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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy categories.cs.html gpl-american-... |
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Date: |
Sat, 18 May 2013 00:58:18 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/05/18 00:58:18
Modified files:
philosophy : categories.cs.html gpl-american-dream.nl.html
gpl-american-way.nl.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : categories.cs-diff.html
gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html
gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gpl-american-way.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: categories.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- categories.cs.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:07 -0000 1.15
+++ categories.cs.html 18 May 2013 00:58:16 -0000 1.16
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.cs.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.cs.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/categories.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/categories.cs-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-03-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
<h2>Kategorie svobodného a nesvobodného softwaru</h2>
<p>Také si pÅeÄtÄte <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">MatoucÃ
slova,
@@ -390,7 +397,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:07 $
+$Date: 2013/05/18 00:58:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gpl-american-dream.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gpl-american-dream.nl.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:30 -0000 1.9
+++ gpl-american-dream.nl.html 18 May 2013 00:58:16 -0000 1.10
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-03-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>De GNU GPL en de Amerikaanse Droom</h2>
<p>
@@ -124,7 +131,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:30 $
+$Date: 2013/05/18 00:58:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gpl-american-way.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gpl-american-way.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gpl-american-way.nl.html 28 Feb 2013 19:11:30 -0000 1.8
+++ gpl-american-way.nl.html 18 May 2013 00:58:16 -0000 1.9
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html"
-->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-03-18" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>De GNU GPL en de “American Way”</h2>
<p>
@@ -187,7 +194,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:11:30 $
+$Date: 2013/05/18 00:58:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/categories.cs-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/categories.cs-diff.html
diff -N po/categories.cs-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/categories.cs-diff.html 18 May 2013 00:58:17 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/categories.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
+
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a
href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: nearly all free software is open source,
+ and nearly all open source software is free.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a href=
+ "/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public
domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html">tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the
freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more
explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free
software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org">X Window System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium releases X11 with
+ distribution terms that make it noncopylefted free
+ software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those
+ distribution terms and is free. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed
software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses
permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating
system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The
+ GNU system includes all of the <a href="#GNUsoftware">offical
+ GNU packages</a>. It also includes many other packages, such as
+ the X Window System and TeX, which are not GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s. As this shows, the GNU system is not a single
+ static set of programs; users and distributors may select
+ different packages according to their needs and desires. The
+ result is still a variant of the GNU system.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system is free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo
is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a>
is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
+ "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copylefted</a> , but not all;
however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+ "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/">staff</a> of
+ the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of
these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU
software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+ <p>The FSF does not accept copyright assignments of software
+ that is not an official GNU package, as a rule.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
+ software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free
software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software (in a somewhat trivial
+ sense) if its sole user has the four freedoms. In particular,
+ if the user has full rights to the private program, the program is
+ free. However, if the user distributes copies to others and does
+ not provide the four freedoms with those copies, those copies
+ are not free software.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not access. In
+ general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and
+ not release it. There are occasions when a program is so
+ important that one might argue that withholding it from the
+ public is doing wrong to humanity. However, such cases are
+ rare. Most programs are not that important, and declining to
+ release them is not particularly wrong. Thus, there is no
+ conflict between the development of private or custom software
+ and the principles of the free software movement.</p>
+
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p> “Commercial” and “proprietary” are
+ not the same! Commercial software is software developed by a
+ business as part of its business. Most commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the priorities are in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; that
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
+corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006,
2007, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/05/18 00:58:17 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/gpl-american-dream.nl-diff.html 18 May 2013 00:58:17 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>The GNU GPL and the American Dream
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-dream.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The GNU GPL and the American Dream</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>by</em></ins></span>
<strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+When I was in grade school, right here in the United States of
+America, I was taught that our country was the “land of
+opportunity”. My teachers told me that my country was special,
+because anyone with a good idea and a drive to do good work could make
+a living, and be successful too. They called it the “American
+Dream”.</p>
+<p>
+What was the cornerstone to the “American Dream”? It was
+equality—everyone had the same chance in our society to choose
+their own way. I could have any career I wanted, and if I worked
+hard, I would be successful.</p>
+<p>
+It turned out that I had some talent for working with
+computers—in particular, computer software. Indoctrinated with
+the “American Dream”, I learned as much as I could about
+computer software. I wanted my chance at success.</p>
+<p>
+I quickly discovered though, that in many cases, not all the players in the
+field of computer software were equal. By the time I entered the field,
+large companies like Microsoft tended to control much of the technology.
