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Subject: |
www licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.translist... |
Date: |
Sun, 23 Dec 2012 08:27:10 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/12/23 08:27:10
Modified files:
licenses/po : gcc-exception-3.1-faq.translist
philosophy/po : copyright-versus-community.translist
Added files:
licenses : gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html
licenses/po : gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru-en.html
philosophy : copyright-versus-community.ru.html
philosophy/po : copyright-versus-community.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.translist
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@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist
===================================================================
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--- philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist 9 Aug 2012 00:27:12
-0000 1.5
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-0000 1.6
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
Index: licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html
diff -N licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru.html 23 Dec 2012 08:27:08 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/licenses/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.en.html"
-->
+
+<title>ÐÑклÑÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñек вÑемени
иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC: поÑÑнение и оÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+вопÑоÑÑ - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.translist" -->
+<h2>ÐÑклÑÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñек вÑемени
иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC: поÑÑнение и оÑвеÑÑ
+на вопÑоÑÑ</h2>
+
+<h3>Ðведение</h3>
+
+<p>27 иÑÐ½Ñ 2007 года Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
+вÑпÑÑÑил GPLv3. Ðна бÑла немедленно пÑинÑÑа
в пÑÑнадÑаÑи пÑоекÑаÑ
GNU,
+а в поÑледÑÑÑие меÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° нее
пеÑеклÑÑилиÑÑ ÐµÑе некоÑоÑÑе
+пакеÑÑ. Ðаза иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов GCC
по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи пеÑеÑла
+на новÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑком 4.2.2,
а ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑовимÑÑ
+к завеÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого пÑоÑеÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐиÑензии некоÑоÑÑÑ
библиоÑек,
ÑопÑовождаÑÑиÑ
GCC, еÑе
+не поменÑлиÑÑ. ÐÑи библиоÑеки
авÑомаÑиÑеÑки пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ
+в обÑекÑном коде, коÑоÑÑй пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ GCC.
ÐоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐµÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑи
+библиоÑеки пÑоÑÑо ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлиÑÑ
на ÑÑловиÑÑ
GPL, Ñо веÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑнÑй
+код, коÑоÑÑй пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ GCC, пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+на ÑеÑ
же ÑÑловиÑÑ
. Ðднако когда-Ñо
давно ФСÐÐ ÑеÑил позволиÑÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑÑикам пÑименÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки GCC
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑии лÑбой пÑогÑаммÑ
+незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ ÐµÐµ лиÑензии. РазÑабоÑка
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+не полезна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва, и ниÑÑо
не обÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+облегÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ÐÑ ÑеÑили позволиÑÑ ÑÑо,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, как нам пÑедÑÑавлÑлоÑÑ,
+запÑеÑ, веÑоÑÑно, пÑиведеÑ
к поÑледÑÑвиÑм, негаÑивнÑм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+ÑамиÑ
, и поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие
библиоÑеки иÑполÑзовалиÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñименение
GCC, ÑÑо вÑглÑдело Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+Ñ
воÑÑ, вилÑÑÑий Ñобакой.</p>
+
+<p>Таким обÑазом, Ñ ÑÑиÑ
библиоÑек вÑегда
бÑли лиÑензионнÑе иÑклÑÑениÑ,
+позволÑÑÑие лÑдÑм ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
обÑекÑнÑй код, коÑоÑÑй пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ GCC,
+под лÑбой лиÑензией. СейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ñ
пеÑеводим ÑÑи библиоÑеки на GPLv3
+и обновлÑем иÑ
иÑклÑÑениÑ. ÐÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей
полиÑики не изменилиÑÑ;
+Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑавлена Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
ÑазÑеÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñе пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC,
+коÑоÑÑе бÑли ÑазÑеÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñанее. Ðднако мÑ
ÑеÑили воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим ÑлÑÑаем,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑеÑ
Ñелей: </p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>ÐÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GPLv3. GPLv3
оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑкими новÑми
+ÑÑловиÑми, полезнÑми Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
пÑогÑамм.
СÑда вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ñаздел 7,
+коÑоÑÑй ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензионнÑÑ
иÑклÑÑений. ЧÑобÑ
+полÑÑиÑÑ Ð² GCC как можно болÑÑе полÑзÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
ода на GPLv3,
+нам нÑжно обновиÑÑ ÑÑо иÑклÑÑение, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑи новÑе ÑÑловиÑ
+и ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑамкаÑ
Ñаздела 7.</p></li>
+<li><p>СоздаÑÑ Ð¾ÑнованиÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑниÑ
модÑлей
+в GCC. РазÑабоÑÑики GCC Ñже некоÑоÑое вÑемÑ
обÑÑждаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ базÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑниÑ
модÑлей к компилÑÑоÑÑ.
ÐÑо облегÑило Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим
+лÑдÑм конÑÑÑÑкÑивное ÑÑаÑÑие в пÑоекÑе
и ÑÑкоÑило ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
+меÑодов компилÑÑии в GCC. Ðднако
вÑÑказÑвалиÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑениÑ, ÑÑо
+недобÑоÑовеÑÑнÑе ÑазÑабоÑÑики могли бÑ
пиÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑние модÑли, коÑоÑÑе
+вÑзÑвали Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑеобÑазованиÑ
+компилиÑÑемого кода — по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
+ÑаÑÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC и Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ GPL непÑигодной
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñего она
+пÑедназнаÑена. Ðбновленное иÑклÑÑение
пÑедоÑвÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñакое злоÑпоÑÑебление,
+позволÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков GCC
ожидаÑÑ ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑниÑ
модÑлей.</p></li>
+<li><p>ÐнеÑÑи единообÑазие в иÑклÑÑениÑ
во вÑем коÑпÑÑе пÑогÑамм
+GCC. Ðа долгие годÑ, по меÑе Ñого как
к GCC добавлÑлиÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе
+ÑайлÑ, коÑоÑÑм нÑжно бÑло неÑÑи ÑÑо
лиÑензионное иÑклÑÑение, мÑ
+пеÑеÑмаÑÑивали и обновлÑли
ÑоÑмÑлиÑовки, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑниÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+и пÑинÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ внимание новÑе
ÑообÑажениÑ. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÑейÑаÑ
+в GCC много ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов иÑклÑÑениÑ,
коÑоÑÑе пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸
+и Ñе же оÑновнÑе ÑазÑеÑениÑ. СейÑаÑ
вÑе ÑÑи ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ ÑмогÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ñм новÑм ÑекÑÑом
иÑклÑÑениÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾Ñовили,
+облегÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñоведение ÑÑидиÑеÑкого ÑÑеÑа
пÑогÑамм.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Ðак и в ÑлÑÑае Ñ GPLv3, когда мÑ
пиÑали пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ ÑÑого
+иÑклÑÑениÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñилагали маÑÑÑ ÑÑилий,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑлÑÑаÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе ÑообÑажениÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей и ÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
должнÑм
обÑазом. ÐÑи вÑем пÑи Ñом
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ñл Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе года.
Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ð ÑководÑÑий комиÑÐµÑ GCC Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑазиÑÑ
+благодаÑноÑÑÑ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑÐ´Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ñане, ÐÑÑдли
ÐÑÐ½Ñ Ð¸ ÐаÑен СÑндлеÑ
+из ЮÑидиÑеÑкого ÑенÑÑа ÑвободÑ
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° иÑ
+ÑпоÑнÑй ÑÑÑд и помоÑÑ Ð² ÑабоÑе
над ÑÑим иÑклÑÑением. ÐÑи
+Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑкÑепÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво GCC, и мÑ
бÑдем Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑпением ждаÑÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑа компилÑÑоÑа в новÑÑ
напÑавлениÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе оно оÑкÑоеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ GCC ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑолÑко
кÑиÑиÑной ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков, мÑ
+ожидаем множеÑÑва вопÑоÑов об ÑÑиÑ
изменениÑÑ
и Ñ
оÑим
+гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо они не оÑÑанÑÑÑÑ
без оÑвеÑа. Ðиже Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼
+оÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð° конкÑеÑнÑе вопÑоÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей. ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
вопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ новом иÑклÑÑении,
+коÑоÑÑе здеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑпоминаÑÑÑÑ,
обÑаÑайÑеÑÑ Ðº нам, пожалÑйÑÑа,
+по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Ðак дейÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð¸ÑклÑÑение</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑжное вам ÑазÑеÑение — пеÑедаваÑÑ
обÑекÑнÑй код из ÑÑиÑ
+библиоÑек GCC под ÑобÑÑвенной лиÑензией
ваÑего пÑоекÑа —
+в оÑновном ÑодеÑжиÑÑÑ
в Ñазделе 2:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+ <p>У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑазÑеÑение пеÑемеÑаÑÑ
пÑоизведение-Ñелевой код, ÑÑоÑмиÑованное
+ÑоÑеÑанием библиоÑеки вÑемени иÑполнениÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑимÑми модÑлÑми, даже
+еÑли Ñакое пеÑемеÑение пÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае
наÑÑÑало Ð±Ñ ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ GPLv3,
+пÑи ÑÑловии, ÑÑо веÑÑ Ñелевой код бÑл
ÑгенеÑиÑован в подÑ
одÑÑем
+компилÑÑионном пÑоÑеÑÑе. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пеÑедаваÑÑ Ñакое ÑоÑеÑание
+на вÑбÑаннÑÑ
вами ÑÑловиÑÑ
,
ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑловиÑм лиÑензиÑованиÑ
+незавиÑимÑÑ
модÑлей.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑом Ñазделе ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑеÑминов, и иÑ
конкÑеÑнÑе знаÑениÑ
+неÑазÑÑвно ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ Ñем, как дейÑÑвÑеÑ
иÑклÑÑение. Ð ÑÑом Ñазделе
+ÑаÑÑмоÑÑено, как ÑÑи ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÑвÑзанÑ
Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑнÑми ваÑианÑами пÑименениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, она
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· набоÑа Ñайлов иÑÑ
одного
+ÑекÑÑа. ÐаждÑй Ñайл ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
“незавиÑимÑм модÑлем” до ÑеÑ
+поÑ, пока он не ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов из библиоÑек
+GCC.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÑеÑе ÑÑи ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, они обÑÑно пÑоÑ
одÑÑ
+ÑеÑез ÑÑд ÑÑапов: генеÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного
ÑекÑÑа, обÑабоÑка пÑепÑоÑеÑÑоÑом,
+компилÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² низкоÑÑовневÑй код,
аÑÑемблиÑование
+и компоновка. Ðе во вÑеÑ
пÑоекÑаÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи
+Ñаги — ÑÑо завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑзÑка,
коÑоÑÑм Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ,
+и Ð¾Ñ Ñого, как пиÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамма,
но они вÑегда идÑÑ
+в Ñаком поÑÑдке, и вÑÑкий, кÑо
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ GCC, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑ
одиÑÑ
+ÑеÑез пÑоÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑии пÑогÑаммÑ
на ÑзÑке вÑÑокого ÑÑовнÑ
+в пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° некоÑоÑом ÑзÑке
низкого ÑÑовнÑ, Ñаком как ÑзÑк
+аÑÑемблеÑа или пÑевдокод Java. Ðменно
в ÑÑой Ñазе GCC комбиниÑÑеÑ
+или компонÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñи пÑогÑаммÑ
Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами библиоÑек GCC. ÐÑ
+назÑваем ÑÑо “компилÑÑионнÑм
пÑоÑеÑÑом”. Ðа вÑÑ
оде ÑÑого
+пÑоÑеÑÑа Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаеÑе Ñо, ÑÑо назÑваеÑÑÑ
“ÑелевÑм кодом”,
+до ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока ÑÑи вÑÑ
однÑе даннÑе
не иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+даннÑе в пÑомежÑÑоÑном пÑедÑÑавлении
компилÑÑоÑа
+или Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑакиÑ
даннÑÑ
в пÑомежÑÑоÑном пÑедÑÑавлении
+компилÑÑоÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим ÑазÑеÑением,
компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй вÑ
+пÑименÑеÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñелевого кода,
должен бÑÑÑ
+“подÑ
одÑÑим”, ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо
в него не вовлекаеÑÑÑ
+одновÑеменно GCC и неÑовмеÑÑимÑе Ñ GPL
пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðажно помниÑÑ,
+ÑÑо компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑинаеÑÑÑ,
когда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÐµÑе на вÑ
од GCC
+<em>лÑбÑе</em> пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑзÑке вÑÑокого
ÑÑовнÑ, а завеÑÑаеÑÑÑ,
+как ÑолÑко он ÑгенеÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑелевÑм
+кодом. Ðо ÑÑой пÑиÑине до ÑеÑ
поÑ,
пока GCC не вÑводиÑ
+даннÑе в пÑомежÑÑоÑном пÑедÑÑавлении,
Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð±ÑдеÑ
+оÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑим, даже еÑли вÑ
пÑименÑеÑе GCC в ÑоÑеÑании
+Ñ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимÑми Ñ GPL аÑÑемблеÑами,
ÑедакÑоÑами ÑвÑзей
+и генеÑаÑоÑами пÑогÑамм на ÑзÑке
вÑÑокого ÑÑовнÑ: ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
+не вовлекаÑÑÑÑ Ð² компилÑÑионнÑй
пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð² Ñом виде,
+в каком он здеÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделен.
ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй моменÑ, в коÑоÑÑй нелÑзÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимÑе Ñ GPL пÑогÑаммÑ
вмеÑÑе Ñ GCC,— ÑÑо
+когда он вÑполнÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑновнÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ
по компилÑÑии.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑеÑе GCC,
Ñ ÑовмеÑÑимÑми Ñ GPL ÑлÑÑÑениÑми
+или без ниÑ
, ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑий
компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ. ÐÑли вÑ
+полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ ÑолÑко неÑовмеÑÑимÑми Ñ GPL
ÑÑедÑÑвами компилÑÑии, ÑÑо Ñоже
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑий компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ.
(ÐеÑедко лÑди, коÑоÑÑе ÑобиÑаÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU/Linux, компонÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеками GCC, даже еÑли
+они полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим компилÑÑоÑом.)
