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www/philosophy po/limit-patent-effect.translist...


From: GNUN
Subject: www/philosophy po/limit-patent-effect.translist...
Date: Wed, 05 Jun 2013 17:28:32 +0000

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     13/06/05 17:28:31

Modified files:
        philosophy/po  : limit-patent-effect.translist 
                         microsoft-verdict.ca.po microsoft-verdict.fr.po 
                         microsoft-verdict.it.po microsoft-verdict.ko.po 
                         microsoft-verdict.nl.po microsoft-verdict.pl.po 
                         microsoft-verdict.pot microsoft-verdict.ru.po 
Added files:
        philosophy     : limit-patent-effect.ru.html 
        philosophy/po  : limit-patent-effect.ru-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.ca.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.ko.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.nl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.pl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- po/limit-patent-effect.translist    16 Mar 2013 08:30:11 -0000      1.7
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.translist    5 Jun 2013 17:28:30 -0000       1.8
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 <p>
 <span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en" 
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.en.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.fr.html">français</a>&nbsp;[fr]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.ru.html">русский</a>&nbsp;[ru]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;
 </p>
 </div>' -->
 <!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->

Index: po/microsoft-verdict.ca.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.ca.po,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- po/microsoft-verdict.ca.po  15 May 2013 19:29:02 -0000      1.13
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.ca.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:30 -0000       1.14
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
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 "Project-Id-Version: microsoft-verdict.ca\n"
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 "PO-Revision-Date: 2011-07-25 13:17+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Miquel Puigpelat <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Catalan <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -34,10 +34,19 @@
 
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+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
+#| "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
+#| "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not "
+#| "shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying."
 msgid ""
 "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
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 "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
 "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not shackled "
@@ -68,9 +77,21 @@
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
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+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
+#| "narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to &ldquo;"
+#| "compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer the user "
+#| "one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users who value "
+#| "freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason.  But users "
+#| "who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere convenience, "
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 msgid ""
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- po/microsoft-verdict.fr.po  21 May 2013 21:25:50 -0000      1.26
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.fr.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:30 -0000       1.27
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
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@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
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@@ -25,10 +26,26 @@
 msgstr "À propos du verdict Microsoft"
 
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+# | Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the
+# | system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims
+# | to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary,
+# | non[---]free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit
+# | cooperation.  Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but
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+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
+#| "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
+#| "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not "
+#| "shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying."
 msgid ""
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@@ -58,9 +75,32 @@
 "par le juge."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in offering
+# | proprietary, non[---]free software, that will do the Free World no
+# | particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And
+# | competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a
+# | narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to
+# | &ldquo;compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer
+# | the user one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users
+# | who value freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason. 
+# | But users who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere
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+# | systems.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
+#| "narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to &ldquo;"
+#| "compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer the user "
+#| "one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users who value "
+#| "freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason.  But users "
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- po/microsoft-verdict.it.po  15 May 2013 21:28:39 -0000      1.8
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.it.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:30 -0000       1.9
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
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 "PO-Revision-Date: 2013-05-15 23:15+0100\n"
 "Last-Translator: Andrea Pescetti <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Italian\n"
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
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 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "On the Microsoft Verdict - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -27,10 +28,26 @@
 msgstr "A proposito della sentenza Microsoft"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the
+# | system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims
+# | to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary,
+# | non[---]free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit
+# | cooperation.  Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but
+# | many other companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have
+# | not shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
+#| "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
+#| "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not "
+#| "shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying."
 msgid ""
 "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
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 "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
 "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not shackled "
@@ -59,9 +76,32 @@
 "libertà degli utenti."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in offering
+# | proprietary, non[---]free software, that will do the Free World no
+# | particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And
+# | competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a
+# | narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to
+# | &ldquo;compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer
+# | the user one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users
+# | who value freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason. 
+# | But users who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere
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+# | systems.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
+#| "narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to &ldquo;"
+#| "compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer the user "
+#| "one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users who value "
+#| "freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason.  But users "
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+#| "might be enticed away to &ldquo;improved&rdquo; proprietary systems."
 msgid ""
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.ko.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.ko.po,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- po/microsoft-verdict.ko.po  15 May 2013 19:29:02 -0000      1.16
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.ko.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:30 -0000       1.17
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 msgid ""
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 "Project-Id-Version: microsoft-verdict.html\n"
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 "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-03-19 09:15+0900\n"
 "Last-Translator: Chang-hun Song <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Korean <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -32,10 +32,19 @@
 msgstr "마이크로소프트에 대한 판결에 대해서"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
+#| "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
+#| "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not "
+#| "shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying."
