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www/philosophy university.ca.html po/university...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy university.ca.html po/university... |
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Date: |
Mon, 03 Mar 2014 19:58:52 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 14/03/03 19:58:52
Modified files:
philosophy : university.ca.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : university.ca-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/university.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/university.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: university.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/university.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- university.ca.html 31 Aug 2013 20:12:43 -0000 1.32
+++ university.ca.html 3 Mar 2014 19:58:51 -0000 1.33
@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/university.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/university.ca.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/university.ca.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/university.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/university.ca-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2014-01-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>Com publicar programari lliure si treballeu en una universitat</h2>
<p>
@@ -188,7 +195,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:12:43 $
+$Date: 2014/03/03 19:58:51 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/university.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/university.ca-diff.html
diff -N po/university.ca-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/university.ca-diff.html 3 Mar 2014 19:58:51 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/university.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/university.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University</h2>
+
+<p>
+In the free software movement, we believe computer users should have
+the freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use.
+The “free” in “free software”
+refers to freedom: it means
+users have the freedom to run, modify and redistribute the software.
+Free software contributes to human knowledge, while nonfree software
+does not. Universities should therefore encourage free software for
+the sake of advancing human knowledge, just as they should encourage
+scientists and other scholars to publish their work.</p>
+
+<p>
+Alas, many university administrators have a grasping attitude towards
+software (and towards science); they see programs as opportunities for
+income, not as opportunities to contribute to human knowledge. Free
+software developers have been coping with this tendency for almost 20
+years.</p>
+
+<p>
+When I started developing the <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU
+operating system</a>, in 1984, my first step was to quit my job at MIT.
+I did this specifically so that the MIT licensing office would be
+unable to interfere with releasing GNU as free software. I had
+planned an approach for licensing the programs in GNU that would ensure
+that all modified versions must be free software as well—an approach
+that developed into the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General
+Public License</a> (GNU GPL)—and I did not want to have to beg the
+MIT administration to let me use it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Over the years, university affiliates have often come to the Free
+Software Foundation for advice on how to cope with administrators who
+see software only as something to sell. One good method, applicable
+even for specifically funded projects, is to base your work on an
+existing program that was released under the GNU GPL. Then you can
+tell the administrators, “We're not allowed to release the
+modified version except under the GNU GPL—any other way would
+be copyright infringement.” After the dollar signs fade from
+their eyes, they will usually consent to releasing it as free
+software.</p>
+
+<p>
+You can also ask your funding sponsor for help. When a group at NYU
+developed the GNU Ada Compiler, with funding from the US Air Force,
+the contract explicitly called for donating the resulting code to the
+Free Software Foundation. Work out the arrangement with the sponsor
+first, then politely show the university administration that it is not
+open to renegotiation. They would rather have a contract to develop
+free software than no contract at all, so they will most likely go
+along.</p>
+
+<p>
+Whatever you do, raise the issue early—well before the
+program is half finished. At this point, the university still needs
+you, so you can play hardball: tell the administration you will finish
+the program, make it usable, if they agree in writing to make it
+free software (and agree to your choice of free software license).
+Otherwise you will work on it only enough to write a paper about it,
+and never make a version good enough to release. When the
+administrators know their choice is to have a free software package
+that brings credit to the university or nothing at all, they will
+usually choose the former.</p>
+<p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>The FSF can sometimes persuade your university
to accept the GNU
+General Public License, or to accept GPL version 3. If you can't do
+it alone, please give us the chance to help. Send mail to
address@hidden, and put “urgent” in the Subject
+field.</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span>
+Not all universities have grasping policies. The University of Texas
+has a policy that makes it easy to release software developed there as
+free software under the GNU General Public License. Univates in
+Brazil, and the International Institute of Information Technology in
+Hyderabad, India, both have policies in favor of releasing software
+under the GPL. By developing faculty support first, you may be able
+to institute such a policy at your university. Present the issue as
+one of principle: does the university have a mission to advance human
+knowledge, or is its sole purpose to perpetuate itself?</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Whatever approach you
use,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>In persuading the
university,</em></ins></span> it helps to approach the issue with
+determination and based on an ethical perspective, as we do in the
+free software movement. To treat the public ethically, the software
+should be free—as in freedom—for the whole public.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many developers of free software profess narrowly practical reasons
+for doing so: they advocate allowing others to share and change
+software as an expedient for making software powerful and reliable.
+If those values motivate you to develop free software, well and good,
+and thank you for your contribution. But those values do not give you
+a good footing to stand firm when university administrators pressure
+or tempt you to make the program nonfree.</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, they may argue that “We could make it even more
+powerful and reliable with all the money we can get.” This claim
+may or may not come true in the end, but it is hard to disprove in
+advance. They may suggest a license to offer copies “free of
+charge, for academic use only,” which would tell the general
+public they don't deserve freedom, and argue that this will obtain the
+cooperation of academia, which is all (they say) you need.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you start from values of convenience alone, it is hard to make a
+good case for rejecting these dead-end proposals, but you can do it
+easily if you base your stand on ethical and political values. What
+good is it to make a program powerful and reliable at the expense of
+users' freedom? Shouldn't freedom apply outside academia as well as
+within it? The answers are obvious if freedom and community are among
+your goals. Free software respects the users' freedom, while nonfree
+software negates it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing strengthens your resolve like knowing that the community's
+freedom depends, in one instance, on you.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/03/03 19:58:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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