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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/google-engineering-talk.ru.po... |
Date: |
Fri, 23 Aug 2013 06:00:19 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/08/23 06:00:19
Modified files:
philosophy/po : google-engineering-talk.ru.po
google-engineering-talk.translist
Added files:
philosophy : google-engineering-talk.ru.html
philosophy/po : google-engineering-talk.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/google-engineering-talk.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/google-engineering-talk.ru.po 23 Aug 2013 05:27:24 -0000 1.1
+++ po/google-engineering-talk.ru.po 23 Aug 2013 06:00:19 -0000 1.2
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-04-19 17:51+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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#. type: Content of: <title>
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Index: po/google-engineering-talk.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- po/google-engineering-talk.translist 1 Mar 2013 04:11:42 -0000
1.7
+++ po/google-engineering-talk.translist 23 Aug 2013 06:00:19 -0000
1.8
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
<!--#set var="TRANSLATION_LIST"
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
-<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a
href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
-<span dir="ltr"><a
href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: google-engineering-talk.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: google-engineering-talk.ru.html
diff -N google-engineering-talk.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ google-engineering-talk.ru.html 23 Aug 2013 06:00:18 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1838 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.en.html" -->
+
+<title>GNU и Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (ÐнженеÑно-ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð±ÐµÑеда
+в Google) - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>GNU и Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ<br />
+ÐнженеÑно-ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð±ÐµÑеда в Google
+</h2>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен<br />
+11 иÑÐ½Ñ 2004 года</strong></p>
+
+<h3>СодеÑжание</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#introduction">1. Ðведение</a></li>
+<li><a href="#how-it-started">2. Ðак ÑÑо наÑиналоÑÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gnu-operating-system">3. ÐпеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
GNU</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gnu-emacs">4. GNU Emacs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#expensive-habits">5. ÐоÑогоÑÑоÑÑие
пÑивÑÑки</a></li>
+<li><a href="#definition-of-free-software">6. ÐпÑеделение
Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-2-moral-dilemma">7. Свобода 2: моÑалÑнаÑ
дилемма</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-2-spirit-of-good-will">8. Свобода 2: дÑÑ
добÑой воли</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-0-to-run-a-program-freedom-1-to-modify-it"> 9.
Свобода 0
+— вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ñвобода 1 —
пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#drm-back-doors-bugs">10. ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми,
+лазейки, оÑибки</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-3-having-no-master">11. Свобода 3 — не
имеÑÑ
+Ñ
озÑина</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copyleft-forbidding-is-forbidden">12. ÐвÑоÑÑкое
лево: запÑеÑаÑÑ
+запÑеÑено</a></li>
+<li><a href="#general-public-license">13. СÑандаÑÑнаÑ
обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ
+GNU</a></li>
+<li><a href="#developing-gnu">13a. РазÑабоÑка GNU</a></li>
+<li><a href="#making-money-off-free-software">14. Ðак
заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
</a></li>
+<li><a href="#why-write-free-software">15. ÐаÑем пиÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#linux-kernel">16. ЯдÑо, Linux</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gnu-vs-linux-confusion-problem-freedom">17. Свобода и
пÑоблема
+пÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ GNU и Linux</a></li>
+<li><a href="#enemies-of-free-software">18. ÐÑаги ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм</a></li>
+<li><a href="#treacherous-computing">19. ÐÑедаÑелÑÑкие
вÑÑиÑлениÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#help-gnu">20. ÐомоÑÑ GNU</a></li>
+<li><a href="#saint-ignucius">21. СвÑÑой ÐгнÑÑий</a></li>
+<li><a href="#about-anonymity-credit-cards-cell-phones"> 22.
ÐнонимноÑÑÑ,
+кÑедиÑнÑе каÑÑÑ, ÑоÑовÑе ÑелеÑонÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#free-formats-copyright-microsoft">23. СвободнÑе
ÑоÑмаÑÑ, авÑоÑÑкие
+пÑава, Microsoft</a></li>
+<li><a href="#dangers-of-webmail-loss-of-freedom">24. ÐпаÑноÑÑи
пÑблиÑнÑÑ
+ÑеÑвеÑов: поÑеÑÑ ÑвободÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copyright-art-vs-software">25. ÐвÑоÑÑкие пÑава в
иÑкÑÑÑÑве и
+пÑогÑаммиÑовании</a></li>
+<li><a href="#malicious-free-software">26. ÐÑедоноÑнÑе
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#patented-file-formats">27. ÐапаÑенÑованнÑе
ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ñайлов</a></li>
+<li><a href="#games-as-free-software">28. ÐгÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gpl-freedoms-for-cars-saving-seeds">29. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ GPL длÑ
+авÑомобилей и ÑоÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑемÑн</a></li>
+<li><a href="#no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. ÐÑÑÑе
никакиÑ
+пÑогÑамм, Ñем неÑвободнÑе</a></li>
+<li><a href="#portability-of-free-software">31. ÐеÑеноÑимоÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм</a></li>
+<li><a href="#is-some-free-software-obfuscated-on-purpose"> 32. ÐелаÑÑ
ли
+какие-Ñо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÑаннÑми
наÑоÑно?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#proprietary-keeping-an-edge"> 33. ÐеÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°
+пеÑеднем кÑае</a></li>
+<li><a href="#forbidding-is-forbidden-how-is-this-freedom">34. ÐакаÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+Ñвобода, когда запÑеÑено запÑеÑаÑÑ?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#can-google-help-free-software"> 35. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ Google
помогаÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам</a></li>
+<li><a href="#free-software-on-windows-good-or-bad">36. СвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
+Windows: Ñ
оÑоÑо или плоÑ
о</a></li>
+<li><a href="#scos-suit">37. ÐÑоÑеÑÑ SCO</a></li>
+<li><a href="#stallmans-problem-typing">38. ÐÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¡Ñолмена
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñом
+ÑекÑÑа</a></li>
+<li><a href="#open-source-good-or-bad-pat-riot-act">39. ÐÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ:
+Ñ
оÑоÑо или плоÑ
о</a></li>
+<li><a href="#the-end">40. ÐонеÑ</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">1. Ðведение</h3>
+
+<p><strong>Ðд</strong>. ÐÑак, ÑпаÑибо вÑем
ÑÑаÑÑникам. Я Ðд ФалÑк, а ÑÑоÑ
+Ñеловек в подÑобном пÑедÑÑавлении не
нÑждаеÑÑÑ; еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаеÑе, ÑÑо
+ознаÑаÑÑ Ð±ÑÐºÐ²Ñ RMS, вÑ, веÑоÑÑно, не могли
оказаÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑой комнаÑе.</p>
+
+<p>РиÑаÑд бÑл оÑноваÑелем Фонда Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, по-моемÑ,
+ÑÑо бÑло в 1984 годÑ, и как Ñаковой можеÑ
ÑÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑом Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, а
инÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа Google, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, базиÑÑеÑÑÑ
на
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑзанÑ
Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
+обеÑпеÑение веÑÑма многим. [Ð Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÐºÑоÑоном, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+бÑÐ´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ ÑлиÑком долго.] ÐÑо РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен, и Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐºÑаÑÑе благодаÑим
+его за поÑеÑение, оÑделÑной благодаÑноÑÑи
за оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñего ÑÑого
+заÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñий дÑÑг ÐÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ ÐлÑм, и Ñ
дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо без далÑнейÑиÑ
+пÑедиÑловий Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедам Ñлово вам, РиÑаÑд!</p>
+
+<p>[РиÑаÑд кланÑеÑÑÑ]</p>
+
+<h3 id="how-it-started">2. Ðак ÑÑо наÑиналоÑÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐоднимиÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа,
ÑÑки, кÑо не Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑлÑÑиÑ
+[ÑмеÑ
]. ÐÑо-Ñо в Ñамом деле поднÑл ÑÑкÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñема моего вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ —
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. СвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑалиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ; они возникли
на заÑе вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной
+ÑеÑ
ники. Ðак ÑолÑко поÑвлÑлоÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко
ÐÐРодной и Ñой же модели, лÑди
+могли попÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммами. Рони обменивалиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>{ÐÑо не... ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблема. Ðак нам обоÑваÑÑ
обÑаÑнÑÑ ÑвÑзÑ? ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÐºÑо-Ñо
+ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑделаÑÑ? Я не пÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
какие-Ñо оÑклики, но ÑолÑко Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ,
+а не Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. [неÑазбоÑÑиво]</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, ÑÑо не важно; Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑÑоÑонник оÑкÑÑÑого
+иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, никогда им не бÑл и
никогда не бÑдÑ.}</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвовали
до Ñого, как Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñал пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ,
+и мне повезло бÑÑÑ Ð² ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва пÑогÑаммиÑÑов,
+коÑоÑÑе обменивалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами. Так ÑÑо
Ñ Ñзнал о ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
как
+обÑазе жизни, Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñаз жизни. РдлÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑала много знаÑиÑÑ Ñвобода
+обмена Ñ Ð»ÑдÑми, не оÑделеннÑми оÑ
оÑÑалÑного миÑа ÑекÑеÑноÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
+вÑаждебноÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÑо ÑообÑеÑÑво погибло в наÑале
воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
, и пеÑедо мной вÑÑала
+пеÑÑпекÑива пÑовеÑÑи оÑÑаÑок Ñвоей жизни
в миÑе неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ð, ÑÑо
+Ñ
Ñже вÑего, пеÑедо мной вÑÑала пеÑÑпекÑива
подпиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñа о
+неÑазглаÑении. Ð Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑел к заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо
подпиÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾
+неÑазглаÑении обÑеполезной ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой
инÑоÑмаÑии, Ñакой как пÑогÑаммÑ,
+неÑÑиÑно. ÐбеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ñо
Ñвоими ÑобÑаÑÑÑми знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑаÑÑ
+ÑеловеÑеÑкÑÑ ÑолидаÑноÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо, когда
Ñ Ñвидел, ÑÑо маÑина Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑ
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ñакое ÑоглаÑение, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
Ñказал: “Я не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ
+Ñакое”. ÐÑ, к ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, бÑла одна
возможноÑÑÑ; они позволили мне пÑийÑи
+ÑÑда и говоÑиÑÑ, не подпиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑÑо, в
пÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае вам пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑйÑи
+наÑÑжÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑлÑÑаÑÑ. [СмеÑ
]</p>
+
+<p>(Ðни задали паÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
инÑеÑеÑнÑÑ
вопÑоÑов; они ÑпÑоÑили наÑÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸, и
+Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо веÑеÑом Ñ Ñвободен. [ÐлÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑаблиÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ¼][СмеÑ
] РпоÑом
+они ÑпÑоÑили, кÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑинимаеÑ, и Ñ
напиÑал fencepost.gnu.org. Ðо ÑÑо
+пÑоÑÑо Ñ
акеÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð°ÑмоÑÑеÑа.)</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑаÑии, в коÑоÑой
единÑÑвеннÑм ÑпоÑобом полÑÑиÑÑ
+ÑовÑеменнÑй компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ наÑаÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ бÑло подпиÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾
+неÑазглаÑении какой-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободной
опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+в 1983 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñе опеÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑовÑеменнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов бÑли
+неÑвободнÑми и не бÑло законного ÑпоÑоба
полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑем, не подпиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñа о
неÑазглаÑении, ÑÑо неÑÑиÑно. Так ÑÑо Ñ
+ÑеÑил попÑобоваÑÑ Ñ ÑÑим ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ
поделаÑÑ, попÑобоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ. РединÑÑвеннÑм, ÑÑо мне пÑиÑ
одило в головÑ, бÑло напиÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгÑÑ
+опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, а поÑом, бÑдÑÑи
авÑоÑом ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑказаÑÑ:
+“ÐÑа ÑиÑÑема Ñвободна; Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
полÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ без договоÑа о
+неÑазглаÑении, а Ñакже пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
ее ÑÑеди дÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей. Ðам можно
+изÑÑаÑÑ, как она ÑабоÑаеÑ. Ðам можно
изменÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ”. ÐÑак, вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
бÑÑÑ ÑазобÑеннÑми и беÑпомоÑнÑми,
полÑзоваÑели ÑÑой
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñвободе. ÐбÑÑнÑе
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑаÑÑÑ
+ÑÑ
емÑ, в коÑоÑой полÑзоваÑелей
пÑеднамеÑенно ÑазобÑаÑÑ Ð¸ делаÑÑ
+беÑпомоÑнÑми. ÐÑогÑамма поÑÑавлÑеÑÑÑ Ñ
лиÑензией, в коÑоÑой Ñказано, ÑÑо вам
+запÑеÑено обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ, и в болÑÑинÑÑве
ÑлÑÑаев вам нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе
изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Рней даже
+могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÑедоноÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии, а Ð²Ñ ÑÑого
не знаеÑе. Ðогда пÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑвободнÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ñважаем ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ,
и в ÑÑом-Ñо вÑе и дело. Ðвижение
+за Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
возникло заÑем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдей в
+кибеÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑве могла бÑÑÑ Ñвобода,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñл ÑпоÑоб веÑÑи ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ
+и Ñем не менее полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑом,
избежаÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑелÑного ÑазобÑениÑ
+и беÑпомоÑноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gnu-operating-system">3. ÐпеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
GNU</h3>
+
+<p>Ðез опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑом
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑзÑ, Ñак ÑÑо ÑвободнаÑ
+опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема бÑла ÑовеÑÑенно
необÑ
одима. Рв 1983 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
+обÑÑвил о Ñвоем плане ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑакÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ: опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
+названием GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Я ÑеÑил ÑделаÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñипа Unix, ÑÑобÑ
она бÑла пеÑеноÑима. ÐпеÑаÑионной
+ÑиÑÑемой, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли много Ð»ÐµÑ Ð²
ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
+инÑеллекÑа, бÑла ÐеÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени, или ITS <a
+href="#tf1">[1]</a>. Ðна бÑла напиÑана на ÑзÑке
аÑÑемблеÑа PDP-10, Ñак ÑÑо,
+когда Digital пÑекÑаÑила поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ PDP-10, наÑа
многолеÑнÑÑ ÑабоÑа
+ÑаÑÑÑпалаÑÑ Ð² пÑÐ»Ñ Ð¸ ÑазвеÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ веÑÑÑ. Я
не Ñ
оÑел пиÑаÑÑ ÐµÑе однÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ñо же
Ñамое, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ ÑеÑил, ÑÑо бÑдеÑ
+лÑÑÑе, еÑли ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑима.
Ðо Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð» ÑолÑко об одной ÑÑпеÑной
+ÑеализаÑии пеÑеноÑимой опеÑаÑионной
ÑиÑÑемÑ, и ÑÑо бÑла Unix. Так ÑÑо Ñ
+ÑеÑил повÑоÑиÑÑ Ð°ÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ Unix, ÑообÑазив,
ÑÑо Ñаким обÑазом Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑ
+Ñ
оÑоÑий ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ и
+пеÑеноÑимой. РпоÑом, Ñ ÑеÑил ÑделаÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑ
ÑовмеÑÑимой Ñ
+пÑоÑоколами Unix по Ñой пÑиÑине, ÑÑо
полÑзоваÑели могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
одиÑÑ Ð½Ð° нее
+без неÑовмеÑÑимÑÑ
изменений.</p>
+
+<p>Я оÑознал, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑие идеи из
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
+помогал ÑазвиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑкÑплÑаÑиÑоваÑÑ,
добавлÑÑÑ Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе
+облÑбованнÑе мной идеи и напиÑаÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñвоей меÑÑÑ. Ðо она
+бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимой, и полÑзоваÑели по
болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи оÑказалиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ
+Ñо Ñловами: “Ðа пеÑеÑ
од ÑÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑабоÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо не
+бÑдем пеÑеÑ
одиÑÑ”. ÐÑак, Ñделав ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑ
ÑовмеÑÑимой Ñ
+Unix, Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ избавиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого
заÑÑÑÐ´Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑделаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
+веÑоÑÑнÑм, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели бÑдÑÑ
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ оÑказалиÑÑ, Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑлиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑговоÑка. Я
+мог Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “Я пÑедлагал им ÑвободÑ,
а они Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ оÑказалиÑÑ; они
+Ñами виноваÑÑ”. Ðо Ñ Ñ
оÑел ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо
не пÑоÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑиÑÑки
+ÑовеÑÑи. Я Ñ
оÑел поÑÑÑоиÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво, в
коÑоÑом лÑди дейÑÑвиÑелÑно жили бÑ
+на Ñвободе, а ÑÑо знаÑило, ÑÑо мне надо бÑло
ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑой
+лÑди бÑдÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо Ñ ÑеÑил ÑделаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+ÑовмеÑÑимой ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑ
Ñ Unix.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Unix ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· множеÑÑва
компоненÑов, они обÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ пÑоÑоколам,
+коÑоÑÑе более или менее докÑменÑиÑованÑ. Ð
полÑзоваÑели иÑполÑзÑÑÑ ÑÑи
+пÑоÑоколÑ. Так ÑÑо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑовмеÑÑимÑм
Ñ Unix, ÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ Ñе
+же ÑамÑе пÑоÑоколÑ, а ÑÑо знаÑило, ÑÑо вÑе
пеÑвонаÑалÑнÑе конÑÑÑÑкÑивнÑе
+ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñли Ñже ÑделанÑ, кÑоме одного:
какой ÑпекÑÑ ÑелевÑÑ
маÑин
+поддеÑживаÑÑ. Unix бÑла ÑпÑоекÑиÑована длÑ
поддеÑжки 16-биÑнÑÑ
маÑин, а ÑÑо
+Ñоздавало много дополниÑелÑной ÑабоÑÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ
+ÑжимаÑÑ; Ñак ÑÑо Ñ ÑеÑил ÑÑкономиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑой
дополниÑелÑной ÑабоÑе, не
+поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего менÑÑе 32-биÑной маÑинÑ.
Я понимал, ÑÑо на ÑазÑабоÑкÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ леÑ, и к ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñемени
лÑди вÑе Ñавно бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ,
+как пÑавило, 32-биÑнÑе маÑинÑ, и ÑÑо
пÑедположение оказалоÑÑ ÑпÑаведливÑм.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñогда единÑÑвеннÑм, ÑÑо мне бÑло
нÑжно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ðº ÑабоÑе,
+бÑло название. Так воÑ, бÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑом знаÑиÑ
полÑÑаÑÑ ÑдоволÑÑÑвие Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð³ÑÑ
+Ñма — в пÑогÑаммиÑовании и в дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑеÑаÑ
жизни, в лÑбой ÑÑеÑе
+жизни, [где] возможна игÑа Ñма. РбÑла Ñ
акеÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑадиÑиÑ, по коÑоÑой, когда
+Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, подобнÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑей пÑогÑамме, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÑе
+Ñвоей новой пÑогÑамме название,
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑее Ñобой ÑекÑÑÑивное
ÑокÑаÑение,
+говоÑÑÑее, ÑÑо ÑÑо не Ñа, дÑÑгаÑ
пÑогÑамма.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, в ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
и ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
бÑло много ÑекÑÑовÑÑ
ÑедакÑоÑов
+TECO, более или менее ÑÑ
однÑÑ
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом;
как пÑавило, в каждой ÑиÑÑеме
+бÑл TECO, и он назÑвалÑÑ ÑоÑ-или-дÑÑгой-TECO. Ðо
один оÑÑÑоÑмнÑй Ñ
акеÑ
+назвал ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ TINT, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ
“TINT — ÑÑо не
+TECO” — пеÑвое ÑекÑÑÑивное
ÑокÑаÑение. Ð Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмали, ÑÑо
+ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾. Так ÑÑо поÑле Ñого, как Ñ
в 1975 годÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑал пеÑвÑй ÑаÑÑиÑÑемÑй ÑекÑÑовÑй
ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Emacs, бÑло много имиÑаÑий,
+и некоÑоÑÑе назÑвалиÑÑ Ñакой-ÑÑкой-Emacs. Ðо
один из ниÑ
назÑвалÑÑ FINE
+(“FINE — ÑÑо не Emacs”), бÑл SINE
+(“SINE — ÑÑо не Emacs”), бÑл EINE
+(“EINE — ÑÑо не Emacs”), бÑл MINCE
+(“MINCE — ÑÑо не полнÑй Emacs”). ÐоÑом
оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ
+EINE бÑла пеÑепиÑана, и веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð°
назÑвалаÑÑ ZWEI (“ZWEI бÑл EINE
+пеÑвонаÑалÑно”) <a href="#tf2">[2]</a> [ÑмеÑ
].</p>
+
+<p>Я иÑкал ÑекÑÑÑивное ÑокÑаÑение
“ЧÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ — ÑÑо не
+Unix”, но обÑÑнÑй ÑеÑÑÑеÑ
бÑквеннÑй меÑод
ниÑего не дал, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ни
+одно Ñакое ÑоÑеÑание не бÑло Ñловом. РеÑли
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо дÑÑгого
+знаÑениÑ, ÑÑо не забавно. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмал:
“ЧÑо Ð±Ñ Ñакого еÑе
+пÑидÑмаÑÑ?” Ð Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего не пÑиÑ
одило, и Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмал: “Я
+ÑокÑаÑÑ ÑвÑзкÑ, Ñогда Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
ÑÑеÑ
бÑквенное ÑекÑÑÑивное
+ÑокÑаÑение”. Я наÑал подÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе
26 бÑкв: ANU, BNU, CNU, DNU,
+ENU, FNU, GNU! ÐÑ, “<span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">gnu</span>” — занÑÑнейÑее Ñлово
английÑкого
+ÑзÑка, Ñак ÑÑо вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑл паÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
него. ÐÑли ÑÑо-Ñо можно назваÑÑ
+“GNU”, Ñо не ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑбиÑаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо
дÑÑгое.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, конеÑно, пÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой Ñо
Ñловом “<span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">gnu</span>” Ñак много игÑаÑÑ, ÑоÑÑоиÑ
в Ñом, ÑÑо
+ÑоглаÑно ÑловаÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ пÑоизноÑиÑÑÑ Ñак же,
как пÑоизноÑиÑÑÑ “<span
+lang="en" xml:lang="en">new</span>” <a href="tf3">[3]</a>. Так
+ÑÑо лÑди наÑали ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг дÑÑга в
ÑÑÑкÑ: “Ð ÑÑо Ñакое
+гнÑ?” задолго до Ñого, как Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
оÑвеÑиÑÑ: “ÐÐU —
+не Unix”. Ðо ÑепеÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñл ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑ, и
лÑÑÑе вÑего бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо
+ÑÑо вÑглÑдиÑ, как еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð¹Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾
говоÑиÑе ÑобеÑедникÑ, Ñем она не
+ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ, вмеÑÑо оÑвеÑа на его вопÑоÑ. Ðо
на Ñамом деле Ð²Ñ ÑаÑкÑÑваеÑе
+ÑоÑное знаÑение GNU; Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле
оÑвеÑаеÑе на вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑолÑко
+ÑоÑно, наÑколÑко ÑÑо возможно, но вÑглÑдиÑ
ÑÑо Ñак, как бÑдÑо вÑ
+оÑказÑваеÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, когда ÑÑо —
название опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ,
+пÑоизноÑиÑе его, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñ Ð¾ÑÑеÑливÑм
“г”; не ÑледÑйÑе
+ÑловаÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе о “новой”
опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме, вÑ
+ÑилÑно запÑÑаеÑе лÑдей. ÐÑ ÑабоÑаем над
ней Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñже двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+она Ñже не нова. Ðо она по-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ (и
вÑегда бÑдеÑ) GNU, незавиÑимо оÑ
+Ñого, ÑколÑко лÑдей назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ по оÑибке
“Linux”.</p>
+
+<p>{[<strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. (неÑазбоÑÑиво)]
+[<strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. СпаÑибо!]}</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, когда Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвилоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ, Ñ
мог наÑаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ. Я ÑволилÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
+MIT, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑаÑÑÑм
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, в ÑнваÑе
+1984 года. Ðне пÑиÑлоÑÑ ÑволиÑÑÑÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо, оÑÑанÑÑÑ Ñ ÑоÑÑÑдником
+MIT, ÑÑо позволило Ð±Ñ MIT заÑвиÑÑ Ð¿Ñава на вÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñал, и
+MIT Ñмог Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
в неÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммнÑе пÑодÑкÑÑ. РпоÑколÑÐºÑ MIT
+Ñже делал Ñакого Ñода веÑи, Ñ, конеÑно, не
мог ÑаÑÑÑиÑÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо они здеÑÑ
+не поÑÑÑпÑÑ Ñак же. Ð Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑел ÑпоÑиÑÑ Ñ
админиÑÑÑаÑией MIT о подÑобноÑÑÑÑ
+лиÑензии, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ ÑобиÑалÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ.
ÐÑак, ÑволивÑиÑÑ, Ñ Ð²ÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
за
+Ñкобки, и Ñ ÑеÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не бÑло
поÑÑоÑнной ÑабоÑÑ. Ðднако глава
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа
бÑл Ñак лÑбезен, ÑÑо позволил мне
+пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
обоÑÑдованием,
Ñак ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑал полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+маÑиной Ñ Unix в ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
инÑеллекÑа, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
+поднимаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð° дÑÑгой ÑаÑÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÑого Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не полÑзовалÑÑ Unix. Я
никогда не бÑл ÑаÑодеем Unix, и Ñ
+ÑеÑил повÑоÑиÑÑ Ð°ÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ Unix Ñовно по
Ñой пÑиÑине, о коÑоÑой Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+ÑаÑÑказал, а не поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Unix бÑла моей
лÑбимой ÑиÑÑемой, или поÑемÑ-Ñо
+еÑе. Ðногда лÑди пиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑолÑок к
ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ GNU подали Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+полиÑике лиÑензиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Unix. Так воÑ, ÑÑо
непÑавда; на Ñамом деле Unix
+никогда не бÑла Ñвободной. Ðни бÑли более
или менее жеÑÑки и более или менее
+гадки, когда Ñледили за ÑоблÑдением
ÑÑебований, но ÑÑо никогда не бÑло
+ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑи
Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи не имели
+поÑледÑÑвий и, во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, они имели
меÑÑо задолго до Ñого, как Ñ
+впеÑвÑе Ñвидел наÑÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñ Unix.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gnu-emacs">4. GNU Emacs</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, в ÑÑо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¸ дÑÑгие
лÑди, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñал Ñебе в
+помоÑÑ, ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑÑи ÑаÑÑи и ÑделаÑÑ
полнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, а поÑом
+Ð¼Ñ Ñкажем: “ÐÑиÑ
одиÑе и полÑÑайÑе”.
Ðо вÑÑло не Ñак. Ð ÑенÑÑбÑе
+воÑемÑдеÑÑÑ ÑеÑвеÑÑого года Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпил к
ÑазÑабоÑке GNU Emacs, ÑÑо бÑла
+вÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑаÑÑиÑÑемого
пÑогÑаммиÑÑемого ÑекÑÑового ÑедакÑоÑа. Ð
+к наÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑемÑдеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑого Ñ Ñже мог
ÑедакÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ вÑе, ÑÑо мне
+нÑжно. Так воÑ, ÑÑо бÑло болÑÑим
облегÑением. ÐонимаеÑе, Ñ Ð±Ñл ÑовеÑÑенно не
+намеÑен полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ vi. [СмеÑ
,
аплодиÑменÑÑ.] Так ÑÑо до Ñого моменÑа Ñ
+ÑедакÑиÑовал на дÑÑгиÑ
маÑинаÑ
, на коÑоÑÑÑ
бÑл Emacs, и копиÑовал ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
+ÑеÑи, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑовеÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на маÑине Ñ Unix. Ðак
ÑолÑко заÑабоÑал GNU Emacs, Ñ
+Ñмог ÑедакÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð½Ð° маÑине Ñ Unix.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо дÑÑгие заÑ
оÑели полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ GNU Emacs,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в Ñвоей
+ÑабоÑе, пÑименÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвоиÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
Ñ Unix.
СиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU еÑе не бÑло, бÑло
+ÑолÑко неÑколÑко ÑаÑÑей. Ðо ÑÑа ÑаÑÑÑ
оказалаÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑной Ñама по
+Ñебе. ÐÑди пÑоÑили Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸, Ñак ÑÑо мне
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð´ÑмаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑали Ñого,
+как его ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ. ÐонеÑно, Ñ Ð²Ñложил
ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° анонимнÑй ÑеÑÐ²ÐµÑ FTP, и
+ÑÑо бÑло Ñ
оÑоÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо бÑл в ÑеÑи, но
в 1985 годÑ
+болÑÑинÑÑво пÑогÑаммиÑÑов не бÑло в
ÐнÑеÑнеÑе. Так ÑÑо они пÑоÑили Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+копии; ÑÑо мне бÑло оÑвеÑаÑÑ? Я мог бÑ
ÑказаÑÑ: “Я Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñвое
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° напиÑание новÑÑ
ÑаÑÑей ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU,
а не на запиÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð½Ð¸ÑнÑÑ
ленÑ,
+Ñак ÑÑо найдиÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, знакомого,
коÑоÑÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ по ÑеÑи и
+запиÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ на ленÑÑ”,— и они Ñано
или поздно наÑ
одили бÑ
+лÑдей, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно
знаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов.</p>
+
+<h3 id="expensive-habits">5. ÐоÑогоÑÑоÑÑие пÑивÑÑки</h3>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло ÑабоÑÑ, и Ñ Ð¸Ñкал
какой-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑпоÑоб полÑÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги Ñ
+помоÑÑÑ Ñвоей ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑвил:
+“ÐÑÑлиÑе мне 150 доллаÑов, и Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑлÑ
вам по поÑÑе GNU Emacs на
+ленÑе”. Ð Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñали капаÑÑ. Ð
ÑеÑедине года они поÑли Ñонкой
+ÑÑÑÑйкой, Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑÑми до деÑÑÑи заказов в
меÑÑÑ, на ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ пÑи
+необÑ
одимоÑÑи пÑожиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РвÑе поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
поддаваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑогоÑÑоÑÑим
+пÑивÑÑкам. ÐоÑогоÑÑоÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑивÑÑка —
как западнÑ: она опаÑна. Ð
+Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑва амеÑиканÑев оÑноÑение к
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÑмо пÑоÑивоположно: еÑли
+они могÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑолÑко денег,
они пÑидÑмÑваÑÑ, как Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑаÑиÑÑ
+Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑолÑко [Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑиÑокий жеÑÑ], ÑÑо
ÑовеÑÑенно неблагоÑазÑмно. Так ÑÑо
+они наÑинаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ð°, маÑинÑ, ÑÑ
ÑÑ,
ÑамолеÑÑ, Ñедкие маÑки, каÑÑинÑ,
+кÑÑÐ¸Ð·Ñ Ð¸ деÑей [ÑмеÑ
], вÑевозможнÑе доÑогие
излиÑеÑÑва, коÑоÑÑе поглоÑаÑÑ
+много миÑовÑÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑов, оÑобенно деÑи. Ð
поÑом они ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ, ÑÑо они вÑнÑжденÑ
оÑÑаÑнно ÑÑажаÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ
+напÑÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги,
коÑоÑÑми они могли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+ÑÑо, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ вÑемени, ÑÑобÑ
наÑлаждаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим, ÑÑо оÑобенно
+гÑÑÑÑно, когда дело каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑей. ÐÑе
дÑÑгое, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ, можно ÑбÑÑÑ. Так
+ÑÑо они ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑионеÑками денег,
неÑпоÑобнÑми ÑеÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо они
+ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо Ñвоей жизнÑÑ. ÐÑли вÑ
не Ñ
оÑиÑе бÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑионеÑкой денег,
+не поддавайÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑогоÑÑоÑÑим пÑивÑÑкам,
поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñем менÑÑе вам нÑжно
+ÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° жизнÑ, Ñем болÑÑе Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð³Ð¸Ð±ÐºÐ¾ÑÑи
и Ñем менÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñей жизни
+вам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑиÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑи
денÑги.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ñ, по ÑÑÑи, как
ÑÑÑденÑ, и Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñак ÑÑо и
+бÑло.</p>
+
+<h3 id="definition-of-free-software">6. ÐпÑеделение
Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<p>Ðо иногда мне говоÑили: “ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
говоÑиÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑвободнÑ, еÑли они ÑÑоÑÑ 150 доллаÑов?”
ÐÑ, в английÑком Ñлово
+“ÑвободнÑй” пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво
знаÑений, и ÑÑо иÑ
вводило в
+заблÑждение. Ðне даже поÑÑебовалоÑÑ
неÑколÑко леÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑознаÑÑ, ÑÑо мне
+нÑжно ÑазÑÑÑнÑÑÑ ÑÑо. ÐидиÑе ли, одно
знаÑение ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ, а
+дÑÑгое знаÑение ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободÑ.
Ðогда Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим о ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
, Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим о Ñвободе, а не о
ÑÑоимоÑÑи. Так ÑÑо дÑмайÑе о
+“волÑной ÑеÑи”, а не о “беÑплаÑном
пиве”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐекоÑоÑÑе полÑзоваÑели полÑÑили Ñвои
копии GNU Emacs Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи, они не
+плаÑили. ÐекоÑоÑÑе полÑзоваÑели полÑÑили
Ñвои копии Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ленÑе, и они
+заплаÑили. РнекоÑоÑÑе полÑÑили Ñвои копии
Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо дÑÑгого, не Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо каждÑй, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ бÑла копиÑ, бÑл
волен ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ÐлаÑили
+ли они ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÑÑгомÑ? ÐÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ; ÑÑо бÑло
иÑ
дело. Ðм не нÑжно бÑло мне
+докладÑваÑÑ. Так ÑÑо GNU Emacs бÑл беÑплаÑнÑм
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей и
+плаÑнÑм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
полÑзоваÑелей, но он
бÑл ÑвободнÑм и Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
, и длÑ
+дÑÑгиÑ
, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
бÑли
опÑеделеннÑе важнÑе ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделение Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, позволÑÑе мне даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ опÑеделение
Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐидиÑе ли,
+легко ÑказаÑÑ: “Я — за Ñвободє.
То еÑÑÑ ÑÑо можеÑ
+ÑказаÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ ÐÑÑ [ÑмеÑ
]. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо он
знаеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо знаÑиÑ. Ðо дело в
+Ñом, ÑÑо пока Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ заÑÑавиÑе Ñеловека бÑÑÑ
более конкÑеÑнÑм, ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо ни
+к ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ обÑзÑваÑÑие пеÑеÑÑдÑ. Так ÑÑо
позволÑÑе мне даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ —
+позволÑÑе ÑепеÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ бÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
конкÑеÑнÑм и даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ опÑеделение
Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑамма Ñвободна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, конкÑеÑного
полÑзоваÑелÑ, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑе
+ÑледÑÑÑиÑ
ÑвободÑ:</p>
+
+<p>Свобода 0 — Ñвобода вÑполнÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, как вам Ñгодно;
+Ñвобода 1 — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñебе, изÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй
+ÑекÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑамма в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи делаеÑ, а заÑем
+пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° делала Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе; Ñвобода 2 —
+Ñвобода помогаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑедÑ,
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ ÑÑеди дÑÑгиÑ
; и
+Ñвобода 3 — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
ÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ñвое ÑообÑеÑÑво, Ñо
+еÑÑÑ Ñвобода пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
веÑÑиÑ, Ñ Ñем ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие могли
+полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑиÑ
изменений.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе ÑеÑÑÑе ÑÑиÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑ. ÐÑо
не ÑÑовни ÑвободÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑÑÑе
+ÑвободÑ, ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð· коÑоÑÑÑ
должна бÑÑÑ Ñ
ваÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма могла
+ÑÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñвободной. ÐÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñвободой, в коÑоÑой никогда не
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ
компÑÑÑеÑа.</p>
+
+<p>[<a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>]</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-2-moral-dilemma">7. Свобода 2: моÑалÑнаÑ
дилемма</h3>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²ÑбÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑи конкÑеÑнÑе ÑвободÑ?
ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+именно Ñак?</p>
+
+<p>Свобода 2 необÑ
одима, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
жиÑÑ ÑеÑÑной жизнÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
+могли бÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑнÑ, бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑопоÑÑдоÑнÑм
Ñленом обÑеÑÑва. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммой, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 2, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
+ÑоÑедÑ, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
ÑÑеди дÑÑгиÑ
, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑаеÑе пеÑед
+поÑенÑиалÑной моÑалÑной дилеммой, коÑоÑаÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð² лÑбой моменÑ,
+когда кÑо-Ñо пÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ говоÑиÑ: “Ðожно
мне ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ?” ЧÑо Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе делаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом
ÑлÑÑае? ÐÑ Ð²ÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑбиÑаÑÑ
+одно из двÑÑ
зол. Ðдно зло — ÑделаÑÑ
ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого
+Ñеловека и наÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ. ÐÑÑгое
зло — ÑоблÑдаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ, но
+бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
им ÑоÑедом. Так ÑÑо вам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑбиÑаÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑее из зол, Ñо еÑÑÑ
+ÑделаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого Ñеловека и
наÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ [ÑмеÑ
, аплодиÑменÑÑ].</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, в ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае зло менÑÑе,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо оно напÑавлено на Ñого, кÑо
+пÑеднамеÑенно пÑÑалÑÑ ÑазобÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ
оÑÑалÑнÑм обÑеÑÑвом и Ñем ÑамÑм Ñделал
+в оÑноÑении Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑо кÑайне дÑÑное; и
ÑледоваÑелÑно, он заÑлÑживаеÑ
+ÑÑого. Ðднако вÑе вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»Ð³Ð°ÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм неÑ
оÑоÑо. Ðогда кÑо-Ñо говоÑиÑ: “Я
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого, но вам
пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ обмениваÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑим ни Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼”,— пÑавилÑно бÑдеÑ
оÑвеÑиÑÑ <em>неÑ</em>. ÐоÑле
+Ñого, как Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð´Ñмали ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑнÑÑ
дилеммÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑедвидеÑÑ, ÑÑо,
+когда Ð²Ñ ÑÑанеÑе пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
она пÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ðº необÑ
одимоÑÑи
+вÑбоÑа одного из двÑÑ
зол, а ÑледоваÑелÑно,
вам нÑжно оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑказаÑÑ
ей: “ÐеÑ,
+благодаÑÑ”,— и в ÑÑом-Ñо и ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¹
пÑинÑип. ÐÑли кÑо-Ñо
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑой Ñ Ð½Ðµ
волен обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸, Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ
+говоÑиÑÑ <em>неÑ</em> из пÑинÑипа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñл в аÑдиÑоÑии,
пеÑед коÑоÑой вÑÑÑÑпал Ðжон ÐеÑÑи
+ÐаÑлоÑ, и он Ñказал: “ÐоднимиÑе ÑÑки,
еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+неÑанкÑиониÑованнÑÑ
копий пÑогÑамм“.
Ðн бÑл Ñдивлен, когда Ñвидел, ÑÑо
+кÑо-Ñо поднÑл ÑÑкÑ, но поÑом он Ñвидел, ÑÑо
ÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñл Ñ. Ð Ñогда он
+Ñказал: “Ð, ÑÑо вÑ, Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑно”,—
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он знал,
+поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑанкÑиониÑованнÑÑ
копий: дело в Ñом, ÑÑо вÑе мои копии
+пÑогÑамм ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸ каждÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
ÑанкÑиониÑованнÑе копии. Ð ÑÑом-Ñо
+вÑе и дело.</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-2-spirit-of-good-will">8. Свобода 2: дÑÑ
добÑой воли</h3>
+
+<p>ÐажнейÑий ÑеÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñбого обÑеÑÑва —
дÑÑ
добÑой воли, гоÑовноÑÑÑ
+помоÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑедÑ; не обÑзаÑелÑно
каждÑй Ñаз, когда Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑÑ, но
+доволÑно ÑаÑÑо. Ðменно в ÑÑом ÑоÑÑоиÑ
ÑазниÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвом, в коÑоÑом
+можно жиÑÑ, и джÑнглÑми, где вÑе дÑÑг дÑÑга
пожиÑаÑÑ. УÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑого дÑÑ
а не
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑеделÑно вÑÑоким и не бÑдеÑ
нÑлевÑм, но он бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð³Ð´Ðµ-Ñо Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑÑими
+знаÑениÑми — а кÑлÑÑÑÑнаÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° него,
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ ÑнижаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. Рважно
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ его повÑÑением, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑÑо облегÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ. Так ÑÑо не
ÑлÑÑайно кÑÑпнÑе миÑовÑе Ñелигии
+на пÑоÑÑжении ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑÑли ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
добÑой воли.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑнÑе обÑеÑÑвеннÑе
инÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, когда они говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑно? Ðни оÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑ
жизненно важнÑй ÑеÑÑÑÑ, Ñего не можеÑ
+Ñебе позволиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ обÑеÑÑво. Ð ÑÑо они
делаÑÑ, когда говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑли
+Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑеÑÑ Ñо Ñвоим ÑоÑедом, Ñо вÑ
пиÑаÑ? Ðни говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо помоÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ð½ÑавÑÑвенно ÑквиваленÑна
Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑда. Так воÑ, ниÑÑо не
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ непÑавилÑно. ÐападаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
коÑабли оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
о;
+помогаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑо они делаÑÑ, когда ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ
ÑÑÑовÑе Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑкого
+ÑлиÑенного в обмене? СколÑко, по ваÑемÑ
мнениÑ, ÑÑÑаÑ
а понадобиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑгаÑÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
Ñак, ÑÑо они
пеÑеÑÑанÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑедÑ? ХоÑиÑе
+вÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑа ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑÑоÑа
пÑодолжалаÑÑ Ð² ваÑем обÑеÑÑве? Я надеÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо
+оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑиÑаÑелен. Ðам надо оÑмениÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ
Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñованием, коÑоÑÑÑ
+навÑзÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвÑ. Ðам нÑжно
ÑказаÑÑ, гÑомко и внÑÑно:
+“ÐопиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ñо Ñвоим
ÑоÑедом Ñ
оÑоÑо, ÑÑо законно, а
+законÑ, коÑоÑÑе ÑÑо запÑеÑаÑÑ,
непÑавилÑнє.</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-0-to-run-a-program-freedom-1-to-modify-it">9. Свобода 0
вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ñвобода 1 пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ñнование Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 2: ÑÑо
по ÑÑÑи ÑÑиÑеÑкое
+оÑнование. ÐелÑÐ·Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑи ÑÑиÑнÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ,
еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 2.</p>
+
+<p>Свобода 0 нÑжна по ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгой
пÑиÑине: Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ñвой ÑобÑÑвеннÑй
компÑÑÑеÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² Ñом, когда,
+ÑколÑко или как Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе вÑполнÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ñвно не полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ
+Ñвоим компÑÑÑеÑом Ñвободно. Так ÑÑо
Ñвобода 0 оÑевидна, но
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 0 не доÑÑаÑоÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑе,
ÑÑо вам позволÑеÑ
+Ñвобода 0 — ÑÑо полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммой Ñак, как ÑÑо
+запÑогÑаммиÑовано ее ÑазÑабоÑÑиком. ÐÑ
волÑÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо [жеÑÑ ÑÑкой] или
+ниÑего. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-наÑÑоÑÑемÑ
ÑвободнÑм, вам нÑжно конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамма, Ñак ÑÑо вам нÑжна
Ñвобода 1, Ñо еÑÑÑ Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
+ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñебе, Ñвобода изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй
ÑекÑÑ, а заÑем пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½
+делал Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаеÑе,
Ñем занимаеÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑамма. РазÑабоÑÑик говоÑиÑ: “ÐÑоÑÑо
довеÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ”,—
+и Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑолÑко Ñлепо веÑиÑÑ. Рвам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑлепÑм
+Ð²Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
неÑедки вÑедоноÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии, ÑÑнкÑии,
+коÑоÑÑе Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
ÑлÑжиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ, а наобоÑоÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+навÑзÑваÑÑ ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ,
вÑедиÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ огÑаниÑиваÑÑ
+его. ÐапÑимеÑ, веÑÑма ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ-ÑпионÑ.</p>
+
+<p>[51-ÑекÑнднÑй пеÑеÑÑв в звÑкозапиÑи
воÑполнен РиÑаÑдом СÑолменом в авгÑÑÑе
+2010 года]</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft Windows ÑÐ¿Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° полÑзоваÑелем; бÑли
Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии
+Ñпионажа. Windows Media Player Ñоже ÑпиониÑ; он
ÑообÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² Microsoft обо
+вÑем, ÑÑо пÑоÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ.</p>
+
+<p>[ÐÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пеÑеÑÑва в запиÑи]</p>
+
+<p>...конеÑно, делаÑÑ ÑÑо. RealPlayer, напÑимеÑ,
ÑÐ¿Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° вами. TiVo ÑпиониÑ
+за вами. ÐекоÑоÑÑе лÑди оÑнеÑлиÑÑ Ðº TiVo Ñ
ÑнÑÑзиазмом, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо внÑÑÑи
+него пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо в нем еÑÑÑ Ñакже
+неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, и они ÑпионÑÑ Ð·Ð°
вами. ÐÑÑÑда ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñвод, ÑÑо
+ÑÑого не доÑÑаÑоÑно. ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
пÑивеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñо, в Ñем пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ
+какие-Ñо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, а Ñо, ÑÑо
ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="drm-back-doors-bugs">10. ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми, лазейки, оÑибки</h3>
+
+<p>Ðо пÑогÑаммÑ-ÑÐ¿Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñак плоÑ
и, как
дÑÑгое. ÐÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пакеÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе ÑмÑÑленно
ÑпÑоекÑиÑованÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
ÑабоÑаÑÑ. ÐÑо
+назÑваеÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑм ÑпÑавлением
огÑаниÑениÑми — когда пÑогÑамма
+говоÑиÑ: “Я не дам взглÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑ
Ñайл; Ñ Ð½Ðµ дам ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑо; Ñ
+не дам ÑедакÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑо”. Так воÑ, кÑо
ÑÑа пÑогÑамма ÑакаÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+вÑÑаваÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑÑи? Риногда
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеконÑигÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
+ваÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑинÑ, напÑимеÑ, делаÑÑ Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
она показÑвала ÑекламÑ, пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð²
+ÑаÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑдеÑе знаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
заÑанее и не бÑдеÑе знаÑÑ, как ÑÑо
+впоÑледÑÑвии ÑбÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Риногда в ниÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑоÑÑие лазейки.
ÐапÑимеÑ, в Windows XP еÑÑÑ
+лазейка: когда она запÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ,
она ÑаÑÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Microsoft, кÑо
+вÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Microsoft Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
обновление, ÑоÑÑавленное ÑолÑко
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ. Рв ÑÑом обновлении могли Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
ÑекÑеÑнÑе ÑÑеÑнÑе запиÑи,
+ÑпеÑиалÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии Ñпионажа, оно могло бÑ
попÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ. Ð
+Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего не можеÑе поделаÑÑ.
ÐÑак, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð°Ð·ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ°, о коÑоÑой знаеÑ
+Microsoft и о коÑоÑой знаем мÑ.</p>
+
+<p>[Ðобавлено в 2010 годÑ: позднее Ð¼Ñ Ñзнали,
ÑÑо Microsoft Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑелÑно
+“обновлÑÑÑ” — ÑÑо еÑе гоÑаздо
более ÑквеÑнаÑ
+лазейка.]</p>
+
+<p>Ðозможно, еÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие лазейки, о коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаем; Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, еÑÑÑ
+Ñакие, о коÑоÑÑÑ
не Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ Microsoft. Ðогда
в ÑнваÑе Ñ Ð±Ñл в Ðндии, мне
+ÑаÑÑказали, ÑÑо какие-Ñо пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð²
Ðндии бÑли аÑеÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¾Ð±Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+ÑабоÑе на алÑ-ÐаидÑ, они пÑÑалиÑÑ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑи
Ð»Ð°Ð·ÐµÐ¹ÐºÑ Ð² Windows XP. ÐÑак,
+оÑевидно, ÑÑа попÑÑка пÑовалилаÑÑ. Ðо
ÑдалиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ дÑÑгие? ÐÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем
+ÑзнаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑÐ´Ñ ÑÑвеÑждаÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑе
ÑазÑабоÑÑики неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+закладÑваÑÑ Ð²ÑедоноÑнÑе оÑобенноÑÑи. ÐÑÑÑ
Ñе, кÑо пÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ
+оÑобенноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑе бÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÐ´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
полÑзоваÑелÑ, и ÑолÑко иÑ
. Ðо они
+лÑди, Ñак ÑÑо они оÑибаÑÑÑÑ. Ðни могÑÑ
ÑпÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¾ÑобенноÑÑи, вложив в
+ниÑ
вÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ, а вам они не
понÑавÑÑÑÑ, или они могÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð²
+ÑвоиÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
оÑибки. Ркогда ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, Ð²Ñ Ðº ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ и беÑпомоÑнÑ;
+Ð²Ñ — беÑпомоÑнÑе Ñзники лÑбого
ÑеÑениÑ, коÑоÑое они
+пÑинÑли. ÐезавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, Ñделано оно из
добÑÑÑ
или злÑÑ
побÑждений, еÑли
+вам оно не нÑавиÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего не можеÑе
поделаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, мÑ, ÑазÑабоÑÑики ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñоже лÑди, Ð¼Ñ Ñоже
+оÑибаемÑÑ. Ðне доводилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑе не нÑавилиÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑелÑм. Ðне доводилоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ñибками. РазниÑа в Ñом,
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ — не Ñзники наÑиÑ
ÑеÑений,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑÑавлÑем ваÑ
+беÑпомоÑнÑми. ÐÑли вам не нÑавÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸
ÑеÑениÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе измениÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñвобода пÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. Я
не поÑиÑÐ°Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑгнеÑаÑÑиÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑ, за Ñо, ÑÑо они лÑди и ÑÑо они
+оÑибаÑÑÑÑ; Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
за Ñо, ÑÑо они
оÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±ÐµÑпомоÑнÑми Ñзниками
+иÑ
оÑибок, оÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ в Ñвободе
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑно иÑпÑавиÑÑ ÑÑи оÑибки.</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-3-having-no-master">11. Свобода 3 не имеÑÑ Ñ
озÑина</h3>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 не доÑÑаÑоÑно.
Свобода 1 Ñвобода лиÑно изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸
+пÑавиÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 не
доÑÑаÑоÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑÑÑ
+Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей, коÑоÑÑе
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами, но не ÑмеÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо они не могÑÑ
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñвободой 1, во
+вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, лиÑно. Ð ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 не
доÑÑаÑоÑно даже Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов,
+пÑоÑÑо поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑогÑамм Ñак много, даже
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑÑо ни Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
+не Ñ
ваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени изÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
вÑе, овладеÑÑ
ими вÑеми и ÑделаÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+изменениÑ, какие ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ñжно.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб, коÑоÑÑм мÑ
можем по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ полноÑÑÑÑ
+конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — делаÑÑ ÑÑо
+ÑовмеÑÑно. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑого-Ñо и нÑжна
Ñвобода 3. Свобода 3 —
+Ñвобода опÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие Ñоже могли еÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо позволÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑабоÑаÑÑ
вмеÑÑе, полÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+Ñвоими пÑогÑаммами. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
внеÑÑи в пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо изменение и
+опÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, а поÑом вÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи в пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñо
+изменение и опÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
веÑÑиÑ, а кÑо-Ñо еÑе Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи в
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñо изменение и опÑбликоваÑÑ
измененнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ. Ð ÑепеÑÑ Ð¼Ñ
+полÑÑили веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñо вÑеми ÑÑемÑ
изменениÑми, и вÑе могÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑейÑи на нее,
еÑли
+она вÑем нÑавиÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>С ÑÑой Ñвободой лÑбой коллекÑив
полÑзоваÑелей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ ÑовмеÑÑнÑй
+конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¸ заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо,
ÑÑо они вмеÑÑе Ñ
оÑÑÑ. ÐÑедположим,
+еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½ полÑзоваÑелей, коÑоÑÑй Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделенного изменениÑ. ÐÑ,
+ÑлÑÑайно некоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
окажÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑами; допÑÑÑим, деÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
+ниÑ
ÑмеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ. Так воÑ, Ñано
или поздно некоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
внеÑÑÑ
+изменение и опÑбликÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ,
и Ñогда веÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½
+полÑзоваÑелей ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑейÑи на нее.
ÐонимаеÑе, болÑÑинÑÑво из ниÑ
не ÑмееÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, но они вÑе Ñавно могÑÑ
пеÑейÑи на нее. Так ÑÑо вÑе они
+полÑÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ТепеÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð¹Ñе пÑедположим, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ
ÑолÑко ÑÑÑÑÑа лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+какого-Ñо дÑÑгого изменениÑ, и никÑо из ниÑ
не ÑÐ¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ. ÐÑе
+Ñавно они могÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑими
Ñвободами. Ðни могÑÑ ÑÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ
+оÑганизаÑиÑ, и каждÑй Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги, Ñак
ÑÑо еÑли каждÑй Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ñ ÑÑо
+доллаÑов, полÑÑиÑÑÑ ÑÑо ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñов. Рв
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ñи в
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ:
“СделаеÑе ли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо изменение за
+ÑÑо ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñов, и когда Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑÑо
ÑделаÑÑ?” РеÑли оÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÑÑой
+компании им не понÑавиÑÑÑ, они могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ñи
в дÑÑгÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ:
+“СделаеÑе ли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо изменение, и когда
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ?”
+ÐÑо пÑежде вÑего показÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼, ÑÑо ÑÑа
ÑÑÑÑÑа полÑзоваÑелей, коÑоÑÑе не
+ÑмеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, могÑÑ, полÑзÑÑÑÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ Ñвободами, полÑÑиÑÑ
+изменение, коÑоÑого они Ñ
оÑÑÑ. Рво-вÑоÑÑÑ
,
ÑÑо показÑваеÑ, ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑй ÑÑнок
поддеÑжки.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, как пÑавило,
ознаÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° поддеÑжкÑ. Ð
+болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ
ÑолÑко Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑика, Ñак ÑÑо
+ÑолÑко ÑазÑабоÑÑик Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедложиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ
Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло поддеÑжкÑ. ÐÑли вÑ
+Ñ
оÑиÑе изменениÑ, вам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Ð¸
+вÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ. Так воÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой
и важнÑй, ÑазÑабоÑÑик, можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ внимание. ÐÑли неÑ,
ÑазÑабоÑÑик ÑкажеÑ: “УÑ
одиÑе, не
+беÑпокойÑе менє. Ðли, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
ÑазÑабоÑÑик ÑкажеÑ:
+“ÐаплаÑиÑе нам, и Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ вам ÑообÑиÑÑ
об оÑибке”. РеÑли вÑ
+ÑделаеÑе ÑÑо, ÑазÑабоÑÑик ÑкажеÑ:
“СпаÑибо. РближайÑие ÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑев
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ. ÐÑпиÑе обновление, и вÑ
ÑвидиÑе, бÑла ли ÑÑа оÑибка
+иÑпÑавлена, и какие новÑе оÑибки Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
пÑипаÑли”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑли пÑогÑамма Ñвободна, Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑе
дело Ñо ÑвободнÑм ÑÑнком, Ñак ÑÑо ÑоÑ,
+кÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжкÑ, можеÑ, вообÑе
говоÑÑ, полÑÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñвои денÑги
+более каÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжкÑ, полÑзÑÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. Так воÑ,
+одно из паÑадокÑалÑнÑÑ
ÑледÑÑвий ÑÑого
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½ÐµÑколÑкими неÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо ÑабоÑÑ, Ñо
+ÑакÑиÑеÑки ÑÑо вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñми.
ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð±ÐµÑеÑе ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
+поддеÑжка ее поÑле ÑÑого бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ¹.
ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð±ÐµÑеÑе ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑкой в дÑÑгом напÑавлении],
поддеÑжка ее бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑгой
+монополией, а еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð±ÐµÑеÑе ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑкой в дÑÑгом
+напÑавлении], поддеÑжка ее бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÐµÑе одной
монополией. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑбиÑаеÑе
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑеÑ
монополий.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, говоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑо о Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоÑÑое
налиÑие вÑбоÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑкÑеÑнÑм
+набоÑом возможноÑÑей не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
Ñвободой. Свобода — неÑÑо
+гоÑаздо более глÑбокое и гоÑаздо более
ÑиÑокое, Ñем налиÑие неÑколÑкиÑ
+ваÑианÑов, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе вÑбиÑаÑÑ.
Ðногие пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑавнÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ðº
+налиÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо вÑбоÑа, и они ÑовеÑÑенно
ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑÑ
+дела. Свобода знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑинимаеÑе
ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, как вам веÑÑи ÑвоÑ
+жизнÑ. ÐÑли еÑÑÑ ÑÑи ваÑианÑа: вÑбоÑаÑÑ
ÑÑого Ñ
озÑина, ÑÑого Ñ
озÑина или
+ÑÑого Ñ
озÑина, Ñо ÑÑо ÑолÑко вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ñ
озÑев,
а вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ñ
озÑина — ÑÑо
+не Ñвобода. Свобода — когда никакого Ñ
озÑина неÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="copyleft-forbidding-is-forbidden">12. ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево:
запÑеÑаÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑено</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ñновал ÑÑи ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ. Ð
Ñем ÑамÑм Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнил вам, ÑÑо Ñакое
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма. ÐÑогÑамма Ñвободна
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, конкÑеÑного полÑзоваÑелÑ,
+еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ.
ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑ ÑÑо Ñаким
+обÑазом? ÐÑиÑина в Ñом, ÑÑо иногда одна и Ñа
же пÑогÑамма Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+какиÑ
-Ñо полÑзоваÑелей Ñвободной, а длÑ
оÑÑалÑнÑÑ
—
+неÑвободной. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑаннÑм, поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе мне пÑивеÑÑи
+вам пÑимеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, как ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СамÑй болÑÑой извеÑÑнÑй мне
пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ — ÑиÑÑема X Window. Ðна
+ÑазÑабаÑÑвалаÑÑ Ð² MIT в конÑе воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
и вÑпÑÑкалаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ лиÑензией,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð° полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑеÑÑÑе
ÑвободÑ, Ñак ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑали X в
+иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе по ÑÑой лиÑензии, Ñо
ÑиÑÑема бÑла Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñвободной. СÑеди
+ÑеÑ
, кÑо полÑÑил ее, бÑли ÑазлиÑнÑе
пÑоизводиÑели компÑÑÑеÑов, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix. Ðни полÑÑили
иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ X, внеÑли
+изменениÑ, необÑ
одимÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
плаÑÑоÑме, ÑкомпилиÑовали его,
+помеÑÑили двоиÑнÑе ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð² Ñвои ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix
и ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли ÑолÑко
+двоиÑнÑе ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ ÑÑеди вÑеÑ
ÑвоиÑ
клиенÑов
по Ñой же лиÑензии, ÑÑо и оÑÑалÑнÑÑ
+Unix — по ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ договоÑÑ Ð¾
неÑазглаÑении. Так ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
многиÑ
полÑзоваÑелей ÑиÑÑема X Window бÑла не более
+Ñвободна, Ñем оÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Unix. Ð ÑÑой
паÑадокÑалÑной ÑиÑÑаÑии оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° вопÑоÑ
+“Ñвободна ли X?” завиÑел Ð¾Ñ Ñого, где
Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоводили
+измеÑениÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоводили измеÑениÑ, иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð· гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков, вÑ
+Ñказали бÑ: “Я наблÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑеÑÑÑе
ÑвободÑ; ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ñвободнє. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоводили измеÑениÑ
ÑÑеди полÑзоваÑелей, Ð²Ñ Ñказали
+бÑ: “У болÑÑинÑÑва из ниÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑ
Ñвобод; ÑÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+Ñвободнє.</p>
+
+<p>РазÑабоÑÑики X не ÑÑиÑали ÑÑо за
пÑоблемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑ
ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñло не даÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑвободÑ, а доÑÑиÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого
ÑÑпеÑ
а, и Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑи
+многоÑиÑленнÑе полÑзоваÑели ÑиÑÑемÑ
X Window без ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñли пÑоÑÑо
+ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
болÑÑого ÑÑпеÑ
а. Ðо еÑли
говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ пÑоекÑе GNU, Ñо наÑа ÑелÑ
+ÑоÑÑоÑла именно в Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑвободÑ. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñо, ÑÑо
+ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ Ñ X, пÑоизоÑло Ñ GNU, пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU бÑл
Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑдаÑей.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¸Ñкал ÑпоÑоба пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ
ÑÑо. РмеÑод, коÑоÑÑй Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñел,
+назÑваеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким левом. ÐвÑоÑÑкое
лево ÑÑидиÑеÑки оÑновано на авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве, и о нем можно дÑмаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº о Ñом, ÑÑо
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво беÑÑÑ Ð¸
+пеÑевоÑаÑиваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
лево.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº оно дейÑÑвÑеÑ: Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñинаем Ñ
ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑаваÑ
,
+коÑоÑое в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑидиÑеÑки Ñже
ниÑего не менÑеÑ, но оно
+Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑдÑм, ÑÑо на пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, а ÑÑо
+знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо, еÑли не оговоÑено пÑоÑивное,
копиÑоваÑÑ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸
+изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑено.
+РзаÑем Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим: “Ðам даеÑÑÑ ÑанкÑиÑ
на изгоÑовление копий, на
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение иÑ
, на изменение ÑÑой
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ на пÑбликаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
+или ÑаÑÑиÑеннÑÑ
веÑÑий”. Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾
ÑÑловие, и ÑÑо ÑÑловие глаÑиÑ,
+ÑÑо лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸
пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ ÑколÑко-нибÑдÑ
+знаÑиÑелÑнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑого, должна, в Ñелом,
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑиÑ
+ÑÑловиÑÑ
, не более и не менее. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ,
ÑÑо незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑколÑко
+лÑдей и наÑколÑко ÑилÑно изменÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, до ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока Ñам оÑÑаеÑÑÑ
+лÑбое ÑÑÑеÑÑвенное колиÑеÑÑво наÑиÑ
ÑекÑÑов, ÑÑа пÑогÑамма вÑе Ñавно должна
+бÑÑÑ Ñвободной. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе мÑ
гаÑанÑиÑÑем, ÑÑо никÑо не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавиÑÑ
+ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ и мной, ÑÑезаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸
пеÑедаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ пÑогÑаммÑ, лиÑеннÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ. ÐÑÑгими Ñловами, запÑеÑаÑÑ
запÑеÑено.</p>
+
+<h3 id="general-public-license">13. СÑандаÑÑнаÑ
обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU</h3>
+
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ
неоÑÑÑждаемÑми пÑавами вÑеÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей, Ñак ÑÑо кÑда Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ заÑли
пÑогÑаммÑ, вмеÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ идеÑ
+Ñвобода. ÐонкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ, коÑоÑой мÑ
полÑзÑемÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеализаÑии обÑей
+идеи авÑоÑÑкого лева, назÑваеÑÑÑ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензией GNU, или
+GNU GPL <a href="#tf4">[4]</a> Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÑаÑкоÑÑи. ÐÑа
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑиблизиÑелÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
ÑÑеÑÑиÑ
или ÑÑеÑ
ÑеÑвеÑÑÑÑ
вÑеÑ
пакеÑов ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. Ðо ÑÑо вÑе-Ñаки оÑÑавлÑеÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвенное ÑиÑло пакеÑов, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
+лиÑензии дÑÑгие. ÐекоÑоÑÑе из ÑÑиÑ
лиÑензий ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑми Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
+левом, а некоÑоÑÑе — неÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
еÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким левом, а еÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· авÑоÑÑкого лева. РобоиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑики Ñважали ваÑÑ ÑвободÑ;
они не пÑÑалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑаÑÑ
+ваÑÑ ÑвободÑ. РазниÑа заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом,
ÑÑо Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким левом Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¼
+далÑÑе — Ð¼Ñ Ð°ÐºÑивно заÑиÑаем ваÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑÑкого, кÑо
+попÑÑалÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑедине и оÑнÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑазÑабоÑÑики
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм без авÑоÑÑкого лева не
делаÑÑ ÑÑого. Ðни не пÑÑалиÑÑ
+оÑнÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑвободÑ, но они не заÑиÑаÑÑ
акÑивно ваÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð±Ñ Ñо
+ни бÑло дÑÑгого. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо они
могли Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвободÑ
+болÑÑе. Ðо они не Ñделали ниÑего плоÑ
ого;
поÑÑолÑкÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑÑо-Ñо
+делали, ÑÑо бÑло Ñ
оÑоÑо. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑкажÑ,
ÑÑо они плоÑ
ие, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑкажÑ,
+ÑÑо они могли Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе. Я дÑмаÑ,
ÑÑо они ÑовеÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÑибкÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо иÑ
ÑабоÑÑ ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами, Ñак ÑÑо вклад в наÑе
+ÑообÑеÑÑво они вноÑÑÑ, и ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ,
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно, могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ
+Ñакой Ñвободной опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ, как
GNU.</p>
+
+<h3 id="developing-gnu">13a. РазÑабоÑка GNU</h3>
+
+<p>РвоÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑе Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ XX века наÑа
ÑабоÑа над пÑоекÑом GNU ÑоÑÑоÑла в
+Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ найÑи вÑе ÑÑи
ÑаÑÑи GNU, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð° бÑÑÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU. РнекоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой пиÑал пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
+делал ее Ñвободной, а Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ, и ÑÑо бÑло Ñ
оÑоÑо,
поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑокÑаÑало нам ÑабоÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ,
ÑиÑÑема X Window — одна
+из пÑогÑамм, ÑазÑабоÑаннÑÑ
дÑÑгими по иÑ
ÑобÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑинÑ, но Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммой они ее Ñделали, Ñак ÑÑо мÑ
Ñмогли ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, лÑди говоÑили, ÑÑо ÑабоÑа Ñак
велика, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° ее не
+завеÑÑим. ÐÑ, Ñ Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ñ
полÑÑим ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, но Ñ Ð±Ñл ÑоглаÑен, ÑÑо ÑабоÑа
велика; нам нÑжно бÑло иÑкаÑÑ
+коÑоÑкие пÑÑи. Так ÑÑо, напÑимеÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñегда Ñ
оÑел, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² GNU бÑли ÑÑедÑÑва
+оÑганизаÑии окон. Я напиÑал паÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем в ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
+инÑеллекÑа еÑе до Ñого, как пÑиÑÑÑпил к
ÑабоÑе над GNU, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ, конеÑно,
+Ñ
оÑел, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме ÑÑо бÑло. Ðо Ð¼Ñ Ñак и
не ÑазÑабоÑали оконнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо дÑÑгие ÑазÑабоÑали X ÑанÑÑе.
Я поÑмоÑÑел на нее и Ñказал:
+“Ðадно, она без авÑоÑÑкого лева, но она
Ñвободна и попÑлÑÑна, она
+ÑÑÑекÑивна, Ñак ÑÑо давайÑе пÑоÑÑо
воÑполÑзÑемÑÑ ÐµÑ”. Ð Ñаким обÑазом
+Ð¼Ñ ÑÑкономили болÑÑой обÑем ÑабоÑÑ. Так
ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð·Ñли ее, X, вÑÑавили ее в
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU и ÑÑали налаживаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
ÑаÑÑей GNU Ñ X. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñло полÑÑиÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, а не ÑвободнÑÑ
+опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ
коÑоÑой бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñана Ñ ÑÑой ÑелÑÑ
+нами и именно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="making-money-off-free-software">14. Ðак заÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
</h3>
+
+<p>Ðднако ÑолÑко вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени
кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой вÑпÑÑкал какие-Ñо
ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð² GNU, и
когда ÑÑо ÑлÑÑалоÑÑ, ÑÑо бÑло
+Ñовпадение, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они пиÑали ÑÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Так ÑÑо
когда Ñакое ÑлÑÑалоÑÑ, ÑÑо бÑло
+оÑлиÑно, но бÑло много дÑÑгиÑ
ÑаÑÑей,
коÑоÑÑе нам нÑжно бÑло
+ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ. ÐекоÑоÑÑе иÑ
ниÑ
ÑазÑабаÑÑвалиÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑдниками Фонда
Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ. Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — благоÑвоÑиÑелÑнаÑ
оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ñми
+лÑгоÑами, ÑелÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
ÑодейÑÑвие ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам. ÐÑ
+оÑновали ее в окÑÑбÑе воÑемÑдеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑого
года, поÑле Ñого, как попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ
+GNU Emacs навела на мÑÑлÑ, ÑÑо лÑди могли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°
Ñамом деле наÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑÑ
+денÑги на пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU.
+ Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñновали Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, и он обÑÑвил
+о пÑиеме пожеÑÑвований, а Ñакже взÑл на
ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð½Ð¸ÑнÑÑ
Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ GNU
+Emacs. Ð Ñак вÑÑло, ÑÑо ÑÑо и ÑоÑÑавлÑло доÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¤Ð¡ÐРпеÑвÑе много
+Ð»ÐµÑ — пÑодажа копий пÑогÑамм и
ÑÑководÑÑв, коÑоÑÑе каждÑй бÑл
+волен копиÑоваÑÑ. Так воÑ, ÑÑо инÑеÑеÑно,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑиÑалоÑÑ
+невозможнÑм; но Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñавно делали ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑÑо знаÑило, ÑÑо мне нÑжно найÑи
какой-Ñо дÑÑгой ÑпоÑоб
+заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° жизнÑ. Ðак пÑедÑедаÑелÑ
ФСÐÐ Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑел конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼;
+Ñ Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑÑно и
непÑилиÑно. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñал заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
+на Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑдами на Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал, и ÑÑоками
+по ÑÑим пÑогÑаммам. Так ÑÑо лÑди Ñ
оÑели
внеÑÑи какое-Ñо изменение в Emacs
+или GCC, они дÑмали о Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð½ÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они понимали, ÑÑо
+Ñ — авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ мог Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо лÑÑÑе и
бÑÑÑÑее. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñал
+ÑобиÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ двеÑÑи пÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñов в
ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ подÑÑиÑал, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
+заÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° жизнÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло
ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñенной ÑабоÑÑ Ð²
+год — подÑазÑмевалоÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑого бÑло
доÑÑаÑоÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑаÑÑ
одов,
+Ñакого же колиÑеÑÑва ÑбеÑежений и Ñакого
же колиÑеÑÑва налогов. Ð [когда Ñ
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¸ÑалоÑÑ] ÑÑолÑко денег, Ñ Ð´Ñмал:
“ÐолÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑÐ´Ñ Ð±ÑаÑÑ
+оплаÑиваемой ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð´, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð° поважнее”.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле бÑло ÑÑи
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
иÑÑоÑника доÑ
ода, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
+Ñо ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, в пеÑиод, когда
Ñ ÑабоÑал над GNU. Ðва из ниÑ
Ñ
+опиÑал; ÑÑеÑÑим бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо мне плаÑили за
некоÑоÑÑе из моиÑ
+вÑÑÑÑплений. ÐаплаÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ мне за ÑÑо
вÑÑÑÑпление, Ñ ÐµÑе не знаÑ. [СмеÑ
]. Я
+Ñказал: “ÐаплаÑиÑе мне, пожалÑйÑÑа,
ÑколÑко ÑможеÑе”. Так воÑ, Ñ
+дÑмаÑ, Google, должно бÑÑÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ
Ñебе заплаÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ ÑолиднÑÑ
+ÑÑммÑ, но Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, заплаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸. Ðо вÑÑком
ÑлÑÑае, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ñл, ÑÑо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑмÑÑл
+вÑÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ñже Ñади блага, коÑоÑое ÑÑо
пÑинеÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write-free-software">15. ÐаÑем пиÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ, заÑем лÑди
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе
ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо никÑо никогда не пиÑал
+Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо не плаÑили, ÑÑо
ÑÑо единÑÑвеннÑй моÑив длÑ
+напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑй мог Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ
кого Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло. УдивиÑелÑно,
+до Ñего глÑпÑе и пÑимиÑивнÑе ÑеоÑии лÑди
иногда пÑинимаÑÑ Ð½Ð° веÑÑ Ð¸Ð·-за
+Ñого, ÑÑо ÑÑо вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² гоÑподÑÑвÑÑÑÑÑ
идеологиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑеловеÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑода оÑенÑ
Ñложна. ЧÑо Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди ни делали, они могли
+Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо по ÑазлиÑнÑм пÑиÑинам. Ðа
Ñамом деле одного Ñеловека неÑедко
+побÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ðº ÑовеÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ дейÑÑвиÑ
неÑколÑко ÑазнÑÑ
моÑивов. Тем не
+менее еÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе говоÑÑÑ: “ÐÑли
пÑогÑамма Ñвободна, ÑÑо
+знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо никÑо не заплаÑил за Ñо, ÑÑобÑ
ее напиÑаÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо никÑо ее не
+напиÑеє. Так воÑ, оÑевидно, ÑÑо они
пÑÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° знаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого Ñлова,
+Ñак ÑÑо иÑ
ÑеоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñнована на ÑмеÑении
понÑÑий. Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼
+ÑопоÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑеоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ ÑмпиÑиÑеÑким
ÑакÑом и ÑвидеÑÑ, ÑÑо по менÑÑей меÑе
+ÑоÑнÑм, а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑÑÑÑам лÑдей плаÑÑÑ
за ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами, в Ñом ÑиÑле некоÑоÑÑм
пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑим, как Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, и еÑÑÑ Ð²Ñего
+около миллиона или около Ñого лÑдей,
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑиÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
+многим дÑÑгим пÑиÑинам, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ.
ÐÑа пÑимиÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑиваÑии
+абÑÑÑдна.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑаÑÑмоÑÑим, ÑÑо моÑивиÑÑÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей на
напиÑание ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм;
+ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑеалÑнÑе моÑивÑ? ÐÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
обÑзаÑелÑно Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ ниÑ
. ÐÑегда Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+Ñеловек, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ñив, о коÑоÑом
мне не извеÑÑно или о коÑоÑом Ñ
+забÑл. Я Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑолÑко о
моÑиваÑ
, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· лиÑного
+опÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин из моÑивов — полиÑиÑеÑкие
идеалÑ: ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ
+могли в нем жиÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе на Ñвободе. Так воÑ,
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñй
+моÑив, но ÑÑо не единÑÑвеннÑй мой моÑив. Ð
еÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиb, кÑо пиÑÐµÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñив полноÑÑÑÑ
оÑÑÑÑÑÑвÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгой моÑив, коÑоÑÑй оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½ —
ÑазвлеÑение. ÐÑогÑаммиÑование
+ÑÑÑаÑно ÑвлекаÑелÑно. Ðе Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
, конеÑно,
но Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑва ÑамÑÑ
лÑÑÑиÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑов. Ð ÑÑо лÑди, ÑÑего вклада мÑ
болÑÑе вÑего Ñ
оÑим. Ðа Ñамом деле
+ÑÑо Ñак ÑвлекаÑелÑно, ÑÑо оÑобенно
ÑвлекаÑелÑно, когда никÑо не говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼,
+ÑÑо делаÑÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак много лÑдей,
ÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑами, лÑбÑÑ
+пиÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² Ñвободное
вÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÑо не единÑÑвеннÑй моÑив; дÑÑгой
моÑив — обÑеÑÑвенное
+пÑизнание. ÐÑли 1% наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñей пÑогÑаммой, ÑÑо ÑоÑни
+ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
множеÑÑво лÑдей воÑÑ
иÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгой, ÑвÑзаннÑй Ñ ÑÑим, но оÑлиÑнÑй оÑ
него моÑив —
+пÑоÑеÑÑионалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑепÑÑаÑиÑ. ÐÑли 1% наÑего
ÑообÑеÑÑва полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñей
+пÑогÑаммой, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑказаÑÑ ÑÑо в Ñвоей
пÑоÑеÑÑионалÑной авÑобиогÑаÑии, и
+ÑÑо лÑÑÑе вÑÑкого диплома докажеÑ, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ — Ñ
оÑоÑий пÑогÑаммиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгой моÑив — благодаÑноÑÑÑ. ÐÑли
годами Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзовалиÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами ÑообÑеÑÑва и
ÑениÑе иÑ
, Ñо, когда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑплаÑиÑÑ
Ñем-Ñо ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ, коÑоÑое вам ÑÑолÑко
+дало.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгой моÑив — ненавиÑÑÑ Ðº Microsoft.
[СмеÑ
.] Так воÑ, ÑÑо
+доволÑно-Ñаки дÑÑаÑкий моÑив, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
на Ñамом деле
+Microsoft — ÑолÑко один из множеÑÑва
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков неÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, и вÑе они делаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ и Ñо же злое
дело. СоÑÑедоÑоÑиваÑÑÑÑ
+[единÑÑвенно] на Microsoft — оÑибка, и ÑÑа
оÑибка Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
ие
+поÑледÑÑвиÑ. Ðогда лÑди ÑлиÑком
ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Microsoft, они наÑинаÑÑ
+забÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑе дÑÑгие делаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо
ÑоÑно Ñак же плоÑ
о. Рони могÑÑ
+конÑиÑÑ Ñем, ÑÑо бÑдÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо лÑбаÑ
конкÑÑенÑÐ¸Ñ Microsoft —
+ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, даже еÑли ÑÑо Ñоже неÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸, Ñаким обÑазом, по
+пÑиÑоде Ñвоей ÑÑо Ñак же плоÑ
о. Так воÑ,
веÑно, ÑÑо ÑÑи дÑÑгие компании не подÑинили
ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð³Ð½ÐµÑÑ ÑÑолÑко
+полÑзоваÑелей, ÑколÑко Microsoft, но ÑÑо не оÑ
недоÑÑаÑка желаниÑ; они
+пÑоÑÑо не имели ÑÑпеÑ
а в дÑÑном обÑаÑении
Ñ Ñаким же ÑиÑлом лÑдей, как
+Microsoft, ÑÑо едва ли иÑ
, Ñ ÑÑиÑеÑкой ÑоÑки
зÑениÑ, опÑавдÑваеÑ. Тем не
+менее ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñив дейÑÑвиÑелÑно побÑждаеÑ
лÑдей ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑÑиÑÑваÑÑ
как один из моÑивов, пÑиводÑÑий к
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РдÑÑгой моÑив — денÑги. Ðогда лÑдÑм
плаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑазвиÑие ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, ÑÑо ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑиваÑии ÑабоÑÑ,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ вÑполнÑÑÑ. ÐейÑÑвиÑелÑно,
+когда мне плаÑили за подгоÑÐ¾Ð²ÐºÑ ÑлÑÑÑений
в ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
+напиÑал, ÑÑи денÑги Ñоже бÑли ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹
моÑиваÑии вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
+конкÑеÑнÑÑ
задаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>[РиÑаÑд СÑолмен, 2010: моÑив, коÑоÑÑй Ñ
забÑл ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ —
+ÑлÑÑÑение Ñвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ Ñой
пÑиÑине, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñами Ñ
оÑиÑе
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим ÑлÑÑÑением.]</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ возможнÑÑ
моÑивов длÑ
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Рк
+ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, и ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑÑÑ
+множеÑÑво ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<h3 id="linux-kernel">16. ЯдÑо, Linux</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, в воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑе Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ XX века мÑ
заполнÑли ÑÑи недоÑÑаÑÑие меÑÑа в
+опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме GNU. РнаÑалÑ
девÑноÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñло поÑÑи вÑе
+необÑ
одимое. ТолÑко одной важной ÑаÑÑи
недоÑÑавало, одной ÑÑÑеÑÑвенной ÑаÑÑи
+базовой ÑиÑÑемÑ, и ÑÑо бÑло ÑдÑо. ÐÑ
пÑиÑÑÑпили к ÑазÑабоÑке ÑдÑа
+в 1990 годÑ. Я иÑкал коÑоÑкий пÑÑÑ,
какой-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑпоÑоб, коÑоÑÑм
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ñ Ñего-Ñо ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑего.
Я дÑмал, ÑÑо оÑладка ÑдÑа бÑдеÑ
+болезненной, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑимволÑнÑй
оÑладÑик ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ поможеÑ, а когда оно даеÑ
+Ñбой, ÑÑо, Ñкажем Ñак, ÑаздÑажаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¸Ñкал обÑ
одной пÑÑÑ, и в конÑе
конÑов Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ наÑел, микÑоÑдÑо под
+названием Mach, коÑоÑое бÑло ÑазÑабоÑано как
пÑоекÑ, ÑинанÑиÑÑемÑй в
+УнивеÑÑиÑеÑе ÐаÑнеги-Ðеллона. Так воÑ, в Mach
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑÑнкÑий Unix; Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð²
+Ñом, ÑÑо оно пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе
обÑие низкоÑÑовневÑе ÑÑнкÑии, а вÑ
+ÑеализÑеÑе оÑÑалÑное в полÑзоваÑелÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
. ÐÑ, ÑÑо, как Ñ Ð´Ñмал,
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ оÑлаживаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
полÑзоваÑелÑÑкие пÑогÑаммÑ; когда они
+даÑÑ Ñбой, ÑиÑÑема не ÑмиÑаеÑ. Так ÑÑо лÑди
наÑали ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑÑими
+полÑзоваÑелÑÑкими пÑогÑаммами, и мÑ
назÑваем ÑÑо GNU Hurd, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
+ÑÑадо ÑеÑвеÑов GNU (Ð³Ð½Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÑÑ ÑÑадами, как вÑ
Ñами понимаеÑе) <a
+href="tf5">[5]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, Ñ Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо ÑÑа аÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑа Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑпÑавиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
+ÑабоÑой бÑÑÑÑее, но не ÑÑÑ-Ñо бÑло; в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи на Ñо, ÑÑобÑ
+заÑÑавиÑÑ Hurd ÑабоÑаÑÑ, ÑÑло много леÑ,
ÑаÑÑиÑно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо микÑоÑдÑо Mach
+бÑло ненадежнÑм, ÑаÑÑиÑно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
оÑладоÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑеда бÑла не оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑа,
+ÑаÑÑиÑно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÑдно оÑлаживаÑÑ ÑÑи
многопоÑоÑнÑе аÑинÑ
ÑоннÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, а ÑаÑÑиÑно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑл
до некоÑоÑой ÑÑепени
+иÑÑледоваÑелÑÑкий пÑоекÑ. Ðо кÑайней меÑе,
наÑколÑко ÑÑо мне извеÑÑно; Ñам Ñ
+никогда напÑÑмÑÑ Ð² ÑазÑабоÑке Hurd не
ÑÑаÑÑвовал.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, нам не пÑиÑлоÑÑ ÑÑого ждаÑÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в 1991 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐинÑÑ
+ТоÑвалÑдÑ, ÑÑÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑинÑкого ÑеÑ
никÑма,
ÑазÑабоÑал Ñвое ÑобÑÑвенное ÑдÑо,
+пÑименив ÑÑадиÑионнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑнÑÑ Ð°ÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ, и Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ оно заÑабоÑало по
+минимÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе, Ñем ÑеÑез год.