 msgid ""
 "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
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 "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not shackled "
@@ -65,9 +74,21 @@
 "달려 있습니다."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
+#| "narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to &ldquo;"
+#| "compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer the user "
+#| "one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users who value "
+#| "freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason.  But users "
+#| "who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere convenience, "
+#| "might be enticed away to &ldquo;improved&rdquo; proprietary systems."
 msgid ""
 "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in offering "
-"proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no particular "
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.nl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.nl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/microsoft-verdict.nl.po  15 May 2013 19:29:02 -0000      1.3
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.nl.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:31 -0000       1.4
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
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@@ -31,10 +31,26 @@
 msgstr "Over de Veroordeling van Microsoft"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the
+# | system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims
+# | to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary,
+# | non[---]free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit
+# | cooperation.  Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but
+# | many other companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have
+# | not shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
+#| "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
+#| "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not "
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 msgid ""
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@@ -64,9 +80,32 @@
 "de rechter zal nemen."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in offering
+# | proprietary, non[---]free software, that will do the Free World no
+# | particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And
+# | competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a
+# | narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to
+# | &ldquo;compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer
+# | the user one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users
+# | who value freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason. 
+# | But users who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere
+# | convenience, might be enticed away to &ldquo;improved&rdquo; proprietary
+# | systems.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
+#| "narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to &ldquo;"
+#| "compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer the user "
+#| "one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users who value "
+#| "freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason.  But users "
+#| "who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere convenience, "
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 msgid ""
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.pl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.pl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- po/microsoft-verdict.pl.po  18 May 2013 22:11:27 -0000      1.15
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.pl.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:31 -0000       1.16
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
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+# | Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the
+# | system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims
+# | to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary,
+# | non[---]free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit
+# | cooperation.  Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but
+# | many other companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have
+# | not shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
+#| "Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but many other "
+#| "companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have not "
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@@ -70,9 +87,32 @@
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
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+# | If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in offering
+# | proprietary, non[---]free software, that will do the Free World no
+# | particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And
+# | competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a
+# | narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to
+# | &ldquo;compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer
+# | the user one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users
+# | who value freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason. 
+# | But users who do not value freedom, and choose a system based on mere
+# | convenience, might be enticed away to &ldquo;improved&rdquo; proprietary
+# | systems.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
+#| "narrow technical sense; then it could be harder for us to &ldquo;"
+#| "compete&rdquo; with them technically.  We will continue to offer the user "
+#| "one thing those companies do not&mdash;freedom&mdash;and users who value "
+#| "freedom will continue to choose free software for that reason.  But users "
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- po/microsoft-verdict.pot    15 May 2013 19:29:03 -0000      1.11
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.pot    5 Jun 2013 17:28:31 -0000       1.12
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Index: po/microsoft-verdict.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-verdict.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- po/microsoft-verdict.ru.po  18 May 2013 06:43:44 -0000      1.14
+++ po/microsoft-verdict.ru.po  5 Jun 2013 17:28:31 -0000       1.15
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@@ -31,10 +32,26 @@
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
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+# | Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the
+# | system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims
+# | to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary,
+# | non[---]free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit
+# | cooperation.  Microsoft is the largest developer of such software, but
+# | many other companies treat the users' freedom just as badly; if they have
+# | not shackled as many users as Microsoft, it is not for lack of trying.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> users think of the "
+#| "system as competition for Microsoft.  But the Free Software Movement aims "
+#| "to solve a problem that is much bigger than Microsoft: proprietary, non-"
+#| "free software, designed to keep users helpless and prohibit cooperation.  "
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@@ -66,9 +83,32 @@
 
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+# | proprietary, non[---]free software, that will do the Free World no
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+# | competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a
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+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the remedies are designed to enable other companies compete in "
+#| "offering proprietary, non-free software, that will do the Free World no "
+#| "particular good.  Alternative possible masters is not freedom.  And "
+#| "competition could lead them to do a &ldquo;better&rdquo; job, better in a "
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Index: limit-patent-effect.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: limit-patent-effect.ru.html
diff -N limit-patent-effect.ru.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ limit-patent-effect.ru.html 5 Jun 2013 17:28:26 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.en.html" 
-->
+
+<title>Защита отрасли программирования от 
патентов - Проект GNU - Фонд свободного
+программного обеспечения</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>Защита отрасли программирования от 
патентов</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Ричард 
Столмен</strong></a></p>
+
+<p><em>Первоначальная версия этой статьи 
была опубликована в <a
+href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";>
+Уайеред</a> в&nbsp;ноябре 2012&nbsp;года.</em></p>
+
+<p>Патенты угрожают каждому разработчику 
программ, и патентные войны, которых
+мы долго со страхом ожидали, наконец 
разразились. Разработчикам программ и
+пользователям программ&nbsp;&mdash; а они 
составляют большинство в нашем
+обществе&nbsp;&mdash; нуждаются в том, чтобы 
программы были свободны от
+патентов.</p>
+
+<p>Патенты, которые нам угрожают, часто 
называют &ldquo;патентами на
+программы&rdquo;, но это выражение вносит 
путаницу. Такие патенты не
+относятся ни к какой конкретной программе. 
