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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist soft... |
Date: |
Sat, 26 Oct 2013 04:58:15 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/10/26 04:58:14
Modified files:
philosophy/po : ough-interview.translist
software : recent-releases-include.ru.html
software/po : recent-releases-include.ru.po
Added files:
philosophy : ough-interview.ru.html
philosophy/po : ough-interview.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/ough-interview.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ough-interview.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/recent-releases-include.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.190&r2=1.191
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.192&r2=1.193
Patches:
Index: philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist 15 Jul 2013 06:04:13 -0000
1.7
+++ philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist 26 Oct 2013 04:58:13 -0000
1.8
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/ough-interview.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/philosophy/ough-interview.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/ough-interview.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/ough-interview.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: software/recent-releases-include.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/recent-releases-include.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.190
retrieving revision 1.191
diff -u -b -r1.190 -r1.191
--- software/recent-releases-include.ru.html 25 Oct 2013 21:29:57 -0000
1.190
+++ software/recent-releases-include.ru.html 26 Oct 2013 04:58:14 -0000
1.191
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
<ul>
-<li><strong>October 25, 2013</strong>
+<li><strong>25 окÑÑбÑÑ 2013</strong>
<ul>
<li><a
-href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-10/msg00013.html">GNU
-LibreJS 5.4.1 released</a>, <i>Loic J. Duros</i>, <tt>16:40</tt></li>
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-10/msg00013.html">ÐÑпÑÑен
+GNU LibreJS 5.4.1</a>, <i>Ðоик ÐÑÑо</i>, <tt>16:40</tt></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>19 окÑÑбÑÑ 2013</strong>
<ul>
Index: software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.192
retrieving revision 1.193
diff -u -b -r1.192 -r1.193
--- software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po 26 Oct 2013 04:41:35 -0000
1.192
+++ software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po 26 Oct 2013 04:58:14 -0000
1.193
@@ -14,23 +14,12 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-25 21:28+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-# | <strong>October [-1-]{+2+}5, 2013</strong>
-#| msgid "<strong>October 15, 2013</strong>"
msgid "<strong>October 25, 2013</strong>"
msgstr "<strong>25 окÑÑбÑÑ 2013</strong>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
-# | <a
-# |
[-href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-09/msg00002.html\">GNU-]
-# |
{+href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-10/msg00013.html\">GNU+}
-# | LibreJS [-5.2-] {+5.4.1+} released</a>, <i>Loic J. Duros</i>,
-# | [-<tt>10:38</tt>-] {+<tt>16:40</tt>+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-09/msg00002.html"
-#| "\">GNU LibreJS 5.2 released</a>, <i>Loic J. Duros</i>, <tt>10:38</tt>"
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2013-10/msg00013.html"
"\">GNU LibreJS 5.4.1 released</a>, <i>Loic J. Duros</i>, <tt>16:40</tt>"
Index: philosophy/ough-interview.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/ough-interview.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/ough-interview.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/ough-interview.ru.html 26 Oct 2013 04:58:13 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/ough-interview.en.html" -->
+
+<title>ÐнÑеÑвÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ OUGH! - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐнÑеÑвÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ OUGH!</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>ÐÑо запиÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑвÑÑ Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑдом
СÑолменом, пÑоведенного ТеодоÑом
ÐапаÑеодоÑÑ
+в мае 2012 года.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен, акÑивиÑÑ Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑазÑабоÑÑик
+пÑогÑамм, ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÐµÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐµÐ½Ð´Ñ Ð²
миÑовом вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑном ÑообÑеÑÑве. Ðн
+оÑвеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° вÑе наÑи вопÑоÑÑ Ð² инÑеÑвÑÑ
невообÑазимÑÑ
ÑазмеÑов в двÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑÑ
, коÑоÑое он дал OUGH!.</p>
+
+<h3>ЧаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑваÑ</h3>
+
+<p>РабоÑÐ°Ñ “ÑиÑÑемнÑм Ñ
акеÑом” в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
+инÑеллекÑа MIT (Ñ. е. Ñленом командÑ,
ÑазÑабаÑÑвавÑей ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
+опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑаÑоÑии), он ÑÑал
ÑвидеÑелем глÑбокиÑ
изменений,
+коÑоÑÑе оÑ
ваÑили оÑÑаÑлÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ. ÐплоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого вÑемени
обÑÑной
+пÑакÑикой бÑл ÑвободнÑй обмен междÑ
лÑдÑми, изменение и повÑоÑное
+иÑполÑзование ÑиÑÑемнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
ÑазÑабоÑаннÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñин Ñого вÑемени. Ð
+ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века в оÑÑаÑли
пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑекÑаÑили
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм, и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов
+ÑÑало невозможнÑм изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸
модиÑиÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ новÑе Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±
+авÑоÑÑком пÑаве Ñделали ÑÑо незаконнÑм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑа пеÑемена поÑÑÑÑла его Ñвоей
неÑÑиÑноÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ коÑнÑлаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ лиÑно,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñ
акеÑов, в коÑоÑом он
пÑоÑвеÑал, ÑаÑкололоÑÑ, когда две
+конкÑÑиÑÑÑÑиÑ
компании нанÑли
болÑÑинÑÑво ÑаланÑов лабоÑаÑоÑии, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑодÑкÑÑ.
СÑолмен поÑел пÑоÑив ÑÑой ÑенденÑии и
+ÑеÑил поÑвÑÑиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÑазвиÑиÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ
+коÑоÑÑÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
лÑбÑм ÑпоÑобом, коÑоÑÑй ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑÑеÑ
+ÑмеÑÑнÑм, изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, пÑавиÑÑ
его и даже пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ñвои
+измененнÑе веÑÑии ÑÑеди дÑÑгиÑ
.
Ð 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½ ÑÑел из ÐабоÑаÑоÑии
+иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа MIT и наÑал
ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ GNU, пеÑвой Ñвободной
+опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑегоднÑ,
Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð»ÐµÐºÑом пÑогÑамм,
+ÑазÑабоÑаннÑÑ
молодÑм ÑинÑким ÑÑÑденÑом
ÐинÑÑом ТоÑвалÑдÑом, обÑазÑеÑ
+GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° болÑÑинÑÑве
ÑеÑвеÑов в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе, в наÑÑнÑÑ
+ÑÑÑеждениÑÑ
, на кÑÑпнÑÑ
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑÑ
, в
аÑмии, а Ñакже в наÑÑолÑнÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
миллионов лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
оÑказалиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензий на пÑогÑаммÑ,
+ÑопÑовождаÑÑие Windows и MacOS. Ðни ÑеÑили
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме, наÑало
+коÑоÑой бÑло положено СÑолменом и коÑоÑÑÑ
в далÑнейÑем Ñазвивали ÑÑÑÑÑи
+дÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ. GNU/Linux
пÑевоÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой ÑоÑки зÑениÑ, и она доÑÑÑпна
беÑплаÑно, но СÑолмен наÑÑаиваеÑ
+на Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо неплоÑ
ие, но вÑоÑиÑнÑе
каÑеÑÑва. Ðлавное —
+Ñвобода. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ñинаем беÑедÑ, в коÑоÑой ÑеÑÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
пÑаваÑ
.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>ÐÑ Ñказали: “Ð ÑпоÑ
Ñ ÐнÑеÑнеÑа Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
менÑÑе пÑав, Ñем в ÑизиÑеÑком
+миÑе”.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ðа. ÐапÑимеÑ, в СШРпоÑÑавÑики ÑÑлÑг
ÐнÑеÑнеÑа могÑÑ Ð¾ÑклÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑÑда,
+им не нÑжно доказÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо на ÑÑо еÑÑÑ
пÑиÑина. Рв ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе они могÑÑ
+подвеÑгаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑензÑÑе. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
напеÑаÑаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑовки, вÑйÑи на ÑлиÑÑ Ð¸
+ÑаздаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ, вам не
пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо
+компаниÑ: “ÐожалÑйÑÑа, помогиÑе мне в
ÑÑом”,— Ñак ÑÑо вÑ
+ÑÑо можеÑе ÑделаÑÑ. Ðо ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо в
ÐнÑеÑнеÑе, вам нÑжно
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво опеÑаÑоÑа ÑвÑзи,
ÑегиÑÑÑаÑоÑа доменнÑÑ
имен и, возможно,
+ÑлÑÐ¶Ð±Ñ ÑазмеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑайÑов, и еÑли им не по
нÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе, или еÑли
+им пÑигÑÐ¾Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÐºÑо-Ñо, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ много влаÑÑи и
ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ по нÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ñо, ÑÑо вÑ
+делаеÑе, Ñо они могÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð¸ подвеÑгнÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+ÑензÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>У лÑдей должно бÑÑÑ ÑÑидиÑеÑкое пÑаво на
полÑÑение лÑбого из ÑÑиÑ
видов
+ÑÑлÑг до ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока ÑÑи лÑди ÑоблÑдаÑÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñо Ñвоей
+ÑÑоÑонÑ. Ðо-моемÑ, в СШРположение Ñаково,
ÑÑо ÑелеÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑ
+пÑоизволÑно ÑазÑединиÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑелеÑоннÑÑ
линиÑ, пока Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑодолжаеÑе
+оплаÑиваÑÑ Ñвои ÑÑеÑа и Ñак далее: в ÑÑом
ÑлÑÑае им пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑодолжаÑÑ
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑелеÑоннÑе ÑÑлÑги, ÑÑÑ
вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ за ними. С подклÑÑением к
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑÑÑ Ñо же Ñамое. ÐÑбоÑ
должен бÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ за ними, им не
+должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾ ÑÑавиÑÑ Ñвои
ÑобÑÑвеннÑе ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ далÑнейÑем
+пÑедоÑÑавлении вам ÑÑлÑг.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ðни Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
как
жилиÑно-коммÑналÑнÑе ÑÑлÑги?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðменно.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑа завиÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑии
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ñакже на ÑинанÑовÑе
опеÑаÑии.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑо дÑÑгой аÑпекÑ, в коÑоÑом ÑиÑÑовой миÑ
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ менÑÑе пÑав, Ñем
+Ð¼Ð¸Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкий. ÐÑедположим, Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе не
ÑолÑко ÑаздаваÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑовки на
+ÑлиÑе, но и пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей даваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ денÑги
на ваÑе дело. Ðни могÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°ÑÑ
+налиÑнÑе, а Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе налиÑнÑе пÑинимаÑÑ, и
вам Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого не нÑжно
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво никакой компании. Ðак
ÑолÑко Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаеÑе налиÑнÑе, ÑÑо
+наÑÑоÑÑие денÑги и Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе иÑ
ÑÑаÑиÑÑ. Ðо
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо же Ñамое в
+ÑиÑÑовом миÑе, вам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑлÑги плаÑежной
компании, а ÑÑи компании Ñоже
+могÑÑ Ð¾ÑклÑÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоизволÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ðменно ÑÑо ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ Ñ <em>WikiLeaks</em>. ÐоÑле
Ñого, как они вÑпÑÑÑили
+инÑоÑмаÑиÑ, неÑгоднÑÑ (кÑоме пÑоÑиÑ
)
пÑавиÑелÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð, <em>MasterCard</em>
+и <em>Visa</em> пÑекÑаÑили пÑинимаÑÑ
пожеÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого ÑайÑа.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ðменно. ÐÑе ÑÑи ÑÑзвимоÑÑи вÑÑвилиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
<em>WikiLeaks</em>, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво СШРÑеÑило заÑкнÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸
делало Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого вÑе, ÑÑо
+могло. ÐÑо нанеÑло болÑÑой вÑед, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð²Ñе
еÑе можно полÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп к
+ÑÑÑаниÑам <em>WikiLeaks</em>, еÑли полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
нÑжнÑм доменнÑм именем. Ðм
+ÑдалоÑÑ-Ñаки пеÑеÑезаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво
пожеÑÑвований в <em>WikiLeaks</em>, и
+ÑепеÑÑ ÑабоÑа ÑайÑа заÑÑÑднена.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑила ÑиÑокÑÑ
ÑкандалÑнÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð² СШÐ. Ðакова ваÑа
+ÑоÑка зÑениÑ?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p><em>WikiLeaks</em> Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑÑо геÑоиÑеÑкое. Ð
СШРмного пÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñинено
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвÑ, как и во многиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
. Ðли
лÑÑÑе бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑеÑÑа
+подÑинена деловÑм кÑÑгам, но в СШÐ
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
, Ñак ÑÑо они
+Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾ гоÑÑдаÑÑÑве Ñ
оÑоÑее. Я
дÑмаÑ, нам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ, не
+позволÑÑÑие плаÑежнÑм компаниÑм
пÑекÑаÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑÑлÑги ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñо ни
+бÑло, еÑли ÑолÑко ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑо
доказаÑелÑно обоÑноваÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ТеÑ
ниÑеÑкий пÑогÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð» наÑало новÑм
ÑоÑмам конÑÑолÑ, но он пÑивел Ñакже к
+новÑм ÑпоÑобам пÑоÑеÑÑа, неÑоглаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸
ÑамооÑганизаÑии. ÐÑÑппа
+<em>Anonymous</em> пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñобой пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñ
акÑивиÑÑов.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p><em>Anonymous</em> Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ñазное. ЧаÑе вÑего
<em>Anonymous</em> ÑобиÑаеÑ
+множеÑÑво лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе заÑ
одÑÑ Ð² двеÑи
ÑайÑа оÑганизаÑии, ÑÑо Ñолпа, Ñак
+ÑÑо они могÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо на пÑÑи.
