  GCC, the GNU Compiler "
+"Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU operating system.  We, "
+"the many people working on the GNU Project, developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, "
+"GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"What is the difference between an operating system and a kernel? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#osvskernel\">#osvskernel</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of programs that "
+"are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety of jobs.  A general "
+"purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to handle all the jobs that "
+"many users may want to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system&mdash;the program "
+"that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are "
+"running.  The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other "
+"programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To confuse matters, some people use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; "
+"to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo;.  Both uses of the term go back many years.  "
+"The use of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; is "
+"found in a number of textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s.  At "
+"the same time, in the 80s, the &ldquo;Unix operating system&rdquo; was "
+"understood to include all the system programs, and Berkeley's version of "
+"Unix included even games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating "
+"system, we use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Most of the time when people speak of the &ldquo;Linux operating "
+"system&rdquo; they are using &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same "
+"sense we use: they mean the whole collection of programs.  If that's what "
+"you are referring to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  If you mean "
+"just the kernel, then &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is the right name for it, but "
+"please say &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; also to avoid ambiguity about which body of "
+"software you mean."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you prefer to use some other term such as &ldquo;system "
+"distribution&rdquo; for the entire collection of programs, instead of "
+"&ldquo;operating system&rdquo;, that's fine.  Then you would talk about "
+"GNU/Linux system distributions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a house.  How can a house "
+"be almost complete when it doesn't have a foundation? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#house\">#house</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building an "
+"operating system is not much like building a house."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and put "
+"together in situ.  They have to be put together from the bottom up.  Thus, "
+"when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part has been built; "
+"all you have is a hole in the ground."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, an operating system consists of complex components that can be "
+"developed in any order.  When you have developed most of the components, "
+"most of the work is done.  This is much more like the International Space "
+"Station than like a house.  If most of the Space Station modules were in "
+"orbit but awaiting one other essential module, that would be like the GNU "
+"system in 1992."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#brain\">#brain</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"A computer system is not much like a human body, and no part of it plays a "
+"role comparable to that of the brain in a human."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating system? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#kernelmost\">#kernelmost</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "No, many components take a lot of work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"How can GNU be an operating system, if I can't get something called "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; and install it? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#TOCnotinstallable\">#notinstallable</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Many <a href=\"/distros/distros.html\"> packaged and installable versions of "
+"GNU</a> are available.  None of them is called simply &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but "
+"GNU is what they basically are."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but this "
+"plan was overtaken by events: in 1992 others were already packaging GNU "
+"variants containing Linux.  Starting in 1993 we sponsored an effort to make "
+"a better and freer GNU/Linux distribution, called <a "
+"href=\"/distros/common-distros.html#Debian\">Debian GNU/Linux</a>.  The "
+"founder of Debian had already chosen that name.  We did not ask him to call "
+"it just &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; because that was to be the name of a system "
+"version with the GNU Hurd kernel&mdash;which wasn't ready yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Hurd kernel never became sufficiently ready; we only recommend it to "
+"those interested in working on it.  So we never packaged GNU with the GNU "
+"Hurd kernel.  However, Debian packaged this combination as Debian GNU/Hurd."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We are now developing an advanced Scheme-based package manager called GUIX, "
+"and this includes repackaging a substantial part of the GNU system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.  GNU is "
+"an operating system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"We're calling the whole system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to "
+"name an operating system after a kernel? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#afterkernel\">#afterkernel</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"That practice seems to be very rare&mdash;we can't find any examples other "
+"than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Normally an operating "
+"system is developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a "
+"name for the system as a whole.  The kernel usually does not have a name of "
+"its own&mdash;instead, people say &ldquo;the kernel of such-and-such&rdquo; "
+"or &ldquo;the such-and-such kernel&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression "
+"&ldquo;the Linux kernel&rdquo; can easily be misunderstood as meaning "
+"&ldquo;the kernel of Linux&rdquo; and implying that Linux must be more than "
+"a kernel.  You can avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying "
+"or writing &ldquo;the kernel, Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, the "
+"kernel.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Can another system have &ldquo;the feel of Linux&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#feel\">#feel</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"There is no such thing as the &ldquo;feel of Linux&rdquo; because Linux has "
+"no user interfaces.  Like any modern kernel, Linux is a base for running "
+"programs; user interfaces belong elsewhere in the system.  Human interaction "
+"with GNU/Linux always goes through other programs, and the "
+"&ldquo;feel&rdquo; comes from them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.  How about "
+"recommending a shorter name? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#long\">#long</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx&rdquo;, which combines the words "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; and &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The reaction was very bad.  "
+"People accept &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; much better."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but we "
+"call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; <a href=\"#justgnu\"> for the reasons given "
+"below</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.  Why should "
+"I go to the trouble of saying &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#long2\">#long2</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It only takes a second to say or type &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;.  If you appreciate "
