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www/philosophy free-sw.it.html not-ipr.it.html ...


From: GNUN
Subject: www/philosophy free-sw.it.html not-ipr.it.html ...
Date: Wed, 06 Aug 2014 11:14:48 +0000

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     14/08/06 11:14:48

Modified files:
        philosophy     : free-sw.it.html not-ipr.it.html 
                         words-to-avoid.it.html 
        philosophy/po  : free-sw.it-en.html free-sw.it.po 
                         not-ipr.it-en.html not-ipr.it.po 
                         words-to-avoid.it-en.html words-to-avoid.it.po 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.72&r2=1.73
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.65&r2=1.66
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.126&r2=1.127
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.44&r2=1.45
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.59&r2=1.60
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129

Patches:
Index: free-sw.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.72
retrieving revision 1.73
diff -u -b -r1.72 -r1.73
--- free-sw.it.html     5 Jul 2014 05:29:00 -0000       1.72
+++ free-sw.it.html     6 Aug 2014 11:14:30 -0000       1.73
@@ -140,10 +140,10 @@
 persona o azienda ma si rifiuta di eseguire quelle modificate da voi
 (tecnica nota come &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; o come &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo; o
 come &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; secondo la discutibile definizione che ne
-danno i suoi sostenitori), allora la libertà 1 diventa solo teorica. Ciò non
-è sufficiente. In altre parole, la versione eseguibile di questi programmi
-non è software libero anche se il codice sorgente da cui sono stati ottenuti
-è libero.
+danno i suoi sostenitori), allora la libertà 1 diventa una richiesta vuota
+senza alcun valore concreto. Lla versione eseguibile di questi programmi non
+è software libero anche se il codice sorgente da cui sono stati ottenuti è
+libero.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -175,19 +175,17 @@
 <p>
 Tuttavia, certi tipi di regole sul come distribuire il software libero sono
 accettabili quando non entrano in conflitto con le libertà principali.  Per
-esempio, il copyleft, noto anche impropriamente come "permesso d'autore", è
-(detto in poche parole) la regola per cui, quando il programma è
-ridistribuito, non è possibile aggiungere restrizioni per negare ad altre
-persone le libertà principali. Questa regola non entra in conflitto con le
-libertà principali, anzi le protegge.
+esempio, il <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>, noto anche
+impropriamente come "permesso d'autore", è (detto in poche parole) la regola
+per cui, quando il programma è ridistribuito, non è possibile aggiungere
+restrizioni per negare ad altre persone le libertà principali. Questa regola
+non entra in conflitto con le libertà principali, anzi le protegge.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Nel progetto GNU, noi usiamo il <a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.it.html">copyleft</a> per proteggere le quattro
-libertà legalmente per tutti. Per noi <a
-href="/philosophy/pragmatic.it.html">è meglio usare il copyleft</a>, ma va
-bene anche il  <a
+Nel progetto GNU, noi usiamo il copyleft per proteggere le quattro libertà
+legalmente per tutti. Per noi <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.it.html">è
+meglio usare il copyleft</a>, ma va bene anche il  <a
 href="/philosophy/categories.it.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">software
 libero senza copyleft</a>. Vedere <a
 href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Categorie di software libero</a> per
@@ -613,7 +611,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ultimo aggiornamento:
 
-$Date: 2014/07/05 05:29:00 $
+$Date: 2014/08/06 11:14:30 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: not-ipr.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- not-ipr.it.html     12 Apr 2014 13:57:09 -0000      1.35
+++ not-ipr.it.html     6 Aug 2014 11:14:31 -0000       1.36
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.it.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
- <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
-
 <title>Hai detto "proprietà intellettuale"? È un miraggio seducente - 
Progetto GNU
 - Free Software Foundation</title>
 
