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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.hr.html philosophy.ar.ht... |
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Date: |
Sat, 17 Aug 2013 05:29:17 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/08/17 05:29:17
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.hr.html philosophy.ar.html
philosophy.ca.html philosophy.cs.html
philosophy.pt-br.html philosophy.sq.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html
philosophy/po : philosophy.cs-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : free-sw.hr-diff.html philosophy.ar-diff.html
philosophy.ca-diff.html
philosophy.pt-br-diff.html
philosophy.sq-diff.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.54&r2=1.55
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.43&r2=1.44
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.36&r2=1.37
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.31&r2=1.32
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.ar-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-sw.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- free-sw.hr.html 8 Jun 2013 16:58:34 -0000 1.17
+++ free-sw.hr.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000 1.18
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.hr.html" -->
<h2>Å to je slobodan softver?</h2>
<h3>Definicija slobodnog softvera</h3>
@@ -504,7 +511,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Zadnji put promijenjeno:
-$Date: 2013/06/08 16:58:34 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- philosophy.ar.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:52 -0000 1.34
+++ philosophy.ar.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000 1.35
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.ar.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.ar.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/philosophy.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/philosophy.ar-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
<h2>ÙÙسÙØ© Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ</h2>
@@ -117,7 +124,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
:تØدÙØ«
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:52 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.54
retrieving revision 1.55
diff -u -b -r1.54 -r1.55
--- philosophy.ca.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:52 -0000 1.54
+++ philosophy.ca.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000 1.55
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.ca.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.ca.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/philosophy.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/philosophy.ca-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
<h2>Filosofia del Projecte GNU</h2>
@@ -127,7 +134,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:52 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.43
retrieving revision 1.44
diff -u -b -r1.43 -r1.44
--- philosophy.cs.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:52 -0000 1.43
+++ philosophy.cs.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000 1.44
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.cs.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.cs.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/philosophy.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
<h2>Filosofie projektu GNU</h2>
@@ -120,7 +127,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:52 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.36
retrieving revision 1.37
diff -u -b -r1.36 -r1.37
--- philosophy.pt-br.html 28 May 2013 17:29:56 -0000 1.36
+++ philosophy.pt-br.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000 1.37
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.pt-br.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.pt-br.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/philosophy.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/philosophy.pt-br-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
<h2>Filosofia do Projeto GNU</h2>
@@ -134,7 +141,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2013/05/28 17:29:56 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- philosophy.sq.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:53 -0000 1.19
+++ philosophy.sq.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000 1.20
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.sq.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/philosophy.sq.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/philosophy.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/philosophy.sq-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
<h2>Filozofia e Projektit GNU</h2>
@@ -125,7 +132,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:53 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html 11 Jun 2013 05:58:07 -0000
1.31
+++ who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html 17 Aug 2013 05:28:45 -0000
1.32
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a
href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.po</a>'
-->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-06-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Komu tak na prawdÄ sÅuży ten serwer?</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
@@ -365,7 +372,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2013/06/11 05:58:07 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/philosophy.cs-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/philosophy.cs-diff.html 30 Nov 2012 23:27:17 -0000 1.3
+++ po/philosophy.cs-diff.html 17 Aug 2013 05:29:16 -0000 1.4
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
-<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
@@ -24,6 +25,11 @@
</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote><p>
+See <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a>
+for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches.
+</p></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
<p><em>Free software</em> means that the software's users
have
freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed the GNU
operating system so that users can have freedom in their
@@ -67,8 +73,8 @@
Richard Stallman</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
"Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
- <li><a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/philosophy/when_free_software_isnt_practically_better.html">When
Free Software Isn't (Practically) Better</a></li>
- <li><a</em></ins></span>
href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures governments can
use to promote free software</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/when_free_software_isnt_practically_better.html">When Free
Software Isn't (Practically) Better</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -83,43 +89,81 @@
that Work for Freedom in
Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
- and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF.
-<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
-</p>
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
-<p>
-Updated:
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/11/30 23:27:17 $
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/free-sw.hr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-sw.hr-diff.html
diff -N po/free-sw.hr-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-sw.hr-diff.html 17 Aug 2013 05:29:16 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-sw.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>What is free software?