+"the system that we developed, can't you take one second to recognize our "
+"work?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is five syllables. People won't use "
+"such a long term. Shouldn't you find a shorter one? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#long3\">#long3</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is only four syllables.  "
+"&ldquo;Unfortunately&rdquo; is five syllables, yet people show no sign of "
+"reluctance to use that word."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since Linux is a secondary contribution, would it be false to the facts to "
+"call the system simply &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#justgnu\">#justgnu</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to do.  "
+"Here are the reasons we call that system version &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; "
+"rather than just &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"It's not exactly GNU&mdash;it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).  "
+"Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to <em>stop</em> giving any credit "
+"to Linus Torvalds.  He did write an important component of the system.  We "
+"want to get credit for launching and sustaining the system's development, "
+"but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the same way those who call the "
+"system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; treat us.  We strongly disagree with his "
+"political views, but we deal with that disagreement honorably and openly, "
+"rather than by trying to cut him out of the credit for his contribution to "
+"the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, if we say "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they may simply not recognize we're talking about the same "
+"system.  If we say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, they can make a connection to "
+"what they have heard about."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"I would have to pay a fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a "
+"product, and that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it "
+"wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the "
+"fee? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#trademarkfee\">#trademarkfee</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"There's nothing wrong in calling the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;; basically, "
+"that's what it is.  It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit "
+"as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing so."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, to avoid "
+"paying the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, we won't criticize you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today; it includes "
+"TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more programs.  Don't your arguments imply "
+"we have to give them credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it "
+"is absurd.) <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#many\">#many</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer a "
+"share of the credit.  The principal developer is the GNU Project, and the "
+"system is basically GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due, you "
+"might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in the "
+"system's name.  If so, far be it from us to argue against it.  If you feel "
+"that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want to call the "
+"system GNU/X11/Linux, please do.  If you feel that Perl simply cries out for "
+"mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go ahead."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv "
+"becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and omit the "
+"names of the many other secondary contributions.  There is no one obvious "
+"right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it, we won't argue "
+"against it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for the "
+"system.  But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness and "
+"giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  It can't be fair to give all the credit to one "
+"secondary contribution (Linux) while omitting the principal contribution "
+"(GNU)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today, but they don't "
+"insist on calling it XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#others\">#others</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in today's "
+"GNU/Linux systems.  They all deserve credit for their contributions, but "
+"they aren't the principal developers of the system as a whole, so they don't "
+"ask to be credited as such."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program, more "
+"than just a collection of contributed programs.  GNU is the framework on "
+"which the system was made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, so why should we mention it? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#allsmall\">#allsmall</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the &ldquo;main&rdquo; "
+"repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.  Linux made up 1.5%.  So "
+"the same argument would apply even more strongly to calling it "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an even smaller "
+"fraction.  But they are the system's core; the system was made by combining "
+"them.  Thus, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; remains appropriate."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Many companies contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean "
+"we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#manycompanies\">#manycompanies</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an "
+"organization, or even an activity.  GNU is an operating system.  (When we "
+"speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the GNU "
+"system.)  The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU ought to "
+"appear in its name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in the "
+"code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC and GNOME.  "
+"Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along with all the rest of "
+"the GNU developers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why do you write &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#whyslash\">#whyslash</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo; "
+"the word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  This can mean "
+"either &ldquo;GNU's version of Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU "
+"package.&rdquo; Neither of those meanings fits the situation at hand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU "
+"Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project.  Linus "
+"Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project.  So the "
+"&ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package&rdquo; meaning is not right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.  The "
+"free GNU/Linux distros do have a <a "
+"href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\";>separate version of "
+"Linux</a>, since the &ldquo;standard&rdquo; version contains non-free "
+"firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.  If this were part of the GNU Project, it "
+"could be considered &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;; but we would not want to call "
+"it that, because it would be too confusing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system, distinguished by "
+"having Linux as the kernel.  A slash fits the situation because it means "
+"&ldquo;combination.&rdquo; (Think of &ldquo;Input/Output&rdquo;.)  This "
+"system is the combination of GNU and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination&rdquo;.  If you think "
+"that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that.  In French, a hyphen is clear: "
+"&ldquo;GNU-Linux&rdquo;.  In Spanish, we sometimes say &ldquo;GNU con "
+"Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#whyorder\">#whyorder</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.  The GNU "
+"contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and prior to Linux, "