ÐÑо ÑопоÑÑавимо Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑом пеÑед
+зданием коÑпоÑаÑии в ÑизиÑеÑком миÑе. РмÑ
пÑизнаем ÑÑо как демокÑаÑиÑнÑÑ
+полиÑиÑеÑкÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð³ÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ <em>Anonymous</em> в
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑе Ñакже ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑиÑной
полиÑиÑеÑкой деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑÑ. ÐонеÑно,
+ÑепÑеÑÑивнÑе ÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделиÑÑ ÑÑо
как пÑеÑÑÑпление, а не как пÑоÑеÑÑ, и
+они полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ñдвигами в ÑеÑ
нике как
возможноÑÑÑÑ ÑакÑиÑеÑки поÑÑавиÑÑ
+пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ðµ закона.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгое, ÑÑо, как Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, возможно, делали
ÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð³ÑÑппÑ
+<em>Anonymous</em> — ÑÑо изменение ÑекÑÑа на
ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
ÑайÑов длÑ
+кÑиÑики Ñой оÑганизаÑии, Ñей ÑÑо ÑайÑ. ÐÑо
виÑÑÑалÑнÑй ÑÐºÐ²Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑазмеÑениÑ
+кÑиÑиÑеÑкого лозÑнга на плакаÑе, ÑÑо
ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ðµ ноÑмалÑной
+демокÑаÑиÑной полиÑиÑеÑкой
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑÑ, но они назÑваÑÑ ÑÑо
+“аÑакой” ÑайÑа. Слово “аÑака”
ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑи лÑдей на мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом,
ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑо-Ñо оÑлиÑное оÑ
+полиÑиÑеÑкого пÑоÑеÑÑа, и поÑадиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей в
ÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑоÑеÑÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>СÑеди Ñ
акеÑов Ñлово “Ñ
акеє
ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑÑо ÑовеÑÑенно оÑлиÑное
+Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо оно знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑной
пÑблики. Ðе могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑниÑÑ ÑÑо
+ÑазлиÑие?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñже ÑоÑок леÑ, Ñ ÑеÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñ
пÑиÑоединилÑÑ Ðº ÑообÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ñ
акеÑов в MIT,
+Ñ Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑдоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ñ
акеÑом. Я бÑл
нанÑÑ MIT в каÑеÑÑве ÑиÑÑемного
+Ñ
акеÑа, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ð Ñо вÑемÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+под названием ITS<a href="#tf1">[1]</a>, коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑала команда Ñ
акеÑов
+в ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа;
а поÑом они нанÑли в ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ñ
+менÑ. Ðоей ÑабоÑой бÑло ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ.
Слово “Ñ
акеÑÑÑво”
+имело более ÑиÑокое знаÑение, оно по ÑÑÑи
ознаÑало игÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑли и ÑаÑÑиÑение
+гÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ХакеÑÑÑво даже не обÑзаÑелÑно ÑвÑзано Ñ
компÑÑÑеÑами.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ХакеÑÑÑво не огÑаниÑивалоÑÑ ÑлÑÑÑением
опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ. ХакеÑÑÑвом
+можно бÑло занимаÑÑÑÑ Ð² лÑбой ÑÑеде, не
обÑзаÑелÑно Ñ Ð¿ÑивлеÑением
+компÑÑÑеÑов. ХакеÑÑÑво в ÑиÑоком
ÑмÑÑле — ÑÑо оÑноÑение к
+жизни. Чем Ð²Ñ ÑвлекаеÑеÑÑ? ÐÑли ÑÑо наÑ
ождение оÑÑÑоÑмнÑÑ
ÑпоÑобов ÑделаÑÑ
+Ñо, ÑÑо ÑÑиÑалоÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñм, Ñо Ð²Ñ —
Ñ
акеÑ. Ðдно из дел,
+коÑоÑое ÑÑиÑалоÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñм —
взлом заÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
. Так
+ÑÑо какие-Ñо лÑди, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
бÑли
ÑклонноÑÑи к Ñ
акеÑÑÑвÑ, попали в ÑÑÑ ÑÑедÑ
+взломÑиков заÑиÑÑ. ÐоÑом, пÑимеÑно
в 1981 годÑ, жÑÑналиÑÑÑ Ñзнали
+о Ñ
акеÑаÑ
и подÑмали, ÑÑо Ñ
акеÑÑÑво —
ÑÑо взлом заÑиÑÑ. ÐообÑе
+говоÑÑ, ÑÑо не веÑно: во-пеÑвÑÑ
, еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑпоÑобов занимаÑÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑÑÑвом,
+коÑоÑÑе никак не ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑой, а
во-вÑоÑÑÑ
, взлом заÑиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ обÑзаÑелÑно
+ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑÑÑвом. Ðн ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑÑÑвом ÑолÑко Ñогда, когда Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
+ÑÑо оÑÑÑоÑмно, игÑаÑÑи.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h4>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ</h4>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt>ÐÑоме ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
пÑав, Ð²Ñ ÑÑаÑÑвÑеÑе
Ñакже в кампаниÑÑ
пÑоÑив паÑенÑов на
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Такие компании, как Amazon, Google и
Apple, не говоÑÑ Ð¾ многиÑ
+дÑÑгиÑ
, в наÑÑоÑÑее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²
жаÑкие паÑенÑнÑе войнÑ.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐаÑенÑÑ — как Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑогÑамм. ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑдивлÑеÑ,
+ÑÑо Ñакой пÑодÑкÑ, как ÑелеÑон Ñ <em>Android</em>,
обвинÑеÑÑÑ Ð² наÑÑÑении
+колоÑÑалÑного колиÑеÑÑва паÑенÑов, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммнаÑ
+ÑиÑÑема. ÐÑÐ±Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑебÑ
+ÑÑÑÑÑи идей, и еÑли 10% ÑÑиÑ
идей
запаÑенÑованÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
+запаÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑоÑни из ÑÑиÑ
идей. Так ÑÑо
лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ ÐºÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма, веÑоÑÑно,
+наÑвеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑоÑни паÑенÑов, а ÑиÑÑема, Ñо
еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑамм,
+веÑоÑÑно, наÑвеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑÑÑи паÑенÑов, а Ñо
и болÑÑе Ñого.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>СоглаÑно законÑ, ÑÑок дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
паÑенÑов ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ 20 Ð»ÐµÑ Ñ
+моменÑа иÑ
подаÑи.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаÑли пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑо оÑенÑ
долго. Ðе забÑвайÑе, ÑÑо каждÑй Ñаз,
+когда менÑеÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий конÑекÑÑ, нам
нÑжно пÑиÑпоÑабливаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ðµ из
+Ñого, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼, к ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ
конÑекÑÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо вÑем им
+нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе идеи, а еÑли ÑÑи новÑе
идеи паÑенÑÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÑее
+бедÑÑвие.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Чем пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñак оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑ
дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо к ним не ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — не ÑипиÑнÑй
вид паÑенÑа. РаÑÑмоÑÑим
+ÑипиÑнÑй ÑлÑÑай: паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо
делаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° заводе. ÐÑи паÑенÑÑ
+заÑÑагиваÑÑ ÑолÑко компании, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ коÑоÑÑе пÑоизводÑÑ
+пÑодÑкÑиÑ. ÐÑли вÑе они могÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ñ
паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемой, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ, оÑÑалÑнÑÑ
,
+Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑиÑин об ÑÑом беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ. Ðо когда
ÑÑо пÑогÑаммÑ, пÑоблема в Ñом, ÑÑо
+они гоÑаздо Ñложнее, Ñем ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло
еÑе — по Ñой пÑиÑине,
+ÑÑо пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
пÑинÑипиалÑно легÑе, Ñем ÑизиÑеÑкие
пÑодÑкÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо маÑемаÑика,
а ÑизиÑеÑким пÑодÑкÑам
+пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑпÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑноÑÑÑÑ
маÑеÑии. ÐÑи ÑÑом бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑоиÑÑ
одиÑÑ
+вÑевозможнÑе неожиданноÑÑи; Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
модели, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑказаÑÑ,
+ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоиÑÑ
одиÑÑ Ð² ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
, но никÑо не гаÑанÑиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо
+ÑÑи модели веÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РпÑогÑаммаÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ
маÑемаÑиÑеÑкими конÑÑÑÑкÑиÑми, и они
делаÑÑ Ñо,
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸, а еÑли ÑÑо не Ñак, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑе
к ÑазÑабоÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑоÑа и
+говоÑиÑе: “У Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² компилÑÑоÑе оÑибка.
УÑÑÑаниÑе ее, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑа
+конÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð»Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо ей положено
делаÑÑ”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе Ñак обÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº
ÑизиÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ, но к ÑазÑабоÑÑикÑ
+компилÑÑоÑа Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе. Ðз-за
ÑÑого пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ³Ñе,
+но лÑди доводÑÑ Ð²ÑÑкÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ее
пÑедела. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÑе лÑдÑм
+более легкий вид пÑоекÑиÑованиÑ, а они
делаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ кÑÑпнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо в пÑогÑамме неÑколÑко Ñеловек за
неÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ ÑпÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ
+ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑее в Ñвоей ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑе
миллион ÑлеменÑов. ÐÑо бÑл бÑ
+гÑандиознÑй пÑоекÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо нÑжно бÑло
делаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑизиÑеÑкой
+маÑеÑии. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе ÑакÑÑ ÑложнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, и в ней бÑдеÑ
+ÑÑма-ÑÑмÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹, а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо она
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов или по
+кÑайней меÑе обвинÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² наÑÑÑении кÑÑи
паÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгими Ñловами, бÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм гоÑаздо ÑÑжелее, Ñем
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñего-либо еÑе. ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ ÑгÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ñем
ÑазÑабоÑÑикам пÑогÑамм, и в
+паÑенÑнÑÑ
войнаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе ÑазÑазилиÑÑ Ð²
пÑоÑлом Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑÑÑ Ñанее, Ð²Ñ ÑÑо
+и видиÑе: еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑе болÑÑой
ÑложнÑй Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, Ñо на ваÑ
+подадÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Чем ÑÑо оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ, Ñкажем, Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа на
лекаÑÑÑво?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑепаÑаÑÑ — дÑÑгой
оÑобÑй ÑлÑÑай. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо когда вÑ
+пÑинÑждаеÑе беднÑе ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
на пÑепаÑаÑÑ, а именно ÑÑо делаеÑ
+ÐÑемиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑганизаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑепаÑÐ°Ñ Ñаким доÑогим, ÑÑо он
+ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑÑпнÑм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñдей, и они
ÑмиÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑдей, оÑновавÑиÑ
ÐТÐ, и ее ÑÑководиÑелей
ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑпÑавиÑÑ Ð² ÐÐ°Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑдиÑÑ
+за маÑÑовÑе ÑбийÑÑва. Ðам ÑледÑеÑ
оÑганизоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑебоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñи
+пÑавиÑелÑÑÑва пÑекÑаÑили поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÐТÐ;
на ÑÑо еÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑи
+пÑиÑин. ÐÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑедназнаÑена длÑ
Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñм кÑÑгам болÑÑе
+влаÑÑи обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²
надÑваÑелÑÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе Ñак назÑваемÑе “договоÑÑ Ð¾
Ñвободной ÑоÑговле” в
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи пÑедназнаÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
оÑÐ»Ð°Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑии и пеÑедаÑи
+полиÑиÑеÑкой влаÑÑи деловÑм кÑÑгам. ÐÑÑÑ
веÑкие Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² полÑÐ·Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
+междÑнаÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ðµ
ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñе, и еÑли ÑÑи ÑÑÑанÑ
+доÑÑаÑоÑно демокÑаÑиÑнÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑво
ÑаÑпÑеделÑлоÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñеми в обеиÑ
+ÑÑÑанаÑ
, Ñо им ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно вÑгодно.
Ðднако Ñак назÑваемÑе
+“договоÑÑ Ð¾ Ñвободной ÑоÑговле”
ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐµ демокÑаÑиÑнÑми и
гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо богаÑÑÑво
ÑаÑпÑеделÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+бÑдеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо они ÑниÑÑожаÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑе
вÑгодÑ, к каким они ÑолÑко могли бÑ
+пÑивеÑÑи, <em>даже еÑли ÐÐРобеиÑ
ÑÑÑан
возÑаÑÑаеÑ</em>. ЧÑо в ÑÑом
+Ñ
оÑоÑего, еÑли веÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑоÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑм (а
именно ÑÑо они делали в СШÐ
+<em>по менÑÑей меÑе</em> Ñ 1980 года)?</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑи паÑенÑнÑе Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑвидеÑелÑми
Ñого, как компании закÑпали аÑÑенал
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑжб...</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, компании, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо и
делали, но могло ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
+<em>Google</em> менÑÑе паÑенÑов, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑа
ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñак
+давно. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ из ÑлÑÑаев, в
коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
одно и Ñо
+же положение и они не вÑе взаимно завиÑимÑ,
а еÑли ÑÑо Ñак, Ñо ÑÑо бÑло бÑ
+непÑиÑÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, в конÑе конÑов,
<em>Android</em> —
+единÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑемаÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑмаÑÑÑонов,
+ÑоÑÑоÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи из ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, а ÑÑо по менÑÑей меÑе даеÑ
+нам оÑпÑавнÑÑ ÑоÑкÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑпÑавлÑÑÑ ÑелеÑонами без неÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли ÑиÑÑема <em>Android</em> ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ñной и
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑмеÑена паÑенÑами, Ñо
+мÑ, веÑоÑÑно, никогда не Ñможем полÑÑиÑÑ
ÑелеÑон под ÑпÑавлением ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Google ÑобиÑаеÑÑÑ ÐºÑпиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Motorola,
ÑинанÑовÑе дела коÑоÑой обÑÑоÑÑ
+не блеÑÑÑÑе, ÑолÑко ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп
к ее паÑенÑам.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑо показÑваеÑ, как паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ
ой пÑогÑеÑÑÑ. Ðогда
+еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно паÑенÑов,
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð½Ð° один пÑодÑкÑ, Ñ
паÑенÑной
+ÑиÑÑемой ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑÑÑдно
ÑовладаÑÑ. Я надеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо им (Google) ÑÑо
+ÑдаÑÑÑÑ, ÑдаÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑиÑÑ ÑебÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
пÑи ÑÑом они заÑлонÑÑÑ Ð²
+некоÑоÑой ÑÑепени и ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑ Ð·Ð° полнÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
пÑогÑаммÑ?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑавилÑно, паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐмейÑе в
видÑ,
+ÑÑо не вÑегда можно ÑазделиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммнÑе и непÑогÑаммнÑе. Ðногда
+один и ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº на пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñак и на
+ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкие ÑÑ
емÑ. ÐоÑ
ÑекомендаÑÐ¸Ñ — измениÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½ Ñак,
ÑÑобÑ
+Ñам говоÑилоÑÑ: “ÐÑли ÑÑо пÑогÑамма, Ñо
она не наÑÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+паÑенÑов по опÑеделениє.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h4>Ðбмен Ñайлами в одноÑанговÑÑ
ÑеÑÑÑ
и
мÑзÑкалÑнаÑ/кинопÑомÑÑленноÑÑÑ</h4>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>ÐÑ ÑаÑÑо вÑÑказÑвалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив
ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñлова “пиÑаÑÑÑво”.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑо гÑÑзное вÑÑажение! Ðни Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ,
ÑÑо обмен моÑалÑно ÑквиваленÑен
+Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° коÑабли. Я не ÑоглаÑен Ñ ÑÑой
позиÑией, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ назÑваÑ
+обмен “пиÑаÑÑÑвом”. Я назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑÑо
“обменом”.</p>
+
+<p>Я не пÑоÑив пÑибÑлей вообÑе. Я пÑоÑив
неÑпÑаведливого обÑаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
+лÑдÑми. ÐÑбой конкÑеÑнÑй меÑод Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑÑÑ
+ÑопÑÑжен Ñ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливÑм обÑаÑением Ñ
лÑдÑми.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð²ÑбиваÑÑегоÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñил аÑÑиÑÑа
ÑмеÑон, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑбиваÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
Ñил аÑÑиÑÑов. Ðна паÑÑива. РеÑли
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо легализÑем обмен, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑбиваÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñил аÑÑиÑÑов не бÑдеÑ
+никакой ÑазниÑÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, им ÑÑо даже
поможеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо аÑÑиÑÑам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ
мÑзÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ лиÑензиÑми, коÑоÑÑе Ñвно
+допÑÑкаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½, а некоÑоÑÑе Ñак и делаÑÑ.
Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÑгÑменÑ
+пÑоÑив обмена неÑоÑÑоÑÑелен.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑи гиганÑÑкие многонаÑионалÑнÑе
компании Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе денег Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑебÑ, и они
+полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°ÑÑиÑÑами как опÑавданием.
Ðакие-Ñо кÑоÑ
и пеÑепадаÑÑ Ð¸ аÑÑиÑÑам,
+а еÑе еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ звездÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми
обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо. Ðо нам не
+нÑжно делаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
богаÑе.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>То еÑÑÑ Ñ Ð»Ñдей должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво на
некоммеÑÑеÑкий обмен и повÑоÑное
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение мÑзÑки?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑзÑки и лÑбого опÑбликованного
пÑоизведениÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо обмен —
+ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, обмен вÑÑÑÑÐ°Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво,
Ñак ÑÑо обмен должен бÑÑÑ
+законнÑм, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑи
легко обмениваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ некоммеÑÑеÑки
бÑло
+Ñак ÑÑÑдно, ÑÑо бÑло вÑе Ñавно, законно ÑÑо
или неÑ. Ðо ÑейÑаÑ, когда ÑÑо
+Ñак легко, доÑÑигнÑÑÑ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди
пеÑеÑÑали делаÑÑ ÑÑо, можно ÑолÑко Ñ
+пÑименением гадкиÑ
дÑаконовÑкиÑ
меÑ, и
даже они не вÑегда ÑабоÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, когда они ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ
доÑÑаÑоÑно гадкими, они могÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ, но
+поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑноÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð³Ð°Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑ?</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑзÑкалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ кинопÑомÑÑленноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑенÑ
акÑивно вÑÑÑÑпали за PIPA, SOPA и
+ACTA.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ðни Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑÑÑановиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливÑе
Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ, и в некоÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑанаÑ
им ÑÑо ÑдалоÑÑ. Я ÑиÑал, ÑÑо в
ÐÑландии пÑинÑли закон, ÑÑ
однÑй Ñ
+SOPA, по кÑайней меÑе Ñак о нем говоÑÑÑ, но Ñ
еÑе не Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+подÑобноÑÑей.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑи Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливÑ. Ðни
пÑедназнаÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÑе болÑÑе
+подÑиниÑÑ Ð»Ñдей запиÑÑваÑÑим компаниÑм,
Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо, конеÑно, непÑавилÑнÑе
+законÑ, конеÑно, лÑди иÑ
ненавидÑÑ.
ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй вопÑÐ¾Ñ —
+доÑÑаÑоÑно ли оÑÑалоÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑии в лÑбой
оÑделÑно взÑÑой ÑÑÑане, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди
+могли оÑÑановиÑÑ ÑÑо?</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑажданам ÐвÑÐ¾Ð¿Ñ ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð¸
оÑганизовÑваÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими, ÑÑобÑ
+ваÑа ÑÑÑана не ÑаÑиÑиÑиÑовала ACTA, и
ÑбедиÑÑ ÐвÑопейÑкий паÑламенÑ
+пÑоголоÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив. СпаÑиÑе Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑой
неÑпÑаведливоÑÑи!</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ðедавно гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑе оÑÐ³Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñовели
акÑии по закÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑколÑкиÑ
ÑайÑов,
+ÑакиÑ
как Mega-Upload.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Я не знаÑ, заÑлÑжил ли в конеÑном ÑÑеÑе
Mega-Upload Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+закÑÑли. ÐомниÑе, ÑÑо Mega-Upload — ÑÑо
пÑедпÑиÑÑие, а не пÑимеÑ
+обмена. Ðбмен ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкое
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение ÑоÑнÑÑ
копий. Так
+ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑно о
Mega-Upload.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑно дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо бÑло неÑÑо
возмÑÑиÑелÑное в Ñом, как его
+закÑÑли до Ñого, как ÑÑд полÑÑил
возможноÑÑÑ ÑеÑиÑÑ, законно ÑÑо или неÑ. Ðо
+Ñем вÑеменем пÑоÑ
одил пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив...
по-моемÑ, ÑÑо назÑвалоÑÑ Hotfile, и
+иÑÑÑÑ ÑÑвеÑждали, ÑÑо “ÑÑо должно бÑÑÑ
плоÑ
о, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо оно поÑ
оже на
+Mega-Upload, коÑоÑÑй Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑÑли”. ÐÑо
подÑаÑовка, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо никакой
+ÑÑд не ÑеÑил, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Mega-Upload законнÑм.
Так ÑÑо они ÑказÑвали на ÑÑо
+пÑеждевÑеменное закÑÑÑие как на
доказаÑелÑÑÑво Ñого, ÑÑо ÑÑо плоÑ
о.</p>
+
+<p>Я не знаÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо плоÑ
о. ÐÑо не
ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑилÑно
+беÑпокоиÑ. ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе забоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½ ÑеÑез
одноÑанговÑе ÑеÑи, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
+опÑеделенно Ñ
оÑоÑо.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h4>РнепÑикоÑновенноÑÑи ÑаÑÑной жизни</h4>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>ЧÑо Ð²Ñ ÑкажеÑе о ÑакиÑ
ÑлÑжбаÑ
, как Facebook
и Gmail?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ржизни много вопÑоÑов, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñо
Ñвободой, и конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñвоими
+ÑобÑÑвеннÑми вÑÑиÑлениÑми ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸Ð¼
вкладом — Ñ
+надеÑÑÑ — в пÑедÑÑавление о Ñом, ÑÑо
Ñакое пÑава Ñеловека. ÐÑÑÑ
+много дÑÑгиÑ
пÑав Ñеловека, коÑоÑÑÑ
заÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð»Ñди, и многие из
+ниÑ
— ÑеÑ
, ÑÑо оÑноÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº дÑÑгим
ÑÑеÑам жизни,—
+пеÑеноÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² виÑÑÑалÑнÑй миÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо, напÑимеÑ, ÑÑо плоÑ
о в Facebook? ÐÑ, он
Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑдÑм ложное
+впеÑаÑление конÑиденÑиалÑноÑÑи. Ðн даеÑ
вам дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе вÑделиÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо как Ñо, ÑÑо ÑазÑеÑено видеÑÑ ÑолÑко
ваÑим дÑÑзÑÑм, не оÑознаваÑ, ÑÑо
+на Ñамом деле ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпно ваÑим
“дÑÑзÑÑм” в Facebook, а
+не наÑÑоÑÑим дÑÑзÑÑм. РлÑбой из ниÑ
мог бÑ
опÑбликоваÑÑ ÑÑо, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо
+ÑÑало Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпно вÑем; ÑÑо могло Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
опÑбликовано в газеÑе. Facebook
+ÑÑого пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðднако он мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑпÑеждаÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей каждÑй Ñаз, когда они
наÑинаÑÑ
+ÑеанÑ: “ÐÑÑоÑожно, вÑе, ÑÑо вÑ
ÑазмеÑÑиÑе здеÑÑ — даже еÑли
+Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑÑ ÑолÑко
опÑеделеннÑе лÑди — вÑе
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñбликовано по
незавиÑÑÑим Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑвам. Так ÑÑо
+Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑмайÑе обо вÑем, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑолÑко
пÑбликÑеÑе здеÑÑ. РпомниÑе, ÑÑо в
+ÑледÑÑÑий Ñаз, когда Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе поÑÑÑпаÑÑ
на ÑабоÑÑ, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
+поÑÑебоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ вÑе, ÑÑо
еÑÑÑ Ð² ваÑей ÑÑеÑной запиÑи. ÐаÑе
+ÑÑебное заведение Ñакже могло Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
поÑÑебоваÑÑ. РеÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑно
+Ñ
оÑиÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñли
конÑиденÑиалÑнÑми, не ведиÑе иÑ
Ñаким
+обÑазом”. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° из ÑеÑ
веÑей, коÑоÑÑе
им Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Facebook — маÑина Ñлежки, он ÑобиÑаеÑ
колоÑÑалÑнÑе колиÑеÑÑва
+лиÑнÑÑ
даннÑÑ
, и ÑÑ
ема его деловой
пÑакÑики ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² злоÑпоÑÑеблении ÑÑими
+даннÑми. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе не должнÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Facebook.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñ
Ñже Ñого — Facebook Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
за лÑдÑми, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
неÑ
+ÑÑеÑнÑÑ
запиÑей Facebook. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе на
ÑÑÑаниÑе кнопкÑ
+“ÐÑавиÑÑÑ”, Ñо Facebook знаеÑ, ÑÑо ваÑ
компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑил ÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑаниÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо не единÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÑим; по-моемÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸ Twitter, и Google+, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо
пÑакÑика, коÑоÑой подÑажаÑÑ. Ð
+ÑÑо дÑÑно незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, кÑо ÑÑим
занимаеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Facebook Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÑе кое-ÑÑо: он полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
изобÑажениÑми лÑдей в
+коммеÑÑеÑкой Ñекламе и не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼
возможноÑÑи оÑказаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑик ШмидÑ, извеÑÑнÑй по Google, паÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ
назад Ñказал, ÑÑо еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñо вÑеÑ
, Ñо
вам, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, не нÑжно ÑÑого
+делаÑÑ.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑо ÑмеÑно. Ðакого Ñода веÑи Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑели бÑ
ÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñо вÑеÑ
?</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑеÑе пÑоÑеÑÑ. РнаÑи
дни пÑавиÑелÑÑÑва неÑедко клеймÑÑ
+диÑÑиденÑов как ÑеÑÑоÑиÑÑов и пÑименÑÑÑ Ðº
ним ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ ÑлежкÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑакÑиÑеÑки
ÑабоÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑиÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑи ÑоÑиалÑнÑе ÑÑÐµÐ´Ñ ÑÑвеÑждаÑÑ Ñакже,
ÑÑо они игÑали оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑвнÑÑ
+ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð² воÑÑÑаниÑÑ
на Ðлижнем ÐоÑÑоке.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо и Ñак, но помниÑе, ÑÑо они
не ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑанаÑ
Ðлижнего
+ÐоÑÑока, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑезного
моÑива опаÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑ
пÑавÑÑиÑ
+Ñежимов.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда, Ñкажем, пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво СШРÑ
оÑеÑ
ÑмÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑоглаÑнÑÑ
, ÑÑи компании,
+ÑкоÑее вÑего, пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ. ÐÑли не
добÑоволÑно, Ñо иÑ
вÑе Ñавно к ÑÑомÑ
+пÑинÑдÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑ Ñакже извеÑÑÐ½Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо не
полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ ÑоÑовÑм ÑелеÑоном, ÑÑобÑ
заÑиÑиÑÑ
+непÑикоÑновенноÑÑÑ Ñвоей лиÑной жизни.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐонеÑно. ÐаждÑй мобилÑнÑй ÑелеÑон —
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво Ñлежки и
+наблÑдениÑ. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
ÑелеÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедаваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñе
+меÑÑоположение, опÑеделенное по
ÑпÑÑниковой ÑиÑÑеме навигаÑии, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+ÑелеÑон конÑÑолиÑÑеÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами (Ñ
оÑÑ ÑакиÑ
ÑелеÑонов оÑенÑ
+мало), но ÑиÑÑема вÑе Ñавно Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно
ÑоÑно опÑеделиÑÑ, где наÑ
одиÑÑÑ
+ÑелеÑон, даже без акÑивной помоÑи Ñо
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑелеÑона.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑавиÑелÑÑÑво СШРговоÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾
должна бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑобиÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+ÑÑи ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ без оÑдеÑа. То еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
без оÑдеÑа из ÑÑда. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо
+показÑваеÑ, наÑколÑко пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво СШÐ
ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñава Ñеловека.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐекоÑоÑÑе лÑди полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ <em>TOR</em> и
дÑÑгими пÑогÑаммами, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑкÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑноÑÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑи.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p><em>TOR</em> — ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑÑка. Ðн
Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑиÑÑ
+лÑдей Ð¾Ñ Ð¡ÑаÑÑего ÐÑаÑа. Рпод СÑаÑÑим
ÐÑаÑом Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑазÑмеваÑ, напÑимеÑ,
+пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво ÐÑана, СиÑии, СШРили лÑбой
дÑÑгой ÑÑÑанÑ, коÑоÑое не пÑизнаеÑ
+пÑав Ñеловека.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h3>ЧаÑÑÑ Ð²ÑоÑаÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑвÑÑ — о ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
и иÑ
ÑÑнкÑиÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑоÑой ÑаÑÑи инÑеÑвÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñали Ñ
ÑазговоÑа о ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
и
+попÑоÑили даÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ опÑеделение.</p>
+
+<p>“Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма” знаÑиÑ
“пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑважаеÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ его ÑообÑеÑÑво”.