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
+time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History
section</a>
+below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+software.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” means software that respects users'
+freedom and community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run,
+copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. With these
+freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the
+program and what it does for them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.
+The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.
+This nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an
+instrument of unjust power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price.
+To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as
+in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if the program's users have the
+four essential freedoms:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom
0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
+ does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+ code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
+ to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
+ community a chance to benefit from your changes.
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
+you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do
these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the
<em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
+freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
+source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
+“source code” is not real source code and does not count
+as source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words,
+these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+compiled from is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
+as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
+releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
+a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.
However, a
+license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
+as a free license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
+restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
+cause, the software is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
+freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
+the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
+burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
+must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
+on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+saying that if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
+of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+are also acceptable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
+which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
+effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
+sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+alias for the modified version.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the GNU project, we use
+<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons
why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
copyleft</a>,
+but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
each other.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
+must not require obedience to any <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nontrivial</em></ins></span> export regulations as a
+condition of <span class="inserted"><ins><em>exercising</em></ins></span> any
of the essential freedoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Merely mentioning the existence of export
regulations, without making
+them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
+not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for
+free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
+problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
+export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
+software nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
+contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
+copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
+Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
+help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
+and avoid various practical problems.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be
free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the
best-known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free
software
+has been extended to a definition of <a
href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
+
+<p>
+Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="History">History</h3>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is
+the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
+was changed.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version
+1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
+requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
+
+<li><a</em></ins></span>
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
+1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
+holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of
the
+work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version
+1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+version for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source
code.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+in someone else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+free software.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules
+refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export
controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old
license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+the program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+use.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
+other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such.
+These changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the
+complete list of changes to the page through
+the <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2012</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2012, 2013</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:16 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/philosophy.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote><p>
+See <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a>
+for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches.
+</p></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
+<p><em>Free software</em> means that the software's users
have
+freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed the GNU
+operating system so that users can have freedom in their
+computing.</p>
+
+<p>Specifically, free software means users have
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms</a>:
+(0) to run the program, (1) to study and change the program in source
+code form, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to distribute
+modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>Software differs from material objects—such as chairs,
+sandwiches, and gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed
+much more easily. These facilities are why software is useful; we
+believe a program's users should be free to take advantage of them,
+not solely its developer.</p>
+
+<p>For further reading, please select a section
+from the menu above.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added
articles</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of
GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free
Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing
Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/when_free_software_isnt_practically_better.html">When Free
Software Isn't (Practically) Better</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
-->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:16 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/philosophy.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/philosophy.ca-diff.html
diff -N po/philosophy.ca-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/philosophy.ca-diff.html 17 Aug 2013 05:29:16 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/philosophy.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote><p>
+See <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a>
+for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches.
+</p></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
+<p><em>Free software</em> means that the software's users
have
+freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed the GNU
+operating system so that users can have freedom in their
+computing.</p>
+
+<p>Specifically, free software means users have
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms</a>:
+(0) to run the program, (1) to study and change the program in source
+code form, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to distribute
+modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>Software differs from material objects—such as chairs,
+sandwiches, and gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed
+much more easily. These facilities are why software is useful; we
+believe a program's users should be free to take advantage of them,
+not solely its developer.</p>
+
+<p>For further reading, please select a section
+from the menu above.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added
articles</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of
GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free
Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing
Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/when_free_software_isnt_practically_better.html">When Free
Software Isn't (Practically) Better</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
-->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:16 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/philosophy.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/philosophy.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/philosophy.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/philosophy.pt-br-diff.html 17 Aug 2013 05:29:16 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/philosophy.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote><p>
+See <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a>
+for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches.
+</p></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
+<p><em>Free software</em> means that the software's users
have
+freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed the GNU
+operating system so that users can have freedom in their
+computing.</p>
+
+<p>Specifically, free software means users have
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms</a>:
+(0) to run the program, (1) to study and change the program in source
+code form, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to distribute
+modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>Software differs from material objects—such as chairs,
+sandwiches, and gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed
+much more easily. These facilities are why software is useful; we
+believe a program's users should be free to take advantage of them,
+not solely its developer.</p>
+
+<p>For further reading, please select a section
+from the menu above.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added
articles</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of
GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free
Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing
Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/when_free_software_isnt_practically_better.html">When Free
Software Isn't (Practically) Better</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
-->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:16 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/philosophy.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/philosophy.sq-diff.html
diff -N po/philosophy.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/philosophy.sq-diff.html 17 Aug 2013 05:29:17 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/philosophy.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote><p>
+See <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/">audio-video.gnu.org</a>
+for recordings of Richard Stallman's speeches.