Напротив, каждый патент описывает
+некоторую практическую идею, и в нем 
говорится, что на всякого, кто проводит
+ее в жизнь, можно подать в суд. Так что 
более ясным было бы название
+&ldquo;патенты на вычислительные идеи&rdquo;.</p>
+
+<p>В патентной системе США патенты не 
помечаются так, чтобы можно было сказать,
+что этот патент является &ldquo;патентом на 
программы&rdquo;, а
+тот&nbsp;&mdash; нет. Их различают разработчики 
программ&nbsp;&mdash; они
+отличают патенты, которые угрожают нам 
(патенты, выданные на идеи, которые
+можно реализовать в программах), от прочих 
патентов. Например, если
+запатентованная идея состоит в форме 
физической структуры или в химической
+реакции, то никакая программа ее 
реализовать не может; этот патент не
+угрожает отрасли программирования. Но 
если запатентованная идея заключается
+в вычислении, то дуло этого патента 
смотрит на разработчиков и пользователей
+программ.</p>
+
+<p>Не то чтобы патенты на вычислительные 
идеи запрещали только программы. Эти
+идеи можно реализовать и аппаратно&nbsp;&mdash; 
и многие из них были
+реализованы аппаратно. Каждый патент, как 
правило, распространяется как на
+аппаратные, <em>так и на программные</em> 
реализации идеи.</p>
+
+<h3>Особая проблема программ</h3>
+
+<p>Тем не менее в случае программ патенты на 
вычислительные идеи приводят к
+особой проблеме. В этом случае в одной 
программе легко реализовать
+одновременно тысячи идей. Если 10% из них 
запатентованы, это значит, что
+программе угрожают сотни патентов.</p>
+
+<p>Когда Дан Рейвичер из Общественного 
патентного фонда изучил
+в&nbsp;2004&nbsp;году одну крупную программу (Linux, 
которая является ядром
+операционной системы <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> 
GNU/Linux</a>), он
+насчитал 283&nbsp;патента США, которые, 
по-видимому, распространялись на
+вычислительные идеи, реализованные в исх
одном тексте этой программы. В том
+же самом году один журнал сделал оценку, по 
которой доля Linux составляла
+0,25% от всей системы GNU/Linux. Умножив 300 на 400, 
мы получаем грубую
+оценку, согласно которой системе в целом 
<em>угрожало порядка ста тысяч
+патентов</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Если бы половина из этих патентов была 
исключена по причине &ldquo;низкого
+качества&rdquo;&nbsp;&mdash; т.е. ошибок патентной 
системы&nbsp;&mdash; это
+бы мало что изменило. Сто тысяч патентов 
или пятьдесят тысяч&nbsp;&mdash;
+все равно это такое же бедствие. Вот почему 
было бы ошибкой ограничивать
+нашу критику только &ldquo;патентными 
троллями&rdquo; или
+&ldquo;низкокачественными&rdquo; патентами. 
