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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy limit-patent-effect.html proprie... |
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Date: |
Sat, 02 Feb 2013 09:28:34 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/02/02 09:28:34
Modified files:
philosophy : limit-patent-effect.html
proprietary-sabotage.html
philosophy/po : limit-patent-effect.fr.po
limit-patent-effect.translist
Added files:
philosophy/po : limit-patent-effect.pot
proprietary-sabotage.pot
proprietary-sabotage.translist
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/proprietary-sabotage.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/proprietary-sabotage.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/proprietary-sabotage.translist?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: limit-patent-effect.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- limit-patent-effect.html 2 Feb 2013 09:01:21 -0000 1.2
+++ limit-patent-effect.html 2 Feb 2013 09:28:33 -0000 1.3
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
<title>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<!--#set var="article_name" value="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/gnun/initial-translations-list.html" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
<h2>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</h2>
<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/02/02 09:01:21 $
+$Date: 2013/02/02 09:28:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: proprietary-sabotage.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/proprietary-sabotage.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- proprietary-sabotage.html 2 Feb 2013 09:04:28 -0000 1.2
+++ proprietary-sabotage.html 2 Feb 2013 09:28:33 -0000 1.3
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
<title>Proprietary Sabotage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<!--#set var="article_name" value="/philosophy/proprietary-sabotage" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/gnun/initial-translations-list.html" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/proprietary-sabotage.translist" -->
<h2>Proprietary Sabotage</h2>
<p>Here are examples of proprietary software that does nasty things
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/02/02 09:04:28 $
+$Date: 2013/02/02 09:28:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/limit-patent-effect.fr.po 1 Feb 2013 22:22:11 -0000 1.1
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.fr.po 2 Feb 2013 09:28:33 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: limit-patent-effect.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-01 15:58+0100\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-02 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-02-01 22:59+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -48,10 +48,20 @@
"en novembre 2012.</em>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have
+# | long feared have broken out. Software developers and software [-users --
+# | which-] {+users—which+} in our society, is most [-people -- need-]
+# | {+people—need+} software to be free of patents.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have "
+#| "long feared have broken out. Software developers and software users -- "
+#| "which in our society, is most people -- need software to be free of "
+#| "patents."
msgid ""
"Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have long "
-"feared have broken out. Software developers and software users -- which in "
-"our society, is most people -- need software to be free of patents."
+"feared have broken out. Software developers and software users—which "
+"in our society, is most people—need software to be free of patents."
msgstr ""
"Les brevets menacent chaque concepteur de logiciel, et les guerres de brevet "
"que nous avons longtemps craintes ont éclaté. Les développeurs et les "
@@ -59,12 +69,25 @@
"logiciels libres de tout brevet."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The patents that threaten us are often called \"software patents\", but that "
-"term is misleading. Such patents are not about any specific program. Rather, "
-"each patent describes some practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out "
-"the idea can be sued. So it is clearer to call them \"computational idea "
-"patents\"."
+# | The patents that threaten us are often called [-\"software patents\",-]
+# | {+“software patents”,+} but that term is misleading. Such
+# | patents are not about any specific program. Rather, each patent describes
+# | some practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be
+# | sued. So it is clearer to call them [-\"computational-]
+# | {+“computational+} idea [-patents\".-] {+patents”.+}
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The patents that threaten us are often called \"software patents\", but "
+#| "that term is misleading. Such patents are not about any specific program. "
+#| "Rather, each patent describes some practical idea, and says that anyone "
+#| "carrying out the idea can be sued. So it is clearer to call them "
+#| "\"computational idea patents\"."