+</p></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
+<p><em>Free software</em> means that the software's users
have
+freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed the GNU
+operating system so that users can have freedom in their
+computing.</p>
+
+<p>Specifically, free software means users have
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms</a>:
+(0) to run the program, (1) to study and change the program in source
+code form, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to distribute
+modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>Software differs from material objects—such as chairs,
+sandwiches, and gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed
+much more easily. These facilities are why software is useful; we
+believe a program's users should be free to take advantage of them,
+not solely its developer.</p>
+
+<p>For further reading, please select a section
+from the menu above.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added
articles</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of
GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free
Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing
Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/when_free_software_isnt_practically_better.html">When Free
Software Isn't (Practically) Better</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
-->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:17 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Who Does That Server Really Serve?
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Who does that server really serve?</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>(First</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote><p>(The first version
was</em></ins></span> published
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>by</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>in</em></ins></span> <a
href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM">
+Boston <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Review</a>.)</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Review</a>.)</p></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
+<p><strong>On the Internet, proprietary software isn't the only
way to
+lose your freedom. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Software</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Service</em></ins></span> as a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Service</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software Substitute, or SaaSS,</em></ins></span> is
+another way to let someone else have power over your
+computing.</strong></p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS means using a service implemented by
someone else as a
+substitute for running your copy of a program. The term is ours;
+articles and ads won't use it, and they won't tell you whether a
+service is SaaSS. Instead they will probably use the vague and
+distracting term “cloud”, which lumps SaaSS together with
+various other practices, some abusive and some ok. With the
+explanation and examples in this page, you can tell whether a service
+is SaaSS.</em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>Background: How Proprietary Software Takes Away Your
Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>Digital technology can give you freedom; it can also take your
+freedom away. The first threat to our control over our computing came
+from <em>proprietary software</em>: software that the users cannot
+control because the owner (a company such as Apple or Microsoft)
+controls it. The owner often takes advantage of this unjust power by
+inserting malicious features such as spyware, back doors, and <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Digital Restrictions Management
+(DRM)</a> (referred to as “Digital Rights Management” in
+their propaganda).</p>
+
+<p>Our solution to this problem is developing <em>free
software</em>
+and rejecting proprietary software. Free software means that you, as
+a user, have four essential freedoms: (0) to run the program as
+you wish, (1) to study and change the source code so it does what
+you wish, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to
+redistribute copies of your modified versions. (See
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software
+definition</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>With free software, we, the users, take back control of our
+computing. Proprietary software still exists, but we can exclude it
+from our lives and many of us have done so. However, we now face a
+new threat to our control over our computing: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Software</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Service</em></ins></span> as a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Service.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software
+Substitute (SaaSS).</em></ins></span> For our freedom's sake, we have to
reject that
+too.</p>
+
+<h3>How <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Software</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Service</em></ins></span> as a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Service</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software Substitute</em></ins></span> Takes Away Your
Freedom</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Software</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Service</em></ins></span> as a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Service (SaaS)</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software Substitute (SaaSS) means using a service as a
+substitute for running your copy of a program. Concretely,
it</em></ins></span> means
+that someone sets up a network server that does certain computing <span
class="removed"><del><strong>tasks—running spreadsheets,
+word processing,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>tasks—for instance, modifying a
photo,</em></ins></span> translating text into
+another language, etc.—then invites users to do <span
class="removed"><del><strong>their</strong></del></span> computing <span
class="removed"><del><strong>on</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>via</em></ins></span>
+that server.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Users</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>A user of the server would</em></ins></span> send
<span class="removed"><del><strong>their</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>her</em></ins></span> data to the server,
+which does <span class="removed"><del><strong>their
computing</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em><em>her
own computing</em></em></ins></span> on the data thus provided, then
+sends the results back <span class="inserted"><ins><em>to
her</em></ins></span> or acts <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>directly</em></ins></span> on <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them
+directly.</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>her
behalf.</p>
+
+<p>The computing is <em>her own</em> because, by assumption,
she
+could, in principle, have done it by running a program on her own
+computer (whether or not that program is available to her at
+present). When this assumption is not so, it isn't
SaaSS.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>These servers wrest control from the users even more inexorably
+than proprietary software. With proprietary software, users typically
+get an executable file but not the source code. That makes it hard
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>for programmers</strong></del></span> to
+study the code that is running, so it's hard to determine what the
+program really does, and hard to change it.</p>
+
+<p>With <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS,</em></ins></span> the users do not have
even the executable <span
class="removed"><del><strong>file:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>file that
+does their computing:</em></ins></span> it is on
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>someone else's</em></ins></span> server, where the
users
+can't see or touch it. Thus it is impossible for them to ascertain
+what it really does, and impossible to change it.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> automatically leads to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>harmful</strong></del></span> consequences
equivalent
+to the malicious features of certain proprietary <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software.</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span> For instance, some proprietary programs are
“spyware”:
+the program sends out data about users' computing activities.