ÐеÑвонаÑалÑно Linux — Ñак
+назÑвалоÑÑ ÑдÑо — не бÑло ÑвободнÑм,
но в 1992 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½
+пеÑевÑпÑÑÑил его под СÑандаÑÑной
обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензией GNU, и в ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+оно ÑÑало ÑвободнÑм. Ð Ñаким обÑазом бÑло
возможно, комбиниÑÑÑ Linux и
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ð ÑледоваÑелÑно,
+ÑелÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ñебе намеÑили, о коÑоÑой Ñ
обÑÑвил в 1983 годÑ,
+бÑла доÑÑигнÑÑа: бÑла полÑÑена, впеÑвÑе,
Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑовÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнаÑ
+ÑиÑÑема Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑовÑеменнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов, и
ÑÑало возможнÑм взÑÑÑ ÑовÑеменнÑй
+компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° нем, не пÑедаваÑ
оÑÑалÑное ÑеловеÑеÑÑво, не бÑдÑÑи
+ÑгнеÑаемÑм. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо,
ÑÑÑановив опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU+Linux.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gnu-vs-linux-confusion-problem-freedom">17. Свобода и
пÑоблема пÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ GNU и Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Ðо лÑди, коÑоÑÑе комбиниÑовали GNU и Linux,
ÑÑали пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, они ÑÑали
+назÑваÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо в Ñелом Linux, ÑÑо на Ñамом
деле ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ одной
+ÑаÑÑи. Ркаким-Ñо обÑазом ÑÑа пÑÑаниÑа
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлаÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑÑее, Ñем мÑ
+могли иÑпÑавлÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Так ÑÑо Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ ÑлÑÑали многиÑ
лÑдей,
+говоÑÑÑиÑ
о Linux как об опеÑаÑионной
ÑиÑÑеме, опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме, оÑновÑ
+коÑоÑой беÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñало в 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
названием “пÑоекÑ
+GNU”.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑÑо Ñвно непÑавилÑно. ÐÑа
ÑиÑÑема — не Linux; она
+ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Linux, Linux — ÑÑо ÑдÑо, но
ÑиÑÑема в Ñелом —
+ÑÑо в оÑновном GNU. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ: не
назÑвайÑе ее, пожалÑйÑÑа,
+“Linux”. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваеÑе ее
“Linux”, Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑажаеÑе
+ÐинÑÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑизнаÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° наÑÑ
ÑабоÑÑ. Так воÑ,он Ð²Ð½ÐµÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑемÑ
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· важнÑÑ
ÑаÑÑей, но он Ð²Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑамÑÑ
болÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ, и обÑий план
+поÑвилÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾ до Ñого, как он пÑинÑл в
ÑÑом ÑÑаÑÑие. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ñали
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, когда он бÑл в
ÑÑедней Ñколе. Так ÑÑо ÑпоминайÑе,
+пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑавнÑм обÑазом и о наÑ; ÑÑо
Ñамое малое, Ñего Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·ÑÑловно
+заÑлÑживаем. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо,
назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux, GNU+Linux или
+GNU&Linux — поÑÑавÑÑе лÑбой знак
пÑепинаниÑ, какой, по ваÑим
+оÑÑÑениÑм, вÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо наилÑÑÑим
обÑазом.</p>
+
+<p>[<a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>]</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, конеÑно, ÑаÑÑиÑно Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑлÑживаем
+пÑизнаÑелÑноÑÑи, но на Ñамом деле ÑÑо не
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑл пÑоÑÑо
+вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑизнаниÑ, об ÑÑом не ÑÑоило бÑ
поднимаÑÑ ÑÑолÑко ÑÑма. Ðо здеÑÑ
+ÑеÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑÑо болÑÑее. ÐонимаеÑе, когда
лÑди дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+ÑиÑÑема — ÑÑо Linux, Ñогда они невеÑно
пÑедполагаÑÑ, ÑÑо план
+вÑей ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ñак ÑÑо они
оглÑдÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° его ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+ÑледÑÑÑ ÐµÐ¹. Так воÑ, его ÑоÑка зÑениÑ
аполиÑиÑна. Ðн моÑивиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ боÑÑбой
+за ÑвободÑ. Ðн не веÑиÑ, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели
компÑÑÑеÑов заÑлÑживаÑÑ ÑвободÑ
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðн
никогда не поддеÑживал наÑÑ
+ÑилоÑоÑиÑ. ХоÑоÑо, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво на
Ñвои взглÑдÑ, и ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑакÑ, ÑÑо он не
+ÑоглаÑен Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸, не ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑенноÑÑи его
вклада.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑема
GNU+Linux, заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² многолеÑней
+боÑÑбе за ÑвободÑ. РпÑоекÑе GNU Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑазÑабаÑÑвали Linux, ÑоÑно Ñак же,
+как Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑазÑабаÑÑвали X, TeX или ÑазнÑе
дÑÑгие ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñе ÑаÑÑи
ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðо лÑдÑм, коÑоÑÑе не
+ÑазделÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑ
ÑенноÑÑей, коÑоÑÑе не
моÑивиÑовалиÑÑ ÑеÑимоÑÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ
+Ñвободно, незаÑем бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе
ÑелÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, и они
+никогда Ð±Ñ ÑÑого не Ñделали и никогда Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ
пÑоизвели Ñакой ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñазве
+ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо в наÑи дни об ÑÑом забÑваÑÑ. ÐÑ
ÑвидиÑе, еÑли оглÑнеÑеÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÐºÑÑг, ÑÑо в
+болÑÑинÑÑве обÑÑждений ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU
назÑваÑÑ “Linux” и обÑÑно
+ÑÑÑлаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° нее как на “оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”, а не
+“ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммє, и не
ÑпоминаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº пÑоблемÑ. Ðб
+ÑÑой пÑоблеме, в коÑоÑой заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ
пÑиÑина ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, по
+болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи забÑваÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе
множеÑÑво ÑпеÑиалиÑÑов, коÑоÑÑе
+пÑедпоÑиÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
вопÑоÑаÑ
в Ñзко ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑком конÑекÑÑе, не
+заглÑдÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ниÑ
, на ÑоÑиалÑнÑе
поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
+ÑеÑений. ÐопиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамма ваÑÑ ÑвободÑ
или ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ — ÑÑо
+ÑаÑÑÑ ÑоÑиалÑного конÑекÑÑа. ÐÑо Ñовно Ñо,
ÑÑо ÑпеÑиалиÑÑÑ ÑÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑваÑÑ
+или пÑинижаÑÑ. Ðам нÑжно поÑÑоÑнно
ÑабоÑаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм о Ñом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+ÑделÑли Ñвободе внимание, и к ÑожалениÑ, в
Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñодолжаем делаÑÑ
+ÑÑо, полÑзоваÑели наÑей ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑаÑÑо не
обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо вниманиÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо они не знаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо наÑа ÑиÑÑема. Ðни
не знаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема GNU,
+они дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо Linux. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑовÑем
не безÑазлиÑно, бÑдеÑе ли вÑ
+напоминаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм, оÑкÑда поÑла ÑÑа
ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑди мне ÑкажÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
пÑизнаÑелÑноÑÑи некÑаÑиво. Так воÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑ
о
+пÑизнаÑелÑноÑÑи не Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñно; Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU, коÑоÑÑй
+обÑединÑÐµÑ ÑÑÑÑÑи ÑазÑабоÑÑиков. Ðо они
пÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð² Ñем: лÑди, коÑоÑÑе иÑÑÑ
+повода найÑи зло, ÑвидÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом зло. Так ÑÑо
они пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¸ говоÑÑÑ:
+“Ðам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑо на ÑамоÑек, а
когда лÑди назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“Linux”, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе в дÑÑе ÑлÑбаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
гоÑдиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑо
+пÑоделанной ÑабоÑой”. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑ Ð±Ñл бÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÑдÑ, еÑли бÑ
+пÑедположение бÑло веÑно: пÑедположение,
ÑÑо ÑабоÑа пÑоделана.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¾ÑлиÑно наÑали, но и ÑолÑко. РабоÑÑ Ð¼Ñ
не завеÑÑили. ÐÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑим ÑабоÑÑ,
+когда каждÑй компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ
иÑклÑÑиÑелÑно под ÑпÑавлением
+Ñвободной опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑикладнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. РабоÑа
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² оÑвобождении обиÑаÑелей
кибеÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑва. ÐÑ Ð¾ÑлиÑно наÑали; мÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑали ÑвободнÑе опеÑаÑионнÑе
ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑвободнÑе гÑаÑиÑеÑкие ÑÑедÑ,
+ÑвободнÑе набоÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð½ÑелÑÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑамм, и
ÑепеÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑки
+миллионов полÑзоваÑелей. Ðо еÑÑÑ ÑоÑни
миллионов полÑзоваÑелей неÑвободнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑем, Ñак ÑÑо нам пÑедÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ пÑÑÑ.
РнеÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑокий ÑпекÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, по-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
множеÑÑво пÑиложений, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
неÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм; Ñак ÑÑо впеÑеди Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
еÑе гоÑаздо болÑÑе ÑабоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, нам ÑÑал виден ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ ÑабоÑÑ.
ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑоим Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на
+один поÑÑдок по велиÑине, пÑÐ¾Ð¹Ð´Ñ ÑеÑез
много поÑÑдков. Ðо ÑÑо не знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
+Ñо, ÑÑо оÑÑалоÑÑ, легко. Ð ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ñо, Ñего не бÑло ÑанÑÑе: Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ Ð²Ñаги — могÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе, богаÑÑе
вÑаги, доÑÑаÑоÑно
+могÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐºÑпаÑÑ
пÑавиÑелÑÑÑва.</p>
+
+<h3 id="enemies-of-free-software">18. ÐÑаги ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм</h3>
+
+<p>СнаÑала Ñ GNU и Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñагов не бÑло. ÐÑли лÑди,
+не пÑоÑвлÑвÑие инÑеÑеÑа,— ÑакиÑ
бÑло
много,— но никÑо не пÑÑалÑÑ
+акÑивно помеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¸
вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ, и
главное пÑепÑÑÑÑвие, ÑÑоÑÑее пеÑед
+нами, заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом, а не в Ñамой
ÑабоÑе.</p>
+
+<p>РСШРеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑазнÑÑ
закона, коÑоÑÑе
запÑеÑаÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин из ниÑ
— Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве ÑиÑÑового ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑиÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй иÑполÑзовалÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑа
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм воÑпÑоизведениÑ
+DVD. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаеÑе DVD, закон ÑазÑеÑаеÑ
вам пÑоÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на ваÑем
+компÑÑÑеÑе, но на ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑе позволили Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑо делаÑÑ
+на ваÑей ÑиÑÑеме GNU/Linux, в СШРбÑла наложена
ÑензÑÑа. Так воÑ, ÑÑо
+каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно Ñзкого ÑпекÑÑа
пÑогÑамм: пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑмоÑÑа
+заÑиÑÑованнÑÑ
ноÑиÑелей. Ðо многие
полÑзоваÑели Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо, и еÑли
+они не могÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, они могÑÑ ÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑо как на повод воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, еÑли они не ÑенÑÑ
+Ñвоей ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· паÑенÑного пÑава, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+СШРпозволÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммнÑе
идеи. Так воÑ, ÑоÑÑавление
+неÑÑивиалÑной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑазÑмеваеÑ
комбиниÑование ÑоÑен ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
+идей. ÐелаÑÑ ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдно, еÑли лÑбаÑ
из ÑÑиÑ
идей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑей-Ñо
+монополией. ÐÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑазÑабоÑкÑ
пÑогÑамм поÑ
ожей на пеÑеÑеÑение минного
+полÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑи каждом конÑÑÑÑкÑивном
ÑеÑении Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸, веÑоÑÑно, ниÑего
+не ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ, но еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑй ÑанÑ, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑпиÑе на паÑенÑ, и ваÑ
+пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð½Ð° нем подоÑвеÑÑÑ. Ð, ÑÑиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñо,
как много Ñагов вам пÑидеÑÑÑ
+ÑделаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑммиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ. У Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñй ÑпиÑок
+ÑÑнкÑий, оÑÑÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
в пакеÑаÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм из-за Ñого, ÑÑо мÑ
+опаÑаемÑÑ ÑеализовÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+
+<p>[<a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">http://endsoftpatents.org</a>]</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑепеÑÑ Ð² FCC обÑÑждаеÑÑÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение ноÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ ÑиÑоковеÑаÑелÑном
Ñлаге
+на пÑогÑаммÑ. FCC пÑинÑла ноÑмÑ, в коÑоÑой
ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
+ÑелевизионнÑÑ
пÑиемникаÑ
бÑл меÑ
анизм
пÑоÑиводейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ, и ÑÑо
+должно бÑÑÑ ÑÑÑойÑиво к
неÑанкÑиониÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ,
ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ
+невозможноÑÑÑ ÑеализаÑии в виде ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðни еÑе не до конÑа
+ÑеÑили о Ñом, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо на
пÑогÑаммÑ, но еÑли ÑеÑение бÑдеÑ
+положиÑелÑнÑм, Ñо ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° GNU
Radio — ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð´Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ
ÑиÑÑовÑе ÑелепеÑедаÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Ðалее, еÑÑÑ ÑгÑоза, иÑÑ
одÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ñ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии коÑоÑой ÑекÑеÑнÑ
+или коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑпÑоекÑиÑована, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ
конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ аппаÑаÑÑÑой Ñо ÑÑоÑонÑ
+полÑзоваÑелÑ. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое
колиÑеÑÑво аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+доÑÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвоиÑ
пеÑÑоналÑнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов и ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии коÑоÑой
+ÑекÑеÑнÑ. Ðам пÑодаÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ, но вам не
говоÑÑÑ, как Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ ÑабоÑаÑÑ. Так
+как же нам пиÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑабоÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹? ÐÑак, нам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
+либо вÑÑÑнÑÑÑ ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
обÑаÑной ÑазÑабоÑки, либо оказÑваÑÑ
+ÑÑноÑное давление на ÑÑи компании. Рв
обоиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑлаблÑÐµÑ ÑакÑ, ÑÑо
+Ñак много полÑзоваÑелей GNU/Linux не знаÑÑ,
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑазÑабоÑана ÑÑа
+ÑиÑÑема, и никогда не ÑлÑÑали об идеÑÑ
, о
коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑегоднÑ
+ÑаÑÑказÑваÑ. РвÑе поÑомÑ, ÑÑо когда они
ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑой ÑиÑÑеме, они ÑлÑÑаÑ,
+ÑÑо ее назÑваÑÑ “Linux”, и она
аÑÑоÑииÑÑеÑÑÑ Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑной
+ÑилоÑоÑией ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа. ÐинÑÑ
ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
ÑазвиÑием Linux. РазÑабоÑка ÑдÑа
+бÑла важнÑм вкладом в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво. Ð Ñо
же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½ показал оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¼
+плоÑ
ой пÑимеÑ, полÑзÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободной
пÑогÑаммой в Ñвоей ÑабоÑе. Так воÑ,
+еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½ полÑзовалÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободной
пÑогÑаммой ÑаÑÑнÑм поÑÑдком, Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° бÑ
+даже не ÑÑлÑÑал об ÑÑом, и Ñ Ð½Ðµ поднимал бÑ
вокÑÑг ÑÑого Ñакого ÑÑма. Ðо
+пÑиглаÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей, ÑабоÑавÑиÑ
над Linux,
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼,
+он показÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¼ пÑимеÑ,
ÑÐ·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñименение неÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. Так ÑÑо когда лÑди ÑÑо видÑÑ, Ñак
ÑказаÑÑ, еÑли они дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+ÑÑо допÑÑÑимо, они не могÑÑ ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
и. РвоÑ
+когда ÑÑи компании говоÑÑÑ: “Ðа, наÑа
аппаÑаÑÑÑа поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Linux,
+Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ дÑÐ°Ð¹Ð²ÐµÑ Ð² двоиÑном виде, коÑоÑÑй вÑ
можеÑе ÑÑÑановиÑÑ, и Ñогда она
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ”,— ÑÑи лÑди не видÑÑ Ð²
ÑÑом ниÑего плоÑ
ого, Ñак
+ÑÑо они не оÑвеÑаÑÑ Ñвоим ÑÑноÑнÑм
давлением и не оÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебноÑÑи помоÑÑ
+в обÑаÑной ÑазÑабоÑке.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, когда Ð¼Ñ ÑÑалкиваемÑÑ Ñ ÑазлиÑнÑми
опаÑноÑÑÑми, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+оÑÑажаÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑком
ÑеÑимоÑÑи. Так воÑ, ÑÑÑойÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑиваÑиÑ
+к боÑÑбе за ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ гаÑанÑиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо мÑ
вÑигÑаем вÑе ÑÑи ÑÑажениÑ, но
+она, безÑÑловно, поможеÑ. Ðна заÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
бÑÑÑ ÑпоÑнее, а еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем
+ÑпоÑнее, Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑигÑаем болÑÑе ÑÑажений.</p>
+
+<h3 id="treacherous-computing">19. ÐÑедаÑелÑÑкие
вÑÑиÑлениÑ</h3>
+
+<p>Ðам бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимо полиÑиÑеÑки
оÑганизоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ не допÑÑкаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
+полноÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑили пиÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° из коваÑнейÑиÑ
ÑгÑоз
бÑдÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
+пÑедаÑелÑÑкиÑ
вÑÑиÑлений, пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑиÑ
Ñобой Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑва кÑÑпнÑÑ
+коÑпоÑаÑий. Ðни назÑваÑÑ ÑÑо
“довеÑеннÑми вÑÑиÑлениÑми”, но ÑÑо
+они под ÑÑим подÑазÑмеваÑÑ? Ðни
подÑазÑмеваÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑÑик пÑиложениÑ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð² Ñом,
ÑÑо ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑинÑеÑÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ не
+подÑинÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼. ÐÑак, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей ÑоÑки
зÑениÑ, ÑÑо <em>пÑедаÑелÑÑкие
+вÑÑиÑлениÑ</em>, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑ
болÑÑе не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½ пÑедназнаÑен длÑ
Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе не
+конÑÑолиÑовали Ñвой компÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>[<a
+href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html</a>]</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе веÑи, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
могÑÑ
пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедаÑелÑÑкие вÑÑиÑлениÑ,
+напÑимеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ вÑполнÑÑÑ
лÑбÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, не ÑазÑеÑеннÑÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиком опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑо
одно из Ñого, ÑÑо они могли бÑ
+делаÑÑ. Ðо они, возможно, не дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо
поÑмеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ñи Ñак далеко. Ðо
+дÑÑгое, ÑÑо они планиÑÑÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ,— ÑÑо
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñли даннÑе, доÑÑÑпнÑе
+ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑного пÑиложениÑ. СмÑÑл в
Ñом, ÑÑо пÑиложение ÑможеÑ
+запиÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñе в заÑиÑÑованном виде
Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ могли бÑÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑолÑко ÑÑим же ÑамÑм
пÑиложением, Ñак ÑÑо никÑо дÑÑгой не мог
+Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñимо напиÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпа к ÑÑим даннÑм. Ð
+конеÑно, они ÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑо длÑ
огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпа к опÑбликованнÑм
+пÑоизведениÑм, понимаеÑе, ÑÑо-Ñо взамен DVD,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñло не ÑолÑко незаконно,
+но невозможно напиÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑпÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ниÑÑо не заÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
оÑÑановиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑименении ÑÑого к опÑбликованнÑм
+даннÑм. Ðни могли Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо и Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñими
даннÑми. ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе, ÑÑо ÑеÑез
+деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедаÑелÑÑкие вÑÑиÑлениÑ
ÑÑанÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑнÑми и Microsoft ÑеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÑйÑи
+Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ веÑÑией ÑоÑмаÑа Word, в коÑоÑой
пÑедаÑелÑÑкие вÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑиÑ
даннÑÑ
. Тогда бÑдеÑ
невозможно напиÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñайлов Word. Microsoft
пÑобÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй возможнÑй меÑод,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ допÑÑÑиÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñайлов
+Word. Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, они пеÑеÑли на ÑекÑеÑнÑй
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Word, Ñак ÑÑо лÑдÑм
+пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð²ÑÑиÑлÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑмаÑ. ÐÑ, мÑ
более или менее его
+вÑÑиÑлили. ÐÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑе пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво Ñайлов Word
+(но не вÑе). Ðо поÑом они наÑли новÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ.
Ðни Ñказали: “ÐавайÑе пÑименÑÑÑ
+XML”. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо Microsoft Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð² видÑ, когда
говоÑиÑ, ÑÑо они
+пÑименÑÑÑ XML: в наÑале Ñайла еÑÑÑ
ÑÑивиалÑнÑй заголовок, в коÑоÑом Ñказано:
+“ÐÑо XML, а здеÑÑ ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñе в
двоиÑном ÑоÑмаÑе
+Word”,— а заÑем идÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñе в двоиÑном
ÑоÑмаÑе Word, а поÑом в
+конÑе ÑÑо-Ñо ÑказÑваеÑ: “ÐÑо бÑли даннÑе
в двоиÑном ÑоÑмаÑе
+Word”. Ð ÑÑо они запаÑенÑовали. Я в
ÑоÑноÑÑи не знаÑ, на ÑÑо ÑÑоÑ
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ, а на ÑÑо —
неÑ, но, как понимаеÑе, еÑÑÑ
+веÑи, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ делаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ð±Ð¾ пÑи
ÑÑении, либо пÑи запиÑи Ñайла в ÑÑом
+ÑоÑмаÑе, за ÑÑо они, веÑоÑÑно, могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
на Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑд. Ð Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо
+еÑли к иÑ
ÑÑлÑгам бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑедаÑелÑÑкие
вÑÑиÑлениÑ, Ñо они воÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
+ими.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñоводим кампаниÑ, в
коÑоÑой оÑказÑваемÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ ÑайлÑ
+Word. Так воÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑиÑин, по коÑоÑÑм
вам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ
+ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Word. Ðдна из ниÑ
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо в
ниÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑли
+кÑо-Ñо пÑиÑÑÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ Ñайл Word, вам не
ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð² него заглÑдÑваÑÑ. Ðо ÑмÑÑл
+в Ñом, ÑÑо вам не ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²
него заглÑнÑÑÑ. СейÑÐ°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе пÑоÑÑÑÑ
болÑÑинÑÑво Ñайлов Word. Ðо в
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо лÑÑÑе,
еÑли вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑиÑаÑÑ Ñайл,
+Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑиÑе ÑообÑением Ñо Ñловами:
“ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑлиÑе мне ÑÑо в
+неÑекÑеÑном ÑоÑмаÑе. ÐоÑÑлаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм ÑайлÑ
Word — плоÑ
аÑ
+идеє. ÐÑо поÑомÑ, ÑÑо нам нÑжно
пÑеодолеÑÑ ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+ÑекÑеÑнÑми ÑоÑмаÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвÑзи в обÑеÑÑве.
+Ðам нÑжно ÑбедиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей наÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑблиÑно докÑменÑиÑованнÑÑ
ÑÑандаÑÑнÑÑ
+ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе каждÑй волен
ÑеализоваÑÑ. ФоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Word — ÑамÑй
+злоÑÑнÑй наÑÑÑиÑелÑ, Ñак ÑÑо лÑÑÑе вÑего
наÑинаÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾. ÐÑли кÑо-Ñо
+пÑиÑÑÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ Ñайл Word, не пÑÑайÑеÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ
его. ÐÑвеÑÑÑе Ñловами:
+“Ðам никак не ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑÑого делаÑÑ”.
Рв www.gnu.org/philosophy
+еÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑÑаниÑа Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑлок. Ðа ней
дано обÑÑÑнение Ñого, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑа
+пÑоблема важна.</p>
+
+<p>[<a
+href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>]</p>
+
+<h3 id="help-gnu">20. ÐомоÑÑ GNU</h3>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, www.gnu.org — ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU. Так
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе зайÑи
+ÑÑда за более подÑобной инÑоÑмаÑией. Ð
каÑалоге /gnu Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе иÑÑоÑиÑ, а в
+каÑалоге /philosophy Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе ÑÑаÑÑи по
ÑилоÑоÑии ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, а в
+каÑалоге /directory Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе ÐаÑалог
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, в коÑоÑом ÑейÑаÑ
+пеÑеÑиÑлено ÑвÑÑе 3000 гоÑовÑÑ
к пÑименениÑ
пакеÑов ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
+коÑоÑÑе бÑдÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>[СейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑвÑÑе 6000, и они ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²
directory.fsf.org]</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑиближаеÑÑÑ Ðº конÑÑ, но
пеÑед завеÑÑением Ñ Ñ
оÑел бÑ
+ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ»ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ¸ длÑ
ÑаздаÑи. Ðа ÑÑиÑ
наклейкаÑ
показанÑ
+леÑаÑÑий Ð³Ð½Ñ Ð¸ леÑаÑÑий пингвин, и ÑоÑ, и
дÑÑгой доволÑно неÑеалиÑÑиÑнÑ, но
+ÑÑо же ÑвеÑÑ
геÑои. РеÑли не бÑдеÑ
возÑажений, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-ÑÑо на
+пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñа Фонда Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, Ñак ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
+кÑпиÑе ÑÑо, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжиÑе наÑ. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑи знаÑки Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑÑ
+“ÑпÑоÑи Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
— вÑе дело в
+Ñвободе”, бÑелоки и заколки Ñ GNU,
доволÑно ÑимпаÑиÑнÑе. Так ÑÑо вÑ
+можеÑе иÑ
кÑпиÑÑ. ÐÑ Ñакже можеÑе
поддеÑжаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ, ÑÑав Ñленом-паÑÑнеÑом. Так
+воÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо на наÑем
ÑайÑе, но Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñакже еÑÑÑ
+неÑколÑко каÑÑоÑек, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
полÑÑиÑÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑели бÑ
+пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ [пÑÑмо ÑейÑаÑ].</p>
+
+<h3 id="saint-ignucius">21. СвÑÑой ÐгнÑÑий</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑ,
пÑедÑÑавив Ñвое вÑоÑое Ñ. ÐонимаеÑе, лÑди
+иногда обвинÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² заноÑÑивоÑÑи. Так
воÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÑÑ, ÑÑо не веÑно. Я не
+ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо ÑолÑко за Ñо,
ÑÑо ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐµ ÑвеÑд в ÑбеждениÑÑ
,
+Ñем Ñ. Я попÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑизваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
ÑвеÑдÑм, но ÑÑо —
+дÑÑгое дело. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
заноÑÑив, но Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑклонноÑÑÑ Ðº
+ÑвÑÑоÑÑи, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ ÑвÑÑой; бÑÑÑ
ÑвÑÑÑм — Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑабоÑа.</p>
+
+<p>[ÐблаÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑнÑÑ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ñ Ð¸ нимб из
магниÑного диÑка]<br />
+[СмеÑ
, аплодиÑменÑÑ]<br />
+[РиÑаÑд деÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑаÑивнÑй компÑÑÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
ÑвÑÑое пиÑание и маÑеÑ]</p>
+
+<p>Я — ÑвÑÑой ÐгнÑÑий ÑеÑкви Emacs. Я
благоÑловлÑÑ Ñвой компÑÑÑеÑ,
+диÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ðµ.</p>
+
+<p>Emacs возник как ÑекÑÑовÑй ÑедакÑоÑ,
коÑоÑÑй ÑÑал обÑазом жизни многиÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов, а заÑем —
Ñелигией. ÐÐ½Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÑо-нибÑдÑ,
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñего иÑполÑзовалаÑÑ Ð³ÑÑппа новоÑÑей
alt.religion.emacs? Я знаÑ, ÑÑо она
+бÑла, но поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не ÑиÑал
ÑеÑевÑÑ
новоÑÑей, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, о Ñем Ñам
+говоÑили.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
великий ÑаÑкол Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑмÑ
+ÑопеÑниÑаÑÑими веÑÑиÑми Emacs, еÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸
ÑвÑÑÑе; пÑавда, Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð².</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñленом ÑеÑкви Emacs, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
повÑоÑÑÑÑ Ñимвол веÑÑ: Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+говоÑиÑÑ: “ÐÐµÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, кÑоме GNU, а
Linux — одно из ее
+Ñдеє.</p>
+
+<p>У ÑеÑкви Emacs еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑеимÑÑеÑÑва по
ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими ÑеÑквÑми, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
+мог Ð±Ñ ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвÑÑÑм ÑеÑкви
Emacs, не ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑеломÑдÑиÑ. Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¸ÑеÑе ÑеÑковÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ней ÑвÑÑÑм, вÑ
+могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ наÑей.</p>
+
+<p>Ðднако ÑеÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð² нÑавÑÑвенной
ÑиÑÑоÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого необÑ
одима. ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+изгнаÑÑ Ð·Ð»Ð¾ неÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем, коÑоÑÑе владеÑÑ Ð²Ñеми ваÑими
+компÑÑÑеÑами под ваÑим пÑакÑиÑеÑким
конÑÑолем, либо в ваÑем подÑинении, и вÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑановиÑÑ ÑиÑÑо (Ñ.е. пÑеÑиÑÑо)
ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, где
+“ÑиÑÑо-пÑеÑиÑÑо” можно понимаÑÑ Ð²
более Ñем одном ÑмÑÑле, а
+заÑем ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑÑ
нее ÑолÑко
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑли вÑ
+иÑполниÑеÑÑ ÑеÑимоÑÑи и пÑеÑвоÑиÑе ее в
жизнÑ, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ñоже бÑдеÑе ÑвÑÑÑми, и
+Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ñоже Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвиÑÑÑÑ
нимб — еÑли Ð²Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+ÑаздобÑдеÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑ
болÑÑе не
вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðногда Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ, не ÑÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
ÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Emacs гÑеÑ
ом полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+vi. Так воÑ, беÑÑпоÑно, VI-VI-VI — ÑÑо
ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ ÐвеÑÑ [ÑмеÑ
], но
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñвободной веÑÑией vi —
ÑÑо не гÑеÑ
, ÑÑо епиÑимÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Риногда Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ, дейÑÑвиÑелÑно
ли мой нимб ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑм
+компÑÑÑеÑнÑм диÑком [ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° нимб].