@@ -71,8 +69,8 @@
 altro termine. Un diverso nome potrebbe eliminare la suddetta tendenziosità,
 ma non le toglierebbe il suo maggior difetto: la sovra-generalizzazione.
 Difatti la "proprietà intellettuale" come cosa specifica non esiste. Essa è
-un miraggio, che sembra avere un'esistenza coerente solo perché il termine
-la sottende. 
+un miraggio, che sembra avere senso solo perché l'uso diffuso del termine
+confonde il pubblico sulle diverse leggi.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -91,8 +89,8 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-La legge sul copyright fu pensata per incoraggiare la gente a produrre
-scritti e opere artistiche, e copre i dettagli dell'opera scritta o
+Per esempio, la legge sul copyright fu pensata per incoraggiare la gente a
+produrre scritti e opere artistiche, e copre i dettagli dell'opera scritta o
 artistica. La legge sui brevetti fu pensata per incoraggiare la
 pubblicazione delle idee, al prezzo di un monopolio temporaneo su di esse -
 un prezzo che può valer la pena pagare in qualche ambito ma non in altri. 
@@ -103,7 +101,8 @@
 attività affaristica, ma semplicemente per permettere agli acquirenti di
 sapere cosa stessero comprando; tuttavia, i legislatori, sotto l'influenza
 della "proprietà intellettuale", l'hanno trasformata in uno schema che
-fornisce incentivi a fare pubblicità. 
+fornisce incentivi a fare pubblicità. E queste sono solo tre delle molte
+leggi a cui questo termine si riferisce.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -115,16 +114,39 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
+In pratica, quasi tutti i discorsi generici che sono formulati usando il
+termine "proprietà intellettuale" sono sbagliati. Ad esempio, si legge che
+"essa" ha come scopo quello di "promuovere l'innovazione", ma questo
+riguarda solo i brevetti e i monopoli sulle specie vegetali nate dalla
+ricerca. Il copyright non ha nulla a che vedere con l'innovazione, dato che
+una canzone o un romanzo sono soggetti a diritto d'autore anche se non
+contengono nulla di innovativo. Anche i marchi di fabbrica non hanno nulla a
+che vedere con l'innovazione: potrei aprire un negozio di tè e chiamarlo
+"rms tea" e questo sarebbe un marchio di fabbrica anche se il tè fosse
+uguale a quello di ogni altro negozio. I segreti industriali sono legati
+all'innovazione solo in modo marginale; il mio elenco di clienti, ad
+esempio, sarebbe un segreto industriale, ma certamente non legato
+all'innovazione.</p>
+
+<p>
+Si legge anche che la "proprietà intellettuale" è legata alla "creatività",
+ma questo si applica solo al copyright. Per un brevetto, infatti, la
+creatività non basta. E marchi di fabbrica e segreti industriali sono
+totalmente estranei alla creatività: il nome "rms tea" non è creativo per
+nulla, e non è creativa nemmeno la lista segreta dei clienti del negozio.</p>
+
+<p>
 Spesso si dice "proprietà intellettuale" quando in realtà si intende qualche
-altra categoria, più ampia o più ristretta della "proprietà
+altra categoria di leggi, più ampia o più ristretta della "proprietà
 intellettuale". Per esempio, le nazioni ricche impongono talune leggi alle
-nazioni povere per spremere loro denaro. Alcune di queste leggi rientrano
-nella categoria della "proprietà intellettuale", altre no; ciononostante,
-coloro che ne pongono in discussione l'equità spesso si trovano ad usare
-essi stessi quell'etichetta, anche se in realtà non è appropriata. Questo
-può portare ad asserzioni errate e ad un pensiero privo di chiarezza. Per
-questa situazione sarebbe meglio usare un termine come "colonizzazione
-legislativa", che focalizza l'aspetto centrale della questione.
+nazioni povere per spremere loro denaro. Alcune di queste leggi vengono
+fatte rientrare nella categoria della "proprietà intellettuale", altre no;
+ciononostante, coloro che ne pongono in discussione l'equità spesso si
+trovano ad usare essi stessi quell'etichetta, anche se in realtà non è
+appropriata. Questo può portare ad asserzioni errate e ad un pensiero privo
+di chiarezza. Per questa situazione sarebbe meglio usare un termine come
+"colonizzazione legislativa", che focalizza l'aspetto centrale della
+questione.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -147,9 +169,9 @@
 <p>
 La dichiarazione si riferisce all'articolo 1 sezione 8 comma 8 della
 Costituzione statunitense, che autorizza la legge sul copyright e sui
-brevetti. Ma in quel punto non si parla della legge sui marchi di fabbrica o
-di altro. Il termine "proprietà intellettuale" condusse il docente a una
-generalizzazione sbagliata.
+brevetti. Ma in quel punto non si parla della legge sui marchi di fabbrica,
+sui segreti industriali o altro. Il termine "proprietà intellettuale"
+condusse il docente a una generalizzazione sbagliata.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -308,7 +330,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ultimo aggiornamento:
 