+Microsoft Windows sends information about users' activities to
+Microsoft. Windows Media Player <span class="removed"><del><strong>and
RealPlayer report</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>reports</em></ins></span> what each user watches or
+listens <span class="removed"><del><strong>to.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>to. The Amazon Kindle reports which pages of
which books the
+user looks at, and when. Angry Birds reports the user's geolocation
+history.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Unlike proprietary software, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> does not require covert code
to
+obtain the user's data. Instead, users must send their data to the
+server in order to use it. This has the same effect as spyware: the
+server operator gets the <span class="removed"><del><strong>data. He gets it
with</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>data—with</em></ins></span> no special effort,
by
+the nature of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Some proprietary <span class="removed"><del><strong>programs can
mistreat users under remote command.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>operating systems have a universal back door,
+permitting someone to remotely install software changes.</em></ins></span> For
+instance, Windows has a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>universal</em></ins></span> back door with which
Microsoft can
+forcibly change any software on the machine. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>The Amazon Kindle e-book
+reader (whose name suggests it's intended to burn people's books) has
+an Orwellian</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Nearly all
portable
+phones have them, too. Some proprietary applications also have
+universal</em></ins></span> back <span class="removed"><del><strong>door that
Amazon used in 2009
+to <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html";
+>remotely delete</a> Kindle copies of Orwell's books
<cite>1984</cite> and
+<cite>Animal Farm</cite> which</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>doors; for instance,</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>users had purchased from Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>SaaS inherently gives</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Steam client for GNU/Linux
+allows the developer to remotely install modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>With SaaSS,</em></ins></span> the server operator <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the power to</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can</em></ins></span> change the software in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use, or</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use on</em></ins></span>
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>users' data being operated on. Once
again, no
+special code is needed</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>server. He ought to be able</em></ins></span> to do
<span class="removed"><del><strong>this.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>this, since it's his computer;
+but the result</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>equivalent to total spyware
and</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>the same as using a
proprietary application program
+with</em></ins></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>gaping
wide</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>universal</em></ins></span> back
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>door, and gives</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>door: someone has the power to silently impose
+changes in how the user's computing gets done.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, SaaSS is equivalent to running proprietary software with
+spyware and a universal back door. It gives</em></ins></span> the server
operator
+unjust power over the <span class="removed"><del><strong>user. We
+can't accept that.</p>
+
+<h3>Untangling</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>user, and that power is something we must
+resist.</p>
+
+<h3>SaaSS and SaaS</h3>
+
+<p>Originally we referred to this problematical practice as
+“SaaS”, which stands for “Software as a
+Service”. It's a commonly used term for setting up software on a
+server rather than offering copies of it to users, and we thought it
+described precisely the cases where this problem occurs.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently we became aware that</em></ins></span> the <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>term</em></ins></span> SaaS <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>is sometimes used for
+communication services—activities for which this issue is not
+applicable. In addition, the term “Software as a Service”
+doesn't explain <em>why</em> the practice is bad. So we coined
the term
+“Service as a Software Substitute”, which defines the bad
+practice more clearly and says what is bad about it.</p>
+
+<h3>Untangling the SaaSS</em></ins></span> Issue from the Proprietary
Software Issue</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>SaaS</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>SaaSS</em></ins></span> and
proprietary software lead to similar harmful results, but
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>causal</strong></del></span> mechanisms
are different. With proprietary software, the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>cause</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>mechanism</em></ins></span> is that you have