+msgid ""
+"The patents that threaten us are often called “software "
+"patents”, but that term is misleading. Such patents are not about any "
+"specific program. Rather, each patent describes some practical idea, and "
+"says that anyone carrying out the idea can be sued. So it is clearer to "
+"call them “computational idea patents”."
msgstr ""
"Les brevets qui nous menacent sont souvent appelés « brevets logicielsÂ
», "
"mais ce terme est trompeur. Ces brevets ne concernent aucun programme en "
@@ -74,15 +97,35 @@
"informatiques », ou « brevets sur des algorithmes »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The U.S. patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a \"software "
-"patent\" and that one isn't. Software developers are the ones who make a "
-"distinction between the patents that threaten us -- those that cover ideas "
-"that can be implemented in software -- and the rest. For example, if the "
-"patented idea is the shape of a physical structure or a chemical reaction, "
-"no program can implement that idea; that patent doesn't threaten the "
-"software field. But if the idea that's patented is a computation, that "
-"patent's barrel points at software developers and users."
+# | The [-U.S.-] {+US+} patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's
+# | a [-\"software patent\"-] {+“software patent”+} and that one
+# | isn't. Software developers are the ones who make a distinction between
+# | the patents that threaten [-us -- those-] {+us—those+} that cover
+# | ideas that can be implemented in [-software -- and-]
+# | {+software—and+} the rest. For example, if the patented idea is the
+# | shape of a physical structure or a chemical reaction, no program can
+# | implement that idea; that patent doesn't threaten the software field. But
+# | if the idea that's patented is a computation, that patent's barrel points
+# | at software developers and users.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The U.S. patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a "
+#| "\"software patent\" and that one isn't. Software developers are the ones "
+#| "who make a distinction between the patents that threaten us -- those that "
+#| "cover ideas that can be implemented in software -- and the rest. For "
+#| "example, if the patented idea is the shape of a physical structure or a "
+#| "chemical reaction, no program can implement that idea; that patent "
+#| "doesn't threaten the software field. But if the idea that's patented is a "
+#| "computation, that patent's barrel points at software developers and users."
+msgid ""
+"The US patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a “"
+"software patent” and that one isn't. Software developers are the ones "
+"who make a distinction between the patents that threaten us—those that "
+"cover ideas that can be implemented in software—and the rest. For "
+"example, if the patented idea is the shape of a physical structure or a "
+"chemical reaction, no program can implement that idea; that patent doesn't "
+"threaten the software field. But if the idea that's patented is a "
+"computation, that patent's barrel points at software developers and users."
msgstr ""
"Le système de brevets américain ne différencie pas les « brevets
logiciels » "
"des autres. Seuls les développeurs font la distinction entre les brevets qui
"
@@ -94,10 +137,21 @@
"brevet est braqué sur les développeurs et les utilisateurs."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | This is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only software.
+# | These ideas can also be implemented in [-hardware -- and-]
+# | {+hardware—and+} many of them have been. Each patent typically
+# | covers both hardware <em>and[- -]</em> software implementations of the
+# | idea.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only "
+#| "software. These ideas can also be implemented in hardware -- and many of "
+#| "them have been. Each patent typically covers both hardware <em>and </em> "
+#| "software implementations of the idea."
msgid ""
"This is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only software. "
-"These ideas can also be implemented in hardware -- and many of them have "
-"been. Each patent typically covers both hardware <em>and </em> software "
+"These ideas can also be implemented in hardware—and many of them have "
+"been. Each patent typically covers both hardware <em>and</em> software "
"implementations of the idea."
msgstr ""
"Cela ne veut pas dire que les brevets couvrant des algorithmes concernent "
@@ -106,15 +160,23 @@
"typiquement les implémentations matérielles <em>et</em> logicielles de "
"l'idée."
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The Special Problem of Software"
msgstr "Le problème particulier que pose le logiciel »"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special problem. "
-"In software, it's easy to implement thousands of ideas together in one "
-"program. If 10% are patented, that means hundreds of patents threaten it."
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special "
+#| "problem. In software, it's easy to implement thousands of ideas together "
+#| "in one program. If 10% are patented, that means hundreds of patents "
+#| "threaten it."