ÐÑо не компÑÑÑеÑнÑй диÑк, ÑÑо мой
+нимб. Ðо он бÑл компÑÑÑеÑнÑм диÑком в
пÑоÑлой жизни.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, благодаÑÑ Ð·Ð° внимание.</p>
+
+<p>[ÐплодиÑменÑÑ]</p>
+
+<h3 id="about-anonymity-credit-cards-cell-phones">22. Ðб
анонимноÑÑи, кÑедиÑнÑÑ
каÑÑаÑ
, ÑоÑовÑÑ
ÑелеÑонаÑ
</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пооÑвеÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° вопÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе, можеÑе
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑказаÑÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐинÑÑ
+ТоÑвалÑдÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого оÑноÑение к ÑÑомÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñего,
+вÑпÑÑÑил Linux под ваÑей [неÑазбоÑÑиво]? Чем
он ÑÑководÑÑвовалÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Я не знаÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐинÑÑ
ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевел Linux на
+GNU GPL. ÐÑо нÑжно ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾. Я не
пÑипоминаÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-нибÑдÑ
+где-Ñо ÑиÑал об ÑÑом. Я не знаÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐожеÑе Ð²Ñ ÑказаÑÑ
ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾ нÑнеÑниÑ
ÑабоÑаÑ
+по вÑÑÑÐ°Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑи в ÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Я не знаÑ... он Ñказал:
“РабоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ вклÑÑениÑ
+безопаÑноÑÑи в ÑеÑÑ”. Я не знаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
знаÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. [неÑазбоÑÑиво]
ÑбÑаÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñамой ÑеÑи.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. УбÑаÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ? ÐÑ,
Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑиÑ
ÑабоÑаÑ
,
+но дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑжаÑно. Я не ÑÑаÑÑвÑÑ Ð²
ÑлекÑÑонной коммеÑÑии, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+Ñ Ð½Ðµ лÑÐ±Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ кÑедиÑнÑм каÑÑам. Я Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾, и Ñ
+покÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾ в магазине за налиÑнÑе. Я
не лÑÐ±Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¡ÑаÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÑаÑÑ
+лÑбÑÑ
запиÑей обо мне. Ðо ÑÑой же пÑиÑине Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑоÑового ÑелеÑона. Я не
+Ñ
оÑÑ Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÑоналÑное ÑледÑÑее
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво. Ðам надо акÑивнее заÑиÑаÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑнÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑем Ñлежки. ÐÑак, Ñ
оÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаком Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑми
+ÑабоÑами, о коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
ожÑ
ÑÑо опаÑнÑм, гоÑаздо более
+опаÑнÑм, Ñем недоÑÑаÑок безопаÑноÑÑи
компÑÑÑеÑов. Так воÑ, возможно, ÑÑо
+поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ полÑзÑÑÑÑ Windows; Ñак ÑÑо Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе пÑоблем.</p>
+
+<h3 id="free-formats-copyright-microsoft">23. СвободнÑе
ÑоÑмаÑÑ, авÑоÑÑкие пÑава, Microsoft</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. [неÑазбоÑÑиво]</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐеÑ, не можем. Ðо
ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¾Ð½ ÑпÑаÑиваеÑ, можем ли
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ñайлов. Так
воÑ, оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ñаков: мÑ
+не можем делаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñензий,
оÑнованнÑÑ
на авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ на какие идеи,
пÑинÑипÑ,
+меÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑиÑÑемÑ; оно
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на вÑÑажениÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑоизведениÑ. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
можем Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑакиÑ
ÑвоиÑ
лиÑензий,
+как GNU GPL, запÑеÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло
пиÑаÑÑ ÑобÑÑвеннÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+обÑабоÑки ÑÑого же Ñамого ÑоÑмаÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ, навеÑное, полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ;
однако оказÑваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав; Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи ниÑего обÑего, и
+оказÑваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑоиÑ
болÑÑиÑ
денег, и еÑе болÑÑе денег
+ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° обеÑпеÑение паÑенÑа. Ð Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой
ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ
+пÑедполагаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñо, на ÑÑо Microsoft полÑÑаеÑ
паÑенÑÑ, важно из-за Ñого,
+ÑÑо ÑÑо болÑÑое ÑлÑÑÑение. ÐÑо пÑоÑÑо
должно бÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим. Microsoft можеÑ
+полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ, каÑаÑÑееÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑа Ñайлов, коÑоÑÑе Ñем-Ñо
+оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ, а поÑом они могÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑÑ
болÑÑинÑÑво полÑзоваÑелей пеÑейÑи на
+новÑй ÑоÑмаÑ, в коÑоÑом пÑименÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑа
идеÑ. Ð Microsoft Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо
+из-за Ñвоей влаÑÑи над ÑÑнком, из-за Ñого,
ÑÑо они его конÑÑолиÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ ÑÑого не можем. ÐеÑÑ ÑмÑÑл ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиков Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑи; вÑе
конÑÑолиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑми. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ можем
+пÑинÑждаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей пеÑеÑ
одиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, даже Ñади иÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенной безопаÑноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÑалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑно
Ñ 1992 года ÑбедиÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ GIF, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑмаÑ
+запаÑенÑован и некоÑоÑÑе полÑзоваÑели
попадÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑÑд. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñили:
+“ÐÑекÑаÑиÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, вÑе
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑмаÑом GIF Ñади ÑеÑ
, на
+кого подадÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд, еÑли обÑеÑÑво бÑдеÑ
пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑмає. РнаÑ
+не ÑлÑÑали. Так ÑÑо дело в Ñом, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
можем делаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо делаеÑ
+Microsoft, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо оÑновано на влаÑÑи,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ, а
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑили ÑважаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð»Ñдей,
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑи над обÑеÑÑвом.</p>
+
+<h3 id="dangers-of-webmail-loss-of-freedom">24. ÐпаÑноÑÑи
пÑблиÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑвеÑов: поÑеÑÑ ÑвободÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑак, когда кÑо-Ñо
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Google, Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
неÑ
+доÑÑÑпа к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñем мÑ
полÑзÑемÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
неÑ
+ÑпоÑоба [неÑазбоÑÑиво] ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼, Ñак
ÑÑо полÑзование ÑÑим наÑÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðогда Ñеловек
ÑвÑзÑваеÑÑÑ Ñ ÑеÑвеÑом Google, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ двоиÑнÑÑ
Ñайлов, ни иÑÑ
одного
ÑекÑÑа пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑой полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+Google, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо Google полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ñой
пÑогÑаммой; ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñеловек не
+полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑал бÑ
ожидаÑÑ, ÑÑо он бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¿Ñаве
+изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ваÑем компÑÑÑеÑе. У Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑÑÑ
+Ñвобода изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ваÑем компÑÑÑеÑе, но Ñ
+никогда не ожидал бÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑ
Ñвобода зайÑи на Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸
+поменÑÑÑ Ñам пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
даваÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ делаÑÑ ÑÑо? Так ÑÑо воÑ
+как Ñ ÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо Ñеловек полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
ÑеÑвеÑом Google Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ñка.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, одна опаÑноÑÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð°.
ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¾Ñ Google и емÑ
+подобнÑÑ
. ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Hotmail и емÑ
подобнÑÑ
. Ðогда лÑди наÑинаÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑвеÑом в ÑеÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ
ÑанениÑ
ÑвоиÑ
даннÑÑ
и вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе они на Ñамом деле могли бÑ
вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвоиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
, ÑÑо вноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ. Я
никогда не понимал лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
+говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо бÑдÑÑее — за Ñонкими
клиенÑами, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ могÑ
+Ñебе пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо Ñаким обÑазом. У
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÑоналÑнÑй компÑÑÑеÑ, и он
ÑпоÑобен вÑполнÑÑÑ Ñакие задаÑи, как
+ÑÑение поÑÑÑ; поÑÑа Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° моем
ÑобÑÑвенном компÑÑÑеÑе, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ на ÑÑем-Ñо ÑеÑвеÑе.
Тем более — на
+ÑеÑвеÑе, коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ñнований
довеÑÑÑÑ. РконеÑно, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð² наÑи
+дни позволÑеÑе Ñвоим лиÑнÑм даннÑм Ñ
ÑаниÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑем-Ñо ÑеÑвеÑе, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ñ Ñем
+же ÑÑпеÑ
ом могли Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑÑмо
генеÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑокÑÑоÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ð¸ его
+геÑÑапо.</p>
+
+<p>[РиÑаÑд СÑолмен, 2010: Gmail в ÑÑом оÑноÑении
ÑопоÑÑавим Ñ
+Hotmail. См. Ñакже <a
+href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html</a>;
+Ñам опиÑана дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема, акÑÑалÑнаÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
, но не вÑеÑ
, ÑеÑевÑÑ
+ÑлÑжб.]</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. [неÑазбоÑÑиво]</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðн ÑпÑаÑиваеÑ: “ÐÑли
Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди полÑзовалиÑÑ
+Ñонким клиенÑом, а вÑе вÑÑиÑлениÑ
пÑоводилиÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñдаленном
+ÑеÑвеÑе”. Ðа, ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно знаÑиÑ,
ÑÑо лÑди ÑеÑÑÑÑ ÑвободÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, Ñами понимаеÑе, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе
изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑем-Ñо ÑÑжом ÑеÑвеÑе;
вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на
+Ñвоем компÑÑÑеÑе, Ð²Ñ ÑеÑÑеÑе конÑÑолÑ. Так
воÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо,
+и Ñаким обÑазом, Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑизÑваÑÑ Ð»Ñдей не
ÑвÑзÑваÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÑÑим. ÐÑди бÑдÑÑ
+пÑодолжаÑÑ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ваÑей
+ÑобÑÑвенной маÑине.</p>
+
+<p>{Уже ÑÑ
одиÑе? [СмеÑ
] Я надеÑÑÑ, не поÑомÑ,
ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ
+Ñказал. ÐÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ, наÑа вÑÑÑеÑа не ÑоÑÑоиÑÑÑ.
ÐÑ, да ладно.}</p>
+
+<h3 id="copyright-art-vs-software">25. ÐвÑоÑÑкие пÑава в
иÑкÑÑÑÑве и пÑогÑаммиÑовании</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ЯвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Creative Commons
дÑÑгой веÑвÑÑ ÑÑой
+же Ñелигии или дÑÑгой Ñелигией?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, во-пеÑвÑÑ
, ÑÑо не
ÑелигиÑ, ÑÑо бÑла
+ÑÑÑка. ЦеÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Emacs — ÑÑо ÑÑÑка. ÐмейÑе,
пожалÑйÑÑа, в видÑ, ÑÑо
+ÑлиÑком ÑеÑÑезное оÑноÑение к лÑбой
ÑеÑкви Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ñно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñего
+здоÑовÑÑ, даже еÑли ÑÑо ÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Emacs. Так ÑÑо
ÑÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð³Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ пÑи Ñем.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑики. ÐÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва и в какого Ñода
+обÑеÑÑве Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим жиÑÑ. ÐÑо не вопÑоÑÑ
догмÑ, ÑÑо вопÑоÑÑ ÑилоÑоÑии и
+полиÑики.</p>
+
+<p>ÐиÑензии Creative Commons ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
пÑоизведений иÑкÑÑÑÑва, и Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
они Ñ
оÑоÑи. ÐÑоблемаÑика
пÑоизведений иÑкÑÑÑÑва не ÑовÑем
+ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑоблемаÑикой пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñобой пÑимеÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
, ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
+пÑоизведений. ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ длÑ
вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑÑ. Ðлавное назнаÑение
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в Ñом, ÑÑо лÑди ÑиÑаÑÑ
ее ÑекÑÑ Ð¸ дÑмаÑÑ: “ÐÑ
ÑÑ,
+как ÑÑо здоÑово, какÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ пÑоделал
оÑлиÑнÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ”. Ðлавное
+назнаÑение пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо вÑ
вÑполнÑеÑе ее, а она ÑÑо-Ñо
+делаеÑ. Ðа, Ñе, кÑо инÑеÑеÑÑеÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑованием, бÑдÑÑ Ñакже ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ и
+ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, но ÑÑо — не главное
назнаÑение. Ðна пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑ
+поÑомÑ, ÑÑо вÑполнÑÐµÑ ÑабоÑÑ, а не пÑоÑÑо
из-за Ñого, ÑÑо ее пÑиÑÑно
+ÑиÑаÑÑ. Ð Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº в иÑкÑÑÑÑве главное
пÑименение
+пÑоизведений — оÑÑÑениÑ, коÑоÑÑе вÑ
полÑÑаеÑе, когда ÑмоÑÑиÑе на
+ниÑ
или ÑлÑÑаеÑе иÑ
. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо оÑенÑ
ÑазнÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименениÑ, и как
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑ, ÑÑиÑеÑкие пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ
и модиÑикаÑии Ñоже ÑазлиÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
, ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑабоÑ
лÑди Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ñеми ÑеÑÑÑÑмÑ
+Ñвободами, в Ñом ÑиÑле Ñвободой пÑбликаÑии
модиÑиÑиÑованной веÑÑии. Ðо в
+оÑноÑении иÑкÑÑÑÑва Ñ Ð±Ñ ÑÑого не Ñказал. Я
дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннаÑ
+минималÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ñвобода, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñегда
должна бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñи полÑзовании лÑбÑм
+опÑбликованнÑм пÑоизведением, и ÑÑо
Ñвобода некоммеÑÑеÑкого бÑквалÑного
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑнÑÑ
копий. Ðо Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ñказал, ÑÑо она должна идÑи далÑÑе,
+Ñем ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ñм. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо
лиÑензии Creative Commons оÑенÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¸ Ñ
оÑоÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑва.</p>
+
+<h3 id="malicious-free-software">26. ÐÑедоноÑнÑе ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
еÑÑÑ Ñвобода изменÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ пеÑеопÑбликовÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, как вÑ
избежиÑе ÑабоÑажа?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðа никак. Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе ÑÑого
+никогда. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑмоÑÑиÑе на ÑÑи
ÑазлиÑнÑе веÑÑии и видиÑе, какаÑ
+вам болÑÑе нÑавиÑÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе избежаÑÑ
ÑабоÑажа и в ÑлÑÑае Ñ
+неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами; ÑакÑиÑеÑки
ÑабоÑаж Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´Ñи Ð¾Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑика. Ðак
+Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñил, ÑазÑабоÑÑики ÑаÑÑо закладÑваÑÑ
вÑедоноÑнÑе оÑобенноÑÑи. Ð Ñогда
+Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑпомоÑнÑ. Со ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами вÑ, по кÑайней меÑе,
+можеÑе пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, можеÑе
ÑÑавниÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ðµ веÑÑии. ÐÑли вÑ
+подÑмÑваеÑе о пеÑеÑ
оде Ñ ÑÑой веÑÑии на ÑÑ
веÑÑиÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑÑавниÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
и
+ÑвидеÑÑ, Ñем они оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ, и поиÑкаÑÑ
вÑедоноÑнÑе ÑаÑÑи.</p>
+
+<h3 id="patented-file-formats">27. ÐапаÑенÑованнÑе
ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ñайлов</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑ ÑлÑÑайно не
знаеÑе, какие попÑлÑÑнÑе ÑоÑмаÑÑ
+Ñайлов ÑекÑеÑнÑ, а какие неÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, из попÑлÑÑнÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑов Ñайлов, Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑолÑко о
+некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
Microsoft, ÑÑо они ÑекÑеÑнÑ.
Ðо Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, еÑÑÑ
+дÑÑгие ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑми пÑоблемами.
ÐапÑимеÑ, до ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ,
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑийÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑжаÑие LZW, коÑоÑое
пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑоÑмаÑе GIF. Ð Ñ
+кого-Ñо еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, коÑоÑÑй, как он
ÑÑвеÑждаеÑ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑоÑмаÑ
+JPEG, и он на Ñамом деле ÑÑдиÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÑÑей
компаний. РпоÑом, еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+звÑкозапиÑÑ Ð² MP3, Ñак ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи MP3 в СШРзагнали
+в подполÑе. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ñжно пеÑеÑ
одиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ðгг ÐоÑбиÑ. РпоÑом, когда
+Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмоÑÑиÑе, Ñкажем, на видеоÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ MPEG-2,
Ñо говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ 39
+ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
паÑенÑов СШÐ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазлиÑнÑе аÑпекÑÑ
+MPEG-2. Так ÑÑо ÑакиÑ
пÑоблем много.</p>
+
+<h3 id="games-as-free-software">28. ÐгÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑе как-Ñо ÑмеÑиваÑÑÑÑ
+Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Creative Commons и ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑми
пÑогÑаммами, Ñакие как игÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸?..</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, во многиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
вÑ
можеÑе ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð³ÑÑ
+как на комбинаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑенаÑиÑ. Ð
Ñогда имело Ð±Ñ ÑмÑÑл ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ
+игÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº пÑогÑаммÑ, а ÑÑенаÑий — как Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвенное
+пÑоизведение. С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ
видиÑе, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей оÑенÑ
+полезно ÑедакÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
пеÑеопÑбликовÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñе веÑÑии ÑÑиÑ
+ÑÑенаÑиев. Так ÑÑо, Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо поÑ
оже на Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвеннÑе пÑоизведениÑ, на Ñамом
+деле Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей кажеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾,
еÑли они волÑÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gpl-freedoms-for-cars-saving-seeds">29. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ GPL длÑ
авÑомобилей и ÑоÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑемÑн</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑедвидиÑе ли Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑ
од ÑÑой ÑилоÑоÑии ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм далÑÑе, за гÑаниÑÑ, на пÑодÑкÑÑ,
ÑÑлÑги...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе:
“ÐÑодÑкÑÑ,
+ÑÑлÑги”,— не могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
конкÑеÑнее?</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. [неÑазбоÑÑиво]
авÑомобили</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑак, должна ли
ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº авÑомобилÑм? ХоÑоÑо,
ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+Ñом, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
пÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. ÐÑак, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²Ñомобилей,
Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑнÑ
+ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ Ð»Ñбой авÑомобилÑ. Ðо ÑакиÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+ÑÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑмÑÑленнÑй. РвÑоÑое —
изменениÑ. Так воÑ, да, Ñ
+дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñина, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ, и на
+Ñамом деле многие Ñвои маÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо на ÑÑо могÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+какие-Ñо огÑаниÑениÑ, но в знаÑиÑелÑной
меÑе ÑÑа Ñвобода ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ. Так ÑÑо
+Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñен ÑмÑÑла,
когда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе о ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
+обÑекÑаÑ
. ÐообÑе говоÑÑ, ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв
копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
обÑекÑов неÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавим Ñебе, ÑÑо когда-нибÑдÑ
в бÑдÑÑем Ñакие ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва
+поÑвÑÑÑÑ, нÑ, Ñогда положение бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑгим,
и ÑÑа пеÑемена вÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ Ñвои
+поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑике и полиÑике. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва копиÑованиÑ
+пиÑи, Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо ÑелÑÑкоÑ
озÑйÑÑвеннÑе
деловÑе кÑÑги пÑÑалиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ
+лÑдÑм имеÑÑ Ð¸ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñакими
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑвами. Ð ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð³Ñандиозной
+полиÑиÑеÑкой пÑоблемой, как ÑейÑаÑ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð³ÑандиознÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑеÑкÑÑ
+пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñо, должно ли бÑÑÑ ÑазÑеÑено
ÑеÑмеÑам ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ Ñемена. Так воÑ, Ñ
+Ñбежден, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑное
пÑаво ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ Ñемена и не даваÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
+ÑÑо делаÑÑ — ÑиÑанÑÑво.
ÐемокÑаÑиÑеÑкое гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво никогда бÑ
+Ñак не поÑÑÑпило.</p>
+
+<h3 id="no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. ÐÑÑÑе
никакиÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñем неÑвободнÑе</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. [пÑиблизиÑелÑно]
СÑиÑаеÑе ли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоблемой
+недопÑоизводÑÑво ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм в
ÑвÑзи Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо никÑо не Ñ
оÑеÑ
+вкладÑваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги [неÑазбоÑÑиво]?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Я не знаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
ÑказаÑÑ Ñловом
+“недопÑоизводÑÑво”. ÐÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼, ÑÑо
какие-Ñо лÑди ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, а какие-Ñо — неÑ.
ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавиÑÑ
+Ñебе, ÑÑо болÑÑе лÑдей ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑо, в Ñаком
+ÑлÑÑае, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
болÑÑе. Ðо, видиÑе ли,
кÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑов на Ñамом деле
+заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑезмеÑной ÑкÑплÑаÑаÑии. Ð
ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоизойÑи, напÑимеÑ, Ñ
+полем, но Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами ÑÑого не пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ: Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе пеÑеÑаÑÑ
одоваÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ, она не изнаÑиваеÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи здеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑ
+аналогии.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑак, возÑмем ваÑ
пÑимеÑ, Ñкажем, еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ
+пÑогÑамма, а ÑÑÑÑÑа лÑдей Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
ее. ÐÑ Ñказали, ÑÑо они могÑÑ
+ÑложиÑÑ Ñвои денÑги вмеÑÑе и нанÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑа, коÑоÑÑй Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑо
+изменение. Ðо каждÑй индивидÑÑм в ÑÑой
гÑÑппе ÑкажеÑ: “ÐÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
+дам оÑÑалÑнÑм 999 заплаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо
изменение”.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðа, они ÑÑо могÑÑ, но ÑÑо
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно глÑпо,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ понÑли, ÑÑо в
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÑÑо не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñделано, Ñо
+еÑли ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑколÑко-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾, Ñо
им гоÑаздо лÑÑÑе обÑединиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
+вложиÑÑ Ñвои денÑги, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾ÑовиÑÑ ÑÑо
изменение. Ð ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑÑо или
+Ð½ÐµÑ — в лÑбом ÑлÑÑае Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑоглаÑен,
ÑÑо здеÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизоÑла какаÑ-Ñо
+ÑÑагедиÑ. ÐÑли они обÑединилиÑÑ, заплаÑили
за изменение и полÑÑили его, ÑÑо
+Ñ
оÑоÑо, а еÑли они не обÑединилиÑÑ, не
заплаÑили за ÑÑо
+изменение — ÑÑо Ñоже Ñ
оÑоÑо; Ñ
полагаÑ, ÑÑо им ÑÑого не Ñак Ñж и
+Ñ
оÑелоÑÑ. Ðи Ñо, ни дÑÑгое не плоÑ
о.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — зло, и длÑ
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе, еÑли не бÑдеÑ
+ниÑего, Ñем еÑли бÑдÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑов можеÑ
+пÑоизойÑи либо пÑи пеÑеÑаÑÑ
оде, либо пÑи
недоÑÑаÑоÑной оÑдаÑе, но в ÑлÑÑае
+пÑогÑамм пеÑеÑаÑÑ
од невозможен.
ÐедоÑÑаÑоÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑдаÑа пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, когда
+пÑогÑамма не Ñвободна. Тогда ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑ
не ÑдаеÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑполÑзоваÑÑ. Ð Ñаким
+обÑазом, Ñ Ñ
оÑел бÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑка
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+пÑекÑаÑилаÑÑ. ÐеÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма Ñ
Ñже,
Ñем оÑÑÑÑÑÑвие пÑогÑамм вообÑе,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ни Ñо, ни дÑÑгое не позволÑеÑ
вам вÑполнÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ñвободно, но
+неÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма могла Ð±Ñ ÑоблазнÑÑÑ
лÑдей поконÑиÑÑ Ñо Ñвоей Ñвободой,
+а ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
о.</p>
+
+<h3 id="portability-of-free-software">31. ÐеÑеноÑимоÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
поÑенÑиалÑнÑй конÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑилоÑоÑией
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм и пеÑеноÑимоÑÑÑÑ
[неÑазбоÑÑиво]?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐеÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñ Ð² ÑÑом
ÑмÑÑла. Я не вижÑ
+пÑоÑивоÑеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑилоÑоÑией ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм и пеÑеноÑимоÑÑÑÑ. Рв миÑе
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ð¼Ñ ÑпоÑно и
вÑеÑÑоÑонне ÑабоÑали над доÑÑижением
+пеÑеноÑимоÑÑи. ÐÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼ наÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑимÑми, Ð¼Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑизÑем
+наÑи пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие лÑди легко
могли полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑимоÑÑÑ, Ñак
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑем пеÑеноÑимоÑÑи во вÑеÑ
возможнÑÑ
напÑавлениÑÑ
. Ð Ñо же
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе, как Microsoft пÑеднамеÑенно
Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑи и
+пÑеднамеÑенно блокиÑÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
ÑовмеÑÑной ÑабоÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. Microsoft Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо благодаÑÑ
Ñвоей влаÑÑи. ÐÑ ÑÑого не
+можем. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ñделаем пÑогÑаммÑ
неÑовмеÑÑимой, а полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑÑо не
+понÑавиÑÑÑ, они изменÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Ðни могÑÑ
измениÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° ÑÑала
+ÑовмеÑÑимой. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ в Ñом положении,
в каком можно навÑзÑваÑÑ
+неÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑили не пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
+полÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ дÑÑгими лÑдÑми.</p>
+
+<h3 id="is-some-free-software-obfuscated-on-purpose">32. ÐелаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
какие-Ñо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÑаннÑми
наÑоÑно?</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ЧÑо-нибÑдÑ
[неÑазбоÑÑиво] запÑÑанное
+[неÑазбоÑÑиво] понимаÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ не ÑоглаÑен.
