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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/not-ipr.hr.po po/not-ipr.tran... |
Date: |
Fri, 26 Apr 2013 11:01:15 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/04/26 11:01:15
Modified files:
philosophy/po : not-ipr.hr.po not-ipr.translist
Added files:
philosophy : not-ipr.hr.html
philosophy/po : not-ipr.hr-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.hr.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.hr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.hr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/not-ipr.hr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.hr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/not-ipr.hr.po 26 Apr 2013 10:52:45 -0000 1.1
+++ po/not-ipr.hr.po 26 Apr 2013 11:01:14 -0000 1.2
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-04-26 11:59+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Marin Rameša <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: www-hr <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
@@ -144,9 +145,9 @@
"function similarly."
msgstr ""
"“Intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” je u najboljem sluÄaju termin za "
-"zahvaÄanje svega (<i>catch-all</i>) da bi se sjedinili razliÄiti zakoni. "
-"Oni koji nisu odvjetnici nakon Å¡to Äuju jedno te isti termin primijenjen na
"
-"te raznolike zakone imaju tendenciju da pretpostave da se temelje na "
+"zahvaÄanje svega (<i>catch-all</i>) da bi se sjedinili razliÄiti zakoni.
Oni "
+"koji nisu odvjetnici nakon Å¡to Äuju jedno te isti termin primijenjen na te "
+"raznolike zakone imaju tendenciju da pretpostave da se temelje na "
"zajedniÄkom principu i da funkcioniraju sliÄno. "
#. type: Content of: <p>
Index: po/not-ipr.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- po/not-ipr.translist 13 Apr 2013 14:31:00 -0000 1.8
+++ po/not-ipr.translist 26 Apr 2013 11:01:14 -0000 1.9
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">español</a> [es]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="hr" hreflang="hr"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="it" hreflang="it"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ml" hreflang="ml"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html">മലയാളà´</a> [ml]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
-<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ro" hreflang="ro"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html">românÄ</a> [ro]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sr" hreflang="sr"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">ÑÑпÑки</a> [sr]</span>
Index: not-ipr.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.hr.html
diff -N not-ipr.hr.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ not-ipr.hr.html 26 Apr 2013 11:01:12 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.hr.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+
+<title>Da li ste rekli “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo”? To je
zavodljiva
+opsjena - GNU projekt - Zaklada za slobodan softver (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<h2>Da li ste rekli “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo”? To je zavodljiva
+opsjena</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Postalo je moderno staviti autorsko pravo, patente i zaštitne
+znakove—tri odvojena i razliÄita subjekta koja ukljuÄuju tri odvojena
+i razliÄita skupa zakona—i joÅ¡ k tome tucet drugih zakona u jednu
+posudu i nazvati to “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo”. Iskrivljeni i
+zbunjujuÄi termin nije postao Äest pukim sluÄajem. Kompanije koje imaju
+dobit od konfuzije su ga promovirale. Najjasniji put izlaska iz konfuzije je
+odbijanje termina u potpunosti.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prema profesoru Marku Lemleyu, sada iz pravne Å¡kole Stanford,
+rasprostranjeno koriÅ¡tenje termina “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” je
+moda koja je slijedila osnivanje, 1967. godine, Svjetske organizacije za
+intelektualno vlasništvo (<i>World Intellectual Property Organization</i>,
+WIPO), i postala je Äesta tek u nedavnim godinama. (WIPO je formalno UN
+organizacija, ali zapravo predstavlja interese nositelja autorskih prava,
+patenata i zaštitnih znakova.) Široka primjena datira iz <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">približno
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Lokalna kopija slike</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Termin vrši utjecaj koji nije teško vidjeti: predlaže razmišljanje o
+autorskom pravu, patentima i zaštitnim znakovima kroz analogiju sa
+vlasniÄkim pravima za fiziÄke objekte. (Ta analogija je u sukobu s pravnom
+filozofijom zakona o autorskom pravu, patentnog zakona i zakona o zaštitnim
+znakovima, ali samo struÄnjaci znaju to.) Ti zakoni zapravo nisu niti
+izdaleka sliÄni zakonu fiziÄkog vlasniÅ¡tva, ali koriÅ¡tenje tog termina
+navodi zakonodavce na izmjenu istih da budu što više nalik. Pošto je to
+izmjena željena od strane kompanija koje primjenjuju moÄi autorskoga prava,
+patenata i zaštitnih znakova, odgovara im utjecaj koji termin
+“intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” vrÅ¡i.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Taj utjecaj je dovoljan razlog da se termin odbije, i ljudi su me Äesto