+"we actually started the whole activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;, that is a "
+"lot better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and "
+"make it seem that the whole system is Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"My distro is called &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's "
+"really Linux? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#distronames\">#distronames</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It means that the people who make the &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo; distro are "
+"repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian, "
+"Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted GNU/Linux as part of "
+"their official name, and we hope that if you are involved with a different "
+"distribution, you will encourage it to do the same."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"My distro's official name is &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to "
+"call the distro anything but &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#distronames1\">#distronames1</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If it's allowed for them to change &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; to &ldquo;Foobar "
+"Linux&rdquo;, it's allowed for you to change it back and call it "
+"&ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  This is what you ought to do, because "
+"otherwise you'd be propagating their error and unfairness."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Wouldn't it be more effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and "
+"IBM to call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than asking "
+"individuals? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#companies\">#companies</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It isn't a choice of one or the other&mdash;we ask companies and "
+"organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this.  In fact, "
+"we have asked all three of those companies.  Mandrake said it would use the "
+"term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; some of the time, but IBM and Red Hat were "
+"unwilling to help.  One executive said, &ldquo;This is a pure commercial "
+"decision; we expect to make more money calling it "
+"&lsquo;Linux&rsquo;.&rdquo; In other words, that company did not care what "
+"was right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up just "
+"because the road isn't easy.  You may not have as much influence at your "
+"disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help.  Together we can change "
+"the situation to the point where companies will make more profit calling it "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Wouldn't it be better to reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for "
+"distributions that are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of "
+"GNU. <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#reserve\">#reserve</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux system "
+"is a major problem for our community.  It teaches the users that non-free "
+"software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit of "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of "
+"their mission to help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite "
+"salesmen to come and make sales pitches for them.  They adopt goals such as "
+"&ldquo;helping the users&rdquo; of GNU/Linux (including helping them use "
+"non-free applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even "
+"at the cost of freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "The question is how to try to change this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already does not "
+"realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated versions, "
+"saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to value freedom "
+"more.  They would not get the intended message.  They would only respond "
+"they never thought these systems were GNU in the first place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is exactly the "
+"opposite: to inform them that all these system versions <em>are</em> "
+"versions of GNU, that they all are based on a system that exists "
+"specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.  With this understanding, "
+"they can start to recognize the distributions that include non-free software "
+"as perverted, adulterated versions of GNU, instead of thinking they are "
+"proper and appropriate &ldquo;versions of Linux&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the system "
+"GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis for their "
+"activities.  If the Linux User Group in your area has the problems described "
+"above, we suggest you either campaign within the group to change its "
+"orientation (and name) or start a new group.  The people who focus on the "
+"more superficial goals have a right to their views, but don't let them drag "
+"you along!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why not make a GNU distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#gnudist\">#gnudist</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"All the &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are actually versions of the GNU "
+"system with Linux as the kernel.  The purpose of the term "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is to communicate this point.  To develop one new "
+"distribution and call that alone &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; would obscure the "
+"point we want to make."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this once, "
+"when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux.  To do it again "
+"now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and unless the new "
+"distribution had substantial practical advantages over other distributions, "
+"it would serve no purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions, such as "
+"gNewSense and Ututo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why not just say &ldquo;Linux is the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some "
+"existing version of GNU/Linux under the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#linuxgnu\">#linuxgnu</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back in "
+"1992.  If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the GNU Hurd "
+"to work, we might have done that.  (Alas, that is hindsight.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU "
+"system and labeling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  That wasn't right, and we don't "
+"want to act like that."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Did the GNU Project condemn and oppose use of Linux in the early days? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#condemn\">#condemn</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose it.  "
+"In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the development of "
+"Debian GNU/Linux.  We also sought to cooperate with the people who were "
+"changing some GNU packages for use with Linux.  We wanted to include their "
+"changes in the standard releases so that these GNU packages would work "
+"out-of-the-box in combination with Linux.  But the changes were often ad-hoc "
+"and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned up for installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The people who had made the changes showed little interest in cooperating "
+"with us.  One of them actually told us that he didn't care about working "
+"with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user&rdquo;.  That came "
+"as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to other systems had "
+"generally wanted to work with us to get their changes installed.  Yet these "
+"people, developing a system that was primarily based on GNU, were the first "
+"(and still practically the only) group that was unwilling to work with us."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a "
+"version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and that this confusion was "
+"obstructing our work.  Asking you to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; "