ÐомилÑйÑе, ÑÑо же
+глÑпо. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе, ÑÑо пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑÑÑдно понимаÑÑ, ÑÑо не Ñо же Ñамое,
+как еÑли ее огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð»Ñди. ÐÑо не Ñо же
Ñамое, как еÑли говоÑиÑÑ:
+“Ðам запÑеÑено ÑÑо видеÑÑ”. Так воÑ,
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одиÑе ÑÑо
+неÑÑнÑм, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñем, ÑÑобÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо более ÑÑнÑм. Ðа деле
+ÑазÑабоÑÑики, веÑоÑÑно, пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑо бÑло ÑÑнÑм, но ÑÑо нелегко и,
+еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑолÑко не Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑÑавниÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами
+и ÑвидеÑÑ, какие из ниÑ
понÑÑнее, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого заÑвлениÑ,
+коÑоÑое Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе. ÐаÑколÑко Ñ ÑлÑÑал,
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, как пÑавило,
+гоÑаздо Ñ
Ñже, по Ñой пÑиÑине, ÑÑо
ÑазÑабоÑÑики ÑообÑажаÑÑ, ÑÑо никÑо ÑÑого
+не ÑвидиÑ, Ñак ÑÑо иÑ
никогда не ÑмÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñо,
наÑколÑко ÑÑо плоÑ
о.</p>
+
+<h3 id="proprietary-keeping-an-edge">33. ÐеÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° пеÑеднем кÑае</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ
Ð²Ñ ÑлÑÑали
аÑгÑменÑ, ÑÑо лÑди, коÑоÑÑе
+пÑоизводÑÑ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва или [неÑазбоÑÑиво]
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ — ÑÑо им
+нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑобÑ
вÑÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пеÑедний кÑай, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо,
+еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ оÑдавали пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑно,
Ñо конкÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑовиÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво [неÑазбоÑÑиво].</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Я ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ веÑÑ. Я дÑмаÑ,
ÑÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ñ
инеÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо они конкÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом, и каждÑй
говоÑиÑ: “Ðам нÑжно делаÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑваÑÑÑÑ
впеÑед дÑÑгиÑ
”. ÐÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸
+один из ниÑ
не делал ÑÑого, ÑÑо же, вÑе они
поÑеÑÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸Ñии? Я Ñ
оÑÑ
+ÑказаÑÑ, Ð½Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑо из Ñого? Ðам не нÑжно
покÑпаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо, и иÑ
пÑодÑкÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
+Ñоже покÑпаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑледÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="forbidding-is-forbidden-how-is-this-freedom">34. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
бÑÑÑ Ñвобода, когда запÑеÑено запÑеÑаÑÑ?</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. Я Ñказал бÑ
[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐожалÑйÑÑа, не делайÑе
ÑÑого. ÐопÑоÑ, коÑоÑÑй вÑ
+Ñ
оÑиÑе поÑÑавиÑÑ, возможно, не плоÑ
, но
попÑÑайÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+нейÑÑалÑно, без нападок.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² голове еÑÑÑ
мÑÑлÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
+вÑÑкажÑÑÑ. Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо ÑегиÑÑÑиÑÑÑ
[неÑазбоÑÑиво] ÑÑо-Ñо и говоÑÑ, ÑÑо
+“Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, но вам нÑжно ÑоблÑдаÑÑ
+ÑÑи ÑеÑÑÑе Ñвободє, Ð²Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ
огÑаниÑиваеÑе Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐеÑ. ÐÑо не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ; не даваÑÑ Ð
+ÑгнеÑаÑÑ Ð Ð½Ðµ знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÑиÑаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑгнеÑение
+дÑÑгиÑ
— ÑÑо не Ñвобода. ÐÑо влаÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
оÑели
Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑÑ, а Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+даем им ÑÑого, но ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, и ÑÑо никомÑ
не оÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² Ñвободе.</p>
+
+<p>Я Ñ
оÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ñем же ÑÑпеÑ
ом ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
+ÑбÑаÑÑваеÑе дикÑаÑоÑа, а дикÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑ:
“ÐÑ Ð¾ÑнимаеÑе Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ
+пÑиказÑваÑÑ Ð²Ñем!” Ðо ÑÑо не Ñвобода,
ÑÑо влаÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¶Ñ ÑазлиÑие междÑ
Ñвободой, Ñо еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолем над Ñвоей
+ÑобÑÑвенной жизнÑÑ, и влаÑÑÑÑ, Ñо еÑÑÑ
конÑÑолем над жизнÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
. Ðам
+необÑ
одимо пÑоводиÑÑ ÑÑо ÑазлиÑие; еÑли мÑ
бÑдем игноÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑазлиÑие междÑ
+Ñвободой и влаÑÑÑÑ, Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑÑем
ÑпоÑобноÑÑÑ ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, Ñвободно
+обÑеÑÑво или неÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑазлиÑаеÑе ÑÑого, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмоÑÑиÑе
+на ÑÑалинÑкÑÑ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑкажеÑе: “ÐÑ, Ñам
бÑло ÑÑолÑко же ÑвободÑ,
+пÑоÑÑо вÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° бÑла Ñ Ð¡Ñалина”. ÐеÑ! Ð
ÑÑалинÑкой РоÑÑии Ñ Ð¡Ñалина
+бÑла влаÑÑÑ, а ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдей не бÑло;
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñам не бÑло поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
+Ñвобода ÑолÑко Ñогда, когда ÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±
ÑпÑавлении Ñвоей ÑобÑÑвенной
+жизнÑÑ. УпÑавление жизнÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей — ÑÑо Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñвобода,
+ни Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо пÑавиÑ, ни Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кем
пÑавÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="can-google-help-free-software">35. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ Google
помогаÑÑ ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸, по ваÑемÑ
мнениÑ, ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ, Ñем
+Google как ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð° делаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ в дÑÑ
е
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ
недоÑÑаÑоÑно знаÑ, Ñем занимаеÑÑÑ
+Google, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло какое-Ñо мнение. Ðо
еÑли Ð±Ñ Google Ñ
оÑела
+пожеÑÑвоваÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо денÑги в Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, мÑ
+Ñ ÑадоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
. Я вÑÑÑеÑил здеÑÑ
неÑколÑкиÑ
лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ конкÑеÑной Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммой, а именно, Linux, ÑдÑом. Ð Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑпÑаÑивал, пÑбликÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ они Ñвои
ÑлÑÑÑениÑ. [<strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. Ðни
+пÑбликÑÑÑ.] Ð, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, ÑÑо пÑиноÑиÑ
полÑзÑ. Я Ñ
оÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ, еÑли вÑ
+Ñ
оÑиÑе внеÑÑи вклад в какие-Ñо дÑÑгие
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо Ñоже бÑло бÑ
+Ñлавно, но Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
поÑÑебноÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом. РконеÑно, еÑли Ñ
+Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо дÑÑгÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеполезнÑÑ
+новÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо Ñоже бÑло
Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо.</p>
+
+<p>[РиÑаÑд СÑолмен, 2010 год: СейÑÐ°Ñ Google
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе
+кÑÑпнÑе неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐекоÑоÑÑе
из ниÑ
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° JavaScript, и
+ÑеÑвеÑÑ ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
незамеÑно длÑ
ваÑ.]</p>
+
+<h3 id="free-software-on-windows-good-or-bad">36. СвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Windows: Ñ
оÑоÑо или плоÑ
о</h3>
+
+<p>Я оÑвеÑÑ ÐµÑе на ÑÑи вопÑоÑа.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑак, еÑли Ñ
ÑазÑабаÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñакой неÑвободной ÑиÑÑемÑ, как Windows, по
ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑ
+неÑвободнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ ÑÑим Ñ
оÑоÑее или плоÑ
ое?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, в ÑÑом еÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑий
аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð¸ плоÑ
ой аÑпекÑ. ЧÑо
+каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñо Ð²Ñ ÑважаеÑе
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо
+Ñ
оÑоÑо, но ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑакÑ, ÑÑо она ÑабоÑаеÑ
ÑолÑко под Windows — ÑÑо
+плоÑ
о. Так ÑÑо в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи вам не
ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
под
+Windows. Ðам не ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ Windows, ÑÑо плоÑ
о. ÐÑо не Ñак плоÑ
о, как
+бÑÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÑиком Windows, но ÑÑо вÑе-Ñаки
плоÑ
о, и вам не ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑÑого
+делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. ÐÑак, Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе:
“ÐÑоÑÑо не делайÑе
+ÑÑого вообÑе”.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ Ð´Ð°, не полÑзÑйÑеÑÑ
Windows. ÐолÑзÑйÑеÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо
+ÑÑого GNU/Linux и ÑазÑабаÑÑвайÑе ÑвоÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU/Linux. Ð
+Ñогда ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñ
оÑоÑо в обоиÑ
оÑноÑениÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. Ðо Ñазве не могла бÑ
она оÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм
+Windows ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðогла бÑ, но ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Windows Ñже
+доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑекÑ. Ð
дело в Ñом, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑка
+пÑогÑамм под Windows бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
лÑдей пÑакÑиÑеÑкий ÑÑимÑл
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Windows, а не GNU/Linux. Так ÑÑо,
пожалÑйÑÑа, не делайÑе ÑÑого.</p>
+
+<p>[РиÑаÑд СÑолмен, 2010 год. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑноÑÑи:
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾ делаÑÑ Ñак,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑали Ñакже
под Windows, как он Ñказал; однако
+пиÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко под Windows —
+ÑÑо пÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑаÑа ÑÑедÑÑв.]</p>
+
+<h3 id="scos-suit">37. ÐÑоÑеÑÑ SCO</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. Ðакими бÑли бÑ
поÑледÑÑвиÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ SCO вÑигÑала
+пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив Linux? Ðак ÑÑо ÑказалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ
на...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Я не знаÑ, ÑÑо завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
многого. ÐÑо не ÑказалоÑÑ
+Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° GPL. Ðо какие-Ñо ÑекÑÑÑ, возможно, из Linux
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑдалиÑÑ. Ð
+бÑла ли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо болÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема или
кÑоÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблемка — ÑÑо
+завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо ÑÑо за ÑекÑÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего ÑказаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑзÑ. Ðо Ñ
+не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо SCO пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑеалÑнÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ. Я дÑмаÑ, паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑаммÑ, пÑедаÑелÑÑкие вÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
аппаÑаÑÑÑа Ñ ÑекÑеÑнÑми
+ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑми — Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ð´Ðµ наÑÑоÑÑие
пÑоблемÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив Ñего нам
+нÑжно боÑоÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="stallmans-problem-typing">38. ÐÑоблема СÑолмена Ñ
набоÑом ÑекÑÑа</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
неидеологиÑеÑкого Ñ
аÑакÑеÑа. Я
+лиÑно оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñей боÑÑбой Ñ
ÑÑавмами пÑи кÑмÑлÑÑивном
+воздейÑÑвии и влиÑнием, коÑоÑое она
оказала на ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ GNU Hurd.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. Ðикакого, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
никогда не ÑабоÑал над GNU
+Hurd. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ñли Ñеловека Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
напиÑаÑÑ GNU Hurd. Я никакого
+оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº его напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ имел. ÐÑло
неÑколÑко леÑ, когда Ñ Ð½Ðµ мог
+пеÑаÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ñ, и Ñогда Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸
лÑдей, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑаÑÑ Ð·Ð° менÑ. РпоÑом
+Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑжил, ÑÑо еÑли взÑÑÑ ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ñ
мÑгким оÑкликом, Ñо Ñ Ñнова могÑ
+пеÑаÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="open-source-good-or-bad-pat-riot-act">39. ÐÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ: Ñ
оÑоÑо или плоÑ
о</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</strong>. Ðаково ваÑе мнение
об оÑкÑÑÑом иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд</strong>. ÐÑ, движение за оÑкÑÑÑÑй
иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ñем-Ñо
+поÑ
оже на движение за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
ÑолÑко Ñ Ð¾ÑбÑоÑеннÑм ÑилоÑоÑÑким
+ÑÑндаменÑом. Так ÑÑо они не говоÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом,
ÑÑо пÑавилÑно, а ÑÑо —
+неÑ, о Ñвободе, о неоÑÑемлемÑÑ
пÑаваÑ
, они
пÑоÑÑо не пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑо в
+ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑÑики. Ðни говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ
меÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки, коÑоÑаÑ,
+по иÑ
Ñловам, обÑÑно пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº пÑевоÑÑ
однÑм в ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑком оÑноÑении
+пÑогÑаммам. Так ÑÑо они апеллиÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
к пÑакÑиÑеÑким, ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑким
+ÑенноÑÑÑм.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñо, ÑÑо они говоÑÑÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно, и
еÑли ÑÑо ÑÐ±ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо пиÑаÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо ÑÑо полезнÑй
вклад. Ðо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо они ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй моменÑ, когда не говоÑÑÑ Ð¾
Ñвободе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо именно ÑÑо
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñе ÑообÑеÑÑво ÑлабÑм — ÑÑо
Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно говоÑим и
+дÑмаем о Ñвободе. Те, кÑо не дÑÐ¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾
Ñвободе, не ÑенÑÑ Ñвоей
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ — они не бÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ ÑвоÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑÑаÑÑÑ
+ее. ÐзглÑниÑе на Ð°ÐºÑ “Pat-riot” СШÐ.
ÐонимаеÑе, лÑди, коÑоÑÑе не
+ÑенÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ, ÑÑÑаÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="the-end">40. ÐонеÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, благодаÑÑ Ð·Ð° внимание, и еÑли кÑо-Ñо
Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÑпиÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо из ÑÑиÑ
+ÑÑвениÑов ФСÐРили...</p>
+
+<p>[ÐплодиÑменÑÑ]</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>ÐÑимеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеводÑиков</h3>
+<ol><li id="tf1">ITS — <em>англ.</em> “<span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">Incompatible Timesharing System</span>”.</li>
+<li id="tf2"><span lang="en" xml:lang="en">
+TINT</span> — <em>англ.</em> “оÑÑенок”,
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">TINT Is Not TECO</span>”;
+<br />
+<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">FINE</span> — <em>англ.</em>
+“пÑекÑаÑнÑй”,
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">FINE Is Not Emacs</span>”;
+<br />
+<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">SINE</span> — <em>англ.</em>
+“ÑинÑÑ”,
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">SINE Is Not Emacs</span>”;
+<br />
+<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">EINE</span> — <em>нем.</em>
+“одна”,
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">EINE Is Not Emacs</span>”;
+<br />
+<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">ZWEI</span> — <em>нем.</em>
+“два”,
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">ZWEI Was EINE
+Initially</span>”;<br />
+<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">MINCE</span> — <em>англ.</em>
+“ÑаÑÑ”,
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">MINCE Is Not Complete
+Emacs</span>”.</li>
+<li id="tf3"><span lang="en" xml:lang="en">new</span> —
+<em>англ.</em> “новÑй”.</li>
+<li id="tf4">GNU GPL — <em>англ.</em>
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">GNU General Public
+License</span>”.</li>
+<li id="tf5">“Hurd” ÑозвÑÑно английÑкомÑ
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">herd</span>” (ÑÑадо).</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм
и каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2013 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)
+<br />
+ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/08/23 06:00:18 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/google-engineering-talk.ru-en.html
===================================================================
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diff -N po/google-engineering-talk.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1740 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>GNU & The Free Software Foundation (Engineering Tech Talk at
Google) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/google-engineering-talk.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>GNU & The Free Software Foundation<br />
+Engineering Tech Talk at Google
+</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman<br />
+June 11, 2004
+</strong></p>
+
+<h3>Table of Contents</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction … 2</a></li>
+<li><a href="#how-it-started">2. How it started … 2</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gnu-operating-system">3. GNU operating system …
+3</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gnu-emacs">4. GNU Emacs … 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="#expensive-habits">5. Expensive habits … 5</a></li>
+<li><a href="#definition-of-free-software">6. Definition of free
+software … 6</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-2-moral-dilemma">7. Freedom 2 moral dilemma
+… 7</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-2-spirit-of-good-will">8. Freedom 2 spirit of good
+will … 7</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-0-to-run-a-program-freedom-1-to-modify-it">9.
+Freedom 0 to run a program, Freedom 1 to modify it … 8</a></li>
+<li><a href="#drm-back-doors-bugs">10. DRM, back doors, bugs …
+8</a></li>
+<li><a href="#freedom-3-having-no-master">11. Freedom 3 having no master
+… 9</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copyleft-forbidding-is-forbidden">12. Copyleft forbidding
+is forbidden … 10</a></li>
+<li><a href="#general-public-license">13. General Public License
+… 11</a></li>
+<li><a href="#developing-gnu">13a. Developing GNU</a></li>
+<li><a href="#making-money-off-free-software">14. Making money off free
+software … 12</a></li>
+<li><a href="#why-write-free-software">15. Why write free software
+… 13</a></li>
+<li><a href="#linux-kernel">16. Linux kernel … 14</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gnu-vs-linux-confusion-problem-freedom">17. GNU vs. Linux
+confusion problem freedom … 15</a></li>
+<li><a href="#enemies-of-free-software">18. Enemies of free software …
16</a></li>
+<li><a href="#treacherous-computing">19. Treacherous computing …
+17</a></li>
+<li><a href="#help-gnu">20. Help GNU … 18</a></li>
+<li><a href="#saint-ignucius">21. Saint Ignucius … 18</a></li>
+<li><a href="#about-anonymity-credit-cards-cell-phones">22. About anonymity,
credit cards, cell phones … 19</a></li>
+<li><a href="#free-formats-copyright-microsoft">23. Free formats,
+copyright, Microsoft … 20</a></li>
+<li><a href="#dangers-of-webmail-loss-of-freedom">24. Dangers of webmail loss
of freedom … 20</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copyright-art-vs-software">25. Copyright art vs. software
+… 21</a></li>
+<li><a href="#malicious-free-software">26. Malicious free software …
22</a></li>
+<li><a href="#patented-file-formats">27. Patented file formats …
+22</a></li>
+<li><a href="#games-as-free-software">28. Games as free software …
22</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gpl-freedoms-for-cars-saving-seeds">29. GPL freedoms for
+cars, saving seeds … 23</a></li>
+<li><a href="#no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. No software is
better than non-free software … 23</a></li>
+<li><a href="#portability-of-free-software">31. Portability of free
+software … 24</a></li>
+<li><a href="#is-some-free-software-obfuscated-on-purpose">32. Is some
+free software obfuscated on purpose? … 24</a></li>
+<li><a href="#proprietary-keeping-an-edge">33. Proprietary keeping an
+edge … 25</a></li>
+<li><a href="#forbidding-is-forbidden-how-is-this-freedom">34.
+Forbidding is forbidden how is this freedom? … 25</a></li>
+<li><a href="#can-google-help-free-software">35. Can Google help free
+software … 25</a></li>
+<li><a href="#free-software-on-windows-good-or-bad">36. Free software on
+windows, good or bad … 26</a></li>
+<li><a href="#scos-suit">37. SCO's suit … 26</a></li>
+<li><a href="#stallmans-problem-typing">38. Stallman's problem typing
+… 27</a></li>
+<li><a href="#open-source-good-or-bad-pat-riot-act">39. Open source,
+good or bad Pat-riot Act … 27</a></li>
+<li><a href="#the-end">40. The end … 27</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">1. Introduction</h3>
+
+<p><b>ED:</b> Well, thank you everybody for making it. I'm Ed Falk and
+this man needs very little introduction; if you don't know what the
+letters RMS stand for, you probably don't belong in this room.</p>
+
+<p>Richard was the founder of the Free Software Foundation, in 1984 I
+believe it was, and as such could be considered the father of free
+software and, of course, Google's infrastructure is based on free
+software. So we owe the free software movement quite a great deal of
+thanks. [And my mic is dying on this microphone so I won't talk too
+long.] This is Richard Stallman and we thank him for being here on short
+notice and we thank our mutual friend Lile Elam who arranged all of this
+and I think with no further ado, I give you Richard!</p>
+
+<p>[Richard bows]</p>
+
+<h3 id="how-it-started">2. How it started</h3>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Please raise your hands if you cannot hear me.
+[Laughter] Yes, somebody raised his hand.</p>
+
+<p>So, the topic of my speech is free software. I didn't begin free
+software; there was free software going back to the early days of
+computing. As soon as there were a couple of computers of the same
+model, people could try sharing software. And they did.</p>
+
+<p>{This is not... This has a problem. How do we stop the feedback? Can
+someone do anything? I'm willing to get some feedback, but only from
+you, not from the PA system.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [unintelligible]</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, that doesn't matter; I'm not an advocate of
+open source and never was and never will be.}</p>
+
+<p>So free software existed before I started programming and I had the
+good fortune, in the 1970s, of being part of a community of programmers
+who shared software. So I learned about free software as a way of life,
+by living it. And I came to appreciate what it meant to be free to share
+with people, not divided from the rest of the world by attitudes of
+secrecy and hostility.</p>
+
+<p>But that community died in the early '80s and I found myself
+confronted by the prospect of spending the rest of my life in a world of
+proprietary software. And, worst of all, confronted by the prospect of
+signing a non-disclosure agreement {which I}. And I had concluded that
+it is unethical to sign a non-disclosure agreement for generally useful
+technical information, such as software. To promise not to share with
+one's fellows is a violation of human solidarity. So when I saw that the
+machine downstairs was asking me to sign an NDA, I just said, "I can't
+sign an NDA." Well, fortunately, there was an option; they let me come
+in here and speak without signing it, otherwise you would have had to go
+outside to listen. [Laughter]</p>
+
+<p>(They asked a couple of other interesting questions; they asked about
+company, so I said I'm available tonight. [Looking at name
+tag][Laughter] And they asked for my host, so I put down
+fencepost.gnu.org. But that's just the hacker spirit.)</p>
+
+<p>So I found myself in a situation where the only way you could get a
+modern computer and start to use it was to sign a non-disclosure
+agreement for some proprietary operating system. Because all the
+operating systems for modern computers in 1983 were proprietary, and
+there was no lawful way to get a copy of those operating systems without
+signing a non-disclosure agreement, which was unethical. So I decided to
+try to do something about it, to try to change that situation. And the
+only way I could think of to change it was to write another operating
+system, and then say as the author "this system is free; you can have it
+without a non-disclosure agreement and you're welcome to redistribute it
+to other people. You're welcome to study how it works. You're welcome to
+change it." <span class="gnun-split"></span>So, instead of being divided
+and helpless, the users of this system would live in freedom. Ordinary
+proprietary software is part of a scheme where users are deliberately
+kept divided and helpless. The program comes with a license that says
+you're forbidden to share it, and in most cases you can't get the source
+code, so you can't study it or change it. It may even have malicious
+features and you can't tell. With free software, we respect the user's
+freedom, and that's the whole point. The reason for the free software
+movement is so that the people of cyberspace can have freedom, so that
+there is a way to live in freedom and still use a computer, to avoid
+being kept divided and helpless.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gnu-operating-system">3. GNU operating system</h3>
+
+<p>You can't use a computer without an operating system, so a free
+software operating system was absolutely essential. And in 1983 I
+announced my plan to develop one: an operating system called GNU.</p>
+
+<p>I had decided to make the system UNIX-like so that it would be
+portable. The operating system that we had used for many years at the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab was the Incompatible Timesharing System, or
+ITS. It had been written in assembler language for the PDP-10, so when
+Digital discontinued the PDP-10, our many years of work turned into dust
+and blew away. I didn't want to write another system and have the same
+thing happen, so I decided this system had better be portable. But there
+was only one successful portable operating system I knew of, and that
+was UNIX. So I decided to follow the design of UNIX, figuring that way
+I'd have a good chance of succeeding in making a system that was useful
+and portable. And then I decided to make the system upward-compatible
+with the interfaces of UNIX, and the reason for this was so that users
+could switch to it without an incompatible change.</p>
+
+<p>I realized that I could take the best ideas from the various systems
+I had helped develop or use and add my pet ideas and make my dream
+operating system. But this would have been incompatible, and the users
+would mostly have rejected it, saying "it would be too much work to
+switch, so we're just not going to." So, by making the system
+upward-compatible with UNIX, I could spare the users that obstacle and
+make more of a chance that users would actually use the system.</p>
+
+<p>If the users had rejected it, I would have had a perfect excuse. I
+could have said "I offered them freedom and they rejected it; it's their
+fault." But I wanted to make more than just an excuse. I wanted to
+build a community where people would actually live in freedom, which
+meant I had to develop a system people would actually use. So I decided
+to make the system upward-compatible with UNIX.</p>
+
+<p>Now, UNIX consists of many components that communicate through
+interfaces that are more or less documented. And the users use those
+interfaces. So to be compatible with UNIX required using the same
+interfaces, which meant that the initial design decisions were already
+made, except one: what range of target machines to support. UNIX had
+been designed to support 16-bit machines, which was a lot of extra work,
+because programs had to be kept small; so I decided to save that extra
+work by not supporting anything less than a 32-bit machine. I figured it
+would take many years to get the system done and by then people would
+normally be using 32-bit machines anyway, and that turned out to be
+true.</p>
+
+<p>So then the only thing that I needed before I could start work was a
+name. Now, to be a hacker means to enjoy playful cleverness -- in
+programming, and in other areas of life, any area of life [where] you
+could be playfully clever. And there was a hacker tradition that when
+you were writing a program that was similar to some existing program,
+you could give your new program a name that's a recursive acronym,
+saying it is not the other program.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, in the '60s and '70s there were many TECO text editors,
+more or less similar; typically each system would have a TECO and it
+would be called something-or-other-TECO. But one clever hacker called
+his program TINT, for "TINT Is Not TECO" -- the first recursive acronym.
+And we thought that was very funny. So after I developed the first
+Emacs extensible text editor in 1975, there were many imitations, and
+some were called this-or-that-Emacs. But one was called FINE for "FINE
+Is Not Emacs" and there was SINE for "SINE Is Not Emacs", and EINE for
+"EINE Is Not Emacs", and MINCE for "MINCE Is Not Complete Emacs." Then
+EINE was mostly rewritten, and version two was called ZWEI for "ZWEI Was
+EINE Initially." [Laughter]</p>
+
+<p>So I looked for a recursive acronym for "Something is not UNIX," but
+the usual four-letter method was no good, because none of those was a
+word. And if it doesn't have some other meaning, it's not funny. So I
+thought, "what else can I do, hmm?" Nothing came to me, so I thought,
+"I'll make a contraction, then I could get a three-letter recursive
+acronym." I started substituting all 26 letters: ANU, BNU, CNU, DNU,
+ENU, FNU, GNU! Well, "gnu" is the funniest word in the English language,
+so that had to be the choice. If you can call something "GNU," it makes
+no sense to pick anything else.</p>
+
+<p>So, of course, the reason why the word "gnu" is used for so much
+word-play is that, according to the dictionary, it's pronounced "new."
+So people started asking each other, "hey, what's g-nu," as a joke, long
+before you could answer "GNU's Not UNIX." But now you can give that
+answer and the best part is, it sounds like you're obnoxiously telling
+the person what it isn't, instead of answering his question. But the
+fact is, you're giving the exact meaning of GNU; so you are, in fact,
+answering the question in the most exact possible way, but it gives the
+appearance that you're refusing to.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, when it's the name of our operating system, please
+pronounce a hard G; don't follow the dictionary. If you talk about the
+"new" operating system, you'll get people very confused. We've been
+working on it for 20 years now, so it's not new anymore. But it still
+is, and always will be, GNU, no matter how many people call it Linux by
+mistake.</p>
+
+<p>{[<b>AUDIENCE:</b> unintelligible]
+[<b>RICHARD:</b> Thank you!]}</p>
+
+<p>So, having the name I could start work. I quit my job at MIT to begin
+writing pieces of the GNU operating system, in January 1984. I had to
+quit my job because, had I remained an MIT employee, that would have
+enabled MIT to claim to own all the code I was writing, and MIT could
+have turned it into proprietary software products. And since MIT had
+already done that kind of thing, I certainly couldn't trust them not to
+do so here. And I didn't want to have to argue with the MIT
+administration about all the details of the license I was going to use.
+So, by quitting my job, I took them out of the equation, and I have
+never had a job since then. However, the head of the AI Lab was nice
+enough to let me keep using the facilities, so I began using a UNIX
+machine at the AI Lab to start bootstrapping pieces of the GNU
+system.</p>
+
+<p>I had never used UNIX before that time. I was never a UNIX wizard and
+I chose to follow the design of UNIX for the exact reason that I've told
+you, not because UNIX was my favorite system or anything. Sometimes
+people write that it was changes in UNIX's licensing policy that
+inspired GNU. Well, this is not true; in fact, UNIX was never free
+software. They were more or less restrictive and more or less nasty
+about enforcing the requirements, but it was never free software, so
+those changes actually made no difference and, in any case, they took
+place long before I ever saw an actual UNIX machine.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gnu-emacs">4. GNU Emacs</h3>
+
+<p>So, at the time, I thought that I and the other people I was
+recruiting to try to help would develop all these pieces and make a
+complete system and then we'd say, "come and get it." But that's not how
+it happened. In September '84, I started developing GNU Emacs, which was
+my second implementation of the extensible programmable text editor. And
+by early '85, it was suitable for me to do all my editing with it. Now,
+that was a big relief. You see, I had absolutely no intention of
+learning to use Vi. [Laughter, applause] So, until that point, I did my
+editing on other machines where there was an Emacs and copied the files
+through the net, in order to test them on the UNIX machine. Once GNU
+Emacs was running, I could do my editing on the UNIX machine.</p>
+
+<p>But other people wanted to get copies of GNU Emacs to use it for
+their editing, to use it on their UNIX systems. There was no GNU system
+yet, there were just a few pieces. But this one piece turned out to be
+interesting by itself. People asked me for copies, so I had to work out
+the details of how to distribute it. Of course, I put a copy in the
+anonymous FTP server, and that was good for people on the net, but in
+1985, most programmers were not on the Internet. So they asked me for
+copies; what was I going to say? I could have said, "I want to spend my
+time writing more pieces of the GNU system, not writing mag tapes, so
+please find a friend who can download it and put it on tape for you,"
+and they would have found people sooner or later, because programmers
+generally know other programmers.</p>
+
+<h3 id="expensive-habits">5. Expensive habits</h3>
+
+<p>But I had no job, and I was looking for some way to make some money
+through my work on free software. So I announced, "send me $150 and I'll
+mail you a tape of GNU Emacs." And the orders began dribbling in. By the
+middle of the year, they were trickling in, eight to ten orders a month,
+which, if necessary, I could have lived on.</p>
+
+<p>That's because I make efforts to resist expensive habits. An
+expensive habit is like a trap; it's dangerous. Now most Americans have
+the exact opposite attitude: if they make this much money, they look for
+how to spend this much, [makes ample gesture] which is completely
+imprudent. So they start buying houses and cars and boats and planes and
+rare stamps and artwork and adventure travel and children, [laughter]
+all sorts of expensive luxuries that use up a lot of the world's
+resources, especially the children. <span class="gnun-split"></span>And
+then, the next thing they know, they've got to desperately struggle all
+day long to get money to pay for these things, so they have no time even
+to enjoy them, which is especially sad when it's a matter of children.
+The other things, I guess, can get repossessed. So then they become
+puppets of money, unable to decide what they're going to do with their
+lives. If you don't want to be a puppet of money, then resist the
+expensive habits, so that the less you need to spend to live on, the
+more flexibility you've got and the less of your life you're forced to
+spend to make that money.</p>
+
+<p>So I still live, basically, like a student, and I want it to be that
+way.</p>
+
+<h3 id="definition-of-free-software">6. Definition of free software</h3>
+
+<p>But people sometimes used to say to me, "what do you mean, it's free
+software, if it costs $150?" Well, the English word "free" has multiple
+meanings and they were confused by that. It even took me a few years to
+realize that I needed to clarify this. One meaning, you see, refers to
+price, and another meaning refers to freedom. When we speak of free
+software, we're talking about freedom, not price. So think of "free
+speech," not "free beer."</p>
+
+<p>Some users got their copies of GNU Emacs from me through the net, and
+did not pay. Some users got their copies from me on a tape, and did pay.
+And some got their copies from someone else, not from me, because
+everyone who had a copy was free to redistribute it. And did they pay
+that somebody else? Well, I don't know; that was between them. They
+didn't have to tell me. So GNU Emacs was gratis for some users and paid
+for for other users, but it was free software for all of them, because
+all of them had certain essential freedoms, which are the definition of
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>So let me now give you the definition of free software. You see, it's
+very easy to say "I'm in favor of freedom." I mean, even Bush can say
+that. [Laughter] I don't think he knows what it means. But the point is,
+unless you make a person get more specific, it's just cheap talk. So let
+me give you -- let me get more specific now, and give you the definition
+of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software for you, a particular user, if you have
+the following four freedoms:</p>
+
+<p>Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program however you like;
+Freedom 1 is the freedom to help yourself by studying the source code to
+see what the program really does and then changing it to do what you
+want;
+Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbor by distributing copies to
+others; and
+Freedom 3 is the freedom to help build your community, that is the
+freedom to publish a modified version so others can benefit from your
+changes;</p>
+
+<p>All four of these freedoms are essential. They are not levels of
+freedom, they are four freedoms, all of which you must have in order for
+the program to qualify as free software. All of these are freedoms that
+no computer user should ever be denied.</p>
+
+<p>[<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>]</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-2-moral-dilemma">7. Freedom 2 moral dilemma</h3>
+
+<p>Why these particular freedoms? Why should we define it this way?</p>
+
+<p>Freedom 2 is necessary so that you can live an upright life, so that
+you can be ethical, be a good member of society. If you use a program
+that does not give you Freedom 2, the freedom to help your neighbor, the
+freedom to distribute copies to others, then you are facing a potential
+moral dilemma that could happen at any moment, when somebody comes up
+and says, "could I have a copy of that program?" At that point, what are
+you going to do? You're forced to choose between two evils. One evil is
+to make a copy of the program for that person and violate the license.