ÐÑли еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамма, Ñо можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ ÑолÑко два ваÑианÑа: либо
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, либо
+пÑогÑамма конÑÑолиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑвÑй ÑлÑÑай — ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелей бÑл ÑакÑиÑеÑкий конÑÑолÑ
над пÑогÑаммами, нам нÑжнÑ
+опÑеделеннÑе ÑвободÑ. Ð ÑÑиÑ
ÑвободаÑ
заклÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐºÑиÑеÑии Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей Ð½ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
пÑогÑаммой, Ñо пÑогÑамма конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей, а ÑазÑабоÑÑик конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
+пÑогÑамма пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñобой оÑÑдие
неÑпÑаведливой влаÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма — ÑÑо
пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑважаеÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ, а Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом,
+ÑÑо неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо
неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо давайÑе
+положим ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ. СнаÑала давайÑе Ñйдем
Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
, а заÑем давайÑе поможем
+ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
вÑем дÑÑгим. ÐавайÑе положим
ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑой неÑпÑаведливоÑÑи.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Ð, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, под Ñловом
“ÑвободнÑй” Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ подÑазÑмеваеÑе
+пÑоÑÑо “беÑплаÑнÑй”, Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑе в видÑ
гоÑаздо болÑÑее.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Я Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð² Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ “ÑвободнÑй” Ð¾Ñ Ñлова
“Ñвобода”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑ Ñпоминали, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе
ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе пÑогÑамма должна
+ÑважаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑÑÑ Ñвободной. ЧÑо
ÑÑо за ÑвободÑ?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>Свобода нолÑ</dt>
+<dd>Свобода вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, как вам
Ñгодно.</dd>
+
+<dt>Свобода один</dt>
+<dd>Свобода изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¸
пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+пÑоводиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñи вÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñак, как вам
Ñгодно.</dd>
+
+<dt>Свобода два</dt>
+<dd>Свобода помогаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим, Ñо еÑÑÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑоÑнÑе копии, когда вам
+Ñгодно.</dd>
+
+<dt>Свобода ÑÑи</dt>
+<dd>Свобода вноÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ в Ñвое
ÑообÑеÑÑво — Ñвобода ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+копии ÑвоиÑ
модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑий,
когда вам Ñгодно. (ÐÑо пÑедполагаеÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñделали модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо не вÑе делаÑÑ ÑÑо.)</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжаÑÑ ÑÑо, Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ñганизовали
Ñонд, Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑ, помниÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо не пÑоÑÑо
ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑелÑ. Я Ñ
оÑел ÑделаÑÑ
возможнÑм
+Ñвободно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑом. ÐÑо
невозможно, еÑли Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, а когда Ñ
пÑиÑÑÑпил к ÑÑомÑ
+в 1983 годÑ, дÑÑгиÑ
ÑпоÑобов заÑÑавиÑÑ
компÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+бÑло. У компÑÑÑеÑа должна бÑла бÑÑÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, а вÑе опеÑаÑионнÑе
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñли неÑвободнÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли бÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑеалÑной
возможноÑÑÑÑ, бÑло необÑ
одимо
+ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Я Ñ
оÑел ÑделаÑÑ
+ÑеалÑно возможнÑм полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑом и обладаÑÑ Ñвободой, а ÑÑо
+ознаÑало оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа по
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли нÑжнÑ, и ÑÑо
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема под названием
+GNU. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñла конкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ñжно бÑло пÑоделаÑÑ. Я
+Ñ
оÑел идÑи далÑÑе пÑоÑÑого заÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±
абÑÑÑакÑной ÑилоÑоÑÑкой позиÑии и
+пеÑейÑи к пÑакÑиÑеÑкой ÑабоÑе над Ñем,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑеалÑной
+возможноÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>РпоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑали, ÑÑо доÑÑÑп к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+неоÑÑемлемÑм пÑавом лÑдей?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»Ñди Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ? ÐÑÑÑ
лÑди, коÑоÑÑе не веÑÑÑ Ð² ÑвободÑ, и Ñ
+ними Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе логиÑно ÑпоÑиÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑ
пÑинÑипиалÑное ÑазлиÑие в
+ÑенноÑÑÑÑ
. Ðак ÑолÑко Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑизнаеÑе, ÑÑо
конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñвоими
+пÑогÑаммами — единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб
жиÑÑ Ñвободно и полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑами, вам оÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, еÑли вÑ
+Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑвободÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ðо Ñем пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
пÑодÑкÑов? Ðогда поÑÑавÑик пÑодаеÑ
+ÑÑÑл, он ожидаеÑ... [СÑолмен пÑеÑÑваеÑ]</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ поÑ
ожи на Ñакие веÑи.
ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ ÑложнÑе дейÑÑвиÑ, а
+ÑÑÑлÑÑ — неÑ. Ðевозможно
ÑконÑÑÑÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÑл, коÑоÑÑй вÑполнÑл
+Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ манипÑлÑÑии и конÑÑолиÑовал, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе. Ðак пÑавило, вÑ
+ÑидиÑе на ÑÑÑле и конÑÑолиÑÑеÑе Ñо, как вÑ
ÑидиÑе. СÑÑл Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ или
+менее ÑдобнÑм, но он не ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑемеÑаÑÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² дÑÑгое здание, вÑбÑаÑÑваÑÑ
+Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑлиÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ пÑеподноÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑкого
дÑÑгого Ñода ÑÑÑпÑизÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ожидаеÑе. Ðдва ли в нем бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð³Ð»Ð°, коÑоÑаÑ
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑÑ Ð² Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
+пÑепаÑаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑаммÑ, в оÑлиÑие Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого, вÑполнÑÑÑ
гоÑаздо более ÑложнÑе дейÑÑвиÑ, а Ñ
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм неÑедко бÑваÑÑ
вÑедоноÑнÑе оÑобенноÑÑи, ÑопоÑÑавимÑе Ñ
+Ñакой иглой. Ð Windows наÑли ÑпионÑкие
ÑÑнкÑии. Там еÑÑÑ Ñакже лазейки,
+коÑоÑÑе позволÑÑÑ Ñем, кÑо знаеÑ, как
ÑпÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸, вÑÑвоÑÑÑÑ Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелем ÑазнÑе веÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгими Ñловами, Microsoft Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм Windows абÑолÑÑно вÑе:
+Ñ ÑÑой компании еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ñй конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ иÑ
компÑÑÑеÑами, она Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑÑ Ñ
+ниÑ
вÑе, ÑÑо Ñгодно, она Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑабоÑиÑоваÑÑ
иÑ
, как Ñгодно. ÐÑли вÑ
+полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободной пÑогÑаммой, вÑ
беззаÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑед ее ÑазÑабоÑÑиком, а
+ÑазÑабоÑÑики по ÑÑÑи говоÑÑÑ: “ÐÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо довеÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо, конеÑно, ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑиÑ, как
наÑа, никогда не пÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+зла”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑоме пÑогÑамм, компании ÑегоднÑ
пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð² Ñо, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели
+на Ñамом деле могÑÑ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ Ð² ÑвоиÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑваÑ
. Ðдно из иÑ
оÑÑдий конÑÑолÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей — пÑименение ÑиÑменнÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑов ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑо подÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑадиÑионнÑе ÑвободÑ
ÑиÑаÑелей. ÐÑимеÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ñ Ð±Ñ
+пÑивел,— Amazon “<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">swindle</span>
+(надÑваÑелÑÑÑво)” (игÑа Ñлов Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼
планÑеÑа Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг
+Amazon, “Kindle”). Я назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
“надÑваÑелÑÑÑвом”,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он ÑÑÑÑоен Ñак, ÑÑо он
жÑлÑниÑеÑки лиÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑиÑаÑелей книг
+ÑÑадиÑионнÑÑ
Ñвобод.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑÑÑ Ñвобода владеÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ð¹,
Ñего, по Ñловам Amazon, полÑзоваÑелÑм
+нелÑзÑ. Ðм можно ÑолÑко полÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ
на ÑÑение книги на ÑÑловиÑÑ
,
+вÑбÑаннÑÑ
Amazon. Ðалее, еÑÑÑ Ñвобода
пÑиобÑеÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾, ÑÑо по
+ÑÑÑи невозможно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑва ÑиÑоко
извеÑÑнÑÑ
книг в
+“надÑваÑелÑÑÑве”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðни доÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ ÑолÑко в Amazon, а Amazon ÑÑебÑеÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели
+иденÑиÑиÑиÑовали ÑебÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
анонимнÑÑ
+плаÑежей налиÑнÑми, коÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
оплаÑиÑÑ ÑипогÑаÑÑкÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ. Ð
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе Amazon Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
, в
коÑоÑой Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñе книги, коÑоÑÑе
+когда-либо пÑоÑел каждÑй полÑзоваÑелÑ. ÐÑа
база даннÑÑ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑгÑозÑ
+пÑавам Ñеловека. Ðалее, еÑÑÑ Ñвобода
пеÑедаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ-Ñо дÑÑгомÑ,
+возможно, поÑле пÑоÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ, Ñвобода
одолжиÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм, когда вам
+Ñгодно, и Ñвобода пÑодаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð²
бÑкиниÑÑиÑеÑкий магазин.</p>
+
+<p>Amazon ÑÑÑÑанÑÐµÑ ÑÑи ÑвободÑ, ÑаÑÑиÑно
ÑÑедÑÑвами ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
наÑÑÑников
+(вÑедоноÑнÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑей в пÑогÑаммаÑ
,
ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей, Ñ Ñем ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не могли
ÑÑого делаÑÑ), а ÑаÑÑиÑно Ñловами
+конÑÑакÑа о Ñом, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели не могÑÑ
владеÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ð¹ —
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Amazon заÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
подпиÑÑваÑÑ
конÑÑакÑ, в коÑоÑом говоÑиÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑо они не бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑедаваÑÑ, одалживаÑÑ
или пÑодаваÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ. РпоÑом, еÑÑÑ
+Ñвобода Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ ÑÑолÑко, ÑколÑко вам
Ñгодно.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ð ÑÑой иÑÑоÑии бÑл оÑÑÑлловÑкий
повоÑоÑ...</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Ðа, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они ÑÑеÑли ÑÑÑÑÑи копий
“1984”. ÐÑо бÑло в 2009
+годÑ. ÐÑи копии бÑли ÑанкÑиониÑованнÑми до
Ñого днÑ, когда ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Amazon
+ÑеÑила иÑ
ÑдалиÑÑ. ÐоÑле ÑÑого бÑло много
кÑиÑики, Ñак ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑала
+никогда болÑÑе ÑÑого не делаÑÑ, Ñазве ÑÑо
по пÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑÑ
+оÑганов. ÐÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо не обнадеживаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑбое из ÑÑиÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑв делаеÑ
пÑодÑкÑ
+“надÑваÑелÑÑÑвом” —
возмÑÑиÑелÑнÑм поползновением на
+наÑÑ ÑвободÑ, пÑодÑкÑом, Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзованиÑ
коÑоÑÑм Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑÑÑ. Я не
+Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
подÑобноÑÑей об иÑ
конкÑÑенÑаÑ
,
но вÑе они ÑазделÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ менÑÑей
+меÑе некоÑоÑÑе из ÑÑиÑ
непÑиемлемÑÑ
Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑик. ÐÑоме некоÑоÑÑÑ
, на
+коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ в
докÑменÑиÑованнÑÑ
, неÑекÑеÑнÑÑ
+ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>ÐекоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
кÑпиÑÑ Ð³Ð´Ðµ-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð·Ð° налиÑнÑе,
+еÑли авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸. Ðо пÑоблема в
Ñом, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
книг в обÑем
+ÑлÑÑае Ð½ÐµÑ ÑпоÑобов покÑпки за налиÑнÑе
или анонимной покÑпки Ð²Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ñого
+ÑакÑа, ÑÑо в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе Ð½ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
анонимнÑÑ
плаÑежей.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑого можно воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемой Bitcoin, но ÑÑо неÑÑо
+ÑпекÑлÑÑивное, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ее кÑÑÑ
колеблеÑÑÑ. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо она доÑÑигла
+Ñого ÑÑовнÑ, на коÑоÑом она Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
легкой и Ñдобной в полÑзовании
+анонимной ÑиÑÑемой ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
плаÑежей.</p>
+
+<p>Рона в пÑинÑипе не анонимна. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пÑоводиÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñежи в Bitcoin
+анонимно, но Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого вам нÑжно взÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе дополниÑелÑнÑе
+Ñ
лопоÑÑ. Я не Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑобноÑÑей, но ÑÑо
доÑÑаÑоÑно Ñложно, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑал Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо. Я пÑоÑÑо
пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего не покÑпаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+ÑеÑи.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑгой аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿ÑименениÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм: Ð²Ñ Ñакже ÑÑановиÑеÑÑ
+плоÑ
им ÑоÑедом.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ðогда Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ обмениваÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими лÑдÑми, ÑÑо ÑÑо знаÑиÑ?
+ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедаÑÑ Ñвое ÑообÑеÑÑво. Так
воÑ, ÑÑо Ñакое ваÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво? ÐÑо
+лÑди, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе, лÑди, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми вÑ
обÑÑно ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаеÑе. ÐÑи
+лиÑензии на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиглаÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ
пÑедаÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаеÑе.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑди ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ
“ÑвободнÑе” и “Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
+иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом”, не ÑазлиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
, но
ÑÑо ÑазнÑе веÑи.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑÑажение “оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
ÑекÑÑ” бÑло введено в 1998 годÑ
+лÑдÑми из ÑообÑеÑÑва Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ. Ðак Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð¸Ñе, Ñ
+дал наÑало Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+в 1983 годÑ. Ð 1998 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑигли
Ñже знаÑиÑелÑнÑÑ
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑов: много лÑдей пиÑало ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ много лÑдей ими
+полÑзовалоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо не вÑе они бÑли ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ ÑилоÑоÑией
Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðногие из ниÑ
, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ нÑавилоÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑиÑали наÑÑ
ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑеÑÑÑÑ ÑадикалÑной и
+ÑокиÑÑÑÑей. Ðни ввели дÑÑгое вÑÑажение,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
ÑÑÑлок на наÑÑ
+ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
вопÑоÑа ÑпÑаведливоÑÑи и
+неÑпÑаведливоÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñего пÑедназнаÑено
вÑÑажение “оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
+ÑекÑÑ”. ÐÐ»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾ более
или менее Ñой же Ñамой
+каÑегоÑии пÑогÑамм, но не пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑо
как вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑики. Ðни не говоÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑо еÑли пÑогÑамма не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой
Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом, Ñо
+ÑÑо неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>РпÑоÑлом Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñили, ÑÑо
“оÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð² Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÑалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ, и они даже
бÑли поÑÑи ÑаÑÑÑÑоенє. ÐÑ
+имели в Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ñакие ÑлÑÑаи, как Android
(опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»ÑнÑÑ
+ÑелеÑонов)?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Android — ÑолÑко один пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñей
ÑенденÑии болÑÑинÑÑва лÑдей в
+ÑообÑеÑÑве не дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом в ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑпÑаведливоÑÑи. СÑда
+вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ “оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”.</p>
+
+<p>РпоÑом, взглÑниÑе на более Ñем ÑÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑазнÑÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑивов опеÑаÑионной
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux: ÑÑеди ниÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾ деÑÑÑи,
коÑоÑÑе полноÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑоÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм и ÑазÑабоÑÑики коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ Ñвои диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑ
+ÑвободнÑми из пÑинÑипа, а дÑÑгие ÑÑÑÑÑа
или около Ñого вклÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑебÑ
+неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ напÑавлÑÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей к неÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам,
+ÑÑо моменÑалÑно Ð¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ напÑÑмÑÑ
+оÑвеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РиÑ
Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð³Ñомко.
ÐолÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей, вÑÑÑпаÑÑиÑ
в ÑообÑеÑÑво,
+ÑоÑмÑлиÑÑÑÑ Ñвои пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ его
ÑÑÑноÑÑи, глÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑи диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¸
+лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе ими доволÑнÑ, и по ÑÑÑи
ÑолÑко менÑÑинÑÑво в ÑообÑеÑÑве
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº неÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам как к
+неÑпÑаведливоÑÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ
ÑноÑиÑÑ. Ð ÑÑи взглÑдÑ, конеÑно,
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СÑÑого говоÑÑ, пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Android
ÑвободнÑ, но ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема не полна:
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле ÑпÑавлÑÑÑ ÑелеÑоном,
вам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+не ÑвободнÑ. ÐÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑелеÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑиÑÑемой
Android нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð¸ неÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоме Ñого, многие из ниÑ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ
“пÑодÑкÑÑ-ÑиÑанє,
+коÑоÑÑе не позволÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм
заменÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Так ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ниÑ
+могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· Ñвободного иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, но еÑли полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, Ñо ÑÑи иÑполнимÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвободнÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐеÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ваÑи ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие доÑÑижениÑ
в пÑогÑаммиÑовании, одним из ваÑиÑ
+велиÑайÑиÑ
обÑазÑов Ñ
акеÑÑÑва бÑло
введение GNU GPL, оÑновополагаÑÑей
+лиÑензии, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð° влиÑние на
многие дÑÑгие.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑ, лÑÑÑе ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо болÑÑинÑÑво дÑÑгиÑ
лиÑензий ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм бÑло
+напиÑано как ÑеакÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив идей GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, GNU GPL — лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ñ
авÑоÑÑким левом. ÐÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ¹ бÑÑÑ Ñаковой,
должна пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑеÑÑÑе
+ÑвободÑ. ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб полÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑи
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ — ÑÑо еÑли
+ÑабоÑа вÑпÑÑена под лиÑензией, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
иÑ
пÑедоÑÑавлÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑнеÑнее авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво Ñделали
ÑлиÑком огÑаниÑиÑелÑнÑм, по ÑмолÑаниÑ
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑе.
СледоваÑелÑно, пÑогÑамма можеÑ
+ÑÑаÑÑ Ñвободна ÑолÑко одним
ÑпоÑобом — еÑли пÑавообладаÑели
+помеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ней ÑоÑмалÑное обÑÑвление,
коÑоÑое пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑеÑÑÑе
+ÑвободÑ. ÐÑо ÑоÑмалÑное обÑÑвление Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
назÑваем лиÑензией ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑпоÑобов ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо.
ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ ÑÑловие,
+налагаемое на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð° и ÑÑи (как вÑ
помниÑе, ÑÑо Ñвобода ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑнÑе копии и копии ÑвоиÑ
измененнÑÑ
веÑÑий). Ð ÑÑловии, ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑем
+авÑоÑÑкое лево, говоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо когда Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑе, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
+ÑÑо, ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ñе же ÑамÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении
ÑледÑÑÑего лиÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо лÑди, коÑоÑÑе полÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ оÑ
ваÑ, незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, измененÑ
+они или неÑ, Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ Ñе же ÑамÑе
ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑкладÑваеÑе
+ÑÑо-Ñо из ÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм в новÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
вмеÑÑе Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими иÑÑ
однÑми
+ÑекÑÑами и вноÑиÑе изменениÑ, ÑÑи ÑÑловиÑ
ÑÑебÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑ ÑÑа пÑогÑамма
+давала лÑдÑм ÑÑи ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ, Ñак ÑÑо вÑ
не можеÑе обÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²
+ÑакÑиÑеÑки неÑвободнÑÑ, опÑавдÑваÑÑÑ Ñем,
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑли в нее какие-Ñо
+изменениÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
Ñ
оÑÑ Ñем-Ñо из ÑÑиÑ
иÑÑ
однÑÑ
+ÑекÑÑов в Ñвоей пÑогÑамме, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
ÑделаÑÑ Ñвободной вÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+Ñеликом.</p>
+
+<p>Я Ñделал ÑÑо поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾Ñознавал, ÑÑо
еÑÑÑ Ð²ÑбоÑ: либо лÑди ÑмогÑÑ
+обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸ иÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ Ð²
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑинÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
(возможно, вноÑÑ Ð²
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ), либо Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дам им ÑÑого делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Тогда Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо еÑли Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑÑановлÑ
иÑ
, Ñо мои пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑаÑÑ
+в неÑвободнÑе, полÑзоваÑели бÑдÑÑ
полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸ пÑогÑаммÑ, но они не бÑдÑÑ
+полÑÑаÑÑ ÑвободÑ, а ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑебÑ, ÑÑо лиÑило бÑ
+ÑмÑÑла Ñамо напиÑание пÑогÑамм, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
ÑмÑÑл ÑоÑÑоÑл в Ñоздании ÑиÑÑемÑ,
+коÑоÑой они могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ,
оÑÑаваÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑидÑмал ÑпоÑоб пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ
ÑÑо, и ÑÑо бÑло авÑоÑÑкое лево.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ркак ÑÑи идеи авÑоÑÑкого лева
пеÑеноÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑегоднÑÑний Ð¼Ð¸Ñ ÑлÑжб
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑа и Ñак назÑваемÑе “облаÑнÑе
вÑÑиÑлениє?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>ÐÑи вопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ÑноÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº пÑогÑамме, Ñо
еÑÑÑ Ðº ÑабоÑе, ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ; но ÑлÑжба — ÑÑо не Ñо,
ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ñего Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаеÑе, Ñак
+ÑÑо по оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ней ÑÑи вопÑоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ имеÑÑ
ÑмÑÑла.</p>
+
+<p>С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, когда Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑоводиÑе Ñвои
ÑобÑÑвеннÑе вÑÑиÑлениÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого никакими
ÑлÑжбами ÐнÑеÑнеÑа, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли
+Ð²Ñ ÑÑо делаеÑе, Ð²Ñ ÑÑÑаÑиваеÑе конÑÑолÑ
над ÑÑими вÑÑиÑлениÑми. ÐÑли ваÑи
+вÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоводÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑем-Ñо ÑÑжом
ÑеÑвеÑе, он иÑ
конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ, а
+Ð²Ñ — неÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо обÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+Ñвоими вÑÑиÑлениÑми, на ÑлÑÐ¶Ð±Ñ ÐнÑеÑнеÑа
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ, но дÑÑгим
+обÑазом.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐеÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкие
доÑÑоинÑÑва, маÑÑовой мигÑаÑии на
ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² пÑблиÑном ÑекÑоÑе не
наблÑдаеÑÑÑ.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>У ÑазÑабоÑÑиков неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
много денег. Ðни полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑими
+денÑгами, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑÑ Ð¿ÑавиÑелÑÑÑва.
ÐÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑпоÑоба пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³,
+коÑоÑÑми они могÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑавиÑелÑÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин из ниÑ
— подкÑп опÑеделеннÑÑ
должноÑÑнÑÑ
лиÑ. ÐÑо, как
+пÑавило, незаконно, но во многиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
им
ÑÑо вÑе Ñавно ÑдаеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгой ÑпоÑоб — подкÑп Ñамого
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва или какой-Ñо дÑÑгой
+ÑÑиÑдикÑии, и ÑÑо не пÑоÑивозаконно, но ÑÑо
в Ñавной ÑÑепени безнÑавÑÑвенно.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐеÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑезвÑÑайнÑе ÑинанÑовÑе
заÑÑÑднениÑ, в ÐÑеÑии неÑ
+обÑегоÑÑдаÑÑÑвенной полиÑики
оÑноÑиÑелÑно пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм в
+пÑблиÑном ÑекÑоÑе.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Я не Ñ
оÑÑ ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ñзко на ÑелÑÑ
, Ñкажем, Ñкономии денег, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑÑа пÑиÑина вÑоÑиÑна. ÐаÑÑоÑÑаÑ
пÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой гÑеÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ лÑбомÑ
+дÑÑÐ³Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавиÑелÑÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаиваÑÑ
на пÑименении ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм — конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñвоими
ÑобÑÑвеннÑми вÑÑиÑлениÑми, дÑÑгими
+Ñловами, его инÑоÑмаÑионнÑй и
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑй ÑÑвеÑениÑеÑ. Рна ÑÑо ÑÑоиÑ
+вÑделÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐоговоÑим немного о Ñоли, коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð³ÑаÑÑ Ð²
+обÑазовании. РпоÑледнее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
велоÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑпоÑов.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ð¨ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑеподаваÑÑ Ð¸ÑклÑÑиÑелÑно
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они
+неÑÑÑ ÑоÑиалÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑиÑ: воÑпиÑÑваÑÑ
добÑопоÑÑдоÑнÑÑ
гÑаждан Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑилÑного,
+ÑпоÑобного и незавиÑимого обÑеÑÑва
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва. Ð ÑÑеÑе
+вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
лÑдей ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑмелÑми
+полÑзоваÑелÑми ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐбÑÑение неÑвободной пÑогÑамме —
ÑÑо вживление завиÑимоÑÑи. Ðак
+Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкие
компании вÑÑÑаÑÑ Ñколам беÑплаÑнÑе
+копии ÑвоиÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм? ÐоÑомÑ
ÑÑо они Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑколÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли завиÑимоÑÑÑ. ÐÑо
пÑоÑивоположно ÑоÑиалÑной миÑÑии Ñкол, они
+не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑого.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо вÑе Ñавно ÑÑо даваÑÑ ÑÑаÑимÑÑ
вÑзÑваÑÑие завиÑимоÑÑÑ
+пÑепаÑаÑÑ. Ðомпании, коÑоÑÑе пÑоизводÑÑ
ÑÑи пÑепаÑаÑÑ, бÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑаÑÑливÑ,
+еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо, но на ÑколаÑ
Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑзанноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ, даже
+еÑли пÑепаÑаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑнÑ. Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð¸ более
глÑÐ±Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина: гÑажданÑкое
+воÑпиÑание.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñколе полагаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко
ÑакÑам и навÑкам, но Ñакже дÑÑ
Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñой
+воли. ÐÑивÑÑке помогаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим. Ркаждом
клаÑÑе должно бÑÑÑ Ñакое пÑавило:
+“УÑаÑиеÑÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑиноÑиÑе в клаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе деÑжаÑÑ
+ее Ñ ÑебÑ. ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñми Ñ
оÑÑалÑнÑм клаÑÑом, в Ñом ÑиÑле
+иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом, на ÑлÑÑай, еÑли
кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
оÑÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑой
+пÑогÑамме. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо пÑиноÑиÑÑ Ð²
клаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+запÑеÑено”. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑ,
Ñкола должна ÑледоваÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
+ÑобÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавилÑ: она должна
пÑиноÑиÑÑ Ð² клаÑÑ ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñми Ñо вÑеми
в клаÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ ÐµÑе одна пÑиÑина, каÑаÑÑаÑÑÑ
воÑпиÑаниÑ, а именно, воÑпиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑиÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑов. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑожденнÑм
пÑогÑаммиÑÑам ÑÑаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑими
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑами, им нÑжно ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸ пиÑаÑÑ