Ðднако еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли GCC
+в ÑоÑеÑании Ñ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимÑми Ñ GPL
пÑогÑаммами в Ñ
оде
+пÑеобÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑзÑке
вÑÑокого ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð² низкоÑÑовневÑй
+код, ÑÑо <em>не</em> бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑим
компилÑÑионнÑм
+пÑоÑеÑÑом. ÐÑо пÑоизоÑло бÑ, еÑли бÑ
вÑ, напÑимеÑ, пÑименÑли GCC
+Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑм внеÑним модÑлем.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑеÑе подÑ
одÑÑий
компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ ÑазÑеÑение бÑаÑÑ Ñелевой код,
генеÑиÑÑемÑй GCC, и пеÑемеÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+“на вÑбÑаннÑÑ
вами ÑÑловиÑÑ
”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли
в компилÑÑионном пÑоÑеÑÑе неÑовмеÑÑимÑе
+Ñ GPL пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑоÑеÑании Ñ GCC, Ñо
вÑ
+не могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
ÑазÑеÑением. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ
+обÑекÑнÑй код, генеÑиÑÑемÑй GCC, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
пÑоизведением, пÑоизводнÑм
+Ð¾Ñ ÑÑиÑ
библиоÑек под GPL, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ,
ÑÑо Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+ÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑоблÑдение ÑÑловий GPL
пÑи пеÑемеÑении лÑбого
+Ñакого обÑекÑного кода. ÐÑ
не могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ GCC
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки ÑвоиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
неÑовмеÑÑимÑÑ
Ñ GPL пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¸ оÑвеÑÑ</h3>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Я полÑзÑÑÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑнÑм вÑпÑÑком GCC
(напÑимеÑ, пÑедоÑÑавленнÑм ФСÐÐ
+или поÑÑавлÑемÑм Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹ опеÑаÑионной
ÑиÑÑемой) Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑии
+неÑовмеÑÑимÑÑ
Ñ GPL пÑогÑамм. Ðак ÑÑо
изменение ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ
+на мне?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðно никак не должно на ваÑ
ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑли вÑ
+не ÑконÑигÑÑиÑовали GCC Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ñвода
даннÑÑ
в пÑомежÑÑоÑном
+пÑедÑÑавлении — ÑÑо вÑÑÑеÑаеÑÑÑ
Ñедко,— Ñо новое иÑклÑÑение
+ÑоÑÑавлено Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензионнÑÑ
+обÑзаÑелÑÑÑв, когда Ð²Ñ ÑÑо делаеÑе,
в ÑоÑноÑÑи Ñак же, как ÑÑо
+бÑло Ñо ÑÑаÑÑми иÑклÑÑениÑми.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Ðа ком ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ ÑÑо изменение?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðи на ком, кÑо в наÑÑоÑÑее вÑемÑ
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ GCC, ÑÑо изменение
+не должно ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ. ÐдинÑÑвенное
изменение в пÑавилаÑ
пÑизвано
+пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ Ñоздание ÑазÑабоÑÑиками
опÑеделеннÑÑ
модиÑикаÑий GCC, коÑоÑÑе
+<em>ÑÑанÑÑ</em> оÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð² бÑдÑÑем. ФСÐÐ
ÑеÑно ÑабоÑал
+Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиками GCC, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑе
ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾ вÑевозможнÑÑ
+ÑпоÑобаÑ
, коÑоÑÑми лÑди ÑегоднÑ
иÑполÑзÑÑÑ GCC, и гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо
+вÑе они ÑмогÑÑ Ð¿ÑодолжаÑÑ ÑÑÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñи новом иÑклÑÑении.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Я полÑзÑÑÑÑ GCC в ÑоÑеÑании
Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми пÑепÑоÑеÑÑоÑами
+или генеÑаÑоÑами иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð³Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо,
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
+иÑклÑÑением?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðа. ÐомпилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑинаеÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð»Ñбой “пÑогÑаммÑ,
+полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавленной
на непÑомежÑÑоÑном ÑзÑке вÑÑокого
+ÑÑовнє. СÑда вÑ
одÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
генеÑиÑÑемÑе пÑепÑоÑеÑÑоÑом
+или дÑÑгими неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами.
ÐомпилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+Ñаковой в данном ÑлÑÑае не вовлекаеÑ
никакиÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм;
+его ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑим,
и иÑклÑÑение ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
+на ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Я пÑименÑÑ GCC в ÑоÑеÑании
Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми аÑÑемблеÑами
+или ÑедакÑоÑами ÑвÑзей, ÑÑобÑ
компилиÑоваÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð³Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо,
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
+иÑклÑÑением?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðа. ÐомпилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ
завеÑÑаеÑÑÑ, когда компилÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑиÑÑеÑ
Ñелевой
+код, коÑоÑÑй вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²ÑÑ
однÑе
даннÑе, “пÑигоднÑе
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑи на аÑÑемблеÑ, загÑÑзÑик,
ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ ÑвÑзей
+или в ÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð²Ñполнениє. ÐÑÑгими
Ñловами, в данном
+ÑлÑÑае компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ
завеÑÑаеÑÑÑ, когда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑили из GCC
+аÑÑемблеÑнÑй код или неÑкомпонованнÑе
обÑекÑнÑе ÑайлÑ, и Ñаким
+обÑазом, он не Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðго можно
+ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑим, а ÑледоваÑелÑно,
иÑклÑÑение ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
+на ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Я полÑзÑÑÑÑ GCC Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑии одниÑ
ÑаÑÑей Ñвоей пÑогÑаммÑ
+и неÑвободнÑм компилÑÑоÑом
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑии дÑÑгиÑ
. ÐоÑле ÑÑого
+ÑаÑÑи комбиниÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑазÑ
аÑÑемблиÑованиÑ
+или компоновки. ÐÐ¾Ð³Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ
вÑе Ñак же полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
+иÑклÑÑением?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðа. Ð ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае незавиÑимÑй модÑлÑ
обÑаÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñелевой код
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑего компилÑÑионного
пÑоÑеÑÑа. Ðаже еÑли ÑазнÑе модÑли
+пÑоÑ
одÑÑ ÑазнÑе пÑоÑеÑÑÑ, иÑклÑÑение
вÑе Ñак же ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
+на ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Я полÑзÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑм компилÑÑоÑнÑм
набоÑом инÑÑÑÑменÑов
+без какиÑ
Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло ÑаÑÑей
GCC, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑкомпилиÑоваÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, и компонÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñ libstdc++.
Ð ÑоÑÑав Ñамой
+моей пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ вÑ
одÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ
пÑоÑедÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки вÑемени
+иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑно Ñак же, как в ÑоÑÑав
пÑогÑамм, компилиÑÑемÑÑ
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ GCC, не вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ libgcc. ÐÐ¾Ð³Ñ Ð»Ð¸
Ñ
+вÑе Ñак же полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
иÑклÑÑением?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðа. ХоÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ñование libgcc
Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑнÑм кодом, компилиÑÑемÑм
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ GCC, веÑоÑÑно, пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
ÑамÑй ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненнÑй ÑпоÑоб
+полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑклÑÑением, ни GPL,
ни “ÐÑклÑÑение
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñек вÑемени иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC”
не оÑлиÑаеÑ
+в ÑвоиÑ
ÑÑловиÑÑ
динамиÑеÑкой
компоновки Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
меÑодов
+комбиниÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
доÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸ и Ñе же
+ÑазÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° одниÑ
и ÑеÑ
же
ÑÑловиÑÑ
незавиÑимо
+Ð¾Ñ Ñого, каким меÑодом Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐбÑаÑиÑе внимание, ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑе libstdc++ в каÑеÑÑве
+незавиÑимой библиоÑеки, Ñо вам нÑжно бÑдеÑ
пÑи ÑÑом ÑледоваÑÑ ÑÑловиÑм
+GPL. ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑе ÑамÑ
библиоÑÐµÐºÑ Ð² виде
+обÑекÑного кода, вам нÑжно бÑдеÑ
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ñвоим
+полÑÑаÑелÑм одним из меÑодов,
пеÑеÑиÑленнÑÑ
в Ñазделе 6
+GPLv3. Ðо до ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пÑавомеÑно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñвоей пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑеÑениÑми
”ÐÑклÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñек
+вÑемени иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC”, ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ GPL
на нее не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñе в пÑомежÑÑоÑном
пÑедÑÑавлении компилÑÑоÑа иÑклÑÑенÑ
+из опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “Ñелевого кода”?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðогда Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑвÑе обдÑмÑвали
добавление инÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑниÑ
модÑлей
+в GCC, Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли глÑбоко озабоÑенÑ
возможноÑÑÑÑ Ñого, ÑÑо кÑо-нибÑдÑ
+напиÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑний модÑлÑ, коÑоÑÑй бÑдеÑ
пÑоÑÑо ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑенние
+низкоÑÑовневÑе ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
компилÑÑоÑа GCC
+на диÑке. ÐоÑле ÑÑого дÑÑгие
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñмогли бÑ
+опÑимизиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ как-Ñо по-дÑÑгомÑ
ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ без пÑÑмого
+ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ GCC. Ðозможно, нам бÑло бÑ
ÑÑÑдно доказÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо
+на ÑÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое лево GPL,
+Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑели пÑедÑпÑедиÑÑ Ñакого
Ñода ÑÑ
емÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼ ÑÑо, иÑклÑÑÐ°Ñ Ñакие вÑÑ
однÑе
даннÑе из опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñелевого
+кода. ÐлагодаÑÑ ÑÑомÑ, даже еÑли кÑо-Ñо
напиÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑний модÑлÑ, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÐµÑ ÑÑи ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° диÑке, лÑбÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе изменÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед Ñем, как GCC вÑводиÑ
Ñелевой код, бÑдÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÑенÑ
+в компилÑÑионнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ. ÐÑли ÑÑа
пÑогÑамма неÑвободна, иÑклÑÑение
+не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
ÑкомпилиÑованнÑÑ
Ñ ÐµÐµ
+помоÑÑÑ; обÑекÑнÑй код, коÑоÑÑй в конÑе
конÑов ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ GCC, пÑидеÑÑÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑловиÑÑ
GPL.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑли Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо пÑогÑаммÑ
на ÑзÑке аÑÑемблеÑа, Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ
+комбиниÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим обÑекÑнÑм
кодом, ÑкомпилиÑованнÑм обÑÑнÑм
+обÑазом, и вÑе Ñак же полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑим иÑклÑÑением?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ðа, до ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока обÑекÑнÑй код
компилиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñ
оде подÑ
одÑÑего
+компилÑÑионного пÑоÑеÑÑа. ÐÑоÑеÑÑ
обÑабоÑки напиÑанной вÑÑÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+на аÑÑемблеÑе ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑионнÑм
пÑоÑеÑÑом, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½
+“пÑеобÑазÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, полноÑÑÑÑ
пÑедÑÑавленнÑÑ
+на непÑомежÑÑоÑном ÑзÑке...
ÑоÑÑавленном Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
+лÑдÑми... в Ñелевой код”. </p></dd>
+
+<dt>Ðа какие библиоÑеки ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
“ÐÑклÑÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñек
+вÑемени иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC”?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>“ÐÑклÑÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñек
вÑемени иÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GCC”
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑе ÑайлÑ,
в лиÑензионнÑÑ
заголовкаÑ
+коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑо Ñказано. Ð Ñаким
библиоÑекам оÑноÑÑÑÑÑ libgcc, libstdc++,
+libfortran, libgomp, libdecnumber, libgov и дÑÑгие
библиоÑеки,
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑемÑе Ñ GCC.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо новое иÑклÑÑение
пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Classpath?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>ХоÑÑ Ð½ÑнеÑнее иÑклÑÑение Classpath
и ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑ
однÑÑ
Ñелей,
+в ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñаз Ð¼Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ не обновлÑем. Ðз-за
недавниÑ
ÑазÑабоÑок
+в ÑообÑеÑÑве Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Java пÑиоÑиÑеÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипов лиÑензиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Classpath
оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑиоÑиÑеÑов
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
библиоÑек GCC, и мÑ
взвеÑиваем ÑÑо пÑедложение
+оÑделÑно.</p></dd></dl>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2008, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2012/12/23 08:27:08 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru-en.html
diff -N licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.ru-en.html 23 Dec 2012 08:27:09
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>GCC Runtime Library Exception Rationale and FAQ - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/licenses/po/gcc-exception-3.1-faq.translist" -->
+<h2>GCC Runtime Library Exception Rationale and FAQ</h2>
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p>On June 29th, 2007, the Free Software Foundation released GPLv3.
+It was immediately adopted by fifteen GNU projects, and more made the
+switch in the following months. Most of the GCC codebase migrated to
+the new license in the 4.2.2 release, and now we are preparing to
+finish that process.</p>
+
+<p>The licenses for some libraries that accompany GCC have not been
+changed yet. These libraries are automatically used by the object
+code that GCC produces. Because of that, if these libraries were
+simply distributed only under the terms of the GPL, all the object
+code that GCC produces would have to be distributed under the same
+terms. However, the FSF decided long ago to allow developers to use
+GCC's libraries to compile any program, regardless of its license.
+Developing nonfree software is not good for society, and we have no
+obligation to make it easier. We decided to permit this because
+forbidding it seemed likely to backfire, and because using small
+libraries to limit the use of GCC seemed like the tail wagging the
+dog.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, these libraries have always had license exceptions that
+allow people to distribute the object code GCC produces under any
+license. We are now moving these libraries to GPLv3 and updating
+their exceptions. Our fundamental policy has not changed; the new
+license is meant to permit all the uses of GCC that were permitted
+before. However, we have decided to use this opportunity to update
+the exception to accomplish three goals:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>Take advantage of GPLv3's new provisions. GPLv3 features a number
+of new terms which benefit all software. These include section 7,
+which establishes a framework for providing license exceptions. In
+order for GCC to get the most benefit from GPLv3, we need to update
+the exception to take these new terms into account, and work within
+the parameters of section 7.</p></li>
+<li><p>Lay the groundwork for a plugin infrastructure in GCC. For a while
+now, the GCC developers have considered adding a plugin framework to
+the compiler. This would make it easier for others to contribute to
+the project, and accelerate the development of new compilation
+techniques for GCC. However, there have also been concerns that
+unscrupulous developers could write plugins that called out to
+proprietary software to transform the compiled code—effectively
+creating proprietary extensions to GCC and defeating the purpose of
+the GPL. The updated exception prevents such abuse, enabling the
+GCC team to look forward to plugin developments.</p></li>
+<li><p>Make exceptions throughout the GCC code base consistent. Over the
+years, as new files were added to GCC that needed to carry this
+license exception, we reviewed and updated the language to help
+clarify it and address new concerns. As a result, there are now
+many different exception texts in GCC that provide the same basic
+permissions. Now all of those files will be able to use the single
+new exception text that we've prepared, making it easier to perform
+legal reviews on the code.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>As with GPLv3, we worked hard to listen to various users' concerns
+while we drafted this, and address them appropriately. All told, we
+have spent more than a year on this process. The Free Software
+Foundation and the GCC Steering Committee would like to thank Richard
+Fontana, Bradley Kuhn, and Karen Sandler at the Software Freedom Law
+Center for all their hard work and assistance with the exception. The
+changes here will strengthen the GCC community, and we look forward to
+the compiler developments it will enable.</p>
+
+<p>Because GCC is such a crucial part of developers' lives, we're
+expecting lots of questions about these changes, and we want to make
+sure that they're addressed. Below we've addressed specific concerns
+that we expect users will have. If you have questions about the new
+exception that aren't mentioned here, please feel free to contact us
+at <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<h3>How the Exception Works</h3>
+
+<p>The permission you need—to convey the object code from these GCC
+libraries under your own project's license—is primarily contained in
+section 2:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+ <p>You have permission to propagate a work of Target Code formed by
+ combining the Runtime Library with Independent Modules, even if such
+ propagation would otherwise violate the terms of GPLv3, provided
+ that all Target Code was generated by Eligible Compilation
+ Processes. You may then convey such a combination under terms of
+ your choice, consistent with the licensing of the Independent
+ Modules.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This section uses many defined terms, and their specific meanings are
+integral to how the exception works. This section looks at how these
+terms relate to common scenarios.</p>
+
+<p>When you write your software, it consists of a set of source code
+files. Each file is an “Independent Module,” as long as
+it doesn't contain any source from the GCC libraries.</p>
+
+<p>When you compile those source code files, they usually go through a
+series of steps: source code generation, preprocessing, compilation to
+low-level code, assembling, and linking. Not all projects follow all
+these steps, depending on what language you're using and how it's
+written, but they'll always go in this order, and everyone using GCC
+will go through the process of compiling high-level code into some
+low-level language such as assembly code or Java bytecode. This phase
+is when GCC combines or links your own code with code from the GCC
+libraries. We call it the “Compilation Process.” The
+output you get from it is called “Target Code,” as long as
+that output is not used as compiler intermediate representation, or to
+create such an intermediate representation.</p>
+
+<p>In order to take advantage of this permission, the Compilation
+Process that you use to create Target Code has to be
+“Eligible,” which means that it does not involve both GCC
+and GPL-incompatible software. It's important to remember that the
+Compilation Process starts when you feed <em>any</em> high-level code
+to GCC, and ends as soon as it generates anything that can be
+considered Target Code. Because of that, as long as GCC isn't writing
+out intermediate representation, your Compilation Process can still be
+Eligible even if you use GCC in conjunction with GPL-incompatible
+assemblers, linkers, or high-level source generators: those programs
+aren't involved in the Compilation Process as it's defined here. The
+only place you can't use GPL-incompatible software with GCC is when
+it's performing the core compilation work.</p>
+
+<p>So, if you use GCC, with or without GPL-compatible enhancements, that
+would be an Eligible Compilation Process. If you only use
+GPL-incompatible compiler tools, that would be an Eligible Compilation
+Process as well. (It's not uncommon for people who build software for
+GNU/Linux to link against the GCC libraries even if they're using a
+different compiler.) However, if you used GCC in conjunction with
+GPL-incompatible software during the process of transforming
+high-level code to low-level code, that would <em>not</em> be an Eligible
+Compilation Process. This would happen if, for example, you used GCC
+with a proprietary plugin.</p>
+
+<p>As long as you use an Eligible Compilation Process, then you have
+permission to take the Target Code that GCC generates and propagate it
+“under terms of your choice.”</p>
+
+<p>If you did use GPL-incompatible software in conjunction with GCC
+during the Compilation Process, you would not be able to take
+advantage of this permission. Since all of the object code that GCC
+generates is derived from these GPLed libraries, that means you would
+be required to follow the terms of the GPL when propagating any of
+that object code. You could not use GCC to develop your own
+GPL-incompatible software.</p>
+
+<h3>Frequently Asked Questions</h3>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>I am using a standard release of GCC (such as one provided by the
+FSF, or with my operating system) to compile GPL-incompatible
+software. How does this change affect me?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>It should not affect you at all. Unless you've configured GCC
+to output intermediate representation—which is rare—the
+new exception is designed to ensure that you have no license
+obligations when you do this, just as the old exceptions
+were.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Who does this change affect?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Nobody who is currently using GCC should be affected by this change.