+The other evil is to comply with the license, but be a bad neighbor. So
+you've got to choose the lesser evil, which is to make a copy for that
+person and violate the license. [Laughter, applause]</p>
+
+<p>You see, in this case, this evil is lesser because it's directed at
+somebody who intentionally tried to divide you from the rest of society,
+and thus did something extremely wrong to you; and therefore deserves
+it. However, it's not good to live your life by lying to people. When
+somebody {asks you to promise that} says, "I'll let you have a copy of
+this, but you'll have to promise not to share it with anyone," the right
+thing to do is say no. Once you have thought about this moral dilemma,
+you should anticipate that when you start using that program it's going
+to lead you to choose between two evils, and therefore you should refuse
+to use that program. You should just say "no, thanks" to it, and that's
+the principle that I believe in. If someone offers me a program that I'm
+not free to share with you, I'm going to say no, on principle.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, I was once in the audience when John Perry Barlow was giving
+a speech and he said, "raise your hands if you have no unauthorized
+copies of software." And he was surprised to see someone raise his hand,
+until he saw it was me. And then he said, "oh, of course, you," because
+he knew why I have no unauthorized copies; that's because all my copies
+of software are free software, and everybody's authorized to make
+copies. That's the whole point.</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-2-spirit-of-good-will">8. Freedom 2 spirit of good
+will</h3>
+
+<p>The most essential resource of any society is the spirit of good
+will, the willingness to help your neighbor; not necessarily every time
+you're asked, but fairly often. This is what makes the difference
+between a livable society and a dog-eat-dog jungle. This spirit is not
+going to be 100% and it's not going to be zero, but it's going to be
+somewhere in between -- and cultural actions can influence it, can raise
+it or lower it. And it's essential to work to raise it some, because
+that makes life easier for everyone. So it's no accident that the
+world's major religions have been encouraging this spirit of good will
+for thousands of years.</p>
+
+<p>So what does it mean when powerful social institutions say that it's
+wrong to share? They're poisoning this vital resource, something no
+society can afford. Now what does it mean when they say that if you
+share with your neighbor, you're a pirate? They're saying that helping
+your neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship. Well, nothing
+could be more wrong than that. Attacking ships is very, very bad;
+helping your neighbor is good.</p>
+
+<p>And what does it mean when they establish harsh punishments for
+anyone caught sharing? How much fear do you think it's going to take
+before everyone's too scared to help his neighbor? And do you want that
+terror campaign to go on in our society? I hope that the answer is no.
+We need to abolish the war on copying that is being imposed on our
+society. We need to say, loud and clear, "copying and sharing with your
+neighbor is good, it's legitimate, and laws that prohibit this are
+wrong."</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-0-to-run-a-program-freedom-1-to-modify-it">9. Freedom 0
+to run a program, Freedom 1 to modify it</h3>
+
+<p>So that's the reason for Freedom 2; it's essentially an ethical
+reason. You can't live an ethical life if you don't have Freedom 2.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom 0 is needed for a completely different reason: so you can
+control your own computer. If you are restricted in when or how much or
+how you can run the program, clearly you're not using your computer in
+freedom. So Freedom 0 is obvious, but freedom 0 is not enough, because
+with Freedom 0 all you can do is use the program the way it was
+programmed by its developer. You're free to do this [makes hand sign] or
+nothing. To really be free, you've got to be in control of what the
+program does, so you need Freedom 1, which is the freedom to help
+yourself, the freedom to study the source code and then change it to do
+what you want.</p>
+
+<p>If you don't have Freedom 1, you don't know what the program's doing.
+The developer is saying, "just trust me" and blind faith is the only way
+you can do it. And you have to be really blind, given that it's not
+unusual for proprietary programs to have malicious features, features
+that are put in not to serve the user, but rather to impose on, harm or
+restrict the user. For instance, spyware is quite common.</p>
+
+<p>[51 seconds of missing audio were filled in by RMS in Aug 2010]</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft Windows spies on the user; specific spy features have been
+found. Windows Media Player spies too; it reports to Microsoft
+whatever the user looks at.</p>
+
+<p>[End replacement for 51 seconds of missing audio]</p>
+
+<p>course do it. RealPlayer, for instance, spies on you. The TiVo spies
+on you. Some people were excited about the TiVo, enthusiastic about it,
+because it uses some free software inside. But it also has non-free
+software in it and it spies on you. So this shows it's not enough. We
+shouldn't cheer when something uses some free software; we should cheer
+when it respects the user's freedom.</p>
+
+<h3 id="drm-back-doors-bugs">10. DRM, back doors, bugs</h3>
+
+<p>But spyware is not as bad as it gets. There are non-free software
+packages that are deliberately designed to refuse to work. This is
+called DRM, Digital Restrictions Management, where the program says, "I
+won't let you look at that file; I won't let you copy this; I won't let
+you edit this." Well, who the hell is this program to stop you? And
+sometimes non-free programs will reconfigure your machine, for instance
+make it display advertisements, figuring that you won't know it's going
+to happen and you won't know how to undo it afterward.</p>
+
+<p>And sometimes they have actual back doors. For instance, Windows XP
+has a back door: when it asks for an upgrade, it tells Microsoft who you
+are, so Microsoft can give you an upgrade designed just for you. And
+this upgrade could have secret accounts, it could have special spy
+features, it could just refuse to work. And there's essentially nothing
+you can do. So that's the back door that Microsoft knows about and we
+know about.</p>
+
+<p>[Added in 2010: We later learned that Microsoft can force "upgrades"
+-- a much nastier back door.]</p>
+
+<p>There might be other back doors that we don't know about and maybe
+even Microsoft doesn't know about. When I was in India in January, I was
+told some programmers in India had been arrested and accused of working
+for Al-Qaeda, trying to introduce back doors into Windows XP. So,
+apparently, that effort failed. But did some others succeed? There's no
+way we can tell.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I won't claim that all developers of non-free software put in
+malicious features. There are some who try to put in features so that
+they will be convenient for the user and only for that. But they are
+humans, so they make mistakes. They can design features with all the
+best will that you don't like, or they can write bugs in their code. And
+when that happens, you're helpless too; you're the helpless prisoner of
+any decision that they make. Whether it's malicious or made with good
+will, if you don't like it, you're stuck.</p>
+
+<p>Now, we, the developers of free software, are also human, we also
+make mistakes. I have designed features that users didn't like. I have
+written code that had bugs in it. The difference is, {with our} you're
+not a prisoner of our decisions, because we don't keep you helpless. If
+you don't like my decisions, you can change them, because you have the
+freedom to change them. I won't blame the developers of non-free,
+user-subjugating software for being human and making mistakes; I will
+blame them for keeping you helpless prisoner of their mistakes by
+denying you the freedom to correct those mistakes yourself.</p>
+
+<h3 id="freedom-3-having-no-master">11. Freedom 3 having no
+master</h3>
+
+<p>But Freedom 1 is not enough. Freedom 1 is the freedom personally to
+study and change the source code. Freedom 1 is not enough because there
+are millions of users who use computers, but don't know how to program,
+so they can't take advantage of Freedom 1, not personally. And Freedom 1
+is not enough even for us programmers, because there's just so much
+software, even so much free software, that nobody has the time to study
+it all and master it all and make all the changes that she wants.</p>
+
+<p>So the only way we can really, fully have control over our own
+software is if we do so together. And that's what Freedom 3 is for.
+Freedom 3 is the freedom to publish a modified version, so others can
+use it too. And this is what enables us to work together, taking control
+of our software. Because I could make this change in a program and
+publish the modified version, and then you could make that change and
+publish the modified version, and someone else can make that change and
+publish the modified version. And now we've got a version with all three
+changes in it and everybody can switch to that if everybody likes
+it.</p>
+
+<p>With this freedom, any collectivity of users can take control
+together and make the software do what they together want. Suppose there
+are 1,000,000 users who would like a certain change. Well, by luck, some
+of them will be programmers; let's say there are 10,000 of them who know
+how to program. Well, sooner or later, a few of them will make the
+change and publish the modified version and then all of those million
+users can switch to it. You know, most of them don't know how to
+program, but they can still switch to it. So they all get what they
+want.</p>
+
+<p>Now let's suppose there are only 1,000 people who want some other
+change and none of them knows how to program. They can still make use of
+these freedoms. They can form an organization and each put in money, so
+if each puts in $100, that makes $100,000. And at that point they can go
+to a programming company and say, "will you make this change for
+$100,000 and when can you have it done?" And if they don't like the
+answer from there, they can go to another programming company and say,
+"will you make this change and when can you have it done?" Which shows
+us, first of all, that these 1,000 users who don't know how to program
+can, by using the four freedoms, get the change that they want. And
+second, it shows that free software means a free market for support.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software typically means a monopoly for support. Only the
+developer has the source code in most cases, so only the developer can
+offer any support. If you want a change, you've got to go to the
+developer and beg. Now, if you're very big and important, maybe the
+developer will pay attention. If you're not, the developer will say, "go
+away, don't bother me." Or maybe the developer will say, "pay us and
+we'll let you report a bug." And if you do that, the developer will say,
+"thank you. In six months there will be an upgrade. Buy the upgrade and
+you'll see if this bug was fixed and you will see what new bugs we have
+for you."</p>
+
+<p>But with free software, you're dealing with a free market, so that
+those who really value support can, in general, get better support for
+their money by using free software. Now, one paradoxical consequence of
+this is, when you have a choice between several non-free programs to do
+a job, this is actually a choice between monopolies. If you pick this
+program, the support for it afterwards will be a monopoly. If you pick
+this program, [points hand in different direction] the support for it
+will be a different monopoly, and if you pick this program, [points hand
+in different direction] the support for it will be yet another monopoly.
+So you're choosing one of these three monopolies.</p>
+
+<p>Now, what this shows is that merely having a choice between a
+discrete set of options is not freedom. Freedom is something much deeper
+and much broader than having a few choices you can make. Many people try
+to equate freedom with having some choice and they're missing the point
+completely. Freedom means that you get to make the decisions about how
+to live your life. {It doesn't mean, you know} Having three choices
+about being able to choose this master or this master or this master is
+just a choice of masters, and a choice of masters is not freedom.
+Freedom is having no master.</p>
+
+<h3 id="copyleft-forbidding-is-forbidden">12. Copyleft forbidding is
+forbidden</h3>
+
+<p>So I've explained the reasons for the four freedoms. And thus I've
+explained to you what free software means. A program is free software
+for you, a particular user, if you have all of these four freedoms. Why
+do I define it that way? The reason is that sometimes the same code can
+be free software for some users and non-free for the rest. This might
+seem strange, so let me give you an example to show how it happens.</p>
+
+<p>The biggest example I know of is the X Window System. It was
+developed at MIT in the late '80s and released under a license that gave
+the user all four freedoms, so if you got X in source code under that
+license, it was free software for you. Among those who got it were
+various computer manufacturers that distributed UNIX systems. They got
+the source code for X, they changed it as necessary to run on their
+platform, they compiled it and they put the binaries into their UNIX
+system, and they distributed only the binaries to all of their customers
+under the same license as the rest of UNIX -- the same non-disclosure
+agreement. <span class="gnun-split"></span>So, for those many users,
+the X Window System was no more free than the rest of UNIX. In this
+paradoxical situation, the answer to the question "is X free software or
+not?" depended on where you made the measurement. If you made the
+measurement coming out of the developer's group, you'd say, "I observe
+all four freedoms; it's free software." If you made the measurement
+among the users, you'd say, "most of them don't have these freedoms;
+it's not free software."</p>
+
+<p>The developers of X did not consider this a problem, because their
+goal was not to give users freedom, it was to have a big success, and as
+far as they were concerned, those many users who were using the X Window
+System without freedom were just a part of their big success. But, in
+the GNU Project, our goal specifically was to give the users freedom. If
+what happened to X had happened to GNU, GNU would be a failure.</p>
+
+<p>So I looked for a way to stop this from happening. And the method I
+came up with is called copyleft. Copyleft is based legally on copyright
+law, and you can think of it as taking copyright and flipping it over to
+get copyleft.</p>
+
+<p>Here's how it works: we start with a copyright notice which legally
+doesn't actually make a difference anymore, but it reminds people that
+the program is copyrighted, which means that, by default, it's
+prohibited to copy, distribute or modify this program.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>But then we say, "you are authorized to
+make copies, you are authorized to distribute them, you are authorized
+to modify this program and you are authorized to publish modified or
+extended versions." But there is a condition, and the condition says
+that any program you distribute that contains any substantial part of
+this must, as a whole, be distributed under these conditions, no more
+and no less. Which means that, no matter how many people modify the
+program or how much, as long as any substantial amount of our code is in
+there, that program must be free software in the same way. In effect, we
+guarantee that nobody can put himself between you and me and strip off
+the freedom and pass the code on to you missing the freedom. In other
+words, forbidding is forbidden.</p>
+
+<h3 id="general-public-license">13. GNU General Public License</h3>
+
+<p>Copyleft makes the four freedoms into inalienable rights for all
+users, so that wherever the code goes, the freedom goes with it. The
+specific license that we use to implement the general concept of
+copyleft is called the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short.
+This license is used for around two thirds or three quarters of all free
+software packages. But that still leaves a substantial number that have
+other licenses. Some of those licenses are copyleft licenses, some are
+not. So we have copylefted free software and we have non-copylefted free
+software. <span class="gnun-split"></span>In both cases, the developers
+have respected your freedom; they have not tried to trample your
+freedom. The difference is, with copyleft we go further and we actively
+defend your freedom against anyone who would try to be a middleman and
+take it away from you, whereas the developers of non-copylefted free
+software don't do that. They have not tried to take away your freedom,
+but they don't actively protect your freedom from anyone else. So I
+think that they could do more for the sake of freedom. But they haven't
+done anything bad; insofar as they have done things, those things are
+good. So I won't say that they are wrong, I will just say that they
+could do more. I think that they're making a mistake.</p>
+
+<p>But their work is free software, so it does contribute to our
+community and, in fact, that software can be part of a free operating
+system such as GNU.</p>
+
+<h3 id="developing-gnu">13a. Developing GNU</h3>
+
+<p>During the 1980s, our work on the GNU Project was to develop or find
+all these pieces of GNU so that we could have a complete GNU system. In
+some cases, someone else wrote a program and made it free software and
+we were able to use it, and that was good because it shortened the work
+that we had to do. For instance, the X Window System is one of the
+programs that was developed by others for reasons of their own, but they
+did make it free software, so we could use it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, people were saying the job was so big, we'd never finish it.
+Well, I thought we would eventually get a free operating system but I
+agreed the job was big; we had to look for shortcuts. So, for instance,
+I always wanted to have windowing facilities in GNU. I had written a
+couple of window systems at the AI LAB before even starting GNU, so of
+course I wanted that in the system. But we never developed a GNU window
+system because someone else developed X first. I looked at it and I
+said, "well, it's not copylefted, but it is free, it's popular, it's
+powerful, so let's just use it." And so we saved one big chunk of work.
+So we took it, X, and we put it into the GNU system and we started
+making other pieces of GNU work with X. Because the goal was to have a
+free operating system, not to have a free operating system every piece
+of which had been written purposely by us just for that.</p>
+
+<h3 id="making-money-off-free-software">14. Making money off free
+software</h3>
+
+<p>However, it only happened occasionally that someone else released
+some free software that was useful in GNU and when it happened, it was a
+coincidence, because they were not writing this software in order to
+have a free operating system. So when it happened, that was great, but
+there were lots of other pieces we had to develop. Some were developed
+by staff of the Free Software Foundation. The Free Software Foundation
+is a tax-exempt charity to promote free software which we founded in
+October, '85, after GNU Emacs' popularity suggested that people might
+actually start donating money to the GNU project.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So we founded the Free Software
+Foundation and it asked for donations, but also took over selling the
+tapes of GNU Emacs. And it turns out that most of the FSF's income for
+the first many years came from that, from selling things, from selling
+copies of software and manuals that everyone was free to copy. Now this
+is interesting, because this was supposedly impossible; but we did it
+anyway.</p>
+
+<p>Now that meant I had to find some other way to make a living. As the
+president of the FSF, I did not want to compete with it; I thought that
+would be unfair and not correct behavior. So I started making my living
+by commissions to change the software I had written and teaching classes
+about it. So people would want some change to be made in Emacs or GCC,
+and they would think of hiring me, because they figured I was the author
+so I could do a better job faster. So I started charging as much as $250
+an hour and I calculated I could make a living in 7 weeks of paid work
+per year -- and that meant enough money to spend, an equal amount to
+save, and an equal amount for taxes. And [when I reached] that point I
+figured, "I won't take any more paid work this year, I've got other,
+better things to do."</p>
+
+<p>So I've actually had three different free software businesses during
+the period I've been working on GNU. I've described two of them; the
+third one is, I get paid for some of my speeches. Whether I get paid for
+this speech, I don't yet know. [Laughter] I said, "please pay me what
+you can." Now, I think Google ought to be able to afford to pay me some
+handsome amount, but whether it will, I don't know. Anyway, I figured
+it's worth doing the speech just for the good it will do for the
+movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write-free-software">15. Why write free software</h3>
+
+<p>So this raises the question of why people develop free software. You
+see, there are people who believe that no one would ever write software
+except to get paid, that that's the only motive that anyone would ever
+have to write code. It's amazing, the kind of utterly stupid, simplistic
+theories that people will sometimes believe because that's part of a
+prevailing ideology.</p>
+
+<p>Now, human nature is very complex. Whatever it is people are doing,
+they might do for various reasons. In fact, one person will often have
+multiple motives simultaneously for a single act. Nonetheless, there are
+people who say, "if the software is free, that means nobody's paid to
+write it, so no one will write it." Now, obviously they were confusing
+the two meanings of the word "free," so their theory was based on a
+confusion. In any case, we can compare their theory with empirical fact
+and we can see that at least hundreds, maybe thousands of people are
+paid to work on free software, including some people here, I believe,
+and there are about a million or so people developing free software at
+all for the many different reasons they have. {So to say that nobody}
+This simplistic theory about motivation is absurd.</p>
+
+<p>So let's see what motivates people to write free software; what are
+the real motives? Well, I don't necessarily know about them. There could
+always be a person who has a motive that I don't know about or I've
+forgotten about. I can only tell you the motives that I recall
+encountering.</p>
+
+<p>One motive is political idealism: making the world a better place
+where we can live together in freedom. Now, that's a very important
+motive for me, but it's not my only motive. And there are others who
+write free software and don't agree with that motive at all.</p>
+
+<p>Another motive that's very important is fun. Programming is
+tremendous fun. Not for everybody, of course, but for a lot of the best
+programmers. And these are the people whose contributions we want most.
+In fact, it's so much fun, it's especially fun, when no one can tell you
+what to do, which is why so many people who have jobs programming like
+to write free software in their spare time.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not the only motive; another motive is to be appreciated.
+If 1% of our community is using your program, that's hundreds of
+thousands of users. That's a lot of people admiring you.</p>
+
+<p>Another related, but different, motive is professional reputation. If
+1% of our community is using your program, you can put that on your
+resume and it proves you're a good programmer. You don't even have to go
+to school.</p>
+
+<p>Another motivation is gratitude. If you've been using the community's
+free software for years and appreciating it, then when you write a
+program, that's your opportunity to pay something back to the community
+that has given you so much.</p>
+
+<p>Another motivation is hatred for Microsoft. [Laughter] Now, this is a
+rather foolish motive, because Microsoft is really just one of many
+developers of non-free software and they're all doing the same evil
+thing. It's a mistake to focus [solely] on Microsoft, and this mistake
+can have bad consequences. When people focus too much on Microsoft, they
+start forgetting that all the others are doing something just as bad.
+And they may end up thinking that anything that competes with Microsoft
+is good, even if it is also non-free software and thus inherently just
+as evil. <span class="gnun-split"></span>Now, it's true that these
+other companies have not subjugated as many users as Microsoft has, but
+that's not for want of trying; they just haven't succeeded in
+mistreating as many people as Microsoft has, which is hardly, ethically
+speaking, an excuse. Nonetheless, {when this particular motive
+motivates} this motive does motivate people to develop free software, so
+we have to count it as one of the motives that has this result.</p>
+
+<p>And another motive is money. When people were being paid to develop
+free software, that's part of their motive for the work that they're
+doing. In fact, when I was paid to make improvements in various programs
+I had written, that money was part of my motive for doing those
+particular jobs, too.</p>
+
+<p>[RMS, 2010: A motive I forgot to mention is improving a free program
+because you want to use the improvement yourself.]</p>
+
+<p>So there are many possible motives to write free software. And,
+fortunately, there are many developers of free software and a lot of
+free software is being developed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="linux-kernel">16. The Kernel, Linux</h3>
+
+<p>So, during the 1980s we were filling in these missing pieces of the
+GNU operating system. By the early '90s we had almost everything
+necessary. Only one important piece was missing, one essential piece for
+an initial system, and that was the kernel. We started developing a
+kernel in 1990. {I was looking for some way to} I was looking for some
+shortcut, some way we could start from something existing. I thought
+that debugging a kernel would be painful, because you don't get to do it
+with your symbolic debugger, and when it crashes, it's sort of
+annoying.</p>
+
+<p>So I was looking for a way to bypass that work, and I found one
+eventually, a microkernel called Mach that had been developed as a
+funded project at Carnegie Mellon. Now, Mach doesn't have all the
+features of UNIX; the idea is, it provides certain general low-level
+features and you implement the rest in user programs. Well, that, I
+thought, would be easy to debug, because they're user programs; when
+they crash, the system isn't dead. So people began working on those user
+programs, which we called the GNU Hurd, because it's a herd of GNU
+servers (you see, gnus live in herds).</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, I thought that this design would enable us to get the job
+done faster, but it didn't work out that way; it actually took many
+years to get the Hurd to run, partly because Mach was unreliable, partly
+because the debugging environment wasn't very good, partly because it's
+hard to debug these multithreaded, asynchronous programs and partly
+because this was somewhat of a research project. At least that's as far
+as I can tell; I was never involved in the actual development of the
+Hurd.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for that, because in 1991, Linus
+Torvalds, a Finnish college student, developed his own kernel, using the
+traditional monolithic design, and he got it to barely run in less than
+a year. Initially, Linux --that's what this kernel's name was-- was not
+free, but in 1992 he re-released it under the GNU General Public License
+and at that point it was free software. And so it was possible, by
+combining Linux and the GNU system, to make a complete free operating
+system. And thus, the goal we had set out for, that I had announced in
+1983, had been reached: there was, for the first time, a complete modern
+operating system for modern computers, and it was possible to get a
+modern computer and run it without betraying the rest of humanity,
+without being subjugated. You could do this by installing the GNU +
+Linux operating system.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gnu-vs-linux-confusion-problem-freedom">17. GNU vs. Linux
+confusion problem freedom</h3>
+
+<p>But the people who combined GNU and Linux got confused and they
+started naming the entire thing Linux, which was actually the name of
+one piece. And somehow that confusion spread faster than we have been
+able to correct it. So I'm sure you've heard many people speaking of
+Linux as an operating system, an operating system {most of which} which
+basically started in 1984 under the name of the GNU Project.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this clearly isn't right. This system isn't Linux; it contains
+Linux, Linux is the kernel, but the system as a whole is basically GNU.
+So I ask you: please don't call it Linux. If you call it Linux, you're
+giving Linus Torvalds credit for our work. Now, he contributed one
+important piece of the system, but he didn't contribute the biggest part
+and the overall vision was there long before he got involved. We started
+developing the system when he was in junior high school. So please give
+us equal mention; surely we deserve at least that. You can do that by
+calling the system GNU/Linux, or GNU+Linux, or GNU&Linux, whichever
+punctuation mark you feel expresses it best.</p>
+
+<p>[<a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>]</p>
+
+<p>Now, of course, part of the reason why I'm asking for this is that we
+deserve credit, but that's not really a very important thing. If it were
+just a matter of credit, it wouldn't be worth making a fuss about. But
+there more at stake here. You see, when people think that the system is
+Linux, they then assume incorrectly that it was mainly developed and
+started by Linus Torvalds and then they assume incorrectly that the
+overall vision came from him, so they look at his vision and follow
+that. Now, his vision is apolitical. He's not motivated to fight for
+freedom. He doesn't believe that computer users deserve the freedom to
+share and change software. He has never supported our philosophy. Well,
+he has a right to his views and the fact that he disagrees with us
+doesn't reduce the value of his contribution.</p>
+
+<p>The reason we have the GNU+Linux system is because of a many-year
+campaign for freedom. We in the GNU Project didn't develop Linux, just
+as we didn't develop X, or TeX, or various other free programs that are
+now important parts of the system. But people who didn't share our
+values, who weren't motivated by the determination to live in freedom,
+would have seen no reason to aim for a complete system, and they would
+never have done so, and never have produced such a thing, if not for
+us.</p>
+
+<p>But this tends to be forgotten nowadays. You will see, if you look
+around, most of the discussion of the GNU system calls it Linux, and
+tends to refer to it as "open source" rather than as "free software",
+and doesn't mention freedom as an issue. This issue, which is the reason
+for the system's existence, is mostly forgotten. You see many techies
+who prefer to think of technical questions in a narrowly technical
+context, without looking beyond at social effects of their technical
+decisions. Whether the software tramples your freedom or respects your
+freedom, that's part of the social context. That's exactly what techies
+tend to forget or devalue. <span class="gnun-split"></span>We have to
+work constantly to remind people to pay attention to freedom and,
+unfortunately, while we keep doing this, the users of our system often
+don't pay attention because they don't know it's our system. They don't
+know it's the GNU system, they think it's Linux. And that's why it makes
+a real difference if you remind people where the system came from.</p>
+
+<p>People will say to me that it doesn't look good to ask for credit.
+Well, I'm not asking for credit for me personally; I'm asking for credit
+for the GNU Project, which includes thousands of developers. But they
+are right, it's true: people who are looking for some reason to see evil
+can see evil in that. So they go on and say, "you should let it drop,
+and when people call the system Linux, you can smile to yourself and
+take pride in a job well done." That would be very wise advice if the
+assumption were correct: the assumption that the job is done.</p>
+
+<p>We've made a great beginning, but that's all. We haven't finished the
+job. We will have finished the job when every computer is running a free
+operating system and free application programs exclusively. The job is
+to liberate the inhabitants of cyberspace. We've made a great beginning;
+we've developed free operating systems and free GUI desktops and free
+office suites and there are now tens of millions of users of these. But
+there are hundreds of millions of users of proprietary systems, so we
+have a long way to go. And, despite this wide range of free software,
+there are still a lot of application things that there is no free
+software to do; so we have a lot more work ahead of us.</p>
+
+<p>We've come in view of finishing the job, you know. Maybe we're only
+one order of magnitude away, having come through many orders of
+magnitude. But that doesn't mean that what's left is easy. And today we
+have something that we didn't have before: we have enemies; powerful,
+rich enemies, powerful enough to buy governments.</p>
+
+<h3 id="enemies-of-free-software">18. Enemies of free software</h3>
+
+<p>At the beginning, GNU and the free software movement had no enemies.