много пÑогÑамм. ТолÑко ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ возможноÑÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ
ÑекÑÑÑ ÐºÑÑпнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑми лÑди
+полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² жизни. Ðалее, вам нÑжно пиÑаÑÑ
много пÑогÑамм. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
+вам нÑжно пиÑаÑÑ ÑекÑÑÑ Ð² болÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>Ðам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑинаÑÑ Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. ÐÑо не
знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе неболÑÑие
+пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в неболÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
ÑÑÑдноÑÑи кÑÑпнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+пÑоÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ не наÑинаÑÑ. Так ÑÑо вÑ
наÑинаеÑе Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, вноÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие
+Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие кÑÑпнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, а ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ возможноÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, по неÑколÑким пÑиÑинам ÑÑиÑное и Ñ
оÑоÑее обÑазование ознаÑаеÑ
+обÑазование Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
и ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðногие
+говоÑÑÑ: “Ðадим деÑÑм Windows и ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU+Linux, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ могли
+ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑомÑ, и дÑÑгомє. ÐÑо Ñо же
Ñамое, ÑÑо говоÑиÑÑ:
+“Ðадим деÑÑм на завÑÑак и виÑки или
водкÑ, и водÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑивÑкали
+пиÑÑ Ð¸ Ñо, и дÑÑгое”.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñколе положено ÑÑиÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑим
пÑивÑÑкам, а не наÑкомании, не
+завиÑимоÑÑи. Microsoft знаеÑ, ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
поÑÑавиÑе компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ Windows и
+GNU+Linux, болÑÑинÑÑво деÑей видиÑ, ÑÑо в ÑемÑе
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Windows, Ñак ÑÑо
+они бÑдÑÑ Ð² оÑновном полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Windows.</p>
+
+<p>Ðам нÑжно ÑÑо измениÑÑ, ÑÑо плоÑ
аÑ
пÑивÑÑка обÑеÑÑва, ÑÑо завиÑимоÑÑÑ. Школа
+должна акÑивно ÑниÑÑожаÑÑ ÑÑÑ
завиÑимоÑÑÑ. Ðна должна пеÑенапÑавлÑÑÑ
+обÑеÑÑво на пÑÑÑ, ведÑÑий ÑÑда, где Ñ Ð»Ñдей
еÑÑÑ Ñвобода.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо помниÑе, ÑÑо пÑоблема, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим ÑеÑиÑÑ, болÑÑе, Ñем
+Microsoft. Apple на Ñамом деле еÑе пÑоÑивнее, Ñем
Microsoft, и она, кажеÑÑÑ,
+Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ обидного болÑÑой ÑÑпеÑ
в облаÑÑи
мобилÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв Ñо Ñвоими
+ай-ÑÑÑÑками.</p>
+
+<p>Ðе забÑвайÑе, ÑÑо ай-ÑÑÑÑки бÑли пеÑвÑми
в ÑиÑанÑкой пÑакÑике, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²
+Microsoft опÑобовали ÑолÑко поÑле ниÑ
. ÐÑо
пÑоекÑиÑование пÑодÑкÑов,
+подобнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑме, Ñак ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели даже
не могÑÑ Ñвободно вÑбиÑаÑÑ, какие
+пÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ, они могÑÑ
ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ ÑолÑко пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+бÑли одобÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÐºÑаÑоÑом.</p>
+
+<p>УжаÑно Ñо, ÑÑо злой гений, СÑив ÐжобÑ,
наÑел ÑпоÑоб заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво
+лÑдей ÑÑмно ÑÑебоваÑÑ Ñвоего заÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
помоÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑ
пÑодÑкÑов. Ðн Ñделал
+ÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñделал ее Ñакой ÑиÑÑÑей, ÑÑо лÑди Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
заÑоÑили.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑла колоÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð´ÑÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑоÑмиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенного мнениÑ, изо
вÑеÑ
+Ñил ÑÑаÑавÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑидаÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ
благопÑиÑÑойнÑй облик, и Apple изÑÑдно
+поÑÑÑдилаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑжаÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо можно из
его ÑмеÑÑи. ÐонеÑно, иÑ
Ñеклама
+ÑабоÑала и когда он бÑл жив, а в газеÑаÑ
и
жÑÑналаÑ
, по-видимомÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑвеÑÑи внимание
обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑÑиÑ
пÑоблем ÑвободÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐовоÑÑ Ð¾Ð± обÑазовании, когда Ð²Ñ Ð±Ñли в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа
+MIT, Ð²Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва. Ðно
впоÑледÑÑвии ÑаÑпалоÑÑ, а Ð²Ñ Ð±Ñли
+единÑÑвеннÑм, кÑо поÑел пÑоÑив ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
не ÑÑал ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² болÑÑой
+компании, ÑазÑабаÑÑвавÑей неÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ. ЧÑо дало вам Ñил ÑÑажаÑÑÑÑ
+в одиноÑкÑ, как паÑÑизан в гоÑаÑ
?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Я Ñже бÑл одинок. СообÑеÑÑво, ÑаÑÑÑÑ
коÑоÑого Ñ Ð±Ñл, Ñже ÑаÑкололоÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+доволÑно-Ñаки вÑаждебнÑй манеÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ
бÑл поÑÑи ÑовеÑÑенно одинок
+незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ ÑобиÑалÑÑ
делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо кÑоме ÑÑого, бÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑазÑма пÑоÑив
мÑÑли о полÑзовании и ÑазÑабоÑке
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ознаÑал, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑло
еÑе Ñ
Ñже. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
+алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñивела Ð±Ñ Ðº жизни,
коÑоÑой Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑÑдилÑÑ Ð¸ коÑоÑаÑ
+не вÑзÑвала Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ мне оÑвÑаÑениÑ.</p> </dd>
+
+<dt>ЧÑо Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑмеÑили в ваÑем воÑпиÑании и
обÑазовании как повлиÑвÑее на ваÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñбеждений?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Я не знаÑ. ÐавеÑное, идеи ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑÑоÑмиÑовалиÑÑ Ð² ÑообÑеÑÑве
+вокÑÑг Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² MIT, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо мÑ
пÑакÑиковали ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, а они
+делали ÑÑо до Ñого, как Ñ Ðº ним
пÑиÑоединилÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Я оÑлиÑалÑÑ Ñем, ÑÑо, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим
нÑавилоÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, они
+бÑли гоÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
когда ÑÑо каким-Ñо обÑазом бÑло
+Ñдобнее или ÑлÑжило дÑÑгим ÑелÑм, Ñаким
как ÑÑпеÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо-Ñо Ñам
+еÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо бÑло Ñем, ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ Ñ
оÑоÑей, а не плоÑ
ой, и оÑбÑаÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑо
+бÑло беÑполезно. Ðо мне понадобилиÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑоÑмÑлиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑи идеи,
+ÑÑо-Ñо вÑоде деÑÑÑи леÑ. Ð ÑеÑедине
ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
, даже в конÑе ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
, Ñ
+еÑе не пÑиÑел к заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
неÑпÑаведливÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑ Ð¾Ñ
аÑакÑеÑизовали ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
пеÑÑимиÑÑа, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+заглÑдÑваÑÑ Ð² бÑдÑÑее...</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Я вÑе Ñавно ниÑего Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñвидел. ÐÑдÑÑее
завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ вам
+ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑоизойдеÑ, Ñо вам бÑло бÑ
беÑполезно пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑак, ÑазвиÑие какиÑ
пÑоекÑов по
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм или обÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
+движений пÑоизвело Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñобое
впеÑаÑление?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>РнаÑÑоÑÑее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ñакого пÑоекÑа по
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑй
+пÑоизводил Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑилÑное впеÑаÑление,
но Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑбедиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-нибÑдÑ
+наÑаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ одной доволÑно
ÑпеÑиÑиÑеÑкой Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой,
коÑоÑаÑ
+пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñобой поÑледнее, ÑÑо нам
нÑжно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñм
+пÑименение видеоÑÑкоÑиÑелей ATI в миÑе
ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
движений, Ñо
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑаÑлÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ <span
+lang="en" xml:lang="en">Occupy</span>, оппозиÑÐ¸Ñ ÑнижениÑ
ÑаÑÑ
одов на
+ÑоÑиалÑнÑе нÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð² ÐÑеÑии и в ÐÑпании, а
Ñакже Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑклонениÑ
+коÑпоÑаÑий Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð², и в оÑновном менÑ
впеÑаÑлÑеÑ, ÑÑо вÑе болÑÑе лÑдей
+боÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив гоÑподÑÑва в обÑеÑÑве
богаÑой веÑÑ
ÑÑки.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Ð¢ÐµÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ñ ÐапаÑеодоÑÑ (ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
наÑк в облаÑÑи вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной
+ÑеÑ
ники) пÑÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² ÐÑинÑком ÑÑилиÑе
изÑÑнÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑв (<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden">address@hidden</a>)</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<ol>
+<li id="tf1">ITS, <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Incompatible
+Timesharing System</span> — <i>англ.</i>
ÐеÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени.</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2012 Richard Stallman, Theodoros Papatheodorou<br
+/>Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/10/26 04:58:13 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/ough-interview.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/ough-interview.ru-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/ough-interview.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/ough-interview.ru-en.html 26 Oct 2013 04:58:13 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1064 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>An interview for OUGH!
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ough-interview.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>An interview for OUGH!</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>This is a transcript of an interview with Richard
+Stallman conducted by Theodoros Papatheodorou in May,
+2012.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman, the free software activist and software
+developer, maintains a legendary status in the computing community. He
+addresses all our questions in an interview of epic proportions that he
+gave to OUGH! in two parts.</p>
+
+<h3>Part one</h3>
+
+<p>While working as a “system hacker” in MIT's AI Lab (i.e.
+a member of the team developing the Lab's own operating system) he
+experienced the profound change that overtook the software industry. Up
+until that point the general practice was for people to freely share,
+modify and reuse operating system software developed for the machines of
+the day. In the 1970's the software industry stopped distributing the
+source code of these programs, making it impossible for computer users
+to study and modify them. Furthermore new copyright laws made it
+illegal to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The change struck him as unethical, and it affected him personally as
+the hacker community in which he thrived was broken up as two competing
+companies hired most of the talent in the Lab to develop nonfree
+products. Stallman went against the trend and decided to devote his
+life to the development of free software, where the user has the right
+to use the program in any way he sees fit, study the source code, modify
+it and even redistribute his modified versions to others. In 1984 he
+quit the MIT AI Lab and started developing GNU, the first free operating
+system which today, with the addition of a piece of software developed
+by a young Finish student, Linus Torvalds, forms GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>Today, it is run on the majority of servers on the Internet, academic
+institutions, large enterprises, the military, and on desktops of
+millions of people around the world who have rejected software licenses
+that come with Windows and Mac OS. They choose to run a system that was
+started by Stallman and further developed by thousands of others over
+the Internet. GNU/Linux is superior to proprietary software from a
+technical point of view, and it's available gratis, but Stallman insists
+that these are welcome, but secondary features. Freedom is the key. We
+start the conversation talking about electronic rights.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>You've said “in the Internet age we have less rights that in
+the physical world.”</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Yes. For instance in The US, Internet service providers can
+disconnect you without going to court, they don't have to prove that
+there is a reason. And as a result they can censor you. If you want to
+print papers and stand on the street handing them out you can do that,
+you don't have to beg some company to “please cooperate” so
+that you can do it. But to do this on the Internet you need the
+cooperation of an ISP and a domain name registrar and maybe a hosting
+service, and if they don't like what you're doing or somebody threatens
+them who has a lot of power and doesn't like what you're doing, then they
+can just terminate your service and censor you.</p>
+
+<p>People should have a legal right to continued service of any of these
+kinds as long as they fulfill their side of the bargain. I believe it's
+the case in the US that the phone company can't arbitrarily disconnect
+your phone line as long as you continue paying your bill and so on, then
+they have to keep giving you phone service, it's not their choice. It
+should be the same with Internet connectivity. It shouldn't be their
+choice, they shouldn't be allowed to set their own conditions for
+continuing to give you service.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>They should provide the service as a public utility?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Exactly.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>This dependence on a corporation also extends to financial
transactions.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>That's the other aspect in which the digital world gives us less
+rights than the physical world. Suppose in addition to handing out
+papers on the street, you'd like to ask people to give money to the
+cause. They can give cash, and you can accept the cash, and you don't
+need the cooperation of any company in order to do so. Once you receive
+the cash, it's valid money, and you can spend it. But, to do the same
+thing in the digital world you need the services of a payment company,
+and those companies might arbitrarily disconnect you also.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>This is what happened with <em>WikiLeaks</em>. After it released
information
+that embarrassed the US government (among others), <em>MasterCard</em>
+and <em>Visa</em> stop accepting donations for the site.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Exactly. <em>WikiLeaks</em> showed all these vulnerabilities
+because the US government decided to silence them and did everything
+they could to do so. It has caused a lot of harm although you can still
+access the <em>WikiLeaks</em> pages if you use the right domain name.
+They did manage to cut off most of the donations to <em>WikiLeaks</em>,
+and now it's having trouble operating.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>The organization has received a lot of bad publicity in the US.
+What's your view?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p><em>WikiLeaks</em> is doing something heroic. A lot of the press in
+the US is subservient to the government, this is true in a lot of
+countries. Or you might better say that it's subservient to business,
+but the US government works for business, so business wants to say good
+things about it. I think we need laws stopping the payment companies
+from disconnecting anybody's service, except when they prove that they
+have cause.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Technology has spawned new forms of control, but it has also
+resulted in new ways of protest, self-organization, and dissent.
+<em>Anonymous</em> stands out as an example of hacktivists.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p><em>Anonymous</em> does various different things. Most often
+<em>Anonymous</em> has a lot of people go to the door of an
+organization's website, they're a crowd, and so they may get in
+somebody's way. This is comparable to protesting in front of the
+organization's building in the physical world. And that we recognize as
+democratic political activity. So <em>Anonymous</em>' web protests are
+also democratic political activity. Of course, the forces of oppression
+want to define this as a crime rather than a protest, and they're using
+the change in technology as an opportunity effectively to criminalize
+protests.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing that I think maybe <em>Anonymous</em>' members have
+done, is changing the text in the websites so as to criticize the
+organization whose site it is. This is the virtual equivalent of
+writing a critical slogan on a poster, which is pretty normal democratic
+political activity, but they call it “attacking” the site.