+"is our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; misnomer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why did you wait so long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#wait\">#wait</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually we didn't.  We began talking privately with developers and "
+"distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in 1996.  "
+"We will continue for as long as it's necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Should the GNU/<i>name</i> convention be applied to all programs that are "
+"GPL'ed? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#allgpled\">#allgpled</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"We never refer to individual programs as &ldquo;GNU/<i>name</i>&rdquo;.  "
+"When a program is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU "
+"<i>name</i>&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.  Some of "
+"the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or specifically "
+"contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we often use "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in their names."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute "
+"it and make it a GNU package.  If you have developed a program and you would "
+"like it to be a GNU package, please write to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>, so we can evaluate 
it "
+"and decide whether we want it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program that is "
+"released under the GPL.  If you write a program and release it under the "
+"GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you wrote it for "
+"us.  For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under the GNU GPL, but "
+"Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project&mdash;he did the work "
+"independently.  If something is not a GNU package, the GNU Project can't "
+"take credit for it, and putting &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in its name would be "
+"improper."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating system "
+"as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.  The system "
+"exists as a system because of our determination and persistence, starting in "
+"1984, many years before Linux was begun."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the same as "
+"the GNU operating system.  It was not entirely the same, because it had a "
+"different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.  It was a variant of "
+"GNU.  It was the GNU/Linux system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system&mdash;in "
+"today's versions of the GNU/Linux system.  What gives these systems their "
+"identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly Linux "
+"alone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since much of GNU comes from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by "
+"using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in its name? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#unix\">#unix</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix.  Unix was proprietary software (and "
+"still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been illegal.  This is "
+"not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU: since you could not have "
+"freedom in using Unix, or any of the other operating systems of the day, we "
+"needed a free system to replace it.  We could not copy programs, or even "
+"parts of them, from Unix; everything had to be written afresh."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system; "
+"therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from Unix.  "
+"The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;, "
+"is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this, following a hacker "
+"tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the 70s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The first such recursive acronym was TINT, &ldquo;TINT Is Not TECO&rdquo;.  "
+"The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were already "
+"many of them, for various systems), but instead of calling it by a dull name "
+"like &ldquo;<em>somethingorother</em> TECO&rdquo;, he thought of a clever "
+"amusing name.  (That's what hacking means: <a "
+"href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>playful "
+"cleverness</a>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.  It "
+"became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a program that "
+"was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its name was "
+"&ldquo;Klever&rdquo;), you could give it a recursive acronym name, such as "
+"&ldquo;MINK&rdquo; for &ldquo;MINK Is Not Klever.&rdquo; In this same spirit "
+"we called our replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Historically, AT&amp;T which developed Unix did not want anyone to give it "
+"credit by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in the name of a similar system, not even "
+"in a system 99% copied from Unix.  AT&amp;T actually threatened to sue "
+"anyone giving AT&amp;T credit in that way.  This is why each of the various "
+"modified versions of Unix (all proprietary, like Unix) had a completely "
+"different name that didn't include &ldquo;Unix&rdquo;."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo; too? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#bsd\">#bsd</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo; systems, "
+"because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in the 80s, "
+"and became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system that exists today "
+"is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD "
+"system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux is.  "
+"It is not.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free "
+"software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from GNU "
+"activists helped convince them to start, but the code had little overlap "
+"with GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and its "
+"variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are two "
+"different systems that evolved separately.  The BSD developers did not write "
+"a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like GNU/BSD would not fit "
+"the situation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's why the "
+"name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is appropriate for it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD.  Its developers "
+"call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD&rdquo;, but "
+"&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo; would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an "
+"entire system, not just the kernel.  This is not a BSD system, since most of "
+"the system is the same as the GNU/Linux system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"If I install the GNU tools on Windows, does that mean I am running a "
+"GNU/Windows system? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#othersys\">#othersys</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  The tools of "
+"GNU are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU "
+"system, and underneath them you would still have another complete operating "
+"system which has no code in common with GNU.  All in all, that's a very "
+"different situation from GNU/Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#justlinux\">#justlinux</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances.  "
+"These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system.  Users "
+"do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather "
+"disappointing.  It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to "
+"show how different those small platforms are from GNU/Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Are there complete Linux systems [sic] without GNU? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#linuxsyswithoutgnu\">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is an "
+"example.  But it is a mistake to call them &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; systems, just "
+"as it is a mistake to call GNU a &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system&mdash;because the two "
+"have very little code in common.  In fact, the only thing they have in "
+"common is Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you call the whole GNU/Linux system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you will find it "