+msgid ""
+"Still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special "
+"problem. In software, it's easy to implement thousands of ideas together in "
+"one program. If 10% are patented, that means hundreds of patents threaten "
+"it."
msgstr ""
"Toujours est-il que c'est dans le domaine du logiciel que les brevets sur "
"des algorithmes posent un problème particulier. Il est facile de combiner "
@@ -122,15 +184,33 @@
"brevetées, cela signifie que des centaines de brevets le menacent."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | When Dan Ravicher of the Public Patent Foundation studied one large
+# | program (Linux, which is the kernel of the <a
+# | [-href=\"http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\";>GNU/Linux</a>-]
+# | {+href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\"> GNU/Linux</a>+} operating system) in
+# | 2004, he found 283 US patents that appeared to cover computing ideas
+# | implemented in the source code of that program. That same year, a
+# | magazine estimated that Linux was .25% of the whole GNU/Linux system.
+# | Multiplying 300 by 400 we get the order-of-magnitude estimate that the
+# | system as a whole was <em>threatened by around 100,000 patents</em>.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When Dan Ravicher of the Public Patent Foundation studied one large "
+#| "program (Linux, which is the kernel of the <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/";
+#| "gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux</a> operating system) in 2004, he "
+#| "found 283 US patents that appeared to cover computing ideas implemented "
+#| "in the source code of that program. That same year, a magazine estimated "
+#| "that Linux was .25% of the whole GNU/Linux system. Multiplying 300 by "
+#| "400 we get the order-of-magnitude estimate that the system as a whole was "
+#| "<em>threatened by around 100,000 patents</em>."
msgid ""
"When Dan Ravicher of the Public Patent Foundation studied one large program "
-"(Linux, which is the kernel of the <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-";
-"linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux</a> operating system) in 2004, he found 283 US "
-"patents that appeared to cover computing ideas implemented in the source "
-"code of that program. That same year, a magazine estimated that Linux "
-"was .25% of the whole GNU/Linux system. Multiplying 300 by 400 we get the "
-"order-of-magnitude estimate that the system as a whole was <em>threatened by "
-"around 100,000 patents</em>."
+"(Linux, which is the kernel of the <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\"> GNU/"
+"Linux</a> operating system) in 2004, he found 283 US patents that appeared "
+"to cover computing ideas implemented in the source code of that program. "
+"That same year, a magazine estimated that Linux was .25% of the whole GNU/"
+"Linux system. Multiplying 300 by 400 we get the order-of-magnitude estimate "
+"that the system as a whole was <em>threatened by around 100,000 patents</em>."
msgstr ""
"Quand Dan Ravicher, de la <cite>Public Patent Foundation</cite> (Fondation "
"publique des brevets) a étudié en 2004 un programme de taille importante "
@@ -142,15 +222,37 @@
"est de l'ordre de 100Â 000."
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"If half of those patents were eliminated as \"bad quality\" -- i.e., "
-"mistakes of the patent system that is -- it would not really change things. "
-"Whether 100,000 patents or 50,000, it's the same disaster. This is why it's "
-"a mistake to limit our criticism of software patents to just \"patent trolls"
-"\" or \"bad quality\" patents. The worst patent aggressor today is Apple, "
-"which isn't a \"troll\" by the usual definition; I don't know whether "
-"Apple's patents are \"good quality\", but the better the patent's \"quality"
-"\" the more dangerous its threat."