+The word “attack” is meant to give people the idea that this
+is something other than a political protest and put people in prison for
+protesting.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Among hackers the term “hacker” means something
+completely different than what it means to the general public. Could
+you explain that difference?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Starting from 40 years ago, when I joined the hacker community at
+MIT, I've been proud to call myself a hacker. I was hired by MIT to be
+a system hacker, meaning to make the system better. At the time, we
+used an operating system called ITS, the Incompatible Timesharing
+System, which had been developed by the team of hackers at the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab; and then they hired me to be part of the
+team. My job was to make the system better. Hacking had a more general
+meaning, which meant basically being playfully clever and pushing the
+limits of what was possible.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Hacking doesn't even have to involve computers.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Hacking was not limited in improving the operating system. You could
+hack in any media, it didn't have to involve computers. Hacking, as a
+general concept, is an attitude towards life. What's fun for you? If
+finding playful clever ways that were thought impossible is fun then
+you're a hacker. One thing that was supposed to be impossible was
+breaking the security on computers. So some people who were inclined to
+be hackers got into that medium of breaking security. Then journalists
+found about hackers around 1981, misunderstood them, and they thought
+hacking was breaking security. That's not generally true: first of all,
+there are many ways of hacking that have nothing to do with security,
+and second, breaking security is not necessarily hacking. It's only
+hacking if you're being playfully clever about it.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h4>Software Patents</h4>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt>Apart from electronic rights you are also a campaigner against
+software patents. Companies like Amazon, Google, and Apple, to name a
+few, are currently engaged in heated patent wars.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Patents are like land mines for software developers. It doesn't
+surprise me that a product such as an <em>Android</em> phone is accused
+of violating a tremendous number of patents, because it's a complicated
+software system. Any such complicated software system is going to have
+thousands of ideas in it, and if 10% of these ideas are patented that
+means hundreds of those ideas are patented. So any large program is
+likely to run afoul of hundreds of patents, and a system that's a
+combination of many programs is likely to run afoul of thousands of
+patents or more.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>As the law stands, these patents have an expiration date of 20 years
+from the moment they were filed.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>This is a very long time in the software field. Keep in mind that
+any time the technological context changes, then we need to adapt our
+way of doing many things to fit the new context. Which means they will
+all need new ideas, and if those new ideas are patented it's yet another
+disaster.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>What's special about software that you think it should not have the
+patent system apply to it?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Software is not the usual kind of case for patents. Let's look at
+the usual case: patents for something that's made in a factory. Those
+patents only affect the companies that have the factories and make the
+products. If they can all live with the patent system the rest of us
+have no reason to care. But with software, the problem is that it is
+much more complicated than anything else. The reason is software is
+inherently easier to design than physical products.</p>
+
+<p>Software is simply mathematics, whereas physical products have to
+cope with the perversity of matter. And lots of unexpected things will
+happen, we have models to try to predict what will happen with physical
+systems, but they're not guaranteed to be right.</p>
+
+<p>With software you're using mathematical constructs, and they do what
+they're defined to do, and if they don't then you go to the compiler
+developer, and you say, “There's a bug in your compiler. Fix it
+so that this construct does what is supposed to do.”</p>
+
+<p>You can't do that to the physical world, but you can do that to the
+compiler developer. Because of this it's easier to design software, but
+people push every ability to its limit. So you give people an easier
+kind of design, and they make bigger systems.</p>
+
+<p>So with software, a few people in a few years can design something
+that has a million elements in its design. That would be a mega-project
+if it had to be made with physical matter. So you make the system so
+complicated, and it's going to have lots of ideas in it, and that means
+that it's going to infringe lots of patents or at least be accused of
+infringing lots of patents.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, the burden of the patent system on software is much
+higher that it is on anything else. All software developers are in
+danger, and what you see with the patent wars that have broken out in
+the past year or so is if you develop a big complicated software package
+you're going to be sued.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>How is it different, say, to the patent for a drug?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Patents on medicine are another special case. Because when you force
+poor countries to have patents on medicines, which is what the World
+Trade Organization does, that makes medicine so expensive that people
+can't afford it and they die.</p>
+
+<p>The people who founded the WTO and its executives should be sent to
+the Hague to be tried for mass murder. We should organize to demand
+that our governments stop their support for the WTO; there are thousands
+of reasons for that. That organization's purpose is to give business
+more power to turn democracy into a sham.</p>
+
+<p>All so-called “free trade treaties” are actually aimed to
+weaken democracy and transfer political power to business. Therefore in
+the name of democracy we must abolish those treaties. There are good
+arguments that international trade can make both countries wealthier,
+and if these countries are democratic enough that the wealth will spread
+to everyone in both countries then they really are better off. However,
+the so-called “free trade treaties” are designed to make the
+countries less democratic and ensure that the wealth won't spread
+around.</p>
+
+<p>That means that they cancel out whatever benefit they might produce
+<em>even if the GNP of both countries increases</em>. What good is that
+if the increases all go to the rich, which is what they've done in the
+US <em>at least</em> since 1980.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>These patent wars have seen companies buying up an arsenal of
+software patents just to protect themselves from litigation…</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>You know they might be, but it could be that <em>Google</em> has
+fewer patents because it hasn't existed so long. This may be one case
+where they're not all in the same position and not all interdependent,
+and if so, that would be unfortunate, because after all <em>
+Android</em> is the only smartphone operating system still in use that
+is mostly free software, and that at least gives us a starting point to
+try to run phones without proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>If <em>Android</em> becomes dangerous and is crushed by patents, then
+we might never be able to run smartphones with free software.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Google is about to buy Motorola, which is not doing great
+financially, just in order to get access to its patents.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>This shows how the patent system becomes an obstruction to progress.
+When there are enough patents applying to one product it becomes hard to
+cope with the patent system at all. I hope that they (Google) succeed
+that way, in protecting themselves, because by doing so they are to some
+extent sheltering the free software community as well.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Do you believe in the complete abolition of software patents?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Right, patents should not apply to software. Keep in mind that you
+can't always classify patents as either software patents or non-software
+patents. Sometimes the same patent will apply both to programs and to
+circuits. What I recommend is to change the law to say “by
+definition, if it's a program, it does not infringe any
+patents.”</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h4>P2P File Sharing and the Music/Film Industry</h4>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>You've often spoken against the use of the word
+“piracy”.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It's a smear term! They want to say that sharing is the moral
+equivalent of attacking ships. I don't agree with that position, so I
+don't call sharing “piracy”. I call it
+“sharing”.</p>
+
+<p>I am not against profit in general. I'm against mistreating people.
+Any given way of doing business may or may not involve mistreating
+people.</p>
+
+<p>The example of the struggling artist is a ridiculous example because
+the existing system does very little for struggling artists. It's
+lousy. And if we just legalize sharing it won't make any difference to
+struggling artists. It might even help them.</p>
+
+<p>I think artists should release music with licenses that explicitly
+permit sharing, and some of them do. The point is that this argument
+against sharing is bogus.</p>
+
+<p>These giant multinational companies want more money for themselves,
+and they use the artist as an excuse. Little bit trickles down to the
+artists, and then there are few stars that get treated very well. But
+we don't need to make them richer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>People should have the right to non-commercially share and
+redistribute music?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Music and any published work. Because sharing is good, sharing
+builds community, so sharing must be legal, now that sharing is feasible
+and easy.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty years ago making copies and redistributing them
+non-commercially was so hard that it didn't matter whether it was legal
+or not. But now that it's so easy, to stop people from doing it can
+only be achieved using nasty, draconian measures, and even those don't
+always work.</p>
+
+<p>But, I guess, when they get nasty enough they may work, but why
+should we tolerate such nastiness?</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>The music and film industry campaigned very hard on PIPA, SOPA, and
+ACTA.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>They want unjust laws all around the world, and in some countries
+they've succeeded getting them. I read that Ireland adopted a law
+similar to SOPA, at least described that way, but I don't know any
+details yet.</p>
+
+<p>These laws are an injustice. They are meant to subject people more
+to the media companies, so of course they're wrong, of course people
+hate them. The only question is; is there enough democracy left in any
+given country for people to be able to stop them?</p>
+
+<p>European citizens should take action and organize with others so as
+to get your country not to ratify ACTA and convince the European
+Parliament to vote it down. Save the world from that injustice.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Recently government agencies acted to shut down a few sites, such as
+Mega-Upload.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>I don't know whether Mega-Upload ultimately would deserve to be shut
+down. Remember Mega-Upload is a business, not an example of sharing.
+Sharing means non-commercial redistribution of exact copies. So I don't
+have a conclusion about Mega-Upload in particular.</p>
+
+<p>I do think there was something outrageous about the way it was shut
+down, before a court got to decide whether it's legal or not. But
+meanwhile there's been a law suit against (I guess it's called) Hotfile
+and the plaintiffs are claiming that “this has to be bad because
+it's similar to Mega-Upload which we shut down.” Which is a
+swindle because no court has decided whether Mega-Upload was legal. So
+they're citing this premature shutdown as proof that it's bad.</p>
+
+<p>I don't know, maybe it is bad. That's not the issue I'm strongly
+concerned with. I'm more concerned with peer-to-peer sharing because
+that's clearly good.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h4>On Privacy</h4>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>What about services like Facebook and Gmail?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>There are many issues of freedom in life, and having control of your
+computing is my contribution—I hope—to the idea of what
+human rights are. There are many other human rights people deserve, and
+many of them that apply in other areas of life carry over to the virtual
+world.</p>
+
+<p>So for instance, what are the bad things about Facebook? Well, it
+gives people a false impression of privacy. It lets you think that you
+can designate something as to be seen only by your friends, not
+realizing that it's actually to be seen by your Facebook friends and not
+your actual friends. And any of them could publish it, so it could be
+seen by anybody; it could be published in the newspaper. Facebook can't
+prevent that.</p>
+
+<p>What it could do is warn the users every time they start a session
+“Watch out, anything you post here—even if you say that only
+certain people should see it—it could get published due to events
+beyond your control. So think twice about anything you are going to
+post here. And remember that, the next time you try to apply for a job,
+the company might demand that you show everything in your account. Your
+school might also demand this. And if you really want your
+communication to be private, do not send it this way.” That's one
+thing that they should do.</p>
+
+<p>Facebook is a surveillance engine and collects tremendous amounts of
+personal data, and its business model is to abuse that data. So you
+shouldn't use Facebook at all.</p>
+
+<p>And worse than that, Facebook even does surveillance on people that
+don't have Facebook accounts. If you see a “Like” button in
+a page then Facebook knows that your computer visited that page. And
+it's not the only company that's doing this; I believe that Twitter does
+this and Google+ does this, so it's a practice that's being imitated.
+And it's wrong no matter who does it.</p>
+
+<p>The other thing that Facebook does, is that it uses people's pictures
+in commercial advertisement and gives them no way to refuse.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Eric Schmidt of Google fame said a couple of years ago that if you
+have something you don't want anyone to know, maybe you shouldn't be
+doing it.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>That's ridiculous. What kind of things would you not anyone to
+know?</p>
+
+<p>Maybe you are planning a protest. It is common nowadays for
+governments to label dissidents as terrorists and use electronic
+surveillance on them to sabotage their protests in order to effectively
+sabotage democracy.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>These social media also claim that they have had a very strong,
+subversive role in the Middle-East uprisings.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Maybe they do, but remember that these are not located in these
+Middle-Eastern countries so they have no strong motive to care to those
+governments.</p>
+
+<p>When, say, the US government wants to crush dissent these companies
+are likely to volunteer to help. If they don't, they will be compelled
+to anyway.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>You're also known to not use a mobile phone in order to protect your
+privacy.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Of course. Every mobile phone is a tracking and surveillance device.
+You could stop your phone from transmitting your GPS location if you've
+got a phone that's controlled by free software, although those are very
+few. Still the system can determine pretty accurately where the phone
+is even without any active cooperation from the phone.</p>
+
+<p>The US government says it should be able to collect all that
+information without even a warrant. Not even a court order, that is.
+So that shows how much US government respects human rights.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Some people have been using <em>TOR</em> and other software to hide
+their identities online.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p><em>TOR</em> is a very good thing. It helps protect people from Big
+Brother. And by Big Brother I mean perhaps the government of Iran or
+Syria or the US or any other country that doesn't recognize human
+rights.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h3>Part two</h3>
+
+<p>The second part of the interview is about free software and its
+functions.</p>
+
+<p>In the second part of the interview we started off by speaking about
+free software and asked for a definition.</p>
+
+<p>Free software means software that respects user's freedom and user's
+community. With software there are just two possibilities; either the
+user controls the program or the program controls the users.</p>
+
+<p>The first case is free software because, in order for the users to
+have effective control of the programs, we need certain freedoms. Those
+freedoms are the criteria of free software.</p>
+
+<p>If the users don't control the program, then the program controls the
+users, and the developer controls the program. That means that program
+is an instrument of unjust power.</p>
+
+<p>So free software is software that respects user's freedom, and the
+idea of the free software movement is: nonfree software is an injustice,
+let's put an end to it. First let's escape, and then let's help
+everyone else escape. Let's put an end to that injustice.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>And by free of course, you don't just mean just
+“gratis”, you mean a lot more than that.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>I mean “free” as in freedom.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>You mentioned that there are certain freedoms that a piece
+of software should respect in order to be called free. What are these
+freedoms?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>Freedom zero</dt>
+<dd>The freedom to run the program as you wish.</dd>
+
+<dt>Freedom one</dt>
+<dd>The Freedom to study the source code and change it to make the
+program do your computing the way you wish.</dd>
+
+<dt>Freedom two</dt>
+<dd>The freedom to help others, which means, redistribute exact copies
+when you wish.</dd>
+
+<dt>Freedom three</dt>
+<dd>The freedom to contribute to your community—the freedom to
+distribute copies of your modified versions when you wish. (That's
+assuming that you've made modified version, because not everybody does
+that.)</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>And in order to support this you started a foundation, the Free
+Software Foundation.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Well, remember the goal is not just theoretical. I wanted to make it
+possible to use a computer in freedom. That's impossible if you're
+required to use nonfree software, and when I started this in 1983 that
+was the only way you could make a computer run. It had to have an
+operating system, and all the operating systems were proprietary, so you
+had to have nonfree software. (Proprietary means nonfree; they're
+synonymous.)</p>
+
+<p>So to make freedom a real option it was necessary to develop a free
+software operating system. I wanted to make it a real possibility to
+use a computer and have freedom, and that meant launching a software
+developing project to develop all the software that you need to have,
+and that's an operating system called GNU. That's why there was actual
+work to be done. I wanted to go beyond simply stating a philosophical
+point in the abstract, and proceed to the practical work of making
+freedom a real possibility.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>And why do you feel that it's an inherent right of people to have
+access to the source code of a program?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Why should people be free? There are people that don't believe in
+freedom, and you can't logically argue with them. There's a fundamental
+difference in values. Once you recognize that having control over your
+software is the only way to live in freedom and use computers, if you
+want freedom you've got to insist on free software.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>But why is software unlike other products? When a vendor sells a
+chair he expects… [Stallman interrupts]</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Software isn't like those things. Software does complicated things,
+and chairs don't. There's no way to design a chair to do things to you
+and control what you do. You normally sit on a chair and you control
+how you sit. The chair might be more or less comfortable, but it's not
+going to move you into a different building or dump you into the street
+or all sorts of other surprising things that you might not expect. It's
+not likely to have a needle hidden in it which would inject some kind of
+drug into you.</p>
+
+<p>Software, on the other hand, does things far more complicated than
+that, and proprietary software commonly has malicious features
+comparable to that needle. In Windows, people have found spy features.