and use a copy which is difficult <span
class="removed"><del><strong>or</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>and/or</em></ins></span>
+illegal to change. With <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS,</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>cause</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>mechanism</em></ins></span> is that you <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use a copy you</strong></del></span> don't
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>have.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>have
+the copy that's doing your computing.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>These two issues are often confused, and not only by accident. Web
+developers use the vague term “web application” to lump
+the server software together with programs run on your machine in your
+browser. Some web pages install <span class="removed"><del><strong>nontrivial
or</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nontrivial,</em></ins></span> even large JavaScript
+programs <span class="removed"><del><strong>temporarily</strong></del></span>
into your browser without informing
+you. <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">When these JavaScript
+programs are nonfree</a>, they are <span class="removed"><del><strong>as
bad</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>the same sort of
problem</em></ins></span> as any
+other nonfree software. Here, however, we are concerned with the
+problem of the server software itself.</p>
+
+<p>Many free software supporters assume that the problem of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> will
+be solved by developing free software for servers. For the server
+operator's sake, the programs on the server had better be free; if
+they are proprietary, their owners have power over the server. That's
+unfair to the operator, and doesn't help <span
class="removed"><del><strong>you</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the users</em></ins></span> at all. But if the
+programs on the server are free, that doesn't protect <span
class="removed"><del><strong>you <em>as the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><em>the</em></ins></span> server's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>user</em></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>users</em></em></ins></span> from the
effects of <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS. They give freedom
to</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS. These programs
liberate</em></ins></span> the
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>server</em></ins></span> operator, but not
<span class="removed"><del><strong>to you.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>the server's users.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Releasing the server software source code does benefit the
+community: <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it enables</em></ins></span>
suitably skilled users <span
class="removed"><del><strong>can</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>to</em></ins></span> set up similar
+servers, perhaps changing the
+software. <span class="removed"><del><strong>But</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html"> We
+recommend using the GNU Affero GPL</a> as the license for programs
+often used on servers.</p>
+
+<p>But</em></ins></span> none of these servers would give you control
over computing you
+do on it, unless it's <em>your</em> server.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>The rest would</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>It may be OK to trust
+your friend's server for some jobs, just as you might let your friend
+maintain the software on your own computer. Outside of
that,</em></ins></span> all
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>these servers would</em></ins></span> be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS. SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS for you. SaaSS</em></ins></span> always
subjects you to
+the power of the server operator, and the only remedy is, <em>Don't
+use <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS!</em></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS!</em></em></ins></span> Don't use
someone else's server to do your own
+computing on data provided by you.</p>
+
+<h3>Distinguishing <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> from Other Network
Services</h3>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Does avoiding SaaS mean you refuse
to use any network servers run
+by anyone other than you? Not at all. Most servers do not raise this
+issue, because the job you do with them isn't your own computing
+except in</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Which online services are SaaSS? The
clearest example is</em></ins></span> a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>trivial sense.</p>
+
+<p>The original purpose of web servers wasn't to do computing for you,
+it was to publish information</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>translation service, which translates (say)
English text into Spanish
+text. Translating a text</em></ins></span> for you <span
class="removed"><del><strong>to access. Even today this</strong></del></span>
is
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>what most web</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computing that is purely yours.
+You could do it by running a program on your own computer, if only you
+had the right program. (To be ethical, that program should be free.)