+There were people who weren't interested, lots of them, but nobody was
+actively trying to stop us from developing and releasing a free
+operating system. Nowadays, they are trying to stop us and the main
+obstacle we face is this, rather than the work itself.</p>
+
+<p>In the US, there are two different laws that prohibit various kinds
+of free software.</p>
+
+<p>One of them is the DMCA, which has been used to prohibit the free
+software to play a DVD. If you buy a DVD, it's lawful for you to view it
+in your computer, but the free software that would enable you to do this
+on your GNU/Linux system has been censored in the US. Now, this affects
+a fairly narrow range of software: software to view encrypted media. But
+many users may want to do that, and if they can't do that with free
+software, they may take that as a reason to use non-free software, if
+they don't value their freedom.</p>
+
+<p>But the big danger comes from patent law, because the US allows
+software ideas to be patented. Now, writing a non-trivial program means
+combining hundreds of different ideas. It's very hard to do that if any
+one of those ideas might be someone's monopoly. It makes software
+development like crossing a mine field, because at each design decision,
+probably nothing happens to you, but there's a certain chance that you
+will step on a patent and it will blow up your project. And, considering
+how many steps you have to take, that adds up into a serious problem. We
+have a long list of features that free software packages don't have,
+because we're scared to implement them.</p>
+
+<p>[<a
+href="http://endsoftpatents.org">http://endsoftpatents.org</a>]</p>
+
+<p>And now, the FCC is considering applying the broadcast flag
+regulation to software. The FCC adopted a regulation {prohibiting
+digital TV tuners unless} requiring digital TV tuners to have a
+mechanism to block copying and this has to be tamper-resistant, meaning
+it can't be implemented in free software. They haven't finished deciding
+whether this applies to software or not, but if they do, they will have
+prohibited GNU Radio, which is free software that can decode digital TV
+broadcasts.</p>
+
+<p>Then, there's the threat from hardware that has secret specifications
+or is designed to interfere with the user's control. Nowadays there are
+many pieces of hardware you can get for your PC whose specifications are
+secret. They'll sell you the hardware, but they won't tell you how to
+run it. So how do we write free software to run it? Well, we either have
+to figure out the specs by reverse engineering or we have to put market
+pressure on those companies. And in both cases, we are weakened by the
+fact that so many of the users of GNU/Linux don't know why this system
+was developed and have never heard of these ideas that I'm telling you
+today. And the reason is that, when they hear about the system, they
+hear it called Linux and it's associated with the apolitical philosophy
+of Linus Torvalds. <span class="gnun-split"></span>Linus Torvalds is
+still working on developing Linux. {which is, you know} Developing the
+kernel was an important contribution to our community. At the same time,
+he is setting a very public bad example by using a non-free program to
+do the job. Now, if he were using a non-free program privately, I would
+never even have heard about it and I wouldn't make a fuss about it. But
+by inviting the other people who work on Linux to use it with him, he's
+setting a very public example legitimizing the use of non-free software.
+So when people see that, you know, if they think that's okay, they can't
+possibly believe that non-free software is bad. So then, when these
+companies say, "yes, {we support} our hardware supports Linux, here is
+this binary-only driver you can install, and then it will work," these
+people see nothing wrong in that, so they don't apply their market
+pressure and they don't feel motivated to help in reverse
+engineering.</p>
+
+<p>So when we face the various dangers that we must confront, we are
+weakened by the lack of resolve. Now, having strong motivation to fight
+for freedom won't guarantee that we win all of these fights, but it will
+sure help. It will make us try harder, and if we try harder, we'll win
+more of them.</p>
+
+<h3 id="treacherous-computing">19. Treacherous computing</h3>
+
+<p>We are going to have to politically organize to keep from being
+completely prohibited from writing free software.</p>
+
+<p>Today, one of the most insidious threats to the future of free
+software comes from treacherous computing, which is a conspiracy of many
+large corporations. They call it "trusted computing," but what do they
+mean by that? What they mean is that an application developer can trust
+your computer to obey him and disobey you. So, from your point of view,
+it's _treacherous computing_, because your computer won't obey you
+anymore. The purpose of this plan is that you won't control your
+computer.</p>
+
+<p>[<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html</a>]</p>
+
+<p>And there are various different things that treacherous computing can
+be used to do, things like prohibit you from running any program that
+hasn't been authorized by the operating system developer. That's one
+thing they could do. But they may not feel they dare go that far. But
+another thing that they plan to do is to have data that's only available
+to a particular application. The idea is that an application will be
+able to write data in an encrypted form, such that it can only be
+decrypted by the same application, such that nobody else can
+independently write another program to access that data. And, of course,
+they would use that for limiting access to published works, you know,
+something to be a replacement for DVDs so that it would be not only
+illegal, but impossible to write the free software to play it.</p>
+
+<p>But they don't have to stop at doing this to published data. They
+could do it to your data too. Imagine if treacherous computing is common
+in 10 years and Microsoft decides to come out with a new version of Word
+format that uses treacherous computing to encrypt your data. Then it
+would be impossible to write free software to read word files. Microsoft
+is trying every possible method to prevent us from having free software
+to read Word files. First, they switched to a secret Word format, so
+people had to try to figure out the format. Well, we more or less have
+figured it out. There are free programs that will read most Word files
+(not all). <span class="gnun-split"></span>But then they came up with
+another idea. They said, "let's use XML." Now here's what Microsoft
+means when they speak of using XML. The beginning of the file has a
+trivial thing that says "this is XML and here comes binary Word format
+data," and then there's the binary Word format data and then there's
+something at the end that says, "that was binary Word format data." And
+they patented this. {so that... I'm not sure} I don't know exactly what
+the patent does and doesn't cover, but, you know, there are things we
+could do, either reading or writing that file format, probably they
+could try suing us about. And I'm sure that, if treacherous computing is
+available for them to use, they'll use that too.</p>
+
+<p>This is why we have a campaign to refuse to read Word files. Now
+there are many reasons you should refuse to read Word files. One is,
+they could have viruses in them. If someone sends you a Word file, you
+shouldn't look at it. But the point is, you shouldn't even try to look
+at it. Nowadays there are free programs that will read most Word files.
+But it's really better, better than trying to read the file is if you
+send a message back saying, "please send that to me in a format that
+isn't secret. It's not a good idea to send people Word files." And the
+reason is, we have to overcome the tendency in society for people to use
+these secret formats for communication.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>We have to convince people to insist on
+publicly documented standard formats that everyone is free to implement.
+And Word format is the worst offender and so that's the best place to
+start. If somebody sends you a Word file, don't try to read it. Write
+back, saying "you really shouldn't do that." And there's a page in
+www.gnu.org/philosophy which is good to reference. It gives an
+explanation of why this is an important issue.</p>
+
+<p>[<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a>]</p>
+
+<h3 id="help-gnu">20. Help GNU</h3>
+
+<p>Now, www.gnu.org is the website of the GNU Project. So you can go
+there for more information. In the /gnu directory you'll find the
+history and in the /philosophy directory you'll find articles about the
+philosophy of free software and in the /directory you'll find the Free
+Software Directory, which now lists over 3,000 usable free software
+packages that will run the on GNU/Linux system.</p>
+
+<p>[It is now over 6000, and located in directory.fsf.org]</p>
+
+<p>Now, I'm about to close my speech, but before I do, I'd like to
+mention that I've got some stickers here to give away. These stickers
+show a flying gnu and a flying penguin, both rather unrealistic, but
+they're superheroes. And {I also have some things} if people don't mind,
+I've got some things I'm selling on behalf of the Free Software
+Foundation, so if you buy them, you're supporting us. I've got these
+buttons that say, "ask me about free software -- it's all about freedom"
+and I've got some GNU keyrings and GNU pins that are sort of pretty. So
+you can buy those. You can also support us by becoming an associate
+member. Now, you can do that just through our website, but I also have
+some cards you can have if you would like to join [right now].</p>
+
+<h3 id="saint-ignucius">21. Saint Ignucius</h3>
+
+<p>So now I will close my speech by presenting my alter ego. See, people
+sometimes accuse me of having a "holier than thou" attitude. Now, I hope
+that's not true. I'm not going to condemn somebody just for not being as
+firmly committed as I am. I will try to encourage him to become more so,
+but that's different. So I don't think I really have a "holier than
+thou" attitude, but I have a holy attitude because I'm a saint; it's my
+job to be holy.</p>
+
+<p>[Dons a black robe and a magnetic disk halo]<br />
+[Laughter, applause]<br />
+[Richard holds a laptop like a holy book and waves]</p>
+
+<p>I am Saint Ignucius of the Church of Emacs. I bless your computer, my
+child.</p>
+
+<p>Emacs started out as a text editor which became a way of life for
+many computer users and then a religion. Does anyone know what the
+alt.religion.emacs newsgroup was used for? I know it existed, but since
+I'd never read net news, I don't know what was said in it.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, now we even have a great schism between two rival
+versions of Emacs, and we also have saints; no gods, though.</p>
+
+<p>To be a member of the Church of Emacs, you must recite the Confession
+of the Faith: you must say, "There is no system but GNU, and Linux is
+one of its kernels."</p>
+
+<p>The Church of Emacs has advantages compared with other churches I
+might name. To be a saint in the Church of Emacs does not require
+celibacy. So if you're looking for a church in which to be holy, you
+might consider ours.</p>
+
+<p>However, it does require making a commitment to live a life of moral
+purity. You must exorcise the evil proprietary operating systems that
+possess all the computers under either your practical control or your
+authority, and you must install a wholly [i.e., holy] free operating
+system, where "wholly" can be spelled in more than one way, and then
+only install free software on top of that. If you make this commitment
+and live by it, then you, too, will be a saint and you, too, may
+eventually have a halo -- if you can find one, because they don't make
+them anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes people ask me if, in the Church of Emacs, it is a sin to
+use Vi. Well, it's true that VI-VI-VI is the editor of the Beast,
+[laughter] but using a free version of Vi is not a sin, it's a
+penance.</p>
+
+<p>And sometimes people ask me if my halo is really an old computer
+disk. [Points at halo] This is no computer disk, this is my halo. But it
+was a computer disk in a previous existence.</p>
+
+<p>So, thank you everyone.</p>
+
+<p>[Applause]</p>
+
+<h3 id="about-anonymity-credit-cards-cell-phones">22. About anonymity,
+credit cards, cell phones</h3>
+
+<p>So I can answer questions for a while.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Yeah, do you know, or can you tell us why Linus
+Torvalds, who has very very different attitudes with yours, released
+Linux under your [unintelligible]? What motivated him?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know why Linus Torvalds switched to the GNU
+GPL for Linux. You'd have to ask him that. I don't recall ever seeing
+the reason for that. I don't know.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Can you say something about the current effort to
+put security in the network itself?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know... he said, "efforts to plug security
+into the network." I don't know what that means.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [unintelligible] remove anonymity from the network
+itself.</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Remove anonymity? Well, I don't know about those
+efforts, but I think it's horrible. I don't do e-commerce because I
+don't like to buy things with credit cards. I want to buy things
+anonymously and I do so by paying cash in a store. I don't like giving
+Big Brother any records about me. For the same reason, I do not have a
+cell phone. I don't want to carry a personal tracking device. We have to
+fight more to preserve our privacy from surveillance systems. So,
+although I'm not familiar with the specific efforts you're talking
+about, I find them dangerous, much more dangerous than computer
+insecurity. Now, perhaps that's because I'm not a Windows user; so I
+have less problem to deal with.</p>
+
+<h3 id="free-formats-copyright-microsoft">23. Free formats, copyright,
+Microsoft</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [unintelligible]</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> No, we can't. Basically he's asking if we can
+monopolize file formats. Well, the answer is, we can't do so using our
+copyright-based licenses, because copyright does not cover any idea,
+principle, method of operation or system; it only covers the details of
+expression of a work of authorship. So we can't, using our licenses like
+the GNU GPL, prohibit anyone from writing his own code to handle the
+same format.</p>
+
+<p>We could conceivably get patents; however, it turns out patents are
+very, very different from copyright; they have almost nothing in common,
+and it turns out it costs a lot of money to get a patent and even more
+money to keep the patent going. And the other thing is, {Microsoft
+doesn't need to get} you shouldn't assume that what Microsoft is getting
+a patent on is important because it's a big improvement. It just has to
+be different. Microsoft can get a patent on something about a file
+format that's different and then they can force most users to switch
+over to a new format that uses that idea. And Microsoft can do this
+because of its market power, its control.</p>
+
+<p>We can't do that. The whole thing about the free software is, the
+developers don't have any power; the users are in control. We can't
+force users to switch over to anything, not even for their own
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>You know, we've been trying since around 1992 or so to convince users
+to stop using GIF format, because that format is patented and some users
+will get sued. So we said, "everybody please stop using GIF format for
+the sake of those who get sued if the public uses this format." And
+people haven't listened. So the thing is, we can't do what Microsoft
+does, because that's based on using the power that they have, and since
+we have chosen to respect people's freedom, we don't have power over the
+public.</p>
+
+<h3 id="dangers-of-webmail-loss-of-freedom">24. Dangers of webmail
+loss of freedom</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> So, when somebody's using Google, they don't have
+access to the source code that we use, so they have no way of
+[unintelligible] what we do, so using that violates their freedom.</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> When a person is accessing the Google server, they
+don't have either the binaries or the source code of the program that
+Google is using, because it's Google that's using the program; that
+person is not using the program. So I wouldn't expect to have the
+authority to change the software that's running on your computer. You
+should have the freedom to change the software that's running on your
+computer, but I would never expect that I would have the freedom to go
+into your computer and change the software there. Why should you let me
+do that? So that's the way I see it when a person is using Google
+server to do a search.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there is a possible danger there. The danger doesn't come from
+things like Google. The danger comes from things like Hotmail. When
+people start using a server on the net to store their data and to do the
+jobs that they really could be doing on their own computer, that
+introduces a danger. I've never understood the people who said that thin
+clients were the future, because I can't imagine why I would ever do
+things that way. I've got a PC and it's capable of doing things like
+running a mail reader; I'm going to have the mail on my own computer,
+I'm not going to leave it on anybody's server. Especially not a server I
+have no reason to trust. And these days, of course, if you allow your
+personal data to be on somebody's server, you might as well be handing
+it straight to Ashcroft and his gestapo.</p>
+
+<p>[RMS, 2010: Gmail is comparable to Hotmail in this regard. See also
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html</a>
+for another issue that applies to some, but not all, network services.]</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> unintelligible</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> He's asking, "if people were using a thin client and
+all the computation were done on a remote server." Yes, it does mean
+that people lose freedom, because, clearly, you can't change the
+software that's set up on somebody else's server, so if you're using the
+software on somebody else's server, instead of running it on your own
+computer, you lose control. Now, I don't think that's a good thing, and
+therefore I'm going to encourage people not to go along with it. People
+will keep on developing the software to do these jobs on your own
+machine.</p>
+
+<p>{Leaving so soon? [Laughter] I hope it wasn't something I said. And
+gee, now I won't get to meet her. Anyway.}</p>
+
+<h3 id="copyright-art-vs-software">25. Copyright art vs. software</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Are the Creative Commons a different denomination of
+the same religion or a different religion?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> {Creative Commons} Well, first of all, this isn't a
+religion, except as a joke. The Church of Emacs is a joke. Please keep
+in mind, taking any church too seriously can be hazardous to your
+health, even the Church of Emacs. So this has nothing to do with
+religion.</p>
+
+<p>This is a matter of ethics. It's a matter of what makes for a good
+society and what kind of society we want to live in. These are not
+questions of dogma, these are questions of philosophy and politics.</p>
+
+<p>The Creative Commons licenses are designed for artistic works, and I
+think that they are good for artistic works. The issue for artistic
+works is not exactly the same as for software.</p>
+
+<p>Software is an example of a practical, functional work. You use it do
+to a job. The main purpose of a program is not that people will read the
+code and think, "boy, how fascinating, what a great job they did." The
+main purpose of software is, you run it and it does something. And yes,
+those people who are interested in software will also read it and learn,
+but that's not the main purpose. It's interesting because of the job it
+will do, not just because of how nice it is to read. Whereas with art,
+the main use of art is the sensation that you get when you look at it or
+listen to it. So these are very different ways of being used and, as a
+result, the ethical issues about copying and modification are
+different.</p>
+
+<p>For practical, functional works, people have to be free with the four
+freedoms, including free to publish a modified version. But for art I
+wouldn't say that. I think that there's a certain minimum freedom that
+we must always have for using any published work, and that is the
+freedom to non-commercially distribute verbatim, exact copies. But I
+wouldn't say that it has to go further than that necessarily. So I think
+the Creative Commons licenses are a very useful and good thing to use
+for art.</p>
+
+<h3 id="malicious-free-software">26. Malicious free software</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Since everybody has the freedom to modify the code
+and republish it, how do you keep out saboteurs?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, you don't. The point is, you can't ever. So you
+just look at these different versions and you see which one you actually
+like. You can't keep the saboteurs out of non-free software either; in
+fact, the developer could be the saboteur. The developers often put in,
+as I said, malicious features. And then you're completely helpless. At
+least with free software, you can read the source code, you can compare
+the two versions. If you're thinking of switching from this version to
+that version, you can compare them and see what's different and look for
+some malicious code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="patented-file-formats">27. Patented file formats</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Do you happen to know which popular file formats are
+secret and which ones are public?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, of the popular file formats, the only ones that
+I know of that are secret are some Microsoft ones. But, on the other
+hands, there are others that have patent problems. For instance, there's
+still a patent covering LZW compression, which is used in GIF format.
+And someone has a patent he claims covers JPEG format and is actually
+suing a bunch of companies. And then there's a patent on MP3 audio, so
+that the free software MP3 encoders have been driven underground in the
+US. That's why people should switch to Ogg Vorbis format. And then, if
+you look at, say, MPEG-2 video, there are 39 different US patents said
+to cover aspects of MPEG-2. So there are a lot of such problems.</p>
+
+<h3 id="games-as-free-software">28. Games as free software</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Is there any software that sort of mixes between the
+Creative Commons and functional software, such as games or...?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, {you can say that a game} in many cases you can
+look at a game as the combination of a program and a scenario. And then
+it would make sense to treat the program like a program and the scenario
+like a work of fiction. On the other hand, what you see is that it's
+quite useful for the users to edit and republish modified versions of
+these scenarios. So, although those are like fiction and art, not like
+software, it really seems to be useful for users to be free to change
+them.</p>
+
+<h3 id="gpl-freedoms-for-cars-saving-seeds">29. GPL freedoms for cars,
+saving seeds</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Do you envision this free software philosophy to go
+across, off the boundary to products, commodities...</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> When you say, "products, commodities," could you be
+concrete?</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [unintelligible] cars</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> So should the free software philosophy apply to cars?
+Okay, well the free software philosophy is, you should be free to copy
+and modify them. So, if you have a car copier, I think you should be
+free to copy any car. But there are no car copiers, so that really is a
+meaningless question. And then, second, modifying. Well, yeah, I think
+if you've got a car, you should be free to modify it and, in fact, lots
+of people do modify their cars. So, there may be some restrictions on
+that, but to a large extent that freedom exists. So what you see is that
+this isn't really a meaningful question when you're talking about
+physical objects. There are, in general, no copiers for physical
+objects.</p>
+
+<p>If we imagine, someday in the future, that such copiers exist, well
+that will be a different situation and yeah, that change would have
+consequences for ethics and politics. If we had food copiers, I'm sure
+that agribusiness would be trying to forbid people from having and using
+food copiers. And that would be a tremendous political issue, just as
+today there's a tremendous political issue about whether farmers ought
+to be allowed to save seeds. Now, I believe that they have a fundamental
+right to save seeds and that it's tyranny to stop them. A democratic
+government would never do that.</p>
+
+<h3 id="no-software-is-better-than-non-free-software">30. No software is
+better than non-free software</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> [roughly] Do you see a problem with free software
+being under-produced because nobody wants to invest money
+[unintelligible]?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know what you mean by "under-produced." We
+see that some people develop free software and some don't. So we could
+imagine more people developing free software and, if so, we'd have more
+of it. But, you see, the tragedy of the commons really is a matter of
+overuse. And that's something that can happen maybe with a field, but it
+doesn't happen with software; you can't overuse a program, you don't
+wear it out. So, really, there's no analogy there.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Well, the example you gave is, let's say there's a
+useful program and a thousand people want a change to it. You said they
+could get their money together and go hire a programmer to make the
+change. But each individual in that group can say, "well, I'll just let
+the 999 pay for the change."</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, they can do that, but that would be pretty
+stupid, because if they saw that the result was, it wasn't getting done,
+then if it's of some importance to them, then they're much better off
+joining and contributing their money so that the change gets made. And
+whether they do this or not, either way I won't agree that anything
+tragic has happened. If they join and they pay for their change and they
+get it, that's good, and if they don't join and they don't pay for that
+change, that's good too; I guess they didn't want it enough. Either
+one's okay.</p>
+
+<p>Non-free software is evil and we're better off with nothing than with
+non-free software. The tragedy of the commons can happen either through
+overuse or under-contribution, but overuse is impossible in software.
+Under-contribution happens when a program is proprietary. Then it's a
+failure to contribute to the commons. And so I would like that
+proprietary software to stop being developed. A non-free program is
+worse than no program, because neither one allows you to get a job done
+in freedom, but the non-free program might tempt people to give up their
+freedom and that's really bad.</p>
+
+<h3 id="portability-of-free-software">31. Portability of free
+software</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Is their a potential conflict between the free
+software philosophy and the portability of [unintelligible]?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> No, {I don't see} this makes no sense to me at all. I
+see no conflict between the philosophy of free software and portability.
+And in the free software world we've worked very hard to achieve
+portability from all sides. We make our software very portable and we
+make our software standardized so that other people can easily have
+portability, so we are aiding portability from every possible direction.
+Meanwhile, you see Microsoft deliberately introducing incompatibilities
+and deliberately blocking interoperability. Microsoft can do that
+because it has power. We can't do that. If we make a program
+incompatible and the users don't like it, they can change it. They can
+change it to be compatible. So we are not in a position where we could
+impose incompatibility on anybody, because we have chosen not to try to
+have power over other people.</p>
+
+<h3 id="is-some-free-software-obfuscated-on-purpose">32. Is some free
+software obfuscated on purpose?</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Something [unintelligible] obfuscated
+[unintelligible] understand it.</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, I disagree with you. Please, this is silly. If
+you're saying a program is hard to understand, that's not the same as
+the people are restricting it. It's not the same as saying, "you're
+forbidden to see it." Now, if you find it unclear, you can work on
+making it clearer. The fact is, the developers probably are trying to
+keep it clear, but it's a hard job and, unless you want to compare our
+software with proprietary software and see which one is clearer, you
+have no basis to make the claim that you're making. From what I hear,
+non-free software is typically much worse and the reason is that the
+developers figure no one will ever see it, so they'll never be
+embarrassed by how bad it is.</p>
+
+<h3 id="proprietary-keeping-an-edge">33. Proprietary keeping an
+edge</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> You hear the argument a lot from people who
+manufacture devices or [unintelligible] hardware that they need to have
+proprietary software in order to give them an edge, because, if they
+gave away the software for free, then a competitor could manufacture the
+device [unintelligible].</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't believe this. I think it's all bullshit,
+because there they are competing with each other and each one's saying,
+"we need to make the software proprietary to have an edge over the
+others." Well, if none of them did it, they might all lose their edge?
+I mean, so what? We shouldn't buy this. And I mean, we shouldn't buy
+what they're saying and we shouldn't buy their products either.</p>
+
+<h3 id="forbidding-is-forbidden-how-is-this-freedom">34. Forbidding is
+forbidden how is this freedom?</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> I might be saying [unintelligible]</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Please don't. The issue that you want to raise may be
+a good issue, but please try to raise it in a neutral way, rather than
+raising it with an attack.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> There's something in my mind, so I'll just speak up.
+The thing is, by actually registering [unintelligible] thing and saying
+that "you can redistribute this software but you have to comply with
+these four freedoms," is that not restricting my freedom too?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> No, it's restricting you from having power. To stop A
+from subjugating B is not a denial of freedom to A, because to subjugate
+others is not freedom. That's power.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there may be people who would like to exercise power and we're
+stopping them, but that's good and that's not denying anyone
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>I mean, you could just as well say if you're overthrowing a dictator,
+the dictator's saying, "you're taking away my freedom to dictate to
+everyone!" But that's not freedom, that's power.</p>
+
+<p>So I'm making the distinction between freedom, which is having
+control over your own life, and power, which is having control over
+other people's lives. We've got to make this distinction; if we ignore
+the difference between freedom and power, then we lose the ability to
+judge whether a society is free or not. You know, if you lose this
+distinction, then you look at Stalinist Russia and you say, "well, there
+was just as much freedom there, it's just that Stalin had it all." No!
+In Stalinist Russia, Stalin had power and people did not have freedom;
+the freedom wasn't there, because it's only freedom when it's a matter
+of controlling your own life. Controlling other people's lives is not
+freedom at all, not for either of the people involved.</p>
+
+<h3 id="can-google-help-free-software">35. Can Google help free
+software</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> In your opinion, is there anything that Google as a
+company could do better in the spirit of free software?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I actually don't know enough about what Google is
+doing to have any opinion. But if Google would like to donate some money
+to the Free Software Foundation, we would gladly accept it. {I gather
+that, I mean} I met some people here who are working on a particular
+free program, namely Linux, the kernel. And I didn't ask actually if
+they publish their improvements. [<b>AUDIENCE:</b> They do] Oh good, so
+that's contributing. I mean, if you want to contribute to other pieces
+of free software, that would be nice too, but I don't know if you have a
+need to do that. And, of course, if you ever have a chance to release
+some other generally useful new piece of free software, that would be
+good too.</p>
+
+<p>[RMS, 2010: Google now distributes some large nonfree programs. Some
+are written in Javascript, and servers install them without your
+noticing.]</p>
+
+<h3 id="free-software-on-windows-good-or-bad">36. Free software on
+windows, good or bad</h3>
+
+<p>I'll take three more questions.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> So, if I develop free software for a proprietary
+system such as Windows, essentially I'm supporting the proprietary
+system. Am I doing a good or a bad thing here?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, there's a good aspect and a bad aspect. In
+regard to the use of your code, you're respecting other people's
+freedom, so that's good, but the fact that it only runs on Windows is
+bad. So, really, you shouldn't develop it on Windows. You shouldn't use
+Windows. Using Windows is bad. {That is, in itself} It's not as bad as
+being the developer of Windows, but it's still bad and you shouldn't do
+that.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> So you're saying, just don't do it at all.</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Yeah, don't use Windows. Use GNU/Linux and develop
+your free program for GNU/Linux instead. And then it will be good in
+both ways.</p>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> But couldn't it open Windows users to this
+ideology?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> It could, but there's enough free software available
+for use on Windows to have that effect. And the thing is, developing
+software for Windows is going to create a practical incentive for people
+to use Windows, rather than use GNU/Linux. So, please don't.</p>
+
+<p>[RMS, 2010: to put it more clearly, making free programs run also on
+Windows can be useful as he said; however, writing a free program only
+for Windows is a waste.]</p>
+
+<h3 id="scos-suit">37. SCO's suit</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> What would be the impact of SCO winning their
+argument against Linux? So what would be the impact on...</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> I don't know, it depends. It would have no effect on
+the GPL. But {it might have some effect} some code might have to be
+removed from Linux. And whether that would be a big problem or a tiny
+problem depends on what code, so there's no way of saying. But I don't
+think SCO is a real problem. I think software patents and treacherous
+computing and hardware with secret specs, those are the real problems.
+That's what we've got to be fighting against.</p>
+
+<h3 id="stallmans-problem-typing">38. Stallman's problem typing</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> I have a non-ideology question. I'm personally very
+interested in your battle with repetitive stress injuries and the impact
+that it had on the development of GNU Hurd.</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> None, because I was never working on the GNU Hurd.
+{I've never} We hired a person to write the GNU Hurd. I had nothing to
+do with writing it. And there were a few years when I couldn't type much
+and then we hired people to type for me. And then I found, by using
+keyboards with a light touch, I could type again.</p>
+
+<h3 id="open-source-good-or-bad-pat-riot-act">39. Open source, good or
+bad Pat-riot Act.</h3>
+
+<p><b>AUDIENCE:</b> Can you give us your opinion of open source?</p>
+
+<p><b>RICHARD:</b> Well, the open source movement is sort of like the
+free software movement, except with the philosophical foundation
+discarded. So they don't talk about right and wrong, or freedom, or
+inalienable rights, they just don't present it in ethical terms. They
+say that they have a development methodology that they say typically
+results in technically superior software. So they only appeal to
+practical, technical values.</p>
+
+<p>And what they're saying may be right and if this convinces some
+people to write free software, that's a useful contribution. But I think
+they're missing the point when they don't talk about freedom, because
+that's what makes our community weak, that we don't talk about and think
+about freedom enough. People who don't think about freedom won't value
+their freedom and they won't defend their freedom and they'll lose it.
+Look at the USA Pat-riot Act. You know, people who don't value their
+freedom will lose it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="the-end">40. The end</h3>
+
+<p>So thank you, and if anyone wants to buy any of these FSF things
+or...</p>
+
+<p>[Applause]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Please see
+the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/23 06:00:19 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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