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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy freedom-or-power.ar.html freedom... |
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Date: |
Tue, 11 Jun 2013 13:11:22 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/06/11 13:11:22
Modified files:
philosophy : freedom-or-power.ar.html
freedom-or-power.ko.html
freedom-or-power.nl.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html
freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html
freedom-or-power.nl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.ko.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: freedom-or-power.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- freedom-or-power.ar.html 12 Apr 2013 12:12:27 -0000 1.13
+++ freedom-or-power.ar.html 11 Jun 2013 13:11:16 -0000 1.14
@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ar.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ar.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html"
-->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-04-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<h2>اÙØرÙØ© Ø£Ù
اÙسÙطةØ</h2>
<p>
@@ -157,7 +164,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت بتارÙØ®:
-$Date: 2013/04/12 12:12:27 $
+$Date: 2013/06/11 13:11:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: freedom-or-power.ko.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.ko.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- freedom-or-power.ko.html 12 Apr 2013 12:12:27 -0000 1.19
+++ freedom-or-power.ko.html 11 Jun 2013 13:11:17 -0000 1.20
@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ko.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ko.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ko.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html"
-->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-04-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ko.html" -->
<h2>ìì ì¸ê° ê¶ë ¥ì¸ê°?</h2>
<p>
@@ -133,7 +140,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ìµì¢
ìì ì¼:
-$Date: 2013/04/12 12:12:27 $
+$Date: 2013/06/11 13:11:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: freedom-or-power.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- freedom-or-power.nl.html 12 Apr 2013 12:12:28 -0000 1.12
+++ freedom-or-power.nl.html 11 Jun 2013 13:11:17 -0000 1.13
@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.nl-diff.html"
-->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-04-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Vrijheid of Macht?</h2>
<p>
@@ -176,7 +183,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/04/12 12:12:28 $
+$Date: 2013/06/11 13:11:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html
diff -N po/freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/freedom-or-power.ar-diff.html 11 Jun 2013 13:11:19 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Freedom Or Power?
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom,
software, power, rights" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?,
Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman discuss the reasons that the free
software movement doesn't advocate the so-called freedom to choose any license
you want for software you write." />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Freedom or Power?</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong> and <strong>Richard
+M. Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the
+love of ourselves.<br />
+-- William Hazlitt</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of
+software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are
+necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a
+community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Our criteria for free software</a>
specify
+the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+We stand for freedom for programmers as well as for other users.
+Most of us are programmers, and we want freedom for ourselves as well
+as for you. But each of us uses software written by others, and we
+want freedom when using that software, not just when using our own
+code. We stand for freedom for all users, whether they program often,
+occasionally, or not at all.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the
+“freedom to choose any license you want for software you
+write.” We reject this because it is really a form of power,
+not a freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Freedom is being able to make
+decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions
+that affect others more than you. If we confuse power with freedom, we
+will fail to uphold real freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Copyright law
+today grants software developers that power, so they and only they
+choose the rules to impose on everyone else—a relatively small
+number of people make the basic software decisions for all users,
+typically by denying their freedom. When users lack the
+freedoms that define free software, they can't tell what the
+software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor possible
+viruses and worms, can't find out what personal information is being
+reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out). If it breaks,
+they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise its
+power to do so. If it simply isn't quite what they need, they are stuck
+with it. They can't help each other improve it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Proprietary software developers are often businesses. We in the free
+software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what
+happens when a software business has the “freedom” to
+impose arbitrary rules on the users of software. Microsoft is an
+egregious example of how denying users' freedoms can lead to direct
+harm, but it is not the only example. Even when there is no monopoly,
+proprietary software harms society. A choice of masters is not
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated
+on the interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world
+program regularly, and fewer still are owners of proprietary software
+businesses. But the entire developed world now needs and uses
+software, so software developers now control the way it lives,
+does business, communicates, and is entertained. The ethical and
+political issues are not addressed by the slogan of “freedom of
+choice (for developers only).”</p>
+
+<p>
+If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real
question we face is: who should control the
+code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled
+to control the software you use, and giving you that control is the
+goal of free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use;
+however, that is not what today's law says. Current copyright law places
+us in the position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or
+not. The ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for
+each user, just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government
+power by guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms. That is what the <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for:
+it puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a>
who would
+like to take control of your decisions.</p>
+
+<p>
+As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that
+they too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms
+we stand for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the
+practical value of the free software we have developed.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>name="f1"></a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="f1"></a></em></ins></span> William
J. Mitchell,
+<em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge,
+Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by Lawrence Lessig in
+<em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em> (New York,
NY:
+Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a></h4>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
+corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and
Richard M. <span class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim</em></ins></span> copying and distribution of this entire
article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>preserved.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>preserved.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/06/11 13:11:19 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html
diff -N po/freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/freedom-or-power.ko-diff.html 11 Jun 2013 13:11:21 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Freedom Or Power?
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom,
software, power, rights" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?,
Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman discuss the reasons that the free
software movement doesn't advocate the so-called freedom to choose any license
you want for software you write." />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Freedom or Power?</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong> and <strong>Richard
+M. Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the
+love of ourselves.<br />
+-- William Hazlitt</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of
+software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are
+necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a
+community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Our criteria for free software</a>
specify
+the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+We stand for freedom for programmers as well as for other users.