+"necessary to say things like, &ldquo;Android contains Linux, but it isn't "
+"Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries and utilities "
+"[meaning the GNU system].&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Android contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does.  What it doesn't "
+"have is the GNU system.  Android replaces that with Google software that "
+"works quite differently.  What makes Android different from GNU/Linux is the "
+"absence of GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why not call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus "
+"Torvalds' role as posterboy for our community? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#helplinus\">#helplinus</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Linus Torvalds is the &ldquo;posterboy&rdquo; (other people's choice of "
+"word, not ours) for his goals, not ours.  His goal is to make the system "
+"more popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the "
+"practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy "
+"availability.  He has never advocated <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">freedom to cooperate</a> as an ethical "
+"principle, which is why the public does not connect the name "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; with that principle."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software movement's "
+"ideals.  He developed non-free software in his job for many years (and said "
+"so to a large audience at a &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;World show), and publicly "
+"invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use non-free software to "
+"work on it with him.  He goes even further, and rebukes people who suggest "
+"that engineers and scientists should consider social consequences of our "
+"technical work&mdash;rejecting the lessons society learned from the "
+"development of the atom bomb."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations of "
+"learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons was an "
+"important contribution to our community.  But those motivations are not the "
+"reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists, and they won't "
+"secure our freedom in the future.  The public needs to know this.  Linus has "
+"the right to promote his views; however, people should be aware that the "
+"operating system in question stems from ideals of freedom, not from his "
+"views."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as GNU? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#claimlinux\">#claimlinux</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It would be wrong, so we don't do that.  Torvalds' work is Linux, the "
+"kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project or "
+"label it as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.  When we talk about the whole system, the "
+"name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives him a share of the credit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#linusagreed\">#linusagreed</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"He recognized this at the beginning.  The earliest Linux release notes said, "
+"<a "
+"href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0";
+".01\"> "
+"&ldquo;Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the "
+"GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)  for "
+"more info&rdquo;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system as a whole, and "
+"forget the question of what to call GNU/Linux? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#finishhurd\">#finishhurd</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"We would like credit for the GNU operating system no matter which kernel is "
+"used with it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Making the GNU Hurd work well enough to compete with Linux would be a big "
+"job, and it's not clearly necessary.  The only thing ethically wrong with "
+"Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;; the best "
+"fix for that problem is <a "
+"href=\"http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects\";> developing free "
+"replacement for the blobs</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"The battle is already lost&mdash;society has made its decision and we can't "
+"change it, so why even think about it? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#lost\">#lost</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education.  What to call the system "
+"is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by &ldquo;society&rdquo;: "
+"each person, each organization, can decide what name to use.  You can't make "
+"others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, but you can decide to call the system "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; yourself&mdash;and by doing so, you will help "
+"educate others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Society has made its decision and we can't change it, so what good does it "
+"do if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#whatgood\">#whatgood</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect pictures are "
+"being spread more or less by various people.  If you call the system "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will help others learn the system's true "
+"history, origin, and reason for being.  You can't correct the misnomer "
+"everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help.  If only a "
+"few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will "
+"have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.  And "
+"some of them will spread the correction to others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Wouldn't it be better to call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach "
+"people its real origin with a ten-minute explanation? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#explain\">#explain</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your "
+"effort, but that is not the best method.  It is not as effective as calling "
+"the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and uses your time inefficiently."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not "
+"propagate.  Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay attention, "
+"and they may learn a correct picture of the system's origin.  But they are "
+"unlikely to repeat the explanation to others whenever they talk about the "
+"system.  They will probably just call it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Without "
+"particularly intending to, they will help spread the incorrect picture."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time.  Saying and writing "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; will take you only a few seconds a day, not minutes, "
+"so you can afford to reach far more people that way.  Distinguishing between "
+"Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is by far the easiest way to "
+"help the GNU Project effectively."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Some people laugh at you when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  "
+"Why do you subject yourself to this treatment? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#treatment\">#treatment</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; tends to give people a mistaken "
+"picture of the system's history and reason for existence.  People who laugh "
+"at our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture&mdash;they "
+"think our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for "
+"it.  If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads people to "
+"ridicule us? Because often it has useful results that help the GNU Project.  "
+"We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve our goals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't sit "
+"idly by.  Please teach the laughing people the real history.  When they see "
+"why the request is justified, those who have any sense will stop laughing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Some people condemn you when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  "