+The translation service substitutes for that program, so it is Service
+as a Software Substitute, or SaaSS. Since it denies you control
+over your computing, it does you wrong.</p>
+
+<p>Another clear example is using a service such as Flickr or
+Instagram to modify a photo. Modifying photos is an activity that
+people have done in their own computers for decades; doing it in a
+server instead of your own computer is SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Rejecting SaaSS does not mean refusing to use any network servers
+run by anyone other than you. Most servers are not SaaSS because the
+jobs they do are not the user's own computing.</p>
+
+<p>The original idea of web servers wasn't to do computing for you, it
+was to publish information for you to access. Even today this is what
+most web</em></ins></span> sites do, and it doesn't pose the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> problem, because
+accessing someone's published information isn't <span
class="removed"><del><strong>a matter of</strong></del></span> doing your own
+computing. Neither is publishing your own materials via a blog site
+or a microblogging service such as Twitter or <span
class="removed"><del><strong>identi.ca.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>StatusNet. (These
+services may have other problems, of course.)</em></ins></span> The same goes
for <span class="inserted"><ins><em>other</em></ins></span>
+communication not meant to be private, such as chat
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>groups. Social</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>groups.</p>
+
+<p>In its essence, social</em></ins></span> networking <span
class="removed"><del><strong>can extend into SaaS; however, at root
it</strong></del></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>just</strong></del></span> a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>method</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>form</em></ins></span> of communication and
+publication, not <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS. If you
+use the</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS. However,
a service whose main facility is
+social networking can have features or extensions which are SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>If a</em></ins></span> service <span class="removed"><del><strong>for
minor editing of what you're going to communicate,
+that</strong></del></span> is not <span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS, that
does not mean it is OK. There are
+other ethical issues about services. For instance, Facebook
+distributes video in Flash, which pressures users to run nonfree
+software; it requires running nonfree JavaScript code; and it gives
+users</em></ins></span> a <span class="removed"><del><strong>significant
issue.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>misleading impression of privacy while luring them
into baring
+their lives to Facebook. Those are important issues, different from
+the SaaSS issue.
+</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Services such as search engines collect data from around the web
+and let you examine it. Looking through their collection of data
+isn't your own computing in the usual sense—you didn't provide
+that collection—so using such a service to search the web is not
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS. (However,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS. However,</em></ins></span> using
someone else's <span class="removed"><del><strong>search
engine</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>server</em></ins></span> to implement a search
+facility for your own site <em>is</em> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.)</p>
+
+<p>E-commerce</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Purchasing online</em></ins></span> is not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS,</em></ins></span> because the computing
+isn't <span class="removed"><del><strong>solely yours;</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><em>your
own</em>;</em></ins></span> rather, it is done jointly <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>by and</em></ins></span> for you and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>another party. So there's no
+particular reason why you alone should expect to control that
+computing.</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>the store.</em></ins></span> The real issue
in <span class="removed"><del><strong>e-commerce</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>online shopping</em></ins></span> is whether you
trust the
+other party with your money and <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>other</em></ins></span> personal <span
class="removed"><del><strong>information.</p>
+
+<p>Using a joint project's servers isn't SaaS
because</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>information
(starting
+with your name).</p>
+
+<p>Repository sites such as as Savannah and SourceForge are not
+inherently SaaSS, because a repository's job is publication of data
+supplied to it.</p>
+
+<p>Using a joint project's servers isn't SaaSS because</em></ins></span>
the computing
+you do in this way isn't <span class="removed"><del><strong>yours
personally.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>your
own.</em></ins></span> For instance, if you edit pages on
+Wikipedia, you are not doing your own computing; rather, you are
+collaborating in Wikipedia's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computing.</p>
+
+<p>Wikipedia</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computing. Wikipedia</em></ins></span> controls its
own
+servers, but <span class="removed"><del><strong>groups can
face</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>organizations as
well as individuals encounter</em></ins></span> the
+problem of <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> if they do their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>group activities on someone else's server.
+Fortunately, development hosting sites such as Savannah and
+SourceForge don't pose the SaaS problem, because what groups do there
+is mainly publication and public communication, rather than their own
+private computing.</p>
+
+<p>Multiplayer games are a group activity carried out
on</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>computing
in</em></ins></span> someone else's <span class="removed"><del><strong>server,
which makes them SaaS. But where the data involved is
+just the state of play and the score, the worst wrong the operator
+might commit is favoritism. You might well ignore that risk, since it
+seems unlikely and very little is at stake. On the other hand, when
+the game becomes more than just a game, the issue changes.</p>
+
+<p>“Backend as a Service”, or BaaS, is a kind of SaaS,
because it
+involves running your own web service on top of software that you
+can't control. If you set up a service using BaaS, the BaaS platform
+may well collect information about your users as well as you.</p>
+
+<p>Which online services are SaaS? Google Docs is a clear example.