+# | If half of those patents were eliminated as [-\"bad quality\" -- i.e.,-]
+# | {+“bad quality”—i.e.,+} mistakes of the patent system
+# | that [-is -- it-] {+is—it+} would not really change things. Whether
+# | 100,000 patents or 50,000, it's the same disaster. This is why it's a
+# | mistake to limit our criticism of software patents to just [-\"patent
+# | trolls\"-] {+“patent trolls”+} or [-\"bad quality\"-]
+# | {+“bad quality”+} patents. The worst patent aggressor today
+# | is Apple, which isn't a [-\"troll\"-] {+“troll”+} by the usual
+# | definition; I don't know whether Apple's patents are [-\"good quality\",-]
+# | {+“good quality”,+} but the better the patent's
+# | [-\"quality\"-] {+“quality”+} the more dangerous its threat.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If half of those patents were eliminated as \"bad quality\" -- i.e., "
+#| "mistakes of the patent system that is -- it would not really change "
+#| "things. Whether 100,000 patents or 50,000, it's the same disaster. This "
+#| "is why it's a mistake to limit our criticism of software patents to just "
+#| "\"patent trolls\" or \"bad quality\" patents. The worst patent aggressor "
+#| "today is Apple, which isn't a \"troll\" by the usual definition; I don't "
+#| "know whether Apple's patents are \"good quality\", but the better the "
+#| "patent's \"quality\" the more dangerous its threat."
+msgid ""
+"If half of those patents were eliminated as “bad quality”—"
+"i.e., mistakes of the patent system that is—it would not really change "
+"things. Whether 100,000 patents or 50,000, it's the same disaster. This is "
+"why it's a mistake to limit our criticism of software patents to just “"
+"patent trolls” or “bad quality” patents. The worst patent "
+"aggressor today is Apple, which isn't a “troll” by the usual "
+"definition; I don't know whether Apple's patents are “good "
+"quality”, but the better the patent's “quality” the more "
+"dangerous its threat."
msgstr ""
"Si la moitié de ces brevets était supprimée pour cause de « mauvaise "
"qualité » â c'est-à -dire pour cause de ratés du système de brevetsÂ
â cela ne "
@@ -168,11 +270,22 @@
msgstr "Nous devons corriger l'ensemble du problème, pas seulement une
partie."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | The usual suggestions for correcting this problem legislatively involve
+# | changing the criteria for granting [-patents -- for-]
+# | {+patents—for+} instance, to ban issuance of patents on
+# | computational practices and systems to perform them. This approach has
+# | two drawbacks.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The usual suggestions for correcting this problem legislatively involve "
+#| "changing the criteria for granting patents -- for instance, to ban "
+#| "issuance of patents on computational practices and systems to perform "
+#| "them. This approach has two drawbacks."
msgid ""
"The usual suggestions for correcting this problem legislatively involve "
-"changing the criteria for granting patents -- for instance, to ban issuance "
-"of patents on computational practices and systems to perform them. This "
-"approach has two drawbacks."
+"changing the criteria for granting patents—for instance, to ban "
+"issuance of patents on computational practices and systems to perform them. "
+"This approach has two drawbacks."
msgstr ""
"Pour corriger le problème sur le plan législatif, on suggère
habituellement "
"de changer les critères d'octroi des brevets â par exemple, d'interdire
la "
@@ -180,16 +293,36 @@
"nécessaires à leur mise en Åuvre. Mais cette approche a deux
inconvénients."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | First, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit whatever
+# | rules may apply; they transform any attempt at limiting the substance of
+# | patents into a requirement of mere form. For instance, many US
+# | computational idea patents describe a system including an arithmetic unit,
+# | an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to carry out a
+# | particular [-computation.This-] {+computation. This+} is a peculiar way
+# | of describing a computer running a program that does a certain
+# | computation; it was designed to make the patent application satisfy
+# | criteria that the US patent system was believed for a time to require.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "First, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit whatever "
+#| "rules may apply; they transform any attempt at limiting the substance of "
+#| "patents into a requirement of mere form. For instance, many US "
+#| "computational idea patents describe a system including an arithmetic "
+#| "unit, an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to carry out a "
+#| "particular computation.This is a peculiar way of describing a computer "
+#| "running a program that does a certain computation; it was designed to "
+#| "make the patent application satisfy criteria that the US patent system "
+#| "was believed for a time to require."
msgid ""
"First, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit whatever "
"rules may apply; they transform any attempt at limiting the substance of "
-"patents into a requirement of mere form. For instance, many US computational "
-"idea patents describe a system including an arithmetic unit, an instruction "
-"sequencer, a memory, plus controls to carry out a particular computation."