+"Don't you lose by alienating them? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#alienate\">#alienate</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Not much.  People who don't appreciate our role in developing the system are "
+"unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us.  If they do work that "
+"advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it is probably for "
+"other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.  Meanwhile, by teaching "
+"others to attribute our work to someone else, they are undermining our "
+"ability to recruit the help of others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already mostly "
+"uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from correcting a "
+"major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.  Therefore, we "
+"will continue trying to correct the misnomer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Whatever you contributed, is it legitimate to rename the operating system? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#rename\">#rename</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system "
+"&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; ever since we announced it in 1983.  The people who tried "
+"to rename it to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; should not have done so."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#force\">#force</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try.  We call the system "
+"&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and we ask you to do it too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Why not sue people who call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? <span "
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#whynotsue\">#whynotsue</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in freedom of "
+"speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway.  We ask people to call the "
+"system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; because that is the right thing to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Shouldn't you put something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the "
+"system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#require\">#require</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those who "
+"would make proprietary versions of free software.  While it is true that "
+"those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; often do things that limit the "
+"users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the GNU/Linux system "
+"or even developing non-free software for such use, the mere act of calling "
+"the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; does not, in itself, deny users their "
+"freedom.  It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what name people can "
+"use for the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since you objected to the original BSD license's advertising requirement to "
+"give credit to the University of California, isn't it hypocritical to demand "
+"credit for the GNU project? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#BSDlicense\">#BSDlicense</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license requirement, "
+"and we don't.  We only <em>ask</em> you to give us the credit we deserve."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please note that there are at least <a href=\"/philosophy/bsd.html\"> two "
+"different BSD licenses</a>.  For clarity's sake, please don't use the term "
+"&ldquo;BSD license&rdquo; without specifying which one."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since you failed to put something in the GNU GPL to require people to call "
+"the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you deserve what happened; why are you "
+"complaining now? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#deserve\">#deserve</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical premise: "
+"that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are entitled to "
+"take advantage of them as much as you like.  In other words, it assumes that "
+"might makes right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many people believe? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#contradict\">#contradict</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because they "
+"have been misled.  We hope you too will decide that truth is important."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We could never have developed a free operating system without first denying "
+"the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software was legitimate "
+"and acceptable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Since many people call it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#somanyright\">#somanyright</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Isn't it better to call the system by the name most users already know? "
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#knownname\">#knownname</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Users are not incapable of learning.  Since &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; includes "
+"&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they will recognize what you're talking about.  If you "
+"add &ldquo;(often erroneously referred to as &lsquo;Linux&rsquo;)&rdquo; "
+"once in a while, they will all understand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"Many people care about what's convenient or who's winning, not about "
+"arguments of right or wrong.  Couldn't you get more of their support by a "
+"different road? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
+"href=\"#winning\">#winning</a>)</span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral approach "
+"to life.  Non-free software is an example of that amoral approach and "
+"thrives on it.  Thus, in the long run it would be self-defeating for us to "
+"adopt that approach.  We will continue talking in terms of right and wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and "
+"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Будь ласка, надсилайте загальні запити 
фонду та GNU за адресою <a "
+"href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>. Наявні також <a 
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">інші способи зв'язку</a> з фондом. Звіти 
про непрацюючі посилання і "
+"інші виправлення чи пропозиції можна 
надсилати за адресою <a href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+
+#.  TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#.         replace it with the translation of these two:
+#
+#.         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#.         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#.         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#.         to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#
+#.         &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+#
+#.         <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#.         our web pages, see <a
+#.         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#.         README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Ми намагалися зробити цей переклад точним 
та якісним, але виключити "
+"можливість помилки ми не можемо. 
Надсилайте, будь ласка, свої зауваження і "
+"пропозиції щодо перекладу за адресою <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>. </p><p>Відомості з 
координації та "
+"пропозицій перекладів наших статей див. у 
<a href=\"/server/standards/README."
+"translations.html\">&ldquo;Посібнику з 
перекладу&rdquo;</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright &copy; 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 Free "
+"Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright &copy; 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 Фонд 
вільного "
+"програмного забезпечення, Inc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ця сторінка доступна на умовах <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.uk\";> "
+"ліцензії Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>Із 
зазначенням "
+"авторства&nbsp;&mdash; Без похідних "
+"творів</em>) 3.0 Сполучені Штати</a>."
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"Підтримка українського перекладу: Андрій 
Бандура (address@hidden)"
+
+#.  timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Оновлено:"
+