+Its basic activity is editing, and Google encourages people to use it
+for their own editing; this is SaaS. It offers the added feature of
+collaborative editing, but adding participants doesn't alter the fact
+that editing on the server is SaaS. (In addition, Google Docs is
+unacceptable because it installs a
+large <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html"> nonfree JavaScript
program</a>
+into the user's browser.) If using a service for communication or
+collaboration requires doing substantial parts of your own computing
+with it too, that computing is SaaS even if the communication is
+not.</p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>server.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Some sites offer multiple services, and if one is not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS,</em></ins></span>
+another may be <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS.</em></ins></span> For instance, the
main service of Facebook is
+social networking, and that is not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS;</em></ins></span> however, it supports
+third-party applications, some of which <span class="removed"><del><strong>may
be SaaS.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>are
SaaSS.</em></ins></span> Flickr's main
+service is distributing photos, which is not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS,</em></ins></span> but it also has
+features for editing photos, which is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>Some sites whose main service</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS. Likewise, using
+Instagram to post a photo</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>publication and communication
+extend</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>not SaaSS, but
using</em></ins></span> it <span class="removed"><del><strong>with
“contact management”: keeping track</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>to transform the
+photo is SaaSS.</p>
+
+<p>Google Docs shows how complex the evaluation</em></ins></span> of
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>a single service
+can become. It invites</em></ins></span> people <span
class="removed"><del><strong>you have relationships with. Sending
mail</strong></del></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>those
people</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>edit a document by
running a
+large <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">nonfree JavaScript
+program</a>, clearly wrong. However, it offers an API</em></ins></span>
for
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>you</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>uploading
+and downloading documents in standard formats. A free software editor
+can do so through this API. This usage scenario</em></ins></span> is not
<span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS, but keeping track
of</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS, because
+it uses Google Docs as a mere repository. Showing all</em></ins></span> your
<span class="removed"><del><strong>dealings with them, if
+substantial,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>data to a
+company</em></ins></span> is <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>If</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>bad, but
that is a matter of privacy, not SaaSS; depending
+on</em></ins></span> a service <span class="inserted"><ins><em>for access to
your data</em></ins></span> is <span class="removed"><del><strong>not
SaaS,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>bad,
but</em></ins></span> that <span class="removed"><del><strong>does not mean
it</strong></del></span> is <span class="removed"><del><strong>OK. There are
+other bad things</strong></del></span> a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>matter of
+risk, not SaaSS. On the other hand, using the</em></ins></span> service <span
class="removed"><del><strong>can do. For instance, Facebook distributes
+video</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>for converting
+document formats <em>is</em> SaaSS, because it's something you
could
+have done by running a suitable program (free, one hopes)</em></ins></span> in
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Flash,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>your own
+computer.</p>
+
+<p>Using Google Docs through a free editor is rare, of course. Most
+often, people use it through the nonfree JavaScript program,</em></ins></span>
which <span class="removed"><del><strong>pressures users to
run</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>is
+bad like any</em></ins></span> nonfree <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program. This scenario might involve SaaSS, too;
+that depends on what part of the editing is done in the JavaScript
+program and what part in the server. We don't know, but since
SaaSS</em></ins></span>
+and <span class="inserted"><ins><em>proprietary software do similar wrong to
the user,</em></ins></span> it
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>gives users a misleading impression of
privacy. Those are important
+issues too,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>is not
+crucial to know.</p>
+
+<p>Publishing via someone else's repository does not raise privacy
+issues,</em></ins></span> but <span class="removed"><del><strong>this
article's concern</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>publishing through Google Docs has a special problem:
it</em></ins></span>
+is <span class="inserted"><ins><em>impossible even to
<em>view</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>issue</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>text</em> of a Google Docs document
+in a browser without running the nonfree JavaScript code. Thus, you
+should not use Google Docs to publish anything—but the reason
+is not a matter</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The IT industry discourages users from <span
class="removed"><del><strong>considering</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>making</em></ins></span> these distinctions.