-"This is a peculiar way of describing a computer running a program that does "
-"a certain computation; it was designed to make the patent application "
-"satisfy criteria that the US patent system was believed for a time to "
-"require."
+"patents into a requirement of mere form. For instance, many US "
+"computational idea patents describe a system including an arithmetic unit, "
+"an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to carry out a particular "
+"computation. This is a peculiar way of describing a computer running a "
+"program that does a certain computation; it was designed to make the patent "
+"application satisfy criteria that the US patent system was believed for a "
+"time to require."
msgstr ""
"Premièrement, les avocats reformulent les brevets de manière astucieuse
pour "
"qu'ils correspondent à toute règle applicable ; ils transforment toute "
@@ -203,6 +336,17 @@
"quelques temps, l'on a cru être ceux du système américain de brevets."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Second, the US already has many thousands of computational idea patents, "
+#| "and changing the criteria to prevent issuing more would not get rid of "
+#| "the existing ones. We would have to wait almost 20 years for the problem "
+#| "to be entirely corrected through the expiration of these patents. We "
+#| "could envision legislating the abolition of these existing patents, but "
+#| "that is probably unconstitutional. (The Supreme Court has perversely "
+#| "insisted that Congress can extend private privileges at the expense of "
+#| "the public's rights but that it can't go in the other direction.)"
msgid ""
"Second, the US already has many thousands of computational idea patents, and "
"changing the criteria to prevent issuing more would not get rid of the "
@@ -223,12 +367,19 @@
"détriment des droits du public mais ne puisse pas aller dans l'autre "
"direction)."
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "A Different Approach: Limit Effect, Not Patentability"
msgstr ""
"Une approche différente : limiter l'effet des brevets, pas la
brevetabilité"
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "My suggestion is to change the <em>effect</em> of patents. We should "
+#| "legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program on "
+#| "generally used computing hardware does not constitute patent "
+#| "infringement. This approach has several advantages:"
msgid ""
"My suggestion is to change the <em>effect</em> of patents. We should "
"legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program on generally "
@@ -241,9 +392,16 @@
"Cette approche a plusieurs avantages :"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+# | It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as
+# | [-\"software\"-] {+“software”+} or [-\"not software\".-]
+# | {+“not software”.+}
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as "
+#| "\"software\" or \"not software\"."
msgid ""
-"It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as \"software"
-"\" or \"not software\"."
+"It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as “"
+"software” or “not software”."
msgstr ""
"elle n'impose pas de classer les brevets selon qu'ils sont logiciels ou nonÂ
;"
@@ -264,6 +422,16 @@
"en changeant la formulation de leurs demandes."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This approach doesn't entirely invalidate existing computational idea "
+#| "patents, because they would continue to apply to implementations using "
+#| "special-purpose hardware. This is an advantage because it eliminates an "
+#| "argument against the legal validity of the plan. The US passed a law some "
+#| "years ago shielding surgeons from patent lawsuits, so that even if "
+#| "surgical procedures are patented, surgeons are safe. That provides a "
+#| "precedent for this solution."
msgid ""
"This approach doesn't entirely invalidate existing computational idea "
"patents, because they would continue to apply to implementations using "
@@ -284,11 +452,22 @@
"solution."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Software developers and software users need protection from patents. This
+# | is the only legislative solution that would provide full protection for
+# | all. We could then go back to competing or [-cooperating ...-]
+# | {+cooperating…+} without the fear that some stranger will wipe away
+# | our work.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Software developers and software users need protection from patents. "
+#| "This is the only legislative solution that would provide full protection "
+#| "for all. We could then go back to competing or cooperating ... without "
+#| "the fear that some stranger will wipe away our work."
msgid ""
"Software developers and software users need protection from patents. This "
-"is the only legislative solution that would provide full protection for all. "
-"We could then go back to competing or cooperating ... without the fear that "
-"some stranger will wipe away our work."