+pitali da predložim neko drugo ime za sveukupnu kategoriju—ili su
+predložili vlastite alternative (Äesto Å¡aljive). Prijedlozi ukljuÄuju
+IMP-ove<sup><a href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>, za Privilegije Nametnutoga
+Monopola (<i>Imposed Monopoly Privileges</i>), i GOLEM-ove<sup><a
+href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup>, za Vladom Izazvani Zakonito Provedeni
+Monopoli (<i>Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies</i>). Neki
+govore o “režimima ekskluzivnih prava”, ali referiranje na
+ograniÄenja rijeÄju “pravo” je isto dvosmisleno.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neka od tih zamjenskih imena bi bila poboljšanje, ali greška je zamijeniti
+“intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” sa bilo kojim drugim terminom. Drugo
+ime neÄe adresirati dublji problem tog termina: prekomjerna
+generalizacija. Ne postoji takva unificirana stvar kao “intelektualno
+vlasniÅ¡tvo”—to je opsjena. Jedini razlog zbog kojeg ljudi misle
+da ima smisla kao koherentna kategorija je taj Å¡to ih je Å¡iroka uporaba
+termina navela u krivi smjer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” je u najboljem sluÄaju termin za
+zahvaÄanje svega (<i>catch-all</i>) da bi se sjedinili razliÄiti zakoni. Oni
+koji nisu odvjetnici nakon Å¡to Äuju jedno te isti termin primijenjen na te
+raznolike zakone imaju tendenciju da pretpostave da se temelje na
+zajedniÄkom principu i da funkcioniraju sliÄno.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ništa ne može biti dalje od istine. Ti zakoni su nastali odvojeno, razvili
+se razliÄito, obuhvaÄaju razliÄite aktivnosti, imaju razliÄita pravila i
+postavljaju razliÄita pitanja javne politike.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Zakon o autorskim pravima je bio dizajnirani da promovira autorstvo i
+umjetnost, i obuhvaÄa detalje izraza djela. Patentni zakon je bio namijenjen
+da se promovira objava korisnih ideja, pod cijenom davanja, onome koji
+objavljuje ideju, privremenog monopola nad istom—cijena koja se
+isplati u nekim profesijama, ali ne u nekim drugima.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U kontrastu, zakon o zaštitnim znakovima, nije bio namijenjen da promovira
+neki partikularni naÄin djelovanja, nego jednostavno da omoguÄi kupcima da
+znaju Å¡to kupuju. Zakonodavci su to, meÄutim, pod utjecajem termina
+“intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo”, pretvorili u spletku koja pruža
+poticaj za oglašavanje.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+PoÅ¡to su se ti zakoni razvili neovisno, oni su razliÄiti u svakom detalju,
+kao i u njihovim temeljnim svrhama i metodama. Dakle, ako nauÄite neku
+Äinjenicu o zakonu autorskoga prava, biti Äe mudro da pretpostavite da je
+patentni zakon drugaÄiji. Rijetko Äete biti u krivu!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ljudi Äesto kažu “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” kada zapravo misle
+na neku veÄu ili manju kategoriju. Na primjer, bogate zemlje Äesto nameÄu
+nepravedne zakone siromašnim zemljama da bi iscijedili novac od njih. Neki
+od tih zakona su zakoni o “intelektualnom vlasniÅ¡tvu”, dok drugi
+nisu; bez obzira na to, kritiÄari takve prakse se Äesto hvataju za tu oznaku
+jer im je postala poznata. KoristeÄi tu oznaku, oni krivo predstavljaju
+prirodu problema. Bilo bi bolje koristiti precizniji termin, kao Å¡to je
+“zakonodavna kolonizacija”, koji pogaÄa u srž materije.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laici nisu sami u stanju zbunjenosti ovim terminom. Äak su i pravni
+profesori koji poduÄavaju te zakone primamljeni i rastrojeni zavodljivoÅ¡Äu
+termina “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo”, i rade opÄenite izjave koje
+su u suprotnosti sa Äinjenicama koje znaju. Na primjer, jedan profesor je
+2006. napisao:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Za razliku od njihovih potomaka koji sada rade na niskim funkcijama u
+WIPO-u, tvorci ustava SAD-a su imali principijelni, za konkurentnost, stav
+prema intelektualnom vlasništvu. Znali su da bi prava mogla biti nužna,
+ali…zavezali su ruke kongresu, ograniÄavajuÄi njegovu moÄ na
+viÅ¡estruke naÄine.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Ta izjava referira na Älanak 1, odjeljak 8, toÄku 8 ustava SAD-a, koji
+ovlaÅ¡Äuje zakon o autorskom pravu i patentni zakon. MeÄutim, ta toÄka, nema
+ništa sa zakonom o zaštitnim znakovima i raznim drugima. Termin
+“intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” je naveo tog profesora da napravi
+lažnu generalizaciju.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Termin “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” isto tako vodi u
+pojednostavnjeno razmišljanje. Navodi ljude da se fokusiraju na slabu
+zajedniÄku formu koju ti razdvojeni zakoni imaju—da oni rade umjetne
+privilegije za odreÄene stranke—i da zanemaruju detalje koji oblikuju
+njihovu suÅ¡tinu: specifiÄna ograniÄenja koja svaki zakon nameÄe javnosti, i
+posljedice koje su rezultat toga. Taj pojednostavljeni fokus na formu
+ohrabruje “ekonomski” pristup svim tim problemima.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ekonomija ovdje djeluje, kao Å¡to to Äesto radi, kao vozilo za neispitane