+And, that technology was available to me under licensing agreements that
+forbid me to study and learn from it. I was completely prohibited from
+viewing the program source code of the software.</p>
+<p>
+I found out, too, that those with lots of money could negotiate different
+licenses. If they paid enough, they could get permission to study and learn
+from the source code. Typically, such licenses cost many thousands of
+dollars, and being young and relatively poor, I was out of luck.</p>
+<p>
+After spending my early years in the software business a bit downtrodden by
+my inability to learn more, I eventually discovered another body of software
+that did allow me to study and learn. This software was released under a
+license called the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). Instead of
+restricting my freedom to study and learn from it, this license was
+specifically designed to allow me to learn. The license ensured that no
+matter what happened to the public versions of the software, I'd always be
+able to study its source code.</p>
+<p>
+I quickly built my career around this software. I got lots of work
+configuring, installing, administering, and teaching about that software.
+Thanks to the GNU GPL, I always knew that I could stay competitive in my
+business, because I would always be able to learn easily about new
+innovations as soon as they were made. This gave me a unique ability to
+innovate myself. I could innovate quickly, and impress my employers. I was
+even able to start my own consulting business. My own business! The
+pinnacle of the American Dream!</p>
+<p>
+Thus, I was quite surprised last week when a vice president at Microsoft
+hinted that the GNU GPL contradicted the American Way.</p>
+<p>
+The GNU GPL is specifically designed to make sure that all technological
+innovators, programmers, and software users are given equal footing. Each
+high school student, independent contractor, small business, and large
+corporation are given an equal chance to innovate. We all start the race
+from the same point. Those people with deep understanding of the software
+and an ability to make it work well for others are most likely to succeed,
+and they do succeed.</p>
+<p>
+That is exactly what the American Way is about, at least the way I learned
+it in grade school. I hope that we won't let Microsoft and others change
+the definition.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
+corrections <span class="removed"><del><strong>(or
suggestions)</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>or
suggestions can be sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2001 Bradley M. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Kuhn
+<br />
+Verbatim</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Kuhn</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim</em></ins></span> copying and distribution of this entire
article is
+permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>preserved.
+</p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>preserved.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/05/18 00:58:17 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- All pages on the GNU web server
should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/gpl-american-way.nl-diff.html 18 May 2013 00:58:17 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>The GNU GPL and the American Way
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gpl-american-way.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>The GNU GPL and the American Way</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+ by</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>by</em></ins></span>
<strong>Richard M. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman</strong>
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</strong></p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+Microsoft describes the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) as an
+“open source” license, and says it is against the American
+Way. To understand the GNU GPL, and recognize how it embodies the
+American Way, you must first be aware that the GPL was not designed
+for open source.</p>
+<p>
+The Open Source Movement, which was launched in 1998, aims to develop
+powerful, reliable software and improved technology, by inviting the
+public to collaborate in software development. Many developers in
+that movement use the GNU GPL, and they are welcome to use it. But
+the ideas and logic of the GPL cannot be found in the Open Source
+Movement. They stem from the deeper goals and values of the Free
+Software Movement.</p>
+<p>
+The Free Software Movement was founded in 1984, but its inspiration
+comes from the ideals of 1776: freedom, community, and voluntary
+cooperation. This is what leads to free enterprise, to free speech,
+and to free software.</p>
+<p>
+As in “free enterprise” and “free speech”, the
+“free” in “free software” refers to freedom,
+not price; specifically, it means that you have the freedom to study,
+change, and redistribute the software you use. These freedoms permit
+citizens to help themselves and help each other, and thus participate
+in a community. This contrasts with the more common proprietary
+software, which keeps users helpless and divided: the inner workings
+are secret, and you are prohibited from sharing the program with your
+neighbor. Powerful, reliable software and improved technology are
+useful byproducts of freedom, but the freedom to have a community is
+important in its own right.</p>
+<p>
+We could not establish a community of freedom in the land of