+"is the only legislative solution that would provide full protection for "
+"all. We could then go back to competing or cooperating… without the "
+"fear that some stranger will wipe away our work."
msgstr ""
"Les développeurs et les utilisateurs de logiciels ont besoin de protection "
"contre les brevets. Cette proposition est la seule solution législative qui "
@@ -297,9 +476,17 @@
"inconnu ne vienne balayer notre travail."
#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | <em>See also: <a
+# |
[-href=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html\";>-]
+# | {+href=\"/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html\">+} Patent Reform
+# | Is Not Enough</a></em>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<em>See also: <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/patent-reform-is-";
+#| "not-enough.html\"> Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em>"
msgid ""
-"<em>See also: <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-";
-"enough.html\"> Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em>"
+"<em>See also: <a href=\"/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html\"> "
+"Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em>"
msgstr ""
"<em>Voir également : <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/patent-reform-";
"is-not-enough.html\">Une réforme des brevets n'est pas suffisante</a></em>"
@@ -350,8 +537,12 @@
"README.translations.html\">guide de traduction</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
-msgstr "Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+# | Copyright © [-2011, 2012-] {+2012, 2013+} Free Software Foundation,
+# | Inc.
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright © 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgid "Copyright © 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr "Copyright © 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
@@ -376,3 +567,6 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Dernière mise à jour :"
+
+#~ msgid "Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+#~ msgstr "Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/limit-patent-effect.translist 31 Jan 2013 22:13:35 -0000 1.1
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.translist 2 Feb 2013 09:28:33 -0000 1.2
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
<div id="translations">
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/government-free-software.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/limit-patent-effect.pot
diff -N po/limit-patent-effect.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.pot 2 Feb 2013 09:28:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+# LANGUAGE translation of
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: limit-patent-effect.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-02 04:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
+"Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<em>A version of this article was first published at <a "
+"href=\"http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/\";>Wired</a>
"
+"in November 2012.</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have long "
+"feared have broken out. Software developers and software users—which "
+"in our society, is most people—need software to be free of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The patents that threaten us are often called “software "
+"patents”, but that term is misleading. Such patents are not about any "
+"specific program. Rather, each patent describes some practical idea, and "
+"says that anyone carrying out the idea can be sued. So it is clearer to "
+"call them “computational idea patents”."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The US patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a "
+"“software patent” and that one isn't. Software developers are "
+"the ones who make a distinction between the patents that threaten "
+"us—those that cover ideas that can be implemented in "
+"software—and the rest. For example, if the patented idea is the shape "
+"of a physical structure or a chemical reaction, no program can implement "
+"that idea; that patent doesn't threaten the software field. But if the idea "
+"that's patented is a computation, that patent's barrel points at software "
+"developers and users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only software. "
+"These ideas can also be implemented in hardware—and many of them have "
+"been. Each patent typically covers both hardware <em>and</em> software "
+"implementations of the idea."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Special Problem of Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special "
+"problem. In software, it's easy to implement thousands of ideas together in "
+"one program. If 10% are patented, that means hundreds of patents threaten "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When Dan Ravicher of the Public Patent Foundation studied one large program "
+"(Linux, which is the kernel of the <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\"> "
+"GNU/Linux</a> operating system) in 2004, he found 283 US patents that "
+"appeared to cover computing ideas implemented in the source code of that "
+"program. That same year, a magazine estimated that Linux was .25% of the "
+"whole GNU/Linux system. Multiplying 300 by 400 we get the "
+"order-of-magnitude estimate that the system as a whole was <em>threatened by "
+"around 100,000 patents</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If half of those patents were eliminated as “bad "
+"quality”—i.e., mistakes of the patent system that is—it "
+"would not really change things. Whether 100,000 patents or 50,000, it's the "
+"same disaster. This is why it's a mistake to limit our criticism of "
+"software patents to just “patent trolls” or “bad "
+"quality” patents. The worst patent aggressor today is Apple, which "
+"isn't a “troll” by the usual definition; I don't know whether "
+"Apple's patents are “good quality”, but the better the patent's "
+"“quality” the more dangerous its threat."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "We need to fix the whole problem, not just part."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The usual suggestions for correcting this problem legislatively involve "