+The only changes in policy are meant to prevent developers from making
+certain modifications to GCC that <em>will</em> become feasible in the future.
+The FSF has been working closely with GCC developers to learn more about
+the many different ways people use GCC today, and ensure that they will all
+be able to continue those activities under the new exception.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>I use GCC in conjunction with proprietary preprocessors and/or source
+generators to compile my program. Can I still take advantage of the
+exception?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes. The Compilation Process can start with any “code
+entirely represented in a high-level, non-intermediate
+language.” This includes code generated by a preprocessor or
+other proprietary software. As such, the Compilation Process in this
+case does not involve any proprietary software; it qualifies as
+Eligible, and the exception is available for this program.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>I use GCC in conjunction with proprietary assemblers and/or linkers to
+compile my program. Can I still take advantage of the exception?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes. The Compilation Process ends when the compiler generates
+Target Code, which includes output that is “suitable for input
+to an assembler, loader, linker and/or execution phase.” In
+other words, the Compilation Process in this case is over when you
+have assembly code or unlinked object files from GCC, and so it does
+not involve any proprietary software. It qualifies as Eligible, and
+the exception is thus available for this program.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>I use GCC to compile parts of my program, and a proprietary
+compiler to compile other parts. The pieces are combined afterward,
+during assembler or linking phases. Can I still take advantage of the
+exception?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes. In this case, each Independent Module is turned into Target Code
+through an Eligible Compilation Process. Even though different modules
+will go through different processes, the exception is still available
+for this program.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>I use a proprietary compiler toolchain without any parts of GCC to
+compile my program, and link it with libstdc++. My program itself
+does not include any runtime library code the same way that
+GCC-compiled programs include libgcc. Can I still take advantage of
+the exception?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes. While combining libgcc with GCC-compiled object code is
+probably the most common way the exception is used, neither the GPL
+nor the GCC Runtime Library Exception distinguish between static
+linking, dynamic linking, and other methods for combining code in
+their conditions. The same permissions are available to you, under
+the same terms, no matter which method you use.</p>
+
+<p>Note that if you distribute libstdc++ as an independent library,
+you will need to follow the terms of the GPL when doing so. For
+example, if you distribute the library itself in object code form, you
+will need to provide source code to your recipients using one of the
+methods listed in section 6 of GPLv3. But as long as you are eligible
+to take advantage of the GCC Runtime Library Exception's permissions
+for your own program, the GPL's terms do not extend to it.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Why is compiler intermediate representation excluded from the
+definition of “Target Code?”</dt>
+
+<dd><p>When we first considered adding a plugin infrastructure to GCC, we
+were deeply concerned about the possibility that someone would write a
+plugin that would merely save GCC's internal, low-level compilation
+data structures to disk. With that done, other software would be able
+to optimize or otherwise improve that code without being directly
+connected to GCC. It may have been difficult for us to argue that
+those programs should be subject to the GPL's copyleft, so we wanted
+to discourage these sorts of arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>We do that by excluding such output from the definition of Target
+Code. Because of this, even if someone writes a plugin that saves
+this information to disk, any programs that change the structures
+before GCC writes out Target Code will be involved in the Compilation
+Process. If that program is proprietary, the exception will not be
+available to any software compiled with it; the object code that GCC
+ultimately creates will have to be distributed under the terms of the
+GPL.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>If I write some code in assembly language, can I combine that with
+other object code compiled normally, and still take advantage of the
+exception?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes, as long as all of the object code was compiled through an
+Eligible Compilation Process. The process of running hand-written
+assembly through an assembler is a Compilation Process, since it
+“transforms code entirely represented in [a] non-intermediate
+language[] designed for human-written code... into Target
+Code.”</p></dd>
+
+<dt>What libraries does the GCC Runtime Library Exception cover?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>The GCC Runtime Library Exception covers any file that has a
+notice in its license headers stating that the exception applies.
+This includes libgcc, libstdc++, libfortran, libgomp, libdecnumber,
+libgcov, and other libraries distributed with GCC.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Will Classpath use this new exception?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Even though Classpath's current exception serves a similar purpose,
+we are not updating it at this time. Because of recent developments
+in the free software Java community, the priorities for Classpath's
+licensing policies are different from other GCC libraries, and we are
+evaluating it separately.</p></dd></dl>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/12/23 08:27:09 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/copyright-versus-community.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/copyright-versus-community.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/copyright-versus-community.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/copyright-versus-community.ru.html 23 Dec 2012 08:27:09
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.en.html" -->
+
+<title>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и ÑообÑеÑÑво в век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist" -->
+<h2>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и ÑообÑеÑÑво в век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">
ÐÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ðº наÑемÑ
+ÑпиÑÐºÑ ÑаÑÑÑлки об опаÑноÑÑÑÑ
ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг</a>.</div>
+
+<p><strong>ÐÑÑÑпиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð° конÑеÑенÑии
LIANZA, пÑоизнеÑеннаÑ
+12 окÑÑбÑÑ 2009 года в вÑÑÑавоÑном
ÑенÑÑе ÐÑайÑÑÑеÑÑа</strong></p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>ÐÐ:</dt>
+<dd><p>Тена коÑÑоÑ, Ñена коÑÑоÑ, Ñена коÑÑоÑ
каÑоа<a href="#tf1">(1)</a>. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ
+Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ РиÑаÑда
СÑолмена, ÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑпиÑелÑнÑÑ ÑеÑÑ
+пÑоÑинанÑиÑовал ÑакÑлÑÑеÑ
ÐнÑоÑмаÑионного ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð£Ð½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑеÑа
коÑолевÑ
+ÐикÑоÑии в ÐеллингÑоне.</p>
+
+<p>РиÑаÑд ÑÑÑдиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° благо ÑвободÑ
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñже ÑвÑÑе
+25 леÑ. Ð 1983 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½ оÑганизовал
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки
+Ñвободной опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ [ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU], а в 1985 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½
+оÑновал Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ. ÐаждÑй Ñаз, когда вÑ
+ÑиÑаеÑе или поÑÑлаеÑе ÑообÑение на nz-libs, вÑ
полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой
+Mailman, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU.
Так ÑÑо незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого,
+оÑознаеÑе Ð²Ñ ÑÑо или неÑ, ÑабоÑа РиÑаÑда
повлиÑла на Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ из ваÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðне нÑавиÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾ нем как о
наиболее влиÑÑелÑном Ñеловеке, о коÑоÑом
+болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей никогда не ÑлÑÑало, Ñ
оÑÑ
он говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ, ÑÑо ÑÑо, ÑкоÑее
+вÑего, не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿ÑовеÑиÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>РС:</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑо неизвеÑÑно.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÐ:</dt>
+<dd><p>Я ÑÑо говоÑил — но мне вÑе Ñавно
Ñак нÑавиÑÑÑ. Ðго идеи о Ñвободе
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ñвободном
доÑÑÑпе к инÑоÑмаÑии бÑли иÑполÑзованÑ
+Тимом ÐеÑнеÑÑом-Ðи, когда он Ñоздавал
пеÑвÑй в миÑе ÑеÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐÑемиÑной
+паÑÑинÑ, а в 1999 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑазмÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
ÑеÑевой ÑнÑиклопедии
+вдоÑ
новили Ðжимми УÑлÑа на оÑганизаÑиÑ
Ñого, ÑÑо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑно как
+ÐикипедиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ об
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве и ÑообÑеÑÑве в век
+компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей и об иÑ
влиÑнии на
библиоÑеки.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>РС:</dt>
+<dd><p>Я в Ðовой Ðеландии вÑего паÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ, и
на СевеÑном оÑÑÑове поÑÑи вÑе вÑемÑ
+Ñли дожди. ТепеÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑезиновÑе
Ñапоги назÑваÑÑ
+“веллингÑонами”. РпоÑом Ñ Ñвидел,
как кÑо-Ñо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÑлÑÑ Ð¸
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð· дÑевеÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð¿Ð¾ÑоÑника понги, и он
назÑвал ÑÑо “<span
+lang="en" xml:lang="en">fern-iture</span>”<a
+href="#tf2">(2)</a>. ÐоÑом Ð¼Ñ Ñели на паÑом, ÑÑобÑ
добÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑда, и как
+ÑолÑко Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑли, лÑди ÑÑали пеÑедÑазниваÑÑ
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ ÑмеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ нами; но они
+ÑÑо делали не Ñо зла, пÑоÑÑо они Ñ
оÑели,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ñли, ÑÑо Ñакое ÐикÑон.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно
пÑиглаÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизнеÑÑи ÑеÑÑ, заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²
+моей ÑабоÑе над ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. Ðо
ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ о
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
; Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
вопÑоÑ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ идеи
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
дÑÑгие Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ñоизведений. Ðо ÑÑобÑ
+ÑÑо имело ÑмÑÑл, Ñ ÐºÑаÑко ÑаÑÑÐºÐ°Ð¶Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼, ÑÑо
Ñакое ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — вопÑоÑ
ÑвободÑ, а не ÑÑоимоÑÑи, Ñак ÑÑо
+дÑмайÑе о “волÑной ÑеÑи”, а не о
“беÑплаÑном
+пиве”. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма — ÑÑо
пÑогÑамма, ÑважаÑÑаÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ, и еÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑе
ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ
вÑегда заÑлÑживаеÑ
+полÑзоваÑелÑ:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Свобода 0 — Ñвобода вÑполнÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, как вам Ñгодно.</li>
+
+<li>Свобода 1 — Ñвобода изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ
+его, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо
вам Ñгодно.</li>
+
+<li>Свобода 2 — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
окÑÑжаÑÑим, Ñо еÑÑÑ Ñвобода
+пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ пÑогÑаммÑ
(ÑоÑнÑе копии), когда вам Ñгодно.</li>
+
+<li>Ð Ñвобода 3 — Ñвобода вноÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´
в Ñвое ÑообÑеÑÑво. ÐÑо
+Ñвобода пÑбликоваÑÑ Ñвои измененнÑе
веÑÑии, когда вам Ñгодно.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>ÐÑли пÑогÑамма Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑи ÑеÑÑÑе
ÑвободÑ, Ñо она Ñвободна, а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ,
+ÑÑо обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема ее
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑна, ÑÑо
она
+ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸
обÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ ÑолидаÑноÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва, в
+коÑоÑое вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ. Ðо еÑли одной
из ÑÑиÑ
Ñвобод Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ не
+Ñ
ваÑаеÑ, Ñо ÑÑо неÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма,
ÑгнеÑаÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей. Ðна
+неÑÑиÑна. Ðна не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ в
обÑеÑÑво, она — оÑÑдие
+заÑ
ваÑа влаÑÑи. ÐÑа неÑÑиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑика не
должна ÑÑÑеÑÑвоваÑÑ; ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+за Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение — положиÑÑ ÐµÐ¹ конеÑ. ÐÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе
полÑзоваÑели могли бÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма оÑÑавлÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑелей ÑазобÑеннÑми и беÑпомоÑнÑми:
+ÑазобÑеннÑми — поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо им
запÑеÑено обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ, а
+беÑпомоÑнÑми — поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
неÑ
иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, Ñак ÑÑо они
+не могÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Ðни не могÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
изÑÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑовеÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо она
+в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ делаеÑ, и во
многиÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
еÑÑÑ
+вÑедоноÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии, коÑоÑÑе ÑпионÑÑ Ð·Ð°
полÑзоваÑелем, огÑаниÑиваÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑелÑ, и даже ÑеÑнÑе Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° полÑзоваÑелÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, в Microsoft Windows еÑÑÑ ÑеÑнÑй Ñ
од,
ÑеÑез коÑоÑÑй Microsoft можеÑ
+пÑинÑдиÑелÑно ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, не ÑпÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑазÑеÑениÑ
+Ñ Ð¿Ñедполагаемого владелÑÑа компÑÑÑеÑа.
ÐÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо ваÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑ, но еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑили оÑибкÑ,
в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе коÑоÑой Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° нем
+ÑабоÑала Ð±Ñ Windows, Ñо в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи
ваÑим компÑÑÑеÑом владела бÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Microsoft. ÐомпÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð½ÑждаÑÑÑÑ Ð²
деÑенеÑÑÑаÑии — ÑÑо
+знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо нÑжно либо вÑÑвÑÑнÑÑÑ Windows из
компÑÑÑеÑа, либо вÑÑвÑÑнÑÑÑ
+компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð· окна.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма даеÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑикам неÑпÑаведливÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+полÑзоваÑелÑми. ÐекоÑоÑÑе из
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков злоÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ ÑÑой влаÑÑÑÑ
+болÑÑе, а некоÑоÑÑе злоÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ ÐµÑ
менÑÑе, но ее не должно бÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
+из ниÑ
. ÐÑ Ð·Ð°ÑлÑживаеÑе Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
бÑл конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñвоими
+вÑÑиÑлениÑми и ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
пÑинÑдиÑелÑной завиÑимоÑÑи Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑной
+компании. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑлÑживаеÑе
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑле ÑеÑи о ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
лÑди
иногда ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ, пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑи
+же ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ мÑÑли к дÑÑгим веÑам. ÐÑли Ñ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
+опÑбликованной ÑабоÑÑ, Ñо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑмÑÑл
ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ, Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑи же
+ÑеÑÑÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ — ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ли Ñ
ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑики, ÑÑо они Ñ
+Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо иÑ
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ. Рв ÑÑом
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ, на коÑоÑÑй Ñ ÑегоднÑ
+ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑвеÑиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ñего-нибÑдÑ, кÑоме
пÑогÑамм, Ñо по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
+единÑÑвенное, ÑÑо могло Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ в
лÑбой из ÑÑиÑ
Ñвобод,— ÑÑо
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм ÑÑо не Ñак.
ÐлавнÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+неÑвободной — договоÑÑ Ð¸ непеÑедаÑа
иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа
+полÑзоваÑелÑм. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво вÑоде как
вÑоÑиÑнÑй, подÑÑÑаÑ
овоÑнÑй
+меÑод. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
веÑей Ð½ÐµÑ Ñакого
ÑазлиÑиÑ, как ÑазлиÑие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑм
+ÑекÑÑом и иÑполнÑемÑм кодом.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим о ÑекÑÑе, Ñо
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑвидеÑÑ ÑекÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+пÑоÑеÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ñо в ÑекÑÑе Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего, Ñего
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли Ð±Ñ ÑвидеÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
+ÑÑо не ÑовÑем Ñого же Ñода пÑоблема, ÑÑо Ñ
пÑогÑаммами. Ðо болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
+именно авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво могло Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑ
вам в ÑÑиÑ
ÑвободаÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пеÑеÑоÑмÑлиÑоваÑÑ:
“ЧÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво должно
+позволÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ делаÑÑ Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑодованнÑми
пÑоизведениÑми? ЧÑо должно говоÑиÑÑÑÑ
+в законаÑ
об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве?”</p>
+
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑазвивалоÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе Ñ ÑеÑ
нологией копиÑованиÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+полезно ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑ
нологии
копиÑованиÑ. ÐопиÑование возникло в
+дÑевнем миÑе, в коÑоÑом Ð²Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзовали бÑ
пиÑÑÑий инÑÑÑÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° повеÑÑ
ноÑÑи
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑма. ÐÑ ÑиÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ, а
пиÑали дÑÑгÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑа ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñла доволÑно
неÑÑÑекÑивной, но дÑÑгой инÑеÑеÑной
+Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑикой бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо она не давала
Ñкономии пÑи ÑеÑийном
+пÑоизводÑÑве. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¹,
ÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð² деÑÑÑÑ Ñаз болÑÑе
+вÑемени, Ñем Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ
копиÑ. ÐÑи ÑÑом не ÑÑебовалоÑÑ
+ÑпеÑиалÑного обоÑÑдованиÑ, кÑоме
обоÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑма, и не ÑÑебовалоÑÑ
+ÑпеÑиалÑнÑÑ
знаний, кÑоме Ñамой
гÑамоÑноÑÑи. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе копии лÑбой
+конкÑеÑной книги ÑоздавалиÑÑ
деÑенÑÑализованнÑм обÑазом. Ðде Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ бÑла
+копиÑ, еÑли кÑо-Ñо Ñ
оÑел ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ,
он мог ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РдÑевнем миÑе не бÑло ниÑего подобного
авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавÑ. ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑели ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ, никÑо
не ÑÑал Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
+не позволено — кÑоме ÑлÑÑаÑ, когда
меÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ нÑавилоÑÑ,
+ÑÑо говоÑилоÑÑ Ð² книге, и Ñогда он мог бÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо вÑ
+ÑкопиÑовали ÑÑо. Ðо ÑÑо не авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,
а неÑÑо ÑеÑно Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ ÑвÑзанное, а
+именно ÑензÑÑа. Ðа ÑегоднÑÑний денÑ
неÑедки попÑÑки пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
ÑензÑÑой.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑодолжалоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑÑÑÑи леÑ, но
поÑом в ÑеÑ
нологии копиÑованиÑ
+пÑоизоÑел болÑÑой ÑкаÑок, а именно,
поÑвилÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑнÑй ÑÑанок. ÐеÑаÑнÑй
+ÑÑанок Ñделал копиÑование более
ÑÑÑекÑивнÑм, но не везде. [Ðе везде] поÑомÑ,
+ÑÑо маÑÑовое копиÑование ÑÑало гоÑаздо
более ÑÑÑекÑивнÑм, но пÑи Ñоздании
+одной копии за Ñаз пеÑаÑнÑй ÑÑанок не бÑл
полезен. Ðа Ñамом деле вам бÑло
+лÑÑÑе пÑоÑÑо напиÑаÑÑ ÑекÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑки; ÑÑо
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑÑее, Ñем пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
+напеÑаÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑаÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐºÑ ÑвойÑÑвенна ÑкономиÑ
ÑеÑийного пÑоизводÑÑва: Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдоемок, но заÑем можно оÑенÑ
бÑÑÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ копий. ÐÑоме
+Ñого, пеÑаÑнÑй ÑÑанок и дÑÑгое
ÑипогÑаÑÑкое обоÑÑдование бÑло недеÑево, и
+болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей не владело им; а ÑÑо
каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²Ñков по иÑ
иÑполÑзованиÑ,
+Ñо болÑÑинÑÑво гÑамоÑнÑÑ
лÑдей ими не
обладало. Умение полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑнÑм
+ÑÑанком оÑлиÑалоÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ. ÐÑо
пÑивело к ÑенÑÑализованной
+оÑганизаÑии пÑоизводÑÑва копий: копии
лÑбой данной книги делалиÑÑ Ð² немногиÑ
+меÑÑаÑ
, а заÑем они ÑÑанÑпоÑÑиÑовалиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾
вÑе Ñе меÑÑа, где кÑо-Ñо Ñ
оÑел
+кÑпиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸.</p>
+
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво поÑвилоÑÑ Ð² век
пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво в Ðнглии
+поÑвилоÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑиÑÑема ÑензÑÑÑ Ð² XVI веке.
ÐаÑколÑко Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ,
+пеÑвонаÑалÑно оно пÑедназнаÑалоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑензÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑанÑов, но его
+ÑазвеÑнÑли и пÑименÑли Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑензÑÑÑ
каÑоликов и пÑедположиÑелÑно многиÑ
+дÑÑгиÑ
. Ð ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвии Ñ ÑÑим законом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ, вам нÑжно бÑло
+полÑÑиÑÑ ÑазÑеÑение коÑонÑ, а ÑÑо
ÑазÑеÑение давалоÑÑ Ð² ÑоÑме веÑной
+монополии на ее издание. ÐÑой ÑиÑÑеме
позволили пÑийÑи в Ñпадок, в
+воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XVII века, наÑколÑко
Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ [она пеÑеÑÑала
+дейÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð² 1695 годÑ, ÑоглаÑно ÑÑаÑÑе
Ðикипедии]. ÐздаÑели Ñ
оÑели
+веÑнÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ, но полÑÑили они неÑÑо
неÑколÑко дÑÑгое. СÑаÑÑÑ ÐÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð» авÑоÑам
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, и ÑолÑко на 14 леÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ
авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ один Ñаз
+возобновлÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо бÑла ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ —
вÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑа
+вмеÑÑо веÑной монополии издаÑелÑ.
ÐолÑÑила ÑазвиÑие идеÑ, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво — ÑÑо ÑÑедÑÑво ÑодейÑÑвиÑ
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑной ÑабоÑе.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда пиÑали конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð, некоÑоÑÑе
лÑди Ñ
оÑели, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов бÑла
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, но ÑÑо бÑло
оÑклонено. ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого в
+конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШРговоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо конгÑеÑÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð² необÑзаÑелÑном поÑÑдке
+вводиÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, и еÑли оно еÑÑÑ,
Ñо его назнаÑение ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+ÑодейÑÑвии пÑогÑеÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑгими Ñловами,
назнаÑение ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в вÑгодаÑ
+пÑавообладаÑелей или кого-Ñо, Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼ они
ведÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°, а в вÑгодаÑ
+обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи в Ñелом. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
должно длиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑенное вÑемÑ;
+издаÑели не оÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ, ÑÑо мÑ
забÑдем об ÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>ÐдеÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава,
коÑоÑое ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑомÑÑленной ноÑмой
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñелей под конÑÑолем авÑоÑов, и
ÑÑÑÑоено Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑлÑжиÑÑ Ð½Ð° полÑзÑ
+ÑиÑокой обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи. Ðно
ÑÑнкÑиониÑовало Ñаким обÑазом, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
оно не
+огÑаниÑивало ÑиÑаÑелей.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, в Ñанние века книгопеÑаÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸,
как Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ, вплоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ девÑноÑÑÑÑ
+годов XVIII века многие ÑиÑаÑели
пеÑепиÑÑвали книги вÑÑÑнÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+они не могли позволиÑÑ Ñебе пеÑаÑнÑÑ
копий. ÐикÑо никогда не ожидал, ÑÑо
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñем-Ñо кÑоме
пÑомÑÑленной ноÑмÑ. Ðно не
+пÑедназнаÑалоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑ
лÑдÑм пеÑепиÑÑваÑÑ
+книги — оно пÑедназнаÑалоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑегÑлиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑи
+издаÑелей. ÐоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑоблÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ легко
бÑло добиÑÑÑÑ, оно не вÑзÑвало
+возÑажений и бÑло, по-видимомÑ, вÑгодно
обÑеÑÑвÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СоблÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ легко бÑло добиÑÑÑÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑого пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ ÑÑебоваÑÑ
+ÑолÑко в оÑноÑении издаÑелей, а найÑи
издаÑелей неÑанкÑиониÑованной книги
+легко — Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одиÑе в магазин и
ÑпÑаÑиваеÑе: “ÐÑкÑда ÑÑи
+книги?” ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑого вам не нÑжно
вÑоÑгаÑÑÑÑ Ð² дом и в компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðº
+каждомÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðно не вÑзÑвало возÑажений, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо,
поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ не огÑаниÑивало
+ÑиÑаÑелей, жаловаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ бÑло не на ÑÑо.
ТеоÑеÑиÑеÑки пÑбликаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñла огÑаниÑена, но, не бÑдÑÑи
издаÑелÑми и не Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑнÑми
+ÑÑанками, они вÑе Ñавно не могли ÑÑого
делаÑÑ. Ð Ñом, ÑÑо они дейÑÑвиÑелÑно
+могли делаÑÑ, они огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑли.</p>
+
+<p>Ðно бÑло, по-видимомÑ, вÑгодно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð² Ñелом, ÑоглаÑно
+понÑÑиÑм авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, обменивала
ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑкое пÑаво, коÑоÑое она бÑла
+не в ÑоÑÑоÑнии оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ. Ðзамен она
полÑÑала полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑениÑ
+лиÑеÑаÑÑÑной акÑивноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑе ÑÑо-Ñо, оÑ
Ñего вам не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
+полÑзÑ, и полÑÑаеÑе взамен ÑÑо-Ñо, Ñем вÑ
можеÑе полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, Ñо ÑÑо
+вÑгоднÑй обмен. ÐÑÑгой вопÑÐ¾Ñ —
нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð»Ð¸ бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ заклÑÑиÑÑ
+лÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº-Ñо по-дÑÑгомÑ, но по
менÑÑей меÑе Ñакой обмен вÑгоден.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñл век
пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка, Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑал
+Ð±Ñ Ð¶Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво. Ðо век
пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка поÑÑепенно
+ÑменÑеÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð¼ компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей —
ÑÑо дÑÑгой ÑкаÑок в
+ÑеÑ
нологии копиÑованиÑ, коÑоÑÑй делаеÑ
копиÑование более ÑÑÑекÑивнÑм, и
+Ñнова не во вÑеÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñло в век пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка:
маÑÑовое пÑоизводÑÑво оÑенÑ
+ÑÑÑекÑивно, единиÑное копиÑование
по-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак же медленно, как в
+дÑевноÑÑи. ЦиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника пеÑеноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÑда: ÑлÑÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñо, и
+дÑÑгое, но болÑÑе вÑего ÑлÑÑÑений в
единиÑном копиÑовании.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼ в положение, гоÑаздо более ÑÑ
одное Ñ Ð´ÑевноÑÑÑÑ, когда единиÑное
+копиÑование не наÑÑолÑко Ñ
Ñже [Ñ.е.
ÑÑÑднее], Ñем маÑÑовое. Ðно немного
+менее ÑÑÑекÑивно, немного Ñ
Ñже, но оно,
безÑÑловно, доÑÑаÑоÑно деÑево, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑоÑни миллионов лÑдей делали ÑÑо.
ÐоÑмоÑÑиÑе, ÑколÑко лÑдей вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени
+запиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑ-диÑки, даже в беднÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
. У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑамиÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи компакÑ-диÑков, и
Ñогда Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑе в магазин, где вÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво болÑÑе не
ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑеÑ
нике Ñак, как ÑÑо
+бÑло ÑанÑÑе. Ðаже еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñква авÑоÑÑкого
пÑава не изменилаÑÑ, ÑмÑÑл его не
+бÑл Ð±Ñ Ñем же ÑамÑм. ÐмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
пÑомÑÑленной ноÑмой длÑ
+издаÑелей под конÑÑолем авÑоÑов,
ÑÑÑÑоенной Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑала
+обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ, она ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑейÑаÑ
огÑаниÑением обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи в Ñелом под
+конÑÑолем главнÑм обÑазом издаÑелей оÑ
имени авÑоÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгими Ñловами, ÑÑо ÑиÑаниÑ. Ðна
невÑноÑима, и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем допÑÑÑиÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑÑо оÑÑавалоÑÑ Ð² Ñаком виде.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÑÑой пеÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑоблÑдениÑ
[авÑоÑÑкого пÑава] Ñже не легко
+добиÑÑÑÑ, оно наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²ÑзÑваÑÑ
возÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ оно Ñже не вÑгодно.</p>
+
+<p>СоблÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ñже не легко добиваÑÑÑÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñели Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+ÑÑебоваÑÑ ÑÑого Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
и каждого, а длÑ
ÑÑого необÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ÐµÑÑкие меÑÑ,
+дÑаконовÑкие наказаниÑ, вÑоÑжение в
лиÑнÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ, ÑпÑазднение наÑиÑ
оÑновнÑÑ
+понÑÑий о ÑпÑаведливоÑÑи. ÐÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи
никакиÑ
пÑеделов ÑомÑ, как далеко они
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ñи, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ <em>Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ñ
обменом</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Ðно наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²ÑзÑваÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÑажениÑ. Ð
неÑколÑкиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑеÑкие
+паÑÑии, оÑнова плаÑÑоÑÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² “Ñвободе обмена”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðно болÑÑе не вÑгодно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе мÑ, обÑазно говоÑÑ,
+обменÑли (поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли
оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
) — ÑепеÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ñ
+оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼. Ðни ÑÑезвÑÑайно
полезнÑ, и Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим иÑ
оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо в Ñаком положении Ñделало бÑ
демокÑаÑиÑеÑкое гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво?</p>
+
+<p>Ðно ÑокÑаÑило Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава. Ðно Ñказало бÑ: “Сделка,
+коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑили Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ ÑвоиÑ
гÑаждан, ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑвободÑ, в
+коÑоÑой они ÑепеÑÑ Ð½ÑждаÑÑÑÑ, недопÑÑÑима.
Ðам нÑжно измениÑÑ ÐµÐµ ÑÑловиÑ; мÑ
+не можем ÑазмениваÑÑ ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
важна”. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ оÑениваÑÑ
+болезненноÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑии по ÑенденÑии
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑв по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð²
+ÑоÑноÑÑи пÑоÑивоположное: ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
влаÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+они Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑокÑаÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин из пÑимеÑов — вÑеменное
измеÑение. Ðо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼
+давление, коÑоÑое оказÑваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ
ÑÑок авÑоÑÑкого пÑава вÑе болÑÑе,
+и болÑÑе, и болÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑа волна наÑалаÑÑ Ð² СШРв 1998 годÑ.
ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво пÑодлили на
+двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑлÑÑ
, Ñак и длÑ
бÑдÑÑиÑ
пÑоизведений. Я не понимаÑ,
+как они надеÑÑÑÑ ÑбедиÑÑ Ð½Ñне покойнÑÑ
или
пÑеÑÑаÑелÑÑ
авÑоÑов двадÑаÑÑÑ
и
+ÑÑидÑаÑÑÑ
годов напиÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе в пÑоÑлом,
пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на иÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ ÑейÑаÑ. ÐÑли Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñина
вÑемени, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой они могли
+Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, Ñо они не
воÑполÑзовалиÑÑ ÐµÑ. РнаÑиÑ
книгаÑ
по
иÑÑоÑии
+не говоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо в двадÑаÑÑÑ
годаÑ
бÑл
взÑÑв ÑвоÑÑеÑкиÑ
Ñил, когда вÑе
+деÑÑели иÑкÑÑÑÑв Ñзнали, ÑÑо иÑ
авÑоÑÑкие
пÑава бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²
+1998 годÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ТеоÑеÑиÑеÑки пÑавдоподобно, ÑÑо
дополниÑелÑнÑе двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава
+на бÑдÑÑие ÑабоÑÑ Ñбедили Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñдей
пÑилагаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе ÑÑилий Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
+пÑоизведений. Ðо ÑолÑко не длÑ
здÑавомÑÑлÑÑего Ñеловека, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° наÑÑоÑÑий Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑенноÑÑÑ
дополниÑелÑнÑÑ
двадÑаÑи леÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, наÑинаÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑемидеÑÑÑи пÑÑи Ð»ÐµÑ Ð² бÑдÑÑем, еÑли ÑÑо
+пÑоизведение, Ñделанное по Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ñ (и,
навеÑное, даже далÑÑе, еÑли ÑÑо ÑабоÑа
+оÑделÑного пÑавообладаÑелÑ),— ÑÑа
ÑенноÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑолÑко мала, ÑÑо она не
+могла Ð±Ñ ÑбедиÑÑ Ð»Ñбого здÑавомÑÑлÑÑего
Ñеловека делаÑÑ ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ
+по-дÑÑгомÑ. ÐÑбое пÑедпÑиÑÑие, желаÑÑее
заÑвиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑивное, обÑзано
+пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð±ÑÑ
галÑеÑиÑ,
ÑкÑÑÑаполиÑованнÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑемÑдеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð²
+бÑдÑÑее, Ñего они, конеÑно, не могÑÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо никÑо из ниÑ
в
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи не заглÑдÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñак
далеко впеÑед.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑÑоÑÑим доводом в полÑÐ·Ñ ÑÑого закона,
побÑждением, коÑоÑое подвигло
+ÑазлиÑнÑе компании на пÑиобÑеÑение ÑÑого
закона в конгÑеÑÑе СШР(именно Ñак
+по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи пÑинимаÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
законаÑ
), бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑли
+пÑибÑлÑнÑе монополии, и они Ñ
оÑели, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑи монополии ÑоÑ
ÑанÑлиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, компании Disney бÑло извеÑÑно, ÑÑо
пеÑвÑй ÑилÑм, в коÑоÑом
+поÑвилÑÑ Ðикки ÐаÑÑ, ÑеÑез неÑколÑко леÑ
пеÑÐµÐ¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð² обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние,
+и Ñогда кÑо Ñгодно бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½ изобÑажаÑÑ
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ пеÑÑонаж в дÑÑгиÑ
+пÑоизведениÑÑ
. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑела, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑо ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ. Ркомпании Disney
+многое заимÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· обÑеÑÑвенного
доÑÑоÑниÑ, но Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ñ ÑеÑимоÑÑи не
+возвÑаÑаÑÑ ÑÑда ни кÑÑпиÑÑ. ÐÑак, компаниÑ
Disney заплаÑила за ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½,
+коÑоÑÑй Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем Ðаконом об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве на Ðикки ÐаÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðинокомпании говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо им нÑжно
веÑное авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, но конÑÑиÑÑÑиÑ
+СШРне Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ полÑÑиÑÑ Ñакое
оÑиÑиалÑно. Так ÑÑо они наÑли ÑпоÑоб
+полÑÑиÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑамÑй ÑезÑлÑÑаÑ
неоÑиÑиалÑно: “план веÑного авÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава по пÑодлениє. ÐаждÑе двадÑаÑÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑодлеваÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво еÑе на двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ. Так ÑÑо в лÑбой
конкÑеÑнÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñбой
+конкÑеÑной ÑабоÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ñа, когда она
пÑедположиÑелÑно Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÑ Ð²
+обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние. Ðо ÑÑа даÑа —
как завÑÑа, она никогда не
+наÑÑаеÑ. Ðо вÑемени, когда Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑе до
нее, они оÑодвинÑÑ ÐµÐµ, еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð²
+ÑледÑÑÑий Ñаз иÑ
не оÑÑановим.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо одно измеÑение, измеÑение
длиÑелÑноÑÑи. Ðо еÑе более важное
+измеÑение — ÑиÑоÑа оÑ
ваÑа: какие
ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑÑ
+подпадаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво?</p>
+
+<p>Рвек пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка не
пÑедполагалоÑÑ, ÑÑо под авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
подпадаÑÑ
+вÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑÑ, на коÑоÑÑÑ
оно ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑегламенÑиÑовало
опÑеделеннÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименениÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+бÑли иÑклÑÑениÑми из более ÑиÑокого
пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑва неÑегламенÑиÑÑемÑÑ
+ÑлÑÑаев. ÐÑли опÑеделеннÑе веÑи, коÑоÑÑе
вам бÑло пÑоÑÑо ÑазÑеÑено делаÑÑ Ñо
+Ñвоей копией книги.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, издаÑелÑм пÑиÑло в головÑ, ÑÑо
они могÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи компÑÑÑеÑÑ
+пÑоÑив Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸, ÑÑобÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вÑÑким
+иÑполÑзованием изданнÑÑ
пÑоизведений. Ðни
Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ð²ÑеленнÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñой
+за каждÑй пÑоÑмоÑÑ. Ðни делаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ
помоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
+огÑаниÑениÑми — пÑеднамеÑенно
внеÑеннÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑей пÑогÑамм,
+ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ. РнеÑедко Ñам
+компÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑпÑоекÑиÑован Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑвÑй ÑпоÑоб, пÑедÑÑавленнÑй вниманиÑ
ÑиÑокой обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи, пÑименÑлÑÑ Ð²
+DVD. ФилÑÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° DVD обÑÑно бÑли заÑиÑÑованÑ, а
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñл ÑекÑеÑом. СговоÑ
+DVD ÑоÑ
ÑанÑл ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑекÑеÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они
говоÑили, ÑÑо каждÑй, кÑо Ñ
оÑеÑ
+вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑÑваÑели DVD, должен
пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑговоÑÑ, обеÑаÑÑ
+Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð² Ñайне и пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ
пÑоигÑÑваÑели DVD Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+огÑаниÑивали полÑзоваÑелей в
ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвии Ñ ÑÑими пÑавилами, в коÑоÑÑÑ
+говоÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑоигÑÑваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ не
даваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо,
+делаÑÑ Ñе, делаÑÑ ÑÑо — бÑл деÑалÑнÑй
ÑпиÑок ÑÑебований, каждое
+из коÑоÑÑÑ
бÑло вÑедоноÑно по оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº
нам.</p>
+
+<p>ÐекоÑоÑое вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо дейÑÑвовало, но
поÑом кÑо-Ñо ÑаÑÑиÑÑовал ÑекÑеÑнÑй
+ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸ опÑбликовал ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
ÑпоÑобнÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ ÑилÑм на DVD и
+воÑпÑоизводиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. Тогда издаÑели
Ñказали: “ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом
+деле не можем оÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, нам пÑидеÑÑÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо
+пÑеÑÑÑплением”. Рони наÑали
оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ ÑÑо в СШРв 1998 годÑ,
+пÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве
ÑиÑÑового ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑиÑ, коÑоÑÑй наложил
+ÑензÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑпоÑобнÑе ÑеÑаÑÑ
Ñакие задаÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑа конкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма
ÑÑала пÑедмеÑом ÑÑдебного
+ÑазбиÑаÑелÑÑÑва. РаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ в СШÐ
запÑеÑено; СШРпÑакÑикÑÑÑ ÑензÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>Ðинокомпании пÑекÑаÑно знаÑÑ, ÑÑо в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи они не могÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ÑÑезнÑÑÑ — найÑи ее
доÑÑаÑоÑно легко. Так ÑÑо они
+ÑпÑоекÑиÑовали дÑÑгÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑиÑÑованиÑ,
взломаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ, как они
+надеÑÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑÑднее, а назÑваеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð°
AACS.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ AACS ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑобнÑе
пÑавила Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
+пÑоигÑÑваÑелей. ÐапÑимеÑ, в 2011 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
+аналоговÑе видеовÑÑ
одÑ. Так ÑÑо вÑе
видеовÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑми, и они бÑдÑÑ
+пеÑедаваÑÑ Ñигнал (заÑиÑÑованнÑй) на
мониÑоÑ, ÑпеÑиалÑно ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑй
+Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑекÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
полÑзоваÑелÑ. ÐÑо вÑедоноÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа.
Ðни
+говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑедназнаÑено Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ “закÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
+бÑеÑÑ”. Я Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ паÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
бÑеÑей (СÑолмен ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ñвои
+оÑки) — Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°, а Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгаÑ,—
коÑоÑÑе они Ñ
оÑели бÑ
+изÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²Ñегда<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑкÑда Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑиÑ
ÑговоÑаÑ
? Ðело в
Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо не ÑекÑÐµÑ — Ñ
+ниÑ
еÑÑÑ ÑайÑÑ. Ð¡Ð°Ð¹Ñ AACS Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑдоÑÑÑÑ
ÑаÑпиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+вÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑовиÑели; Ñак Ñ
и Ñзнал об ÑÑом ÑÑебовании. Ð¡Ð°Ð¹Ñ Ñ
+гоÑдоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑиÑлÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹,
оÑновавÑиÑ
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑговоÑ, кÑда вÑ
одÑÑ
+и Microsoft, и Apple, и Intel, и Sony, и Disney, и IBM.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹, ÑоÑÑавленнÑй Ñ Ñем,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи
+к ÑеÑ
нике, должен пÑеÑледоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
ÑеÑÑезное пÑеÑÑÑпление, подобно
+ÑговоÑÑ, ÑикÑиÑÑÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑенÑ, ÑолÑко ÑÑо еÑе
Ñ
Ñже, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑоки ÑÑÑемного
+заклÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÐµÑе болÑÑе.
Ðо ÑÑи компании вполне ÑвеÑенÑ,
+ÑÑо наÑи гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва ÑÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
ÑÑоÑоне и
пÑоÑив наÑ. Ðни ниÑколÑко не
+боÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо иÑ
бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑеÑледоваÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑи
ÑговоÑÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не
+позабоÑилиÑÑ ÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+
+<p>ÐовоÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе, ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми ÑÑÑановлено по ÑговоÑÑ
+компаний. ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени ÑÑо можеÑ
делаÑÑ Ð¾ÑделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, но в обÑем
+ÑÑо ÑÑебÑÐµÑ ÑговоÑа Ñ ÑÑаÑÑием ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
компаний и издаÑелей, Ñак ÑÑо
+[ÑÑо] поÑÑи вÑегда ÑговоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðни дÑмали, ÑÑо никÑо никогда не ÑможеÑ
взломаÑÑ AACS, но пÑимеÑно ÑÑи Ñ
+половиной года назад кÑо-Ñо вÑпÑÑÑил
ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, ÑпоÑобнÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑиÑÑовÑваÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑмаÑ. Ðднако она
бÑла ÑовеÑÑенно беÑполезна, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ, вам нÑжно
бÑло знаÑÑ ÐºÐ»ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РзаÑем, ÑеÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑами позже, Ñ Ñвидел
ÑоÑогÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑелеÑÑнÑми
+Ñенками и ÑÑидÑаÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²ÑмÑ
ÑеÑÑнадÑаÑеÑиÑнÑми ÑиÑÑами над ними, и Ñ
подÑмал:
+“ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñо и дÑÑгое Ñложили вмеÑÑе? Ðе
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑи ÑиÑÑÑ
+какой-Ñо важнÑй клÑÑ, и кÑо-Ñо мог бÑ
ÑложиÑÑ ÑÑи ÑиÑла вмеÑÑе Ñ Ñенками,
+подÑмав, ÑÑо лÑди бÑдÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ Ñенков,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они Ñакие
+ÑимпаÑиÑнÑе. ÐÑо заÑиÑило Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ»ÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
ÑниÑÑожениє.</p>
+
+<p>Так оно и бÑло — ÑÑо бÑл клÑÑ, нÑжнÑй
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð° AACS. ÐÑди
+ÑазмеÑали его в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе, а ÑедакÑоÑÑ
ÑдалÑли его, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¾
+многиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
пÑедпиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ налагаÑÑ
ÑензÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑи ÑведениÑ. Ðго
+ÑазмеÑали Ñнова, они ÑдалÑли его; в конÑе
конÑов они пÑекÑаÑили, и за две
+недели ÑÑи ÑиÑÑÑ Ð±Ñли ÑазмеÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ñем
на Ñеми ÑоÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑайÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо бÑла болÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð° обÑеÑÑвенного
возмÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑовÑм ÑпÑавлением
+огÑаниÑениÑми. Ðо победа не бÑла
оконÑаÑелÑной, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо издаÑели Ñменили
+клÑÑ. Рне ÑолÑко: ÑÑого бÑло доÑÑаÑоÑно
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð° ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
+огÑаниÑениÑми на DVD вÑÑокой ÑеÑкоÑÑи, но не
на Blu-ray. Ð Blu-ray еÑÑÑ
+дополниÑелÑнÑй ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑового
ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми, и до ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммой, а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+ÑаÑÑениваÑÑ Ð´Ð¸Ñки Blu-ray как неÑÑо
неÑовмеÑÑное Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей ÑобÑÑвенной
+Ñвободой. ÐÑо вÑаг, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑм невозможнÑ
никакие договоÑенноÑÑи, по кÑайней
+меÑе, на наÑем ÑекÑÑем ÑÑовне знаний.</p>
+
+<p>Ðикогда не пÑинимайÑе никакиÑ
пÑодÑкÑов,
ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ваÑÑ ÑвободÑ. ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ñвободной
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑпÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ DVD, вÑ
+не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸ покÑпаÑÑ DVD, ни бÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на
пÑокаÑ, ни даже пÑинимаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
как
+подаÑок, кÑоме ÑедкиÑ
незаÑиÑÑованнÑÑ
DVD,
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
в неболÑÑом
+колиÑеÑÑве. Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
неÑколÑко [из ниÑ
] — Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ одного заÑиÑÑованного DVD, Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°
не возÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº обÑÑоÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð° Ñ ÑилÑмами,
но ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
+огÑаниÑениÑми вÑÑÑеÑалоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ Ñакже в
мÑзÑке.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, около деÑÑÑи Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´
наÑалоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо вÑглÑдело как
+компакÑ-диÑки, но запиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ бÑли не
ÑовÑем Ñак, как компакÑ-диÑки. Ðни не
+Ñледовали ÑÑандаÑÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñвали ÑÑо
“иÑпоÑÑеннÑми диÑками”,
+Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑоздаÑелей бÑла в Ñом, ÑÑо они
ÑабоÑали на пÑоигÑÑваÑеле, но
+пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на компÑÑÑеÑе бÑло невозможно.