+proprietary software where each program had its lord. We had to build
+a new land in cyberspace—the free software GNU operating system,
+which we started writing in 1984. In 1991, when GNU was almost
+finished, the kernel Linux written by Linus Torvalds filled the last
+gap; soon the free GNU/Linux system was available. Today millions of
+users use GNU/Linux and enjoy the benefits of freedom and community.</p>
+<p>
+I designed the GNU GPL to uphold and defend the freedoms that define
+free software—to use the words of 1776, it establishes them as
+inalienable rights for programs released under the GPL. It ensures
+that you have the freedom to study, change, and redistribute the
+program, by saying that nobody is authorized to take these freedoms
+away from you by redistributing the program under a restrictive
+license.</p>
+<p>
+For the sake of cooperation, we encourage others to modify and extend
+the programs that we publish. For the sake of freedom, we set the
+condition that these modified versions of our programs must respect
+your freedom just like the original version. We encourage two-way
+cooperation by rejecting parasites: whoever wishes to copy parts of
+our software into his program must let us use parts of that program in
+our programs. Nobody is forced to join our club, but those who wish
+to participate must offer us the same cooperation they receive from
+us. That makes the system fair.</p>
+<p>
+Millions of users, tens of thousands of developers, and companies as
+large as IBM, Intel, and Sun, have chosen to participate on this
+basis. But some companies want the advantages without the
+responsibilities.</p>
+<p>
+From time to time, companies have said to us, “We would make an
+improved version of this program if you allow us to release it without
+freedom.” We say, “No thanks—your improvements might
+be useful if they were free, but if we can't use them in freedom, they
+are no good at all.” Then they appeal to our egos, saying that
+our code will have “more users” inside their proprietary
+programs. We respond that we value our community's freedom more than
+an irrelevant form of popularity.</p>
+<p>
+Microsoft surely would like to have the benefit of our code without
+the responsibilities. But it has another, more specific purpose in
+attacking the GNU GPL. Microsoft is known generally for imitation
+rather than innovation. When Microsoft does something new, its
+purpose is strategic—not to improve computing for its users, but
+to close off alternatives for them.</p>
+<p>
+Microsoft uses an anticompetitive strategy called “embrace and
+extend”. This means they start with the technology others are
+using, add a minor wrinkle which is secret so that nobody else can
+imitate it, then use that secret wrinkle so that only Microsoft
+software can communicate with other Microsoft software. In some
+cases, this makes it hard for you to use a non-Microsoft program when
+others you work with use a Microsoft program. In other cases, this
+makes it hard for you to use a non-Microsoft program for job A if you
+use a Microsoft program for job B. Either way, “embrace and
+extend” magnifies the effect of Microsoft's market power.</p>
+<p>
+No license can stop Microsoft from practicing “embrace and
+extend” if they are determined to do so at all costs. If they
+write their own program from scratch, and use none of our code, the
+license on our code does not affect them. But a total rewrite is
+costly and hard, and even Microsoft can't do it all the time. Hence
+their campaign to persuade us to abandon the license that protects our
+community, the license that won't let them say, “What's yours is
+mine, and what's mine is mine.” They want us to let them take
+whatever they want, without ever giving anything back. They want us
+to abandon our defenses.</p>
+<p>
+But defenselessness is not the American Way. In the land of the brave
+and the free, we defend our freedom with the GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<h4>Addendum:</h4>
+
+<p>
+Microsoft says that the GPL is against “intellectual property
+rights.” I have no opinion on “intellectual property
+rights,” because the term is too broad to have a sensible
+opinion about. It is a catch-all, covering copyrights, patents,
+trademarks, and other disparate areas of law; areas so different, in
+the laws and in their effects, that any statement about all of them at
+once is surely simplistic. To think intelligently about copyrights,
+patents or trademarks, you must think about them separately. The
+first step is declining to lump them together as “intellectual
+property”.</p>
+<p>
+My views about copyright take an hour to expound, but one general
+principle applies: it cannot justify denying the public important
+freedoms. As Abraham Lincoln put it, “Whenever there is a
+conflict between human rights and property rights, human rights must
+prevail.” Property rights are meant to advance human well-being,
+not as an excuse to disregard it.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
There are also <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/contact">other</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/contact/">other</em></ins></span>
ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
+corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2001 Richard M. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
+<br />
+This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/05/18 00:58:17 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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