+Most of us are programmers, and we want freedom for ourselves as well
+as for you. But each of us uses software written by others, and we
+want freedom when using that software, not just when using our own
+code. We stand for freedom for all users, whether they program often,
+occasionally, or not at all.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the
+“freedom to choose any license you want for software you
+write.” We reject this because it is really a form of power,
+not a freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Freedom is being able to make
+decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions
+that affect others more than you. If we confuse power with freedom, we
+will fail to uphold real freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Copyright law
+today grants software developers that power, so they and only they
+choose the rules to impose on everyone else—a relatively small
+number of people make the basic software decisions for all users,
+typically by denying their freedom. When users lack the
+freedoms that define free software, they can't tell what the
+software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor possible
+viruses and worms, can't find out what personal information is being
+reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out). If it breaks,
+they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise its
+power to do so. If it simply isn't quite what they need, they are stuck
+with it. They can't help each other improve it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Proprietary software developers are often businesses. We in the free
+software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what
+happens when a software business has the “freedom” to
+impose arbitrary rules on the users of software. Microsoft is an
+egregious example of how denying users' freedoms can lead to direct
+harm, but it is not the only example. Even when there is no monopoly,
+proprietary software harms society. A choice of masters is not
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated
+on the interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world
+program regularly, and fewer still are owners of proprietary software
+businesses. But the entire developed world now needs and uses
+software, so software developers now control the way it lives,
+does business, communicates, and is entertained. The ethical and
+political issues are not addressed by the slogan of “freedom of
+choice (for developers only).”</p>
+
+<p>
+If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real
question we face is: who should control the
+code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled
+to control the software you use, and giving you that control is the
+goal of free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use;
+however, that is not what today's law says. Current copyright law places
+us in the position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or
+not. The ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for
+each user, just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government
+power by guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms. That is what the <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for:
+it puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a>
who would
+like to take control of your decisions.</p>
+
+<p>
+As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that
+they too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms
+we stand for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the
+practical value of the free software we have developed.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>name="f1"></a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="f1"></a></em></ins></span> William
J. Mitchell,
+<em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge,
+Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by Lawrence Lessig in
+<em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em> (New York,
NY:
+Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a></h4>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
+corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and
Richard M. <span class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim</em></ins></span> copying and distribution of this entire
article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>preserved.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>preserved.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/06/11 13:11:21 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html-diff</title>
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+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
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+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Freedom Or Power?
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom,
software, power, rights" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?,
Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman discuss the reasons that the free
software movement doesn't advocate the so-called freedom to choose any license
you want for software you write." />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Freedom or Power?</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong> and <strong>Richard
+M. Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the
+love of ourselves.<br />
+-- William Hazlitt</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of
+software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are
+necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a
+community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Our criteria for free software</a>
specify
+the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+We stand for freedom for programmers as well as for other users.
+Most of us are programmers, and we want freedom for ourselves as well
+as for you. But each of us uses software written by others, and we
+want freedom when using that software, not just when using our own
+code. We stand for freedom for all users, whether they program often,
+occasionally, or not at all.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the
+“freedom to choose any license you want for software you
+write.” We reject this because it is really a form of power,
+not a freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Freedom is being able to make
+decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions
+that affect others more than you. If we confuse power with freedom, we
+will fail to uphold real freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Copyright law
+today grants software developers that power, so they and only they
+choose the rules to impose on everyone else—a relatively small
+number of people make the basic software decisions for all users,
+typically by denying their freedom. When users lack the
+freedoms that define free software, they can't tell what the
+software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor possible
+viruses and worms, can't find out what personal information is being
+reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out). If it breaks,
+they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise its
+power to do so. If it simply isn't quite what they need, they are stuck
+with it. They can't help each other improve it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Proprietary software developers are often businesses. We in the free
+software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what
+happens when a software business has the “freedom” to
+impose arbitrary rules on the users of software. Microsoft is an
+egregious example of how denying users' freedoms can lead to direct
+harm, but it is not the only example. Even when there is no monopoly,
+proprietary software harms society. A choice of masters is not
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated
+on the interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world
+program regularly, and fewer still are owners of proprietary software
+businesses. But the entire developed world now needs and uses
+software, so software developers now control the way it lives,
+does business, communicates, and is entertained. The ethical and
+political issues are not addressed by the slogan of “freedom of
+choice (for developers only).”</p>
+
+<p>
+If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real
question we face is: who should control the
+code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled
+to control the software you use, and giving you that control is the
+goal of free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use;
+however, that is not what today's law says. Current copyright law places
+us in the position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or
+not. The ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for
+each user, just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government
+power by guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms. That is what the <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for:
+it puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a>
who would
+like to take control of your decisions.</p>
+
+<p>
+As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that
+they too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms
+we stand for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the
+practical value of the free software we have developed.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>name="f1"></a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="f1"></a></em></ins></span> William
J. Mitchell,
+<em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge,
+Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by Lawrence Lessig in
+<em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em> (New York,
NY:
+Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a></h4>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
+corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and
Richard M. <span class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim</em></ins></span> copying and distribution of this entire
article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>preserved.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>preserved.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/06/11 13:11:21 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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