Самый злостный из сегодняшних
+патентных агрессоров&nbsp;&mdash; компания Apple, 
которая не является
+&ldquo;троллем&rdquo; в обычном определении; я не 
знаю, являются ли патенты
+Apple &ldquo;качественными&rdquo;, но чем выше 
&ldquo;качество&rdquo;
+патента, тем опаснее его угроза.</p>
+
+<p>Нам нужно решать всю проблему, а не 
только часть ее.</p>
+
+<p>Обычно для устранения этой проблемы на 
законодательном уровне предлагают
+изменить критерии выдачи патентов&nbsp;&mdash; 
например, запретить выдавать
+патенты на вычислительную практику и 
системы, которые ее осуществляют. У
+этого подхода есть два недостатка.</p>
+
+<p>Во-первых, патентные юристы умеют 
искусно переформулировать патенты, чтобы
+они прошли по всем правилам, какие только 
можно применить; они сводят любую
+попытку ограничить сущность патентов к 
простой формальности. Например,
+многие патенты США на вычислительные идеи 
описывают систему, в которую
+входит арифметическое устройство, 
устройство выборки команд, память, а также
+органы управления для проведения 
конкретного вычисления. Это своеобразный
+способ описания компьютера, выполняющего 
программу, которая проводит
+определенное вычисление; он был выдуман 
для того, чтобы привести заявку на
+патент в соответствие с критериями, 
которых, как некоторое время считалось,
+требовала патентная система США.</p>
+
+<p>Во-вторых, в США уже есть много тысяч 
патентов на вычислительные идеи, так
+что изменение критериев для 
предотвращения выдачи новых патентов не 
избавило
+бы от уже существующих. Нам пришлось бы 
ждать почти двадцать лет, пока
+проблема была бы полностью устранена по 
завершении действия этих
+патентов. Мы могли бы представить себе 
отмену этих существующих патентов в
+законодательном порядке, но это, вероятно, 
неконституционно (Верховный суд
+упрямо настаивал, что Конгресс может 
расширять частные привилегии за счет
+прав общества, но это не может произойти в 
обратном направлении).</p>
+
+<h3>Другой подход: ограничить действие, а не 
патентоспособность</h3>
+
+<p>Мое предложение&nbsp;&mdash; изменить 
<em>действие</em> патентов. Нам
+следует изменить законы так, чтобы 
разработка, распространение или запуск
+программы на вычислительной аппаратуре 
общего применения не составляли
+нарушения патента. У этого подхода 
несколько достоинств:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Он не требует классификации патентов 
или заявок на патенты как
+&ldquo;программных&rdquo; или &ldquo;непрограммных
&rdquo;.</li>
+<li>Он предоставляет разработчикам и 
пользователям защиту как от существующих
+патентов на вычислительные идеи, так и от 
патентов, возможных в будущем.</li>
+<li>Патентные юристы не могут свести на нет 
желаемый эффект изменением формы
+заявок.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Этот подход полностью не отменяет 
существующие патенты на вычислительные
+идеи, потому что они по-прежнему были бы 
применимы к реализациям в
+аппаратуре специального назначения. Это 
достоинство, потому что это
+исключает споры о легитимности этого 
плана. Несколько лет назад в США был
+принят закон, прикрывающий от патентных 
преследований хирургов, так что
+хирурги в безопасности, даже если х
ирургические процедуры
+запатентованы. Этот закон дает прецедент 
для этого решения.</p>
+
+<p>Разработчики и пользователи программ 
нуждаются в защите от патентов. Это
+единственное законодательное решение, 
которое предоставило всем бы полную
+защиту. Тогда мы могли бы опять вернуться к 
конкуренции или
+сотрудничеству... не боясь, что 
какой-нибудь незнакомец зачеркнет всю нашу
+работу.</p>
+
+<p><em>См. также: <a 
href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">
+Патентной реформы не достаточно</a></em></p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Пожалуйста, присылайте общие запросы 
фонду и GNU по адресу <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>. Есть также <a
+href="/contact/">другие способы связаться</a> с 
фондом. Отчеты о
+неработающих ссылках и другие поправки 
или предложения можно присылать по
+адресу <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Мы старались сделать этот перевод точным и 
качественным, но исключить
+возможность ошибки мы не можем. 
Присылайте, пожалуйста, свои замечания и
+предложения по переводу по адресу <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+</p><p>Сведения по координации и 
предложениям переводов наших статей см. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">&ldquo;Р
уководстве по
+переводам&rdquo;</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Это произведение доступно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лицензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>Атрибуция&nbsp;&mdash; 
Без
+производных произведений</em>) 3.0 США</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Внимание! В подготовке этого перевода 
участвовал только один человек. Вы
+можете существенно улучшить перевод, если 
проверите его и расскажете о
+найденных ошибках в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru";>русской группе 
переводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Обновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/06/05 17:28:26 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: po/limit-patent-effect.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/limit-patent-effect.ru-en.html
diff -N po/limit-patent-effect.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.ru-en.html   5 Jun 2013 17:28:28 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p><em>A version of this article was first published at
+<a 
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";>Wired</a>
+in November 2012.</em></p>
+
+<p>Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have
+long feared have broken out.  Software developers and software
+users&mdash;which in our society, is most people&mdash;need software
+to be free of patents.</p>
+
+<p>The patents that threaten us are often called &ldquo;software
+patents&rdquo;, but that term is misleading.  Such patents are not
+about any specific program.  Rather, each patent describes some
+practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be
+sued.  So it is clearer to call them &ldquo;computational idea
+patents&rdquo;.</p>
+
+<p>The US patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a
+&ldquo;software patent&rdquo; and that one isn't.  Software developers
+are the ones who make a distinction between the patents that threaten
+us&mdash;those that cover ideas that can be implemented in
+software&mdash;and the rest.  For example, if the patented idea is the
+shape of a physical structure or a chemical reaction, no program can
+implement that idea; that patent doesn't threaten the software field.