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:57:09 $
+$Date: 2014/08/06 11:14:31 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: words-to-avoid.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.65
retrieving revision 1.66
diff -u -b -r1.65 -r1.66
--- words-to-avoid.it.html      22 Jul 2014 07:01:15 -0000      1.65
+++ words-to-avoid.it.html      6 Aug 2014 11:14:39 -0000       1.66
@@ -34,15 +34,19 @@
 
 <h4 id="Alternative">&ldquo;Alternativa&rdquo;</h4>
 <p>
-Non presentiamo il software libero come una "alternativa", perché questa
-terminologia farebbe intendere che lo scopo è avere software libero insieme
-al software proprietario, e quindi legittimerebbe il software proprietario.</p>
+Non descriviamo il software libero come "alternativa", perché questo
+presuppone che esistano altre legittime alternative al software libero e che
+dovremmo coesistere con esse. La parola "alternativa" è quindi problematica,
+dato che dà per scontato che sia bene avere varie opzioni tra cui 
scegliere.</p>
 
 <p>
-Crediamo che l'unico modo etico di distribuire il software sia il software
-libero. Quindi è riduttivo vedere il software libero come un'alternativa: il
-nostro scopo è un mondo in cui tutti i programmi sono liberi, e di
-conseguenza sono liberi anche i loro utenti.
+Noi riteniamo che la sola modalità etica di distribuzione del software sia
+il software libero. Gli altri metodi, come <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">il software non
+libero</a> e <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">i
+servizi sostitutivi del software</a> non danno libertà agli utenti. Non
+pensiamo che questi metodi debbano continuare ad esistere come "alternative"
+al software libero.
 </p>
 
 <h4 id="BSD-style">&ldquo;Licenze tipo-BSD&rdquo;</h4>
@@ -907,7 +911,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ultimo aggiornamento:
 
-$Date: 2014/07/22 07:01:15 $
+$Date: 2014/08/06 11:14:39 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: po/free-sw.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- po/free-sw.it-en.html       26 Jun 2014 21:31:03 -0000      1.33
+++ po/free-sw.it-en.html       6 Aug 2014 11:14:46 -0000       1.34
@@ -135,10 +135,9 @@
 run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
 practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
 or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
-boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
-than a practical freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words,
-these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
-compiled from is free.
+boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
+practical reality.  These binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -169,16 +168,16 @@
 <p>
 However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
 software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
-freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
-when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
-other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
-the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+freedoms.  For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
+you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
+This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
+protects them.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">
-copyleft </a> to protect the four freedoms legally for everyone.  We
-believe there are important reasons why
+In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
+legally for everyone.  We believe there are important reasons why
 <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
 copyleft</a>.  However,
 <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
@@ -556,7 +555,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/26 21:31:03 $
+$Date: 2014/08/06 11:14:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: po/free-sw.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.126
retrieving revision 1.127
diff -u -b -r1.126 -r1.127
--- po/free-sw.it.po    6 Aug 2014 10:56:10 -0000       1.126
+++ po/free-sw.it.po    6 Aug 2014 11:14:46 -0000       1.127
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2014-08-05 02:25+0000\n"
 "X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n"
 
 # type: Content of: <title>
@@ -270,25 +269,7 @@
 "considerato tale."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
-# | original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to run
-# | someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
-# | practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;, or
-# | (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo;
-# | &mdash; freedom 1 becomes [-a theoretical fiction-] {+an empty pretense+}
-# | rather than a practical [-freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other
-# | words, these-] {+reality.  These+} binaries are not free software even if
-# | the source code they are compiled from is free.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of "
-#| "the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to run "
-#| "someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a "
-#| "practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;, or "
-#| "(in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; "
-#| "&mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical "
-#| "freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not "
-#| "free software even if the source code they are compiled from is free."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the "
 "original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone "
@@ -358,21 +339,7 @@
 "software non è libero."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
-# | software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
-# | freedoms.  For example, [-copyleft-] {+<a
-# | href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a>+} (very simply stated) is
-# | the rule that when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions
-# | to deny other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict
-# | with the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free "
-#| "software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central "
-#| "freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that "
-#| "when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny "
-#| "other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with the "
-#| "central freedoms; rather it protects them."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free "
 "software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central "
@@ -391,27 +358,7 @@
 "protegge."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | In the GNU project, we use [-<a href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">-]
-# | copyleft [-</a>-] to protect the four freedoms legally for everyone.  We
-# | believe there are important reasons why <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">it is better to use copyleft</a>.
-# | However, <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\">
-# | noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical too.  See <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free Software</a> for a
-# | description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted
-# | software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In the GNU project, we use <a href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\"> copyleft "
-#| "</a> to protect the four freedoms legally for everyone.  We believe there "
-#| "are important reasons why <a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">it is "
-#| "better to use copyleft</a>.  However, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
-#| "html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> noncopylefted free software</a> is "
-#| "ethical too.  See <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of "
-#| "Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; "
-#| "&ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate "
-#| "to each other."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms legally for "
 "everyone.  We believe there are important reasons why <a href=\"/philosophy/"