+There are also back doors which allow those who know how to control them
+to do things to the user.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, Microsoft can do absolutely anything to the users of
+Windows: it has total control over their computers, it can take anything
+from them, it can sabotage them in any way at all. If you use nonfree
+programs you are defenseless against its developer, and the developers
+basically say “you should simply trust us because of course a big
+corporation like this would never hurt you.”</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Apart from software, companies today try to interfere with what
+users can actually store in their devices. One of their tools for
+controlling the user is by using proprietary e-book formats.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>These are attacks on the traditional freedoms of readers. The
+example I would use is the Amazon “swindle” (a play on words
+on Amazon's e-book tablet, the “Kindle”) because that's the
+one I know the most facts about. I call it the “swindle”
+because it is set up so that it swindles readers out of the traditional
+freedoms of readers of books.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, there is the freedom to own a book, which Amazon says
+the users can't. They can only get a license to read the book under
+Amazon's choice of conditions. Then there's the freedom to acquire the
+book anonymously, which is basically impossible for most well-known
+books with the “swindle”.</p>
+
+<p>They're only available from Amazon, and Amazon requires users to
+identify themselves, as it doesn't allow any way to pay anonymously with
+cash, the way you could buy a printed book. As a result Amazon
+maintains a database showing all the books that each user has ever read.
+That database is a threat to human rights. Then there's the freedom to
+give the book to someone else, perhaps after reading it, the freedom to
+lend the book to people when you wish, and the freedom to sell the book
+to a used book store.</p>
+
+<p>Amazon eliminates these freedoms, partially by means of digital
+handcuffs (malicious features in the software designed to restrict users
+so they can't do these things) and partially through having said that
+users can't own a book, because Amazon makes them sign a contract saying
+they won't give away, lend or sell the book. And then there's the
+freedom to keep the book as long as you wish.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>There was an Orwellian twist to the tale…</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Yes, because they deleted thousands of copies of “1984”.
+That was in 2009. Those copies were authorized copies until the day
+Amazon decided to delete them. After this, there was a lot of
+criticism, and so Amazon promised it would never do this again unless
+ordered to by the state. I do not find that comforting.</p>
+
+<p>Any one of these makes the “swindle”—an outrageous
+attack on our freedom and something that we must refuse to use. I don't
+know all the details about the competitors, but all of them share at
+least some of these unacceptable characteristics. Except for some where
+you can only install books that are in documented, non-secret
+formats.</p>
+
+<p>Some of them maybe you could buy with cash somewhere if the author is
+selling copies. But the problem is, for digital books in general, there
+is no way to buy them for cash, or anonymously, because of the fact that
+there is no anonymous payment system on the Internet.</p>
+
+<p>Bitcoin can be used for that, but Bitcoin is somewhat speculative
+because its value fluctuates. I don't think it has arrived at the point
+of being a convenient easy, anonymous, digital payment system.</p>
+
+<p>And it's not inherently anonymous. You can make a Bitcoin payment
+anonymously but you have to go to some extra trouble. I don't remember
+the details, but it was complicated enough that I didn't think I would
+do it. I would just continue not buying things online.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>There is another aspect to using nonfree software: you are being a
+bad neighbor as well.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>When you are asked to promise not to share with other people, what
+does that mean? You are being asked to betray your community. Now,
+what's your community? It's the people you know, the people you
+normally cooperate with. These software licenses invite you to betray
+the people you normally cooperate with.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>People use the terms free & open source indiscriminately, but
+they are different things.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>The term “open source” was coined in 1998 by people in
+the free software community. Remember that I started the free software
+movement in 1983. By 1998 we had already achieved a considerable
+amount, there were many people writing free software and many people
+using it.</p>
+
+<p>But not all of them agreed with the philosophy of the free software
+movement. Many of them, although they liked using and developing free
+software, considered our philosophy too radical and shocking. They
+coined a different term so that they could avoid any reference to our
+philosophy and avoid presenting the issue as a matter of justice versus
+injustice.</p>
+
+<p>So that's the purpose of the term “open source”. It's to
+talk about more or less the same category of software but without
+presenting it as an ethical issue. They don't say that if a program is
+not open source then it's an injustice and you must try to escape from
+it.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>You've said in the past that the “the agenda of the free
+software movement has been subverted and even nearly lost.” Are
+you referring to cases such as Android (the mobile phone operating
+system)?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Android is just one example of the general tendency for most people
+in a community not to think of this in terms of freedom and justice.
+“Open source” is a large part of that too.</p>
+
+<p>And then look at the more than 1000 different distributions of the
+GNU/Linux OS: there around ten of them which are entirely free software,
+whose developers keep them free software as a matter of principle, and
+the other thousand-or-so include nonfree software or steer the user
+towards nonfree software, which in an instant grants legitimacy to the
+nonfree software and directly rejects the philosophy of the free
+software movement.</p>
+
+<p>And these speak a very loud voice. Most people coming into the
+community formulate their ideas of what it's all about based on those
+distributions and from other people who are happy with those, and
+basically only a minority of the free software community regards nonfree
+software as an injustice that we shouldn't tolerate. And these views,
+of course, propagate.</p>
+
+<p>Strictly speaking Android is free software but it's not complete: in
+order to actually run a phone you need other software which isn't free.
+Every Android phone needs some nonfree software too.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, many of those are “tyrant products” which
+don't allow users to replace the system. So the software in them may
+have been made from free source code, but if the user can't replace the
+software, then those executable programs are not free.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Despite your technical achievements when it comes to coding, one of
+your greatest hacks was the inception of GNU GPL, a seminal license that
+influenced a lot of others.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Well, it's better to say that most other free software licenses were
+written as reaction against the ideas of GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>You see, the GNU GPL is a copyleft license. Every free software
+license, in order to be one, has to give you the four freedoms. The
+only way to get these freedoms is if the work is released under a
+license that gives them to you.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright law today has been made too restricted, everything is
+copyrighted by default. Therefore the only way a program can be free is
+if the copyright holders put on a formal declaration that gives the four
+freedoms. This formal declaration is what we call a free software
+license.</p>
+
+<p>There are many ways to do that. Copyleft says that there is a
+condition placed on freedoms two and three (remember those were the
+freedoms to distribute exact copies and copies of your modified
+versions). The condition which is copyleft says that when you're
+distributing them, you have to do it respecting the same freedoms for
+the next person.</p>
+
+<p>So people who get copies from you, whether they're modified or not,
+must get the same four freedoms. If you put some of this code into
+another program with other code so that you've made changes, the
+conditions say that that entire program must give people the four
+freedoms, so you cannot convert the code into effectively proprietary with
+the excuse that you've made some changes in it. If you want to use any
+of this code in your program, you must make your whole program free.</p>
+
+<p>I did this because I realized that there was a choice: either people
+would be able to convert my code into nonfree software and use it to
+subjugate others, perhaps by making changes in it, or I would stop them
+from doing that.</p>
+
+<p>I realized then, if I didn't stop them, then my code would be
+converted to nonfree software, users would get my code, but they
+wouldn't get freedom, and that would be self defeating, it would defeat
+the whole purpose of writing the code, which was to make a system that
+they could use in freedom.</p>
+
+<p>So I invented a way to prevent that, and that way is copyleft.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>And how do these ideas of copyleft translate in today's world of
+web services and so called “cloud computing”?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>These issues apply to a program, which is a work you can have a copy
+of; but a service isn't something you get a copy of, so these issues
+don't apply to it.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, when you're doing your own computing you must not
+use any web service to do that, because if you do so you lose control of
+that computing. If your computing is done on somebody else's server, he
+controls it and you don't.</p>
+
+<p>So the general issue that the user should have control on their
+computing does apply to web services but in a different way.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Despite it's practical advantages there isn't yet mass migration to
+free software in the public sector.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Proprietary software developers have lots of money. They use that
+money to buy governments. There are two ways that they can use money to
+influence governments.</p>
+
+<p>One way is by bribing specific officials. That's typically illegal
+but in many countries they can do it anyway.</p>
+
+<p>The other way is bribing the state itself or some other jurisdiction,
+and that's not illegal, but it is equally corrupt.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Despite being in dire financial straights, there is no national
+policy in Greece regarding the use of free software in the public
+sector.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>I don't want to focus narrowly on the agendas of possibly saving
+money because that's a secondary reason. The real reason why the Greek
+and any other government should insist on using free software is to have
+control of its own computing, in other words, its information and
+computing sovereignty. And this is worth spending money for.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Let's talk a bit about the role that free software should have in
+education. There's been a lot of debate recently.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Schools must teach exclusively free software because schools have a
+social mission: to educate good citizens for a strong, capable,
+independent, cooperating and free society. In the computing field that
+means teaching people to be skilled free software users.</p>
+
+<p>Teaching the proprietary program is implanting dependence. Why do
+you think many software companies hand gratis copies of their nonfree
+programs to schools? Because they want schools to spread this
+dependence. That's the opposite of the social mission of schools, they
+shouldn't do it.</p>
+
+<p>It's like giving students addictive drugs. The companies that make
+these drugs would love the schools to do that, but it's the school's
+responsibility to refuse even if the drugs are gratis. But there is a
+deeper reason too: for education and citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>Schools are supposed to teach not just facts and skills, but also the
+spirit of good will. A habit of helping others. Every class should
+have this rule: “Students, if you bring software to class you may
+not keep it for yourself. You must share copies with the rest of the
+class, including the source code, in case someone here wants to learn
+about that software. Which means bringing nonfree software to class is
+not permitted.” For the school to set a good example, it must
+follow its own rule: it should bring only free software and share copies
+with everyone in the class.</p>
+
+<p>There is also another reason, for the sake of education, specifically
+education of the best programmers. For natural born programmers to
+become good programmers, they need to read lots of code and write lots
+of code. Only free software gives you the chance to read the code of
+large programs that people really use. Then you have to write lots of
+code. Which means you've got to write code in large programs.</p>
+
+<p>You have to start small. That doesn't mean writing small programs,
+because small programs do not even start to present the difficulties of
+large programs. So the way you start small is by writing small changes
+in existing large programs, and only free software gives you the chance
+to do that.</p>
+
+<p>So, for several reasons, doing an ethical and good education means
+doing education with free software and only free software. There are
+many who say, “Let's give the children Windows and the GNU+Linux
+system so that they can learn both.” This is like saying
+“let's give children at lunchtime some whiskey or ouzo as well as
+water, so they can learn both.”</p>
+
+<p>The school is supposed to teach good habits, not addiction, not
+dependence. Microsoft knows that if you deliver computer with Windows
+and GNU+Linux, most of the kids in their families see Windows in use, so
+they are going to mostly use Windows.</p>
+
+<p>We need to change that, that's a bad habit of society, it's
+dependence. A school should actively put an end to that dependence.
+They should redirect society down to a path where people have
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>But remember, the problem we want to correct is bigger than
+Microsoft. Apple is actually nastier than Microsoft, and it seems to be
+having a very disappointing success in the area of mobile devices with
+the iThings.</p>
+
+<p>And remember that the iThings pioneered a tyrannical practice that
+Microsoft only tried afterwards. That is designing products as jails,
+so that users can't even choose what applications to install freely,
+they can only install programs that have been approved by the
+dictator.</p>
+
+<p>And the horrible thing is that the evil genius Steve Jobs found a way
+to make lots of people clamor to be imprisoned by these products. He
+made jails and made them so shiny that people want to be locked up.</p>
+
+<p>There's been a tremendous PR industry keen to make him sound good,
+and Apple was working very hard to take advantage of his death. Of
+course Apple's PR worked while he was alive also, and there seem to be a
+lot of people in magazines and newspapers who want to direct the public
+attention away from these issues of freedom.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Speaking of education, when you were part of the MIT AI Lab,
+you were part of a community. This was eventually broken up and you
+were the only one to go against the trend and not work for a big
+company developing proprietary software. What gave you the strength to
+fight, alone, like a guerrilla in the mountains?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>I was alone already. The community I've been part of had already
+split up in a rather hostile fashion. So I was most definitely alone no
+matter what I was going to do.</p>
+
+<p>But the other thing was that the revulsion of my mind to the idea of
+using and developing proprietary software meant that that was even
+worse. I had no alternative that would lead to a life I wouldn't be
+ashamed of and disgusted with.</p> </dd>
+
+<dt>What were your major influences in your upbringing and education
+would you credit for influencing your belief system?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>I don't know. I guess the ideas of free software were
+formulated from the community around me at MIT, because we practiced
+free software, and they were doing that before I joined them.</p>
+
+<p>What was different for me was that whereas the others liked doing
+free software, but they were willing to do nonfree software when that
+was somehow more convenient or satisfied other goals such as to make the
+software successful or whatever.</p>
+
+<p>For me that was the thing that made it good rather than bad, and it
+was useless to throw that away. But it took years for me to formulate
+those ideas, something like ten years. In the mid-70's, even late 70's,
+I still hadn't reached the conclusion that nonfree software was simply
+unjust.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>You've described yourself as a pessimist so I won't ask you to look
+into your crystal ball…</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>I wouldn't see anything, anyway. The future depends on you. If I
+could tell you what's going to happen then it would be futile for you to
+try to change it.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>So, what software projects or social movements are you excited to
+see emerging?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>At the moment there isn't an existing software project that's making
+me excited, but I'm trying to convince someone to work on a particular,
+rather specialized piece of free software that is the last thing we need
+in order to make the use of ATI video accelerators possible in the Free
+World.</p>
+
+<p>As for social movements, I'm very excited by the Occupy movement, by
+the opposition to austerity in Greece and Spain, and the movements
+against corporate tax-evasion, and basically I'm excited to see more
+people fighting against the domination of society by the rich few.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Theodoros Papatheodorou (PhD of Computer Science) is teaching at the
+Athens School of Fine Arts (<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden">address@hidden</a>)</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
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+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2012 Richard Stallman, Theodoros Papatheodorou</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/26 04:58:13 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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