+"changing the criteria for granting patents—for instance, to ban "
+"issuance of patents on computational practices and systems to perform them. "
+"This approach has two drawbacks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"First, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit whatever "
+"rules may apply; they transform any attempt at limiting the substance of "
+"patents into a requirement of mere form. For instance, many US "
+"computational idea patents describe a system including an arithmetic unit, "
+"an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to carry out a particular "
+"computation. This is a peculiar way of describing a computer running a "
+"program that does a certain computation; it was designed to make the patent "
+"application satisfy criteria that the US patent system was believed for a "
+"time to require."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Second, the US already has many thousands of computational idea patents, and "
+"changing the criteria to prevent issuing more would not get rid of the "
+"existing ones. We would have to wait almost 20 years for the problem to be "
+"entirely corrected through the expiration of these patents. We could "
+"envision legislating the abolition of these existing patents, but that is "
+"probably unconstitutional. (The Supreme Court has perversely insisted that "
+"Congress can extend private privileges at the expense of the public's rights "
+"but that it can't go in the other direction.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "A Different Approach: Limit Effect, Not Patentability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"My suggestion is to change the <em>effect</em> of patents. We should "
+"legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program on generally "
+"used computing hardware does not constitute patent infringement. This "
+"approach has several advantages:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as "
+"“software” or “not software”."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"It provides developers and users with protection from both existing and "
+"potential future computational idea patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Patent lawyers cannot defeat the intended effect by writing applications "
+"differently."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This approach doesn't entirely invalidate existing computational idea "
+"patents, because they would continue to apply to implementations using "
+"special-purpose hardware. This is an advantage because it eliminates an "
+"argument against the legal validity of the plan. The US passed a law some "
+"years ago shielding surgeons from patent lawsuits, so that even if surgical "
+"procedures are patented, surgeons are safe. That provides a precedent for "
+"this solution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software developers and software users need protection from patents. This "
+"is the only legislative solution that would provide full protection for "
+"all. We could then go back to competing or cooperating… without the "
+"fear that some stranger will wipe away our work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<em>See also: <a href=\"/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html\"> "
+"Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
+"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#
+#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+#
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
Index: po/proprietary-sabotage.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/proprietary-sabotage.pot
diff -N po/proprietary-sabotage.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/proprietary-sabotage.pot 2 Feb 2013 09:28:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# LANGUAGE translation of
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/proprietary-sabotage.html
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: proprietary-sabotage.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-02 04:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "Proprietary Sabotage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Proprietary Sabotage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here are examples of proprietary software that does nasty things beyond "
+"spying on users and restricting them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"Oracle's nonfree Java plug-in for browsers <a "
+"href=\"http://www.zdnet.com/a-close-look-at-how-oracle-installs-deceptive-software-with-java-updates-7000010038/?s_cid=e539\";>
"
+"sneakily installs other annoying proprietary software</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"That article disregards all other bad things about proprietary software. "
+"For instance, it regards the inclusion of proprietary Flash Player (which "
+"has a <a "
+"href=\"http://www.imasuper.com/66/technology/flash-cookies-the-silent-privacy-killer/\";>
"
+"surveillance feature </a> and DRM) in Chrome as a good thing. Chrome is a "
+"proprietary browser with a universal back door."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"We don't agree with the article's views on those issues, but we present it "
+"as a factual reference."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
+"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#
+#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+#
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
Index: po/proprietary-sabotage.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: po/proprietary-sabotage.translist
diff -N po/proprietary-sabotage.translist
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/proprietary-sabotage.translist 2 Feb 2013 09:28:34 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<!-- begin .translist file -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/select-skip-translations.html" -->
+<div id="translations">
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/proprietary-sabotage.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+</ul>
+</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
+<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
+<!-- end .translist file -->
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