С ÑÑими дÑÑгими меÑодами бÑли
+ÑазлиÑнÑе пÑоблемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РконÑе конÑов в Sony вÑдвинÑли Ñ
иÑÑÑÑ
идеÑ. Ðни ÑазмеÑÑили на диÑке
+пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñак ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑавлÑли диÑк в
компÑÑÑеÑ, Ñо диÑк ÑÑÑанавливал
+ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑа пÑогÑамма бÑла
напиÑана, ÑÑобÑ, подобно виÑÑÑÑ, бÑаÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ конÑÑолÑ. ÐÑо назÑваеÑÑÑ
“набоÑом
+ÑÑпеÑполÑзоваÑелє, Ñ.е. в нем еÑÑÑ Ñо,
ÑÑо позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ
+подÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑи Ñ Ñем, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð»Ñбоко внÑÑÑи
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе ÑаÑÑи
ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, он модиÑиÑиÑовал командÑ,
коÑоÑой Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+иÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ,
пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑогÑамма, Ñак ÑÑо он
+ÑкÑÑвал Ñам ÑебÑ. Ðн модиÑиÑиÑовал
командÑ, коÑоÑой Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑдалÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо из ÑÑиÑ
Ñайлов, Ñак
ÑÑо команда на Ñамом деле не
+ÑдалÑла иÑ
. Так воÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑÑезное
пÑеÑÑÑпление, но ÑÑо не единÑÑвенное
+пÑеÑÑÑпление, ÑовеÑÑенное компанией Sony,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в ÑÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
одили
+Ñакже ÑаÑÑи ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм —
ÑаÑÑи пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе бÑли
+вÑпÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной
лиÑензией GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, GNU GPL — лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
левом, а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
+в ней Ñказано: “Ðа, Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ÑваÑÑ
ÑÑи ÑекÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм в дÑÑгие
+пÑоизведениÑ, но когда Ð²Ñ ÑÑо делаеÑе, Ñо
вÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, в коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ ÑÑо
+вкладÑваеÑе, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ Ð²
каÑеÑÑве Ñвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñой же
+Ñамой лиÑензией. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпнÑм длÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей, а ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
об
иÑ
пÑаваÑ
, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой лиÑензии, когда они полÑÑаÑÑ
ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммє.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Sony не вÑполнила вÑего ÑÑого. ÐÑо
коммеÑÑеÑкое наÑÑÑение
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, ÑÑо ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑжким
пÑеÑÑÑплением. Ð Ñо, и
+дÑÑгое — ÑÑжкие пÑеÑÑÑплениÑ, но
ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ниÑ
не пÑеÑледовали,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво понимаеÑ, ÑÑо
назнаÑение гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва и закона
+заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² поддеÑжании влаÑÑи ÑÑиÑ
компаний над нами, а не в Ñом, ÑÑобÑ
+Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº-Ñо помогаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑди пÑиÑли в ÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð¸ подали на Sony в ÑÑд.
Ðднако они ÑовеÑÑили
+оÑибкÑ. Ðни поÑÑÑоили Ñвое обвинение не на
Ñом зле, в коÑоÑом ÑоÑÑоиÑ
+назнаÑение ÑÑой ÑÑ
емÑ, а ÑолÑко на
вÑоÑиÑнÑÑ
иÑÑоÑникаÑ
зла, заклÑÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð²
+ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
меÑодаÑ
, пÑименÑемÑÑ
компанией.
Так ÑÑо Sony ÑÑегÑлиÑовала
+конÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¸ обеÑала, ÑÑо в бÑдÑÑем пÑи
нападении на наÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° не бÑдеÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑи меÑодÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа Ñамом деле ÑÑа конкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
ема Ñ
иÑпоÑÑеннÑм диÑком бÑла не Ñак Ñж
+плоÑ
а, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ полÑзовалиÑÑ
Windows, Ñо она Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+заÑÑагивала. Ðаже еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзовалиÑÑ
Windows, на клавиаÑÑÑе еÑÑÑ
+кнопка — еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ забÑвали
каждÑй Ñаз нажимаÑÑ ÐµÐµ, Ñо диÑк
+не ÑÑÑанавливал Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо
помниÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом вÑÑкий Ñаз, конеÑно,
+непÑоÑÑо; в один пÑекÑаÑнÑй Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ñли
Ð±Ñ ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ. ÐÑо показÑваеÑ, Ñ
+какого Ñода веÑами нам пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ
дело.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми в мÑзÑке оÑÑÑÑпаеÑ. Ðаже
+главнÑе компании звÑкозапиÑи пÑодаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑеÑи мÑзÑÐºÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
+огÑаниÑениÑми. Ðо Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ возобновление
попÑÑок наложиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на книги.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, издаÑели Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑнÑÑÑ
ÑÑадиÑионнÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑиÑаÑелей
+книг — ÑвободÑ, напÑимеÑ, взÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ
в пÑблиÑной библиоÑеке или
+одолжиÑÑ ÐµÐµ знакомомÑ; пÑодаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð²
бÑкиниÑÑиÑеÑкий магазин или кÑпиÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+анонимно, заплаÑив налиÑнÑми (а Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑ
книги ÑолÑко Ñак — нам
+нÑжно ÑопÑоÑивлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ
ÐолÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐÑаÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ñе, ÑÑо мÑ
+делаем).</p>
+
+<p>Ðаже Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ, ÑколÑко
вам Ñгодно, и ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ ÑÑолÑко Ñаз,
+ÑколÑко вам Ñгодно,— даже Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого они
планиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СпоÑоб, коÑоÑÑм они делаÑÑ ÑÑо —
ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
+огÑаниÑениÑми. Ðни знали, ÑÑо Ñак много
лÑдей ÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ и пÑÐ¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð²
+ÑÑоÑÑÑ, еÑли ÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑнимÑÑ, ÑÑо они
не дÑмали, ÑÑо они могÑÑ ÐºÑпиÑÑ
+закон ÑпеÑиалÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
ÑпÑаздниÑÑ ÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ —
+оппозиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð±Ñ ÑлиÑком ÑилÑна.
ÐемокÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð¾Ñова, но вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени
+лÑдÑм ÑдаеÑÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо поÑÑебоваÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
они ÑоÑÑавили план из двÑÑ
ÑÑапов.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, оÑнÑÑÑ ÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении
ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг, а во-вÑоÑÑÑ
,
+ÑбедиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей пеÑейÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑипогÑаÑÑкиÑ
книг к ÑлекÑÑоннÑм. ÐÑап 1 им
+ÑдалÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РСШРони Ñделали ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ðакона об
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве ÑиÑÑового
+ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑиÑ, а в Ðовой Ðеландии ÑÑо бÑло
ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÑого год назад Ðакона
+об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве: ÑензÑÑа пÑогÑамм,
коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ ÑиÑÑовое
+ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми, бÑла ÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑого закона. ÐÑо неÑпÑаведливое
+положение; его ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑмениÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑой ÑÑап — ÑбедиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей пеÑейÑи
Ð¾Ñ ÑипогÑаÑÑкиÑ
книг к
+ÑлекÑÑоннÑм; ÑÑо пÑодвигаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñак Ñ
оÑоÑо.</p>
+
+<p>У одного издаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² 2001 годÑ
возникла идеÑ, ÑÑо они ÑделаÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+ÑеÑÐ¸Ñ ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑной,
еÑли наÑнÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹
+биогÑаÑии. Так ÑÑо они наÑли авÑоÑа, а
авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑил Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑве,
+и Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑил: “ТолÑко еÑли ÑÑа
ÑлекÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð° бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð²
+незаÑиÑÑованном виде и без ÑиÑÑового
ÑпÑавлениÑ
+огÑаниÑениÑми”. ÐздаÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑо не
ÑÑÑÑаивало, а Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑÑоÑл на
+Ñвоем — Ñ Ð¾ÑказÑвалÑÑ. РконÑе конÑов
Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñли дÑÑгого издаÑелÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй бÑл ÑоглаÑен на ÑÑо — на
Ñамом деле он ÑоглаÑилÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
+ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñвободной лиÑензией, даÑÑей вам
ÑеÑÑÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ — Ñак
+ÑÑо поÑом книга бÑла издана, и бÑло пÑодано
много копий на бÑмаге.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо как Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, заÑÐµÑ Ñ ÑлекÑÑоннÑми
книгами в наÑале ÑÑого
+деÑÑÑилеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑовалилаÑÑ. ÐÑ
пÑоÑÑо не
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑели ÑиÑаÑÑ. Ð Ñ Ñказал:
+“Ðни попÑобÑÑÑ ÐµÑе Ñаз”. ÐÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸
ÑмопомÑаÑиÑелÑное колиÑеÑÑво
+газеÑнÑÑ
ÑÑаÑей об ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
ÑеÑнилаÑ
(или ÑлекÑÑонной бÑмаге, Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ), и мне пÑиÑло в головÑ, ÑÑо
Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина Ñакого
+колиÑеÑÑва — в Ñом, ÑÑо издаÑели Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
+дÑмали. Ðни Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑпением
ждали ÑледÑÑÑего поколениÑ
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑло. Такие ÑÑÑÑки, как Sony
Shreader (его оÑиÑиалÑное
+название — “Sony Reader”, но еÑли
пÑибавиÑÑ
+“sh”, Ñо название обÑÑÑнÑеÑ, ÑÑо оно
должно по замÑÑлÑ
+ÑоздаÑелей делаÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñими книгами), и Amazon
Swindle, ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑй,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑенниÑеÑким пÑÑем лиÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ
ÑÑадиÑионнÑÑ
Ñвобод Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑÑого
+не замеÑали. ÐонеÑно, они назÑваÑÑ ÑÑо
“Kindle” — ÑÑо
+Ñо, ÑÑо он ÑобиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñими
книгами<a href="#tf3">(3)</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kindle — кÑайне вÑедоноÑнÑй пÑодÑкÑ,
поÑÑи наÑÑолÑко же
+вÑедоноÑнÑй, как Microsoft Windows. Рв Ñом, и в
дÑÑгом еÑÑÑ ÑпионÑкие
+ÑÑнкÑии, и в Ñом, и в дÑÑгом еÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑовое
ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми, и в
+Ñом, и в дÑÑгом еÑÑÑ ÑеÑнÑй Ñ
од.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑлÑÑае Kindle единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб кÑпиÑÑ
ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ — ÑÑо кÑпиÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+в Amazon, а Amazon ÑÑебÑеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
иденÑиÑиÑиÑовали ÑебÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ знали
+обо вÑем, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÐºÑпили.</p>
+
+<p>Ðалее, в нем еÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе
+пеÑедаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð° вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ пÑодаÑÑ ÐµÐµ в
бÑкиниÑÑиÑеÑкий магазин, и в
+библиоÑеке ее вÑдаÑÑ Ð½Ð° дом Ñоже не
могÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РпоÑом, в нем еÑÑÑ ÑеÑнÑй Ñ
од, о коÑоÑом
Ð¼Ñ Ñзнали около ÑÑеÑ
меÑÑÑев
+назад, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Amazon им
воÑполÑзовалаÑÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñлала
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð° вÑе ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва Kindle, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑеÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ, а именно
+“1984” ÐжоÑджа ÐÑÑÑлла. Ðни наÑоÑно не
могли Ð±Ñ ÑÑого
+пÑидÑмаÑÑ. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑда Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÐ¼, ÑÑо
Ñ Amazon еÑÑÑ ÑеÑнÑй Ñ
од, ÑеÑез
+коÑоÑÑй они могÑÑ ÑÑиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ по ÑеÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо знаеÑ, ÑÑо еÑе они могÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ? ÐожеÑ
бÑÑÑ, ÑÑо как Microsoft
+Windows. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Amazon Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÑÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи, ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ,
+ÑÑо еÑли Ñего-Ñо вÑедоноÑного Ñам неÑ
ÑейÑаÑ, Ñо они могли Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑо
+завÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ТеÑпеÑÑ ÑÑого нелÑÐ·Ñ — нелÑзÑ
ÑеÑпеÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ одного из ÑÑиÑ
+огÑаниÑений. Ðни Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑоздаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ, в
коÑоÑом книги болÑÑе никÑо Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+одолжиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñли к
пÑиÑÑелÑ, а на полкаÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+книг. Ðе Ñо ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸Ñ
не ÑиÑал,
пÑоÑÑо вÑе его книги лежаÑ
+внÑÑÑи одного ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва, и он, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ,
не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑи
+книги. ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб, коÑоÑÑм он мог
Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо из
+ÑÑиÑ
книг — ÑÑо одолжиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ вÑÑ
библиоÑекÑ, а пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
+кого-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð±Ñло бÑ, конеÑно, пÑоÑÑо
ÑмеÑно. Так ÑÑо дÑÑжба книголÑбов
+оÑÑалаÑÑ Ð² пÑоÑлом.</p>
+
+<p>ÐозабоÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑоинÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ Ð»Ñдей о
Ñом, ÑÑо подÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñакое
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо дÑÑгие
ÑиÑаÑели болÑÑе не бÑдÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñими дÑÑзÑÑми,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе веÑÑи ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ним, как
+ÑвинÑÑ. РаÑÑказÑвайÑе об ÑÑом
заблаговÑеменно. ÐÑо ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво —
+Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñаг. ÐÑо вÑаг каждого, кÑо ÑиÑаеÑ. Те,
кÑо ÑÑого не пÑизнаеÑ,—
+ÑÑо лÑди, ÑÑе мÑÑление наÑÑолÑко
недалÑновидно, ÑÑо они не понимаÑÑ
+ÑÑого. ÐаÑа задаÑа — помоÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
заглÑнÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑÑе ÑиÑминÑÑного
+ÑдобÑÑва в поÑледÑÑвиÑ, коÑоÑÑе неÑÐµÑ ÑÑо
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>Я ниÑего не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ
книг в ÑиÑÑовом виде, еÑли они не
+ÑпÑоекÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑнимаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
ÑвободÑ. СÑÑого говоÑÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
книг,</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>коÑоÑое не ÑпÑоекÑиÑовано Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
на ваÑ,</li>
+
+<li>на коÑоÑом вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ не вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе,</li>
+
+<li>в коÑоÑом Ð½ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
огÑаниÑениÑми,</li>
+
+<li>коÑоÑое не заÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей
иденÑиÑиÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑебÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
книгÑ,</li>
+
+<li>в коÑоÑом Ð½ÐµÑ ÑеÑного Ñ
ода, [и]</li>
+
+<li>коÑоÑое не огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñого, ÑÑо вÑ
можеÑе делаÑÑ Ñ Ñайлами на Ñвоей
+маÑине.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>ÐÑо возможно, но болÑÑие компании,
коÑоÑÑе на Ñамом деле навÑзÑваÑÑ
+ÑлекÑÑоннÑе книги, делаÑÑ ÑÑо длÑ
Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° наÑÑ ÑвободÑ, а Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ
+ÑÑо поддеÑживаÑÑ. ÐÑо Ñо, в Ñем гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва
идÑÑ ÑÑка об ÑÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаÑлевÑми
+гиганÑами, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑÑ ÑвободÑ,
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво вÑе ÑÑÑовее
+и оÑвÑаÑиÑелÑнее, Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе
огÑаниÑений, Ñем когда-либо в иÑÑоÑии.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑо им ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ? ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑвам
ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑнижаÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸ конкÑеÑнÑе пÑедложениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑежде вÑего, еÑÑÑ Ð²Ñеменное измеÑение. Я
пÑедлагаÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
+длилоÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñа пÑбликаÑии
пÑоизведениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñа пÑбликаÑии? ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
до ÑÑого Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¹. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑениÑ, позволено ли нам
копиÑоваÑÑ Ñо, Ñего Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ, Ñак ÑÑо, как
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ
авÑоÑов бÑло ÑÑолÑко вÑемени,
+ÑколÑко нÑжно на подгоÑÐ¾Ð²ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑбликаÑии, а
заÑем запÑÑкаÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ? Я не знаÑ, как в ÑÑой
ÑÑÑане, а в СШРиздаÑелÑÑкий
+Ñикл ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе коÑоÑе и коÑоÑе. РнаÑи
дни поÑÑи вÑе книги ÑÑениваÑÑÑÑ
+в ÑеÑение двÑÑ
леÑ, а ÑеÑез ÑÑи года
издаÑелÑÑÑво иÑ
Ñже не пÑодаеÑ. Так ÑÑо
+деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ — ÑÑо более Ñем в ÑÑи Ñаза
болÑÑе обÑÑного
+издаÑелÑÑкого Ñикла — ÑÑо должно
бÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ, Ñем Ñдобно. </p>
+
+<p>Ðо не вÑе Ñ ÑÑим ÑоглаÑнÑ. ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ñ
пÑедложил ÑÑо на оÑкÑÑÑом обÑÑждении Ñ
+пиÑаÑелÑми, и один пиÑаÑелÑ-ÑанÑаÑÑ,
лаÑÑÐµÐ°Ñ ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
пÑемий, коÑоÑÑй Ñидел
+ÑÑдом Ñо мной, Ñказал: “ÐеÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ? Ðи в
коем ÑлÑÑае! ÐÑе, ÑÑо болÑÑе
+пÑÑи леÑ, недопÑÑÑимо”. ÐонимаеÑе, Ñ
него бÑли ÑÑидиÑеÑкие ÑазноглаÑиÑ
+Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ издаÑелем. Ðго книга, по-видимомÑ,
бÑла Ñже ÑнÑÑа Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑи, но
+издаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑл Ñ ÑÑим ÑоглаÑен. ÐздаÑелÑ
полÑзовалÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким пÑавом на
+его ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ
ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸, а он
+Ñ
оÑел ÑÑо делаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди могли ÑиÑаÑÑ
ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðменно Ñ ÑÑого Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй
деÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑва — Ñ
+Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ñвое пÑоизведение,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑиÑали и Ñенили. ÐÑенÑ
+немногие заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие денÑги.