+That's what the buzzword “cloud computing” is for. This
+term is so nebulous that it could refer to almost any use of the
+Internet. It includes <span class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS and it includes
nearly
+everything else.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS
as well as many other network usage
+practices. In any given context, an author who writes
+“cloud” (if a technical person) probably has a specific
+meaning in mind, but usually does not explain that in other articles
+the term has other specific meanings.</em></ins></span> The term <span
class="removed"><del><strong>only lends itself</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>leads people</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>uselessly broad
+statements.</p>
+
+<p>The real meaning of</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>generalize about practices they ought to
consider individually.</p>
+
+<p>If</em></ins></span> “cloud computing” <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>has a meaning, it</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>to suggest</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>not a way of
+doing computing, but rather a way of thinking about
computing:</em></ins></span> a
+devil-may-care approach <span class="removed"><del><strong>towards your
computing. It</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>which</em></ins></span> says, “Don't ask <span
class="removed"><del><strong>questions, just trust every business without
hesitation.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>questions.</em></ins></span> Don't
+worry about who controls your computing or who holds your data. Don't
+check for a hook hidden inside our service before you swallow
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>it.”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it.
+Trust companies without hesitation.”</em></ins></span> In other words,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>“Think like</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“Be</em></ins></span> a
+sucker.” <span class="removed"><del><strong>I
prefer</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>A cloud in the
mind is an obstacle</em></ins></span> to <span class="inserted"><ins><em>clear
thinking.
+For the sake of clear thinking about computing, let's</em></ins></span> avoid
the <span class="removed"><del><strong>term.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>term
+“cloud.”</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3>Dealing with the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS</em></ins></span> Problem</h3>
+
+<p>Only a small fraction of all web sites do <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS;</em></ins></span> most don't raise
+the issue. But what should we do about the ones that raise it?</p>
+
+<p>For the simple case, where you are doing your own computing on data
+in your own hands, the solution is simple: use your own copy of a free
+software application. Do your text editing with your copy of a free
+text editor such as GNU Emacs or a free word processor. Do your photo
+editing with your copy of free software such as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>GIMP.</p>
+
+<p>But what</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GIMP.
What if there
+is no free program available? A proprietary program or SaaSS would
+take away your freedom, so you shouldn't use those. You can contribute
+your time or your money to development of a free replacement.</p>
+
+<p>What</em></ins></span> about collaborating with other <span
class="removed"><del><strong>individuals?</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>individuals as a group?</em></ins></span> It may
+be hard to do this at present without using a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>server, and your group
+may not know how to run its own</em></ins></span> server. If you use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>one,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>someone else's
+server, at least</em></ins></span> don't trust a server run by a company. A
mere
+contract as a customer is no protection unless you could detect a
+breach and could really sue, and the company probably writes its
+contracts to permit a broad range of abuses. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Police</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>The state</em></ins></span> can subpoena
+your data from the company <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>along</em></ins></span> with
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>less basis than
required</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>everyone else's,
as Obama has
+done</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>subpoena them
from you,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>phone
companies,</em></ins></span> supposing the company doesn't volunteer them
+like the US phone companies that illegally wiretapped their customers
+for Bush. If you must use a server, use a server whose operators give
+you a basis for trust beyond a mere commercial relationship.</p>
+
+<p>However, on a longer time scale, we can create alternatives to
+using servers. For instance, we can create a peer-to-peer program
+through which collaborators can share data encrypted. The free
+software community should develop distributed peer-to-peer
+replacements for important “web applications”. It may be
+wise to release them under
+the <a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html"> GNU Affero GPL</a>,
since
+they are likely candidates for being converted into server-based
+programs by someone else. The <a href="/">GNU project</a> is
looking
+for volunteers to work on such replacements. We also invite other
+free software projects to consider this issue in their design.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, if a company invites you to use its server to do
+your own computing tasks, don't yield; don't use <span
class="removed"><del><strong>SaaS.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>SaaSS.</em></ins></span> Don't buy or
+install “thin clients”, which are simply computers so weak
+they make you do the real work on a server, unless you're going to use
+them with <em>your</em> server. Use a real computer and keep your
+data there. Do your <span
class="removed"><del><strong>work</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>own computing</em></ins></span> with your own copy of
a free
+program, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+<h3>See also:</h3>
+<p><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The
+Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>.</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Please</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2013</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
+<br />
+This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/08/17 05:29:17 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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