+But if the idea that's patented is a computation, that patent's barrel
+points at software developers and users.</p>
+
+<p>This is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only
+software.  These ideas can also be implemented in hardware&mdash;and
+many of them have been.  Each patent typically covers both hardware
+<em>and</em> software implementations of the idea.</p>
+
+<h3>The Special Problem of Software</h3>
+
+<p>Still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special
+problem.  In software, it's easy to implement thousands of ideas
+together in one program.  If 10% are patented, that means hundreds of
+patents threaten it.</p>
+
+<p>When Dan Ravicher of the Public Patent Foundation studied one large program
+(Linux, which is the kernel of the
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> GNU/Linux</a> operating system) in
+2004, he found 283 US patents that appeared to cover computing ideas
+implemented in the source code of that program.  That same year, a
+magazine estimated that Linux was .25% of the whole GNU/Linux system.
+Multiplying 300 by 400 we get the order-of-magnitude estimate that the
+system as a whole was <em>threatened by around 100,000 patents</em>.</p>
+
+<p>If half of those patents were eliminated as &ldquo;bad
+quality&rdquo;&mdash;mistakes of the patent system, that
+is&mdash;it would not really change things.  Whether 100,000 patents
+or 50,000, it's the same disaster.  This is why it's a mistake to
+limit our criticism of software patents to just &ldquo;patent
+trolls&rdquo; or &ldquo;bad quality&rdquo; patents.  The worst patent
+aggressor today is Apple, which isn't a &ldquo;troll&rdquo; by the
+usual definition; I don't know whether Apple's patents are &ldquo;good
+quality&rdquo;, but the better the patent's &ldquo;quality&rdquo; the
+more dangerous its threat.</p>
+
+<p>We need to fix the whole problem, not just part.</p>
+
+<p>The usual suggestions for correcting this problem legislatively
+involve changing the criteria for granting patents&mdash;for instance,
+to ban issuance of patents on computational practices and systems to
+perform them.  This approach has two drawbacks.</p>
+
+<p>First, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit
+whatever rules may apply; they transform any attempt at limiting the
+substance of patents into a requirement of mere form.  For instance,
+many US computational idea patents describe a system including an
+arithmetic unit, an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to
+carry out a particular computation.  This is a peculiar way of
+describing a computer running a program that does a certain
+computation; it was designed to make the patent application satisfy criteria
+that the US patent system was believed for a time to require.</p>
+
+<p>Second, the US already has many thousands of computational idea
+patents, and changing the criteria to prevent issuing more would not
+get rid of the existing ones.  We would have to wait almost 20 years
+for the problem to be entirely corrected through the expiration of
+these patents.  We could envision legislating the abolition of these
+existing patents, but that is probably unconstitutional.  (The Supreme
+Court has perversely insisted that Congress can extend private
+privileges at the expense of the public's rights but that it can't go
+in the other direction.)</p>
+
+<h3>A Different Approach: Limit Effect, Not Patentability</h3>
+
+<p>My suggestion is to change the <em>effect</em> of patents.  We
+should legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program
+on generally used computing hardware does not constitute patent
+infringement.  This approach has several advantages:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as
+&ldquo;software&rdquo; or &ldquo;not software&rdquo;.</li>
+<li>It provides developers and users with protection from both existing
+and potential future computational idea patents.</li>
+<li>Patent lawyers cannot defeat the intended effect by writing
+applications differently.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>This approach doesn't entirely invalidate existing computational idea
+patents, because they would continue to apply to implementations using
+special-purpose hardware.  This is an advantage because it eliminates
+an argument against the legal validity of the plan.  The US passed a
+law some years ago shielding surgeons from patent lawsuits, so that
+even if surgical procedures are patented, surgeons are safe.  That
+provides a precedent for this solution.</p>
+
+<p>Software developers and software users need protection from patents.
+This is the only legislative solution that would provide full
+protection for all.  We could then go back to competing or
+cooperating&hellip; without the fear that some stranger will wipe away
+our work.</p>
+
+<p><em>See also:
+<a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">
+Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em></p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
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+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/06/05 17:28:28 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>



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