+pretpostavke. Te ukljuÄuju pretpostavke o vrijednostima, kao Å¡to je
+pretpostavka da je koliÄina proizvodnje stvarno bitna dok sloboda i naÄin
+života nisu, i ÄinjeniÄne pretpostavke koje su uglavnom lažne, kao ona da
+autorska prava podržavaju glazbenike, ili da patenti na lijekove podržavaju
+spasonosna istraživanja.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Još jedan problem je, na širokoj skali implicitnoj u terminu
+“intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo”, da specifiÄna pitanja postavljena od
+strane raznih zakona postaju skoro pa nevidljivima. Ta pitanja se uzdižu iz
+specifiÄnosti svakog zakona—toÄno ono Å¡to termin “intelektualno
+vlasniÅ¡tvo” potiÄe ljude da zanemaruju. Na primjer, jedno pitanje koje
+se tiÄe autorskoga prava je da li razmjenjivanje glazbe treba biti
+dozvoljeno; patentni zakon nema nikakve veze s tim. Patentni zakon postavlja
+pitanja kao što su: da li bi siromašnim zemljama trebalo biti dopušteno da
+proizvode spasonosne lijekove i da ih prodaju jeftino da spase živote; zakon
+o autorskom pravu nema nikakve veze s takvim pitanjima.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Niti jedno od tih pitanja nije samo ekonomsko po prirodi, i njihovi
+ne-ekonomski aspekti su vrlo razliÄiti; koriÅ¡tenje plitke ekonomske
+pretjerane generalizacije kao temelj za njihovo razmatranje znaÄi
+zanemarivanje razlika. Stavljanje tih dviju zakona u posudu
+“intelektualnog vlasniÅ¡tva” opstruira jasno razmiÅ¡ljanje o
+svakom od njih.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dakle, svako miÅ¡ljenje o “pitanju intelektualnog vlasniÅ¡tva” i
+svake generalizacije o toj tobožnjoj kategoriji su skoro pa zasigurno
+budalaste. Ako mislite da su svi ti zakoni jedno pitanje, imati Äete
+tendenciju da birate vaÅ¡a miÅ¡ljenja iz ponude sve-ukljuÄujuÄih pretjeranih
+generalizacija, niti jedna od kojih vrijedi.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ako želite jasno razmišljati o problemima postavljenima patentima, ili
+autorskim pravima, ili zaštitnim znakovima, ili raznim drugim zakonima, prvi
+korak je zaboraviti ideju sjedinjavanja istih, i razmotrite ih kao odvojene
+predmete. Drugi korak je odbijanje uske perspektive i pojednostavljene slike
+koju termin “intelektualno vlasniÅ¡tvo” predlaže. Razmotrite
+svako od tih pitanja odvojeno, u njihovoj punini, i tada imate Å¡ansu za
+dobro razmatranje.
+</p>
+
+<p>Kada doÄemo do reforme WIPO-a, ovdje je <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">jedan prijedlog za izmjenu
+imena i suštine WIPO-a</a>.
+
+</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>Bilješke prevoditelja</h3><ol><li id="TransNote1">U engleskom <i>imp</i>
+znaÄi vragolan, ÄavolÄiÄ ili Äavolak i pojavljuje se u nekim raÄunalnim
+igrama.</li><li id="TransNote2"><i>Golem</i> je takoÄer lik iz raÄunalnih
+igara i predstavlja biÄe dizajnirano, napravljeno i upravljano od strane
+nekog drugog lika, obiÄno moÄnog Äarobnjaka.</li></ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.hr.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Molim vas Å¡aljite opÄenite FSF & GNU upite na <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. Postoje isto i <a
+href="/contact/">drugi naÄini kontaktiranja</a> FSF-a.
+<br />
+Prekinute poveznice i drugi ispravci ili prijedlozi mogu biti poslani na <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Radimo naporno i dajemo sve od sebe da bi pružili toÄne, visoko kvalitetne
+prijevode. MeÄutim, nismo osloboÄeni od nesavrÅ¡enosti. Molim vas Å¡aljite
+vaÅ¡e komentare i opÄenite prijedloge u tom smislu na <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+<p>Za informacije o koordiniranju i slanju prijevoda naših mrežnih stranica,
+pogledajte <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README za
+prijevode</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.hr"> Creative
+Commons Imenovanje-Bez prerada 3.0 SAD</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.hr.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>Prijevod</b>: Marin Rameša, 2013.</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Zadnji put promijenjeno:
+
+$Date: 2013/04/26 11:01:12 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/not-ipr.hr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/not-ipr.hr-en.html
diff -N po/not-ipr.hr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/not-ipr.hr-en.html 26 Apr 2013 11:01:14 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a
href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers
+the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to
+promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the
+one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price
+that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are “intellectual property” laws,
+and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab
+for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it,
+they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use
+an accurate term, such as “legislative colonization”, that
+gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various
+others. The term “intellectual property” led that
+professor to make false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/04/26 11:01:14 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
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