ÐеÑед ÑÑой кÑоÑеÑной долей вÑÑаеÑ
+опаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑного ÑазложениÑ, как ÑÑо
ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ Ñ
+Ðж. Ð. РоÑлинг. </p>
+
+<p>Ð Ðанаде Ðж. Ð. РоÑлинг Ñмогла
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпиÑание ÑÑда в
+оÑноÑении лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе кÑпили ее ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð²
магазине; в ÑÑом пÑедпиÑании им
+пÑиказÑвали не ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Так ÑÑо в оÑвеÑ
на ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑизÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ðº бойкоÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³ о
+ÐаÑÑи ÐоÑÑеÑе. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ говоÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
; Ñ Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑ ÑÑо
+издаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ авÑоÑÑ. Я пÑоÑÑо говоÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑ
не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+
+<p>ТолÑко немногие авÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
доÑÑаÑоÑно денег, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑно
ÑазложиÑÑÑÑ
+Ñаким обÑазом. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво из ниÑ
даже не
пÑиближаеÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑомÑ, и они
+пÑодолжаÑÑ Ñ
оÑеÑÑ Ñого же, Ñего они Ñ
оÑели
внаÑале: они Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑабоÑÑ Ñенили.</p>
+
+<p>Ðн Ñ
оÑел ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑвоÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ, а авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво емÑ
+меÑало. Ðн оÑознал, ÑÑо болÑÑе пÑÑи леÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава едва ли
+когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑинеÑÐµÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо
полÑзÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли лÑди пÑедпоÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкие
пÑава длилиÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
пÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+пÑоÑив ÑÑого. Я пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
пеÑвое пÑиближение. ÐавайÑе ÑокÑаÑим
+его до деÑÑÑи леÑ, поÑом в ÑеÑение
некоÑоÑого вÑемени пÑоведем наблÑдение, а
+поÑле ÑÑого Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ ÑкоÑÑекÑиÑоваÑÑ
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑок. Я не говоÑÑ, ÑÑо дÑмаÑ,
+ÑÑо деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ — ÑÑо в ÑоÑноÑÑи
веÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñина — Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+знаÑ.</p>
+
+<p id="details">Ðак наÑÑÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑгого измеÑениÑ,
ÑиÑоÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
ваÑа? ÐÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð°
+подпадаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво? Я ÑазлиÑаÑ
ÑÑи ÑиÑокие каÑегоÑии
+пÑоизведений.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, еÑÑÑ ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑе
пÑоизведениÑ, коÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ,
ÑÑобÑ
+ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑкие задаÑи Ñвоей
жизнедеÑÑелÑноÑÑи. СÑда вÑ
одÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
+ÑеÑепÑÑ, обÑазоваÑелÑнÑе пÑоизведениÑ,
ÑпÑавоÑнÑе пÑоизведениÑ, ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+ÑекÑÑов и многое-многое дÑÑгое. ÐÑи
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ñоизведением, ÑÑобÑ
ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑкие задаÑи Ñвоей
+жизнедеÑÑелÑноÑÑи, Ñо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе
доÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ñоизведение под ÑебÑ, вÑ
+не конÑÑолиÑÑеÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ. Ðак ÑолÑко вÑ
доÑабоÑали пÑоизведение под ÑебÑ,
+Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑ
его — опÑбликоваÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+веÑÑÐ¸Ñ — поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо найдÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие,
кÑо заÑ
оÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
+изменениÑ, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑли.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
полÑзоваÑелей Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñе же ÑамÑе
+ÑеÑÑÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ [Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений], а не ÑолÑко длÑ
+пÑогÑамм. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑиÑе, ÑÑо в ÑлÑÑае
ÑеÑепÑов поваÑа пÑакÑиÑеÑки вÑегда
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ ÑеÑепÑÑ ÑоÑно Ñак,
как еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑеÑепÑÑ Ð±Ñли
+ÑвободнÑ. ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе, как лÑди
оÑÑеагиÑовали бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑво
+попÑÑалоÑÑ Ð¸ÑкоÑениÑÑ Ñак назÑваемое
“ÑеÑепÑное пиÑаÑÑÑво”.</p>
+
+<p>Слово “пиÑає — ÑиÑÑаÑ
пÑопаганда. Ðогда менÑ
+ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾ мÑзÑкалÑном
пиÑаÑÑÑве, Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ: “ÐаÑколÑко
+Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ, когда нападаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ, они не
делаÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑной игÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
инÑÑÑÑменÑаÑ
, они делаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ
помоÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑжиÑ. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо не
+мÑзÑкалÑное “пиÑаÑÑÑво”, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
пиÑаÑÑÑво — ÑÑо
+нападение на коÑабли, а обмен — ÑÑо
вÑе, ÑÑо Ñгодно, ÑолÑко не
+нÑавÑÑвеннÑй ÑÐºÐ²Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
коÑабли”. ÐападаÑÑ Ð½Ð° коÑабли
+плоÑ
о, обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими Ñ
оÑоÑо, Ñак
ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑвеÑдо пÑоÑеÑÑоваÑÑ
+пÑоÑив вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “пиÑаÑÑÑво” вÑÑкий
Ñаз, когда Ð¼Ñ ÑлÑÑим его.</p>
+
+<p>ÐвадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ лÑди могли бÑ
возÑазиÑÑ: “ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑдадим ÑвоÑ
+ÑвободÑ, еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ позволим издаÑелÑм ÑÑиÑ
пÑоизведений конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ,
+пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑдÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑÑÑ, а ÑÑо
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑжаÑнÑм
+бедÑÑвием”. СейÑаÑ, глÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑообÑеÑÑво
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ, на вÑе Ñе ÑеÑепÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе наÑ
одÑÑÑÑ Ð² обÑаÑении, на Ñакие
+ÑпÑавоÑнÑе ÑабоÑÑ, как ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ — мÑ
даже наÑинаем вÑÑÑеÑаÑÑ
+пÑбликаÑии ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑÑебников —
Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÐ¼, ÑÑо
+ÑÑÑаÑ
бÑл беÑпоÑвен.</p>
+
+<p>Ðе нÑжно оÑÑаиваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ оÑдаваÑÑ ÑвоÑ
ÑвободÑ, дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо в пÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае
+пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑдÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑ
множеÑÑво ÑпоÑобов пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ñоздание
+пÑоизведений, еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим ÑвелиÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
колиÑеÑÑво — множеÑÑво
+ÑпоÑобов, коÑоÑÑе не пÑоÑивоÑеÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей
Ñвободе и ÑважаÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ÐÑе
+пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑой каÑегоÑии должнÑ
бÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо как наÑÑÐµÑ Ð²ÑоÑой каÑегоÑии —
пÑоизведений, в коÑоÑÑÑ
+говоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе лÑди,
ÑакиÑ
, как мемÑаÑÑ, оÑеÑки,
+вÑÑажаÑÑие мнение, наÑÑнÑе ÑÑаÑÑи и многое
дÑÑгое? ÐÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
+веÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑжого заÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо он
дÑмаеÑ, знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ÑкажаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+мнение. ÐÑо не оÑобенно полезно длÑ
обÑеÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p>СледоваÑелÑно, пÑакÑиÑно и допÑÑÑимо,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñла неÑколÑко ÑокÑаÑеннаÑ
+ÑиÑÑема авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, в коÑоÑой вÑÑкое
коммеÑÑеÑкое иÑполÑзование
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, вÑе
модиÑикаÑии подпадаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ авÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво, но вÑÑкий волен пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
ÑоÑнÑе копии без извлеÑениÑ
+пÑибÑли.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑа Ñвобода ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ñной
Ñвободой, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑановиÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+вÑеÑ
обнаÑодованнÑÑ
пÑоизведений, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо именно оÑказ в ÑÑой Ñвободе
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº <em>войне Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ð¼</em> —
именно Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ наÑинаеÑÑÑ
+поÑоÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñопаганда Ñого, ÑÑо обмен —
ÑÑо воÑовÑÑво, ÑÑо
+обмен — ÑÑо как пиÑаÑÑÑво и нападение
на
+ÑÑда. ÐбÑÑÑд — но абÑÑÑд, за коÑоÑÑм
ÑÑоÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие денÑги,
+коÑоÑÑми подкÑпили наÑи гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва. Ðам
нÑжно поконÑиÑÑ Ñ <em>войной Ñ
+обменом</em>; нам нÑжно ÑзакониÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½
ÑоÑнÑми копиÑми лÑбого
+обнаÑодованного пÑоизведениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð²ÑоÑой каÑегоÑии ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо вÑе, ÑÑо
нам нÑжно; нам не нÑжно делаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑвободнÑми. СледоваÑелÑно, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо
вполне допÑÑÑимо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñло
+ÑокÑаÑенное авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, коÑоÑое
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° коммеÑÑеÑкое
+пÑименение и вÑе модиÑикаÑии. Ð ÑÑо
пÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñок ÑинанÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов
+более или менее Ñаким же (как пÑавило,
неадекваÑнÑм) обÑазом, как и нÑнеÑнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑема. Ðам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ Ð² видÑ, ÑÑо
нÑнеÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑема, за иÑклÑÑением
+ÑамÑÑ
попÑлÑÑнÑÑ
деÑÑелей иÑкÑÑÑÑва, как
пÑавило, ÑовеÑÑенно неадекваÑна.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак наÑÑÐµÑ Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвеннÑÑ
и
ÑазвлекаÑелÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений? ÐдеÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ
пÑиÑлоÑÑ
+немного поÑазмÑÑлиÑÑ Ð¾ пÑоблеме
модиÑикаÑий.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвенное пÑоизведение Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
+Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвенной ÑелоÑÑноÑÑÑÑ, а изменение
его Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ наÑÑÑиÑÑ. ÐонеÑно,
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не обÑзаÑелÑно не даеÑ
кÑомÑаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ñаким
+обÑазом. ÐолливÑд ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнно. С
дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, модиÑикаÑиÑ
+пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ в
иÑкÑÑÑÑво. ÐÑо ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+пÑоÑеÑÑа наÑодного ÑвоÑÑеÑÑва, ÑÑо
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº пÑекÑаÑнÑм и богаÑÑм
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑам.</p>
+
+<p>Ðаже еÑли Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑмоÑÑим ÑолÑко
неанонимнÑÑ
авÑоÑов: обÑаÑимÑÑ Ðº ШекÑпиÑÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй заимÑÑвовал из дÑÑгиÑ
книг,
коÑоÑÑм бÑло вÑего неÑколÑко деÑÑÑков
+леÑ, и пеÑеинаÑивал ÑÑо, ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñе
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑаÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑли бÑ
+ÑегоднÑÑнее авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑÑÑеÑÑвовало
в Ñо вÑемÑ, ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑено,
+и ÑÑи пÑеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑанÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо в конÑе конÑов Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо
изменение Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвенного пÑоизведениÑ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ в иÑкÑÑÑÑво, но в
болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½ÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²
+головокÑÑжиÑелÑной ÑпеÑке. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, пока
+иÑÑеÑÐµÑ ÑÑок дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава, вÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
пеÑеждаÑÑ. Ðе как
+нÑнеÑнее авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, коÑоÑое
заÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑ, напÑимеÑ, ÑемÑдеÑÑÑ
+пÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ девÑноÑÑо пÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ. Ð ÐекÑике
в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
вам могло бÑ
+понадобиÑÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи двеÑÑи леÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñам авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво иÑÑекаеÑ
+ÑеÑез ÑÑо Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле ÑмеÑÑи авÑоÑа. ÐÑо
безÑмие, но деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð² каÑеÑÑве ÑÑока дейÑÑвиÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава,— ÑÑолÑко лÑди
+могÑÑ Ð¸ подождаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ñо же Ñамое ÑаÑÑиÑно
ÑокÑаÑенное авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,
+коÑоÑое ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° коммеÑÑеÑкое
пÑименение и модиÑикаÑиÑ, но каждÑй
+должен бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½ пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
ÑоÑнÑе копии без извлеÑениÑ
+пÑибÑли. ЧеÑез деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ пеÑеÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние, и лÑди
+могÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ в иÑкÑÑÑÑво, пÑбликÑÑ
Ñвои измененнÑе веÑÑии.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе одно: еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ
заимÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие ÑаÑÑи из множеÑÑва
+пÑоизведений и пеÑекомпоноваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
во
ÑÑо-Ñо ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгое, Ñо закон
+должен ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо допÑÑкаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
назнаÑение авÑоÑÑкого пÑава ÑоÑÑоиÑ
+в ÑодейÑÑвии иÑкÑÑÑÑвÑ, а не в Ñом, ÑÑобÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ. ÐлÑпо ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на иÑполÑзование ÑакиÑ
оÑÑÑвков — ÑÑо ÑабоÑаеÑ
+пÑоÑив его задаÑ. Такого Ñода иÑкажение
можно полÑÑиÑÑ ÑолÑко Ñогда, когда
+пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво конÑÑолиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑелÑми
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
пÑибÑлÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений
+и оно полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð°Ð±Ñло о Ñом, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñего
оно пÑедназнаÑено.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑедлагаÑ, и в ÑаÑÑноÑÑи, ÑÑо
ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо обмен копиÑми по
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ñм.
Ðбмен — ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо. Ðбмен
+Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвÑзи в обÑеÑÑве. ÐападаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
обмен — знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
+на обÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо каждÑй Ñаз, когда гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо новÑе ÑÑедÑÑва длÑ
+Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑеÑ
, кÑо обмениваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
не даÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ обмениваÑÑÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+пÑизнаваÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо зло, не ÑолÑко поÑомÑ,
ÑÑо пÑедлагаемÑе ÑÑедÑÑва поÑÑи
+неизменно идÑÑ Ð²ÑазÑез Ñ Ð¾ÑновнÑми идеÑми
ÑпÑаведливоÑÑи (но
+ÑÑо — не ÑлÑÑайно). ÐÑиÑина
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо иÑ
+назнаÑение — зло. Ðбмен — ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, и гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво
+должно пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава, в конÑе конÑов,
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñа. У
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава как ÑÑедÑÑва Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑениÑ
ÑÑой задаÑи ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблема,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо оно не ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑеÑ
нике,
коÑоÑой Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑемÑÑ. Ðно ÑоздаеÑ
+помеÑ
и вÑем жизненно важнÑм Ñвободам вÑеÑ
ÑиÑаÑелей, ÑлÑÑаÑелей, зÑиÑелей и
+Ñак далее, но ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ
по-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑелÑно. Так ÑÑо в
+дополнение к ÑаÑÑиÑно ÑокÑаÑенной ÑиÑÑеме
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, коÑоÑое
+пÑодолжало Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемой
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð° дÑÑгиÑ
+меÑода.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин меÑод — ÑÑо налоги:
ÑаÑпÑеделÑÑÑ ÑобÑаннÑе денÑги
+непоÑÑедÑÑвенно Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑми
иÑкÑÑÑÑва. ÐÑо мог Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑобÑй налог,
+напÑимеÑ, на подклÑÑение к ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ, или
ÑÑо могла Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñего
+бÑджеÑа, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в Ñелом ÑÑа ÑÑмма бÑла
Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñак Ñж велика —
+еÑли ÑаÑпÑеделÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ ÑÑÑекÑивно. Ð
аÑпÑеделÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ ÑÑÑекÑивно Ñ ÑоÑки зÑениÑ
+ÑодейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаеÑ
ÑаÑпÑеделÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑÑмо пÑопоÑÑионалÑно
+попÑлÑÑноÑÑи. РаÑпÑеделение должно бÑÑÑ
оÑновано на попÑлÑÑноÑÑи, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑим, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑение о Ñом, какиÑ
деÑÑелей иÑкÑÑÑÑва поддеÑживаÑÑ, а
+какиÑ
игноÑиÑоваÑÑ, оÑÑавалоÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑмоÑÑение бÑÑокÑаÑов; но Ñлова
+“оÑновано на попÑлÑÑноÑÑи” не
обÑзаÑелÑно подÑазÑмеваÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмÑÑ
+пÑопоÑÑионалÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ — ÑÑо измеÑÑÑÑ
попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
деÑÑелей
+иÑкÑÑÑÑва, ÑÑо можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑеÑез
опÑоÑ, ÑÑаÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² коÑоÑом ни оÑ
+кого не ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ, а заÑем бÑаÑÑ
кÑбиÑеÑкий коÑенÑ. ÐÑбиÑеÑкий коÑенÑ
+вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ñак: ÑÑо в оÑновном знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
пÑиÑаÑение [плаÑÑ] ÑеÑез некоÑоÑое
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑнижаеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли звезда Рв ÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñаз более
попÑлÑÑна, Ñем ÑÑпеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°ÑÑиÑÑка Ð, Ñо по
+ÑÑой ÑиÑÑеме РполÑÑала Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³ в деÑÑÑÑ
Ñаз болÑÑе, Ñем Ð, а не в ÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+Ñаз.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑопоÑÑионалÑноÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð° Ð±Ñ Ð Ð²
ÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñаз болÑÑе, Ñем Ð; ÑÑо знаÑиÑ,
+ÑÑо еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑели бÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑала
доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑожиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо, Ñо
+нам пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñазимо
богаÑой. Такое ÑаÑÑ
одование налоговÑÑ
+ÑÑедÑÑв ÑаÑÑоÑиÑелÑно — ÑÑого не
должно бÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑли ÑделаÑÑ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑаÑение
ÑбÑвало, Ñо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно, каждаÑ
+звезда бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑимо болÑÑе, Ñем
пÑоÑÑо ÑÑпеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°ÑÑиÑÑка, но плаÑа
+вÑем звездам бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой долей [вÑеÑ
]
денег. Ðо болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи денÑги
+пойдÑÑ Ð½Ð° поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого колиÑеÑÑва
доволÑно ÑÑпеÑнÑÑ
аÑÑиÑÑов, доволÑно
+ÑенимÑÑ
аÑÑиÑÑов, доволÑно попÑлÑÑнÑÑ
аÑÑиÑÑов. Таким обÑазом, ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¸ÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги гоÑаздо более
ÑÑÑекÑивно, Ñем ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема ÑеакÑионна. Ð
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи она Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо,
+гоÑаздо болÑÑе за каждÑй ÑкземплÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи,
напÑимеÑ, звезде, Ñем ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñо
+ни бÑло еÑе. ÐенÑги иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÑайне
плоÑ
о. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе Ñаким обÑазом мÑ
+плаÑили Ð±Ñ Ð² дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи гоÑаздо
менÑÑе. Я надеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо доÑÑаÑоÑно
+ÑмÑгÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
из ÑÑиÑ
лÑдей Ñ
ÑеÑлекÑоÑно вÑаждебной ÑеакÑией на
+налоги — ÑеакÑией, коÑоÑой Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑазделÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð²
+ÑоÑиалÑное гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÐµÑе одно пÑедложение, а
именно добÑоволÑнÑе
+плаÑежи. ÐÑедположим, ÑÑо в каждом
пÑоигÑÑваÑеле еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð¿ÐºÐ°, на коÑоÑÑÑ
+можно нажаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑпÑавиÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ доллаÑ
аÑÑиÑÑÑ, ÑабоÑавÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+пÑоизведением, коÑоÑое Ð²Ñ ÑлÑÑаеÑе в
даннÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑлÑÑали в пÑоÑлÑй
+Ñаз. ÐÑи денÑги бÑдÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾
доÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим аÑÑиÑÑам. Я дÑмаÑ, многие
+бÑдÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð¿ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно
ÑаÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>РпÑимеÑÑ, вÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ñебе
нажимаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð¿ÐºÑ Ñаз в денÑ, и
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñак Ñж много денег. Я
вполне ÑвеÑен, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑо бÑли бÑ
+не Ñакие Ñж болÑÑие денÑги. ÐонеÑно, еÑÑÑ
беднÑе лÑди, коÑоÑÑе вообÑе не
+могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ñебе нажимаÑÑ ÐµÐµ, и не
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего ÑÑÑаÑного, еÑли они не
+ÑÑанÑÑ ÐµÐµ нажимаÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ нÑждаемÑÑ Ð² Ñом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑжимаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги из беднÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжки аÑÑиÑÑов. ЧиÑло ÑеÑ
, кÑо не
беден, доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑекÑаÑно
+ÑпÑавиÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÑÑой задаÑей. Я ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо
вам извеÑÑно, ÑÑо множеÑÑво лÑдей
+по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделенное
иÑкÑÑÑÑво и иÑкÑенне ÑÐ°Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ
поддеÑжкÑ
+аÑÑиÑÑам.</p>
+
+<p>Ðне в Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÑолÑко ÑÑо пÑиÑла одна
мÑÑлÑ. ÐÑоигÑÑваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ñакже
+вÑдаваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ квиÑанÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñакой-Ñо и
Ñакой-Ñо поддеÑжке и даже ÑÑммиÑоваÑÑ,
+ÑколÑко Ñаз Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо, и вÑдаваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
квиÑанÑиÑ, в коÑоÑой Ñказано:
+“Я оÑпÑавил ÑÑолÑко-Ñо ÑÑим
аÑÑиÑÑам”. ÐÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе ÑпоÑобÑ,
+коÑоÑÑми Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
, кÑо Ñ
оÑÐµÑ ÑÑо делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РпÑимеÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ
дÑÑжелÑбнÑÑ Ð¸ добÑожелаÑелÑнÑÑ ÑекламнÑÑ
+кампаниÑ: “ÐÑ Ð¾ÑпÑавили ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñ
каким-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð°ÑÑиÑÑам? ÐеÑ?
+ÐоÑемÑ? ÐÐµÐ´Ñ ÑÑо ÑолÑко Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñ — вÑ
никогда не пожалееÑе о нем, а
+Ñазве Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ лÑбиÑе Ñо, ÑÑо они делаÑÑ?
ÐажмиÑе на кнопкÑ!” Ðм бÑдеÑ
+пÑиÑÑно, и они бÑдÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑÑ: “Ðа, мне
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÑавиÑÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ ÑолÑко
+ÑÑо поÑмоÑÑел. Я оÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñ”.</p>
+
+<p>РнекоÑоÑом обÑеме ÑÑа ÑÑ
ема Ñже
наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñа,
+коÑоÑÑÑ ÑанÑÑе звали Ðжейн СибÑи. Ðна
вÑложила ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð° Ñвоем ÑайÑе и
+пÑиглаÑила лÑдей ÑлÑÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ и плаÑиÑÑ
ÑÑолÑко, ÑколÑко они пожелаÑÑ. Ðна
+ÑообÑала, ÑÑо полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе, Ñем доллаÑ
за копиÑ, ÑÑо пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
+инÑеÑеÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÑÑпнÑе компании
звÑкозапиÑи взимаÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе доллаÑа
+за копиÑ. Ðозволив лÑдÑм ÑеÑаÑÑ, ÑколÑко
плаÑиÑÑ Ð¸ плаÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ вообÑе, она
+полÑÑила болÑÑе — она полÑÑила
болÑÑе даже на каждого поÑеÑиÑелÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй дейÑÑвиÑелÑно взÑл ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ. Ðо
ÑÑо, возможно, еÑе без ÑÑеÑа Ñого,
+как ÑÑо ÑказалоÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвелиÑении ÑиÑла
поÑеÑиÑелей, и [Ñем ÑамÑм] ÑвелиÑениÑ
+обÑего колиÑеÑÑва лÑдей, по коÑоÑÑм
пÑоводилоÑÑ ÑÑÑеднение.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо ÑÑа ÑÑ
ема Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ, но в
нÑнеÑниÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
ÑÑо болÑÑаÑ
+Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»Ñ. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо делаÑÑ, вам нÑжно
полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÑедиÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑÑÑ, а ÑÑо
+знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе ÑÑо делаÑÑ
анонимно. Рвам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ, где
+заплаÑиÑÑ, а ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¸Ñ
плаÑежей — они не оÑенÑ-Ñо
+ÑÑÑекÑивнÑ, Ñак ÑÑо аÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
ÑолÑко половинÑ. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñоздали
+Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого, Ñо ÑÑа ÑÑ
ема
ÑабоÑала Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо, гоÑаздо лÑÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸ два пÑедложениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Рна mecenatglobal.org можно найÑи дÑÑгÑÑ ÑÑ
емÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑ ÑазнÑе
+аÑпекÑÑ ÑÑиÑ
двÑÑ
; она бÑла изобÑеÑена
ФÑенÑиÑом ÐÑге и ÑоÑÑавлена Ñак,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° лÑÑÑе подÑ
одила к ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑим
ÑиÑÑемам пÑава и ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐµ бÑло
+легÑе пÑиводиÑÑ Ð² дейÑÑвие.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑноÑиÑеÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑоÑожно к пÑедложениÑм
“компенÑаÑии пÑавообладаÑелÑм за
+ÑÑÑÑÐ¿ÐºÑ Ð¿Ñав”, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо когда говоÑÑÑ
о “компенÑаÑии”,
+они пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвно ÑÑвеÑждаÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑли
Ð²Ñ ÑениÑе пÑоизведение, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñобого Ñода задолженноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº комÑ-Ñо, и ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+“компенÑиÑоваÑÑ” ее комÑ-Ñо. Ðогда
говоÑÑÑ
+“пÑавообладаÑели”, ÑÑо делаеÑÑÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð´Ñмали о поддеÑжке
+аÑÑиÑÑов, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑи денÑги идÑÑ
+издаÑелÑм — Ñем ÑамÑм издаÑелÑм,
коÑоÑÑе по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+ÑкÑплÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
аÑÑиÑÑов (за
иÑклÑÑением ÑеÑ
немногиÑ
, о коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñе
+ÑлÑÑали и коÑоÑÑе наÑÑолÑко попÑлÑÑнÑ, ÑÑо
к ним вÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑлÑÑиваÑÑÑÑ).</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ; Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ
бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо
+“компенÑиÑоваÑÑ”. [Ðо] поддеÑживаÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑво вÑе-Ñаки
+полезно. ÐÑо бÑло побÑдиÑелÑной пÑиÑиной
Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава в Ñе
+вÑемена, когда оно ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвовало
ÑогдаÑней ÑеÑ
нике. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво плоÑ
о Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого подÑ
одиÑ, но вÑе-Ñаки
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо делаÑÑ ÑÑо
+дÑÑгими ÑпоÑобами, коÑоÑÑе ÑважаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ТÑебÑйÑе Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
вÑеднÑÑ
аÑпекÑов новозеландÑкого Ðакона об
авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве. Ðе ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ поÑле
ÑÑеÑ
звонков <a
+href="#footnote2">[2]</a>, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо обмен — ÑÑо
Ñ
оÑоÑо, и нÑжно
+избавиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑензÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð°
ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
+огÑаниÑениÑми. ÐпаÑайÑеÑÑ ACTA — они
пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
+ÑазлиÑнÑми ÑÑÑанами ÑоглаÑение, по
коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑвоиÑ
гÑаждан, пÑиÑем Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаем, как,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они нам об ÑÑом говоÑиÑÑ
+не ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html"> Ðолее
ÑÑаÑаÑ
+веÑÑиÑ</a> ÑÑой ÑеÑи (2000 год).</p>
+
+<h4>ÐÑимеÑаниÑ</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">ÐÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑовеÑное ÑвидеÑелÑÑÑво,
ÑÑо в 2010 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑиÑÑема ÑиÑÑованиÑ
+вÑÑ
одного ÑиÑÑового видеоÑигнала бÑла
взломана.<br /><a
+href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp">http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li>
+<li id="footnote2">ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð° ÑиÑÑемÑ
Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑÑда и ÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелей ÐнÑеÑнеÑа, обвиненнÑÑ
в
копиÑовании; заÑем, ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑÑовÑм
+пÑоÑеÑÑам, гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво ÑеÑило не
ÑеализовÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ, и обÑÑвило о плане
+ÑеализаÑии модиÑиÑиÑованной ÑиÑÑеме
неÑпÑаведливÑÑ
наказаний. ÐдеÑÑ ÑмÑÑл в
+Ñом, ÑÑо они не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ðº
ÑеализаÑии Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ — наобоÑоÑ,
+Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не должно бÑÑÑ Ñакой ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðднако
из Ñлов, коÑоÑÑми Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзовалÑÑ,
+ÑÑо не ÑÑно.
+<br />
+Ð Ðовой Ðеландии гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво впоÑледÑÑвии
Ñеализовало ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+пÑимеÑно в Ñом виде, в каком пеÑвонаÑалÑно
планиÑовалоÑÑ.</li>
+</ol>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>ÐÑимеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеводÑиков</h3>
+<ol><li id="tf1"><span lang="mi" xml:lang="mi">
+TÄnÄ koutou, tÄnÄ koutou, tÄnÄ koutou katoa</span> —
пÑивеÑÑÑвие
+на ÑзÑке маоÑи.</li>
+<li id="tf2">ÐепеÑÐµÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð³Ñа Ñлов “<span
lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">furniture</span>” (“мебелє) и
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">fern</span>”
+(“папоÑоÑник”).</li>
+<li id="tf3">Shreader — ÑозвÑÑно англ. <span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">shredder</span> (ÑинковÑик); <span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">swindle</span> — англ.
+“надÑваÑелÑÑÑво”.; <span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">kindle</span> — англ.
“зажигаÑÑ”.</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2012/12/23 08:27:09 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.ru-en.html
===================================================================
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diff -N philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.ru-en.html 23 Dec 2012 08:27:09
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks -
+GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist" -->
+<h2>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join
our mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<p><b>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12
+October 2009</b></p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the
+privilege of introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is
+being sponsored by the School of Information Management at Victoria
+University of Wellington.</p>
+
+<p>Richard has been working to promote software freedom for over 25
+years. In 1983 he started the GNU project to develop a free operating
+system [the GNU system], and in 1985 he set up the Free Software
+Foundation. Every time you read or send a message to nz-libs, you use
+the Mailman software which is part of the GNU project. So whether you
+realize it or not, Richard's work has touched all of your lives.</p>
+
+<p>I like to describe him as the most influential person most people
+have never heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be
+true because it cannot be tested.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>We can't tell.</dd>
+
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software
+freedom and free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee
+when he created the world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings
+about a free online encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what
+is now Wikipedia.</p>
+
+<p>Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in
+the age of computer networks, and their implications for libraries.
+Richard.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the
+North Island it was raining most of the time. Now I know why they
+call gumboots “Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who
+was making chairs and tables out of ponga wood, and he called it
+fern-iture. Then we took the ferry to get here, and as soon as we got
+off, people started mocking and insulting us; but there were no hard
+feelings, they just wanted to make us really feel Picton.</p>
+
+<p>The reason people usually invite me to give speeches is because of
+my work on free software. This is not a talk about free software;
+this talk answers the question whether the ideas of free software
+extend to other kinds of works. But in order for that to make sense,
+I'd better tell you briefly what free software means