Index: po/not-ipr.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- po/not-ipr.it-en.html       12 Apr 2014 13:59:22 -0000      1.17
+++ po/not-ipr.it-en.html       6 Aug 2014 11:14:46 -0000       1.18
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 overgeneralization.  There is no such unified thing as
 &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;&mdash;it is a mirage.  The only
 reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
-widespread use of the term has misled them.
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -75,11 +75,12 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers
-the details of expression of a work.  Patent law was intended to
-promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the
-one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it&mdash;a price
-that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work.  Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it&mdash;a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -87,7 +88,8 @@
 way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
 buying.  Legislators under the influence of the term &ldquo;intellectual
 property&rdquo;, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-incentives for advertising.
+incentives for advertising.  And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -98,15 +100,37 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that &ldquo;its&rdquo; purpose is to
+&ldquo;promote innovation&rdquo;, but that only fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies.  Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it.  Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it &ldquo;rms tea&rdquo;,
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else.  Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;
+is concerned with &ldquo;creativity&rdquo;, but really that only fits
+copyright law.  More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention.  Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name &ldquo;rms tea&rdquo; isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
 People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really
-mean some larger or smaller category.  For instance, rich countries
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws.  For instance, rich countries
 often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
-them.  Some of these laws are &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws,
-and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab
-for that label because it has become familiar to them.  By using it,
-they misrepresent the nature of the issue.  It would be better to use
-an accurate term, such as &ldquo;legislative colonization&rdquo;, that
-gets to the heart of the matter.
+them.  Some of these laws are among those called &ldquo;intellectual
+property&rdquo; laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them.  By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue.  It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as &ldquo;legislative
+colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of the matter.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -128,9 +152,9 @@
 <p>
 That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
 Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That
-clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various
-others.  The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; led that
-professor to make false generalization.
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others.  The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -269,7 +293,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:22 $
+$Date: 2014/08/06 11:14:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: po/not-ipr.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.44
retrieving revision 1.45
diff -u -b -r1.44 -r1.45
--- po/not-ipr.it.po    6 Aug 2014 10:56:11 -0000       1.44
+++ po/not-ipr.it.po    6 Aug 2014 11:14:47 -0000       1.45
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2014-08-05 02:57+0000\n"
 "X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n"
 
 # type: Content of: <title>
@@ -127,22 +126,7 @@
 "è anch'esso contraddittorio. "
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
-# | mistake to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other
-# | term.  A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
-# | overgeneralization.  There is no such unified thing as &ldquo;intellectual
-# | property&rdquo;&mdash;it is a mirage.  The only reason people think it
-# | makes sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has
-# | misled [-them.-] {+them about the laws in question.+}
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a "
-#| "mistake to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other "
-#| "term.  A different name will not address the term's deeper problem: "
-#| "overgeneralization.  There is no such unified thing as &ldquo;"
-#| "intellectual property&rdquo;&mdash;it is a mirage.  The only reason "
-#| "people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that widespread use "
-#| "of the term has misled them."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake "
 "to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other term.  A "
@@ -187,18 +171,7 @@
 "pubblico interesse."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | [-Copyright-]{+For instance, copyright+} law was designed to promote
-# | authorship and art, and covers the details of expression of a work.
-# | Patent law was intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the
-# | price of giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
-# | it&mdash;a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the "
-#| "details of expression of a work.  Patent law was intended to promote the "
-#| "publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes "
-#| "an idea a temporary monopoly over it&mdash;a price that may be worth "
-#| "paying in some fields and not in others."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and "
 "covers the details of expression of a work.  Patent law was intended to "
@@ -213,19 +186,7 @@
 "un prezzo che può valer la pena pagare in qualche ambito ma non in altri. "
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
-# | of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
-# | Legislators under the influence of the term &ldquo;intellectual
-# | property&rdquo;, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-# | incentives for advertising.  {+And these are just three out of many laws
-# | that the term refers to.+}
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular "
-#| "way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.  "
-#| "Legislators under the influence of the term &ldquo;intellectual "
-#| "property&rdquo;, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides "
-#| "incentives for advertising."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way "
 "of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.  "
@@ -299,26 +260,7 @@
 "nulla, e non è creativa nemmeno la lista segreta dei clienti del negozio."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really mean
-# | some larger or smaller [-category.-] {+set of laws.+}  For instance, rich
-# | countries often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out
-# | of them.  Some of these laws are {+among those called+}
-# | &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws, and others are not; nonetheless,
-# | critics of the practice often grab for that label because it has become
-# | familiar to them.  By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue.
-# |  It would be better to use an accurate term, such as &ldquo;legislative
-# | colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of the matter.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really "
-#| "mean some larger or smaller category.  For instance, rich countries often "
-#| "impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them.  Some "
-#| "of these laws are &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws, and others "
-#| "are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label "
-#| "because it has become familiar to them.  By using it, they misrepresent "
-#| "the nature of the issue.  It would be better to use an accurate term, "
-#| "such as &ldquo;legislative colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of "
-#| "the matter."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really mean "
 "some larger or smaller set of laws.  For instance, rich countries often "
@@ -372,18 +314,7 @@
 "modi."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
-# | Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That clause,
-# | though, has nothing to do with trademark [-law-] {+law, trade secret
-# | law,+} or various others.  The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;
-# | led that professor to make {+a+} false generalization.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US "
-#| "Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That "
-#| "clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various others.  "
-#| "The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; led that professor to make "
-#| "false generalization."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
 "That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US "
 "Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That clause, "

Index: po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.59
retrieving revision 1.60
diff -u -b -r1.59 -r1.60
--- po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html        22 Jul 2014 07:01:15 -0000      1.59
+++ po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html        6 Aug 2014 11:14:47 -0000       1.60
@@ -109,16 +109,21 @@
 
 <h4 id="Alternative">&ldquo;Alternative&rdquo;</h4>
 <p>
-We don't present free software as an &ldquo;alternative,&rdquo; because it
-presents a goal of having free software alongside proprietary
-software.  That presupposes that proprietary software is
-legitimate.</p>
+We don't describe free software as an &ldquo;alternative,&rdquo;
+because that presumes that other &ldquo;alternatives&rdquo; to free
+software are legitimate and we should coexist with them.  That word
+frames an issue with the assumption that it is good to have lots of
+&ldquo;alternatives&rdquo; to choose from.</p>
 
 <p>
-We believe that the only ethical way to distribute software is as free
-software.  Thus, we aim to make free software more than an
-alternative.  Our goal is a world where all programs are free, so that
-all their users are free.
+We believe that distribution as free software is the only ethical way
+to make software available for others to use.  The other methods,
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">nonfree
+software</a>
+and <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Service
+as a Software Substitute</a> subjugate their users.  We do not think
+that those should continue to exist as &ldquo;alternatives&rdquo; to
+free software.
 </p>
 
 <h4 id="BSD-style">&ldquo;BSD-style&rdquo;</h4>
@@ -971,7 +976,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/07/22 07:01:15 $
+$Date: 2014/08/06 11:14:47 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: po/words-to-avoid.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.128
retrieving revision 1.129
diff -u -b -r1.128 -r1.129
--- po/words-to-avoid.it.po     6 Aug 2014 10:56:11 -0000       1.128
+++ po/words-to-avoid.it.po     6 Aug 2014 11:14:47 -0000       1.129
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2014-08-04 22:25+0000\n"
 "X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -213,8 +212,8 @@
 #. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid "&ldquo;<a href=\"#SharingEconomy\">Sharing economy</a>&rdquo; |"
 msgstr ""
-"&ldquo;<a href=\"#SharingEconomy\">Economia di condivisione (Sharing "
-"economy)</a>&rdquo; |"
+"&ldquo;<a href=\"#SharingEconomy\">Economia di condivisione (Sharing economy)"
+"</a>&rdquo; |"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid "&ldquo;<a href=\"#SoftwareIndustry\">Software Industry</a>&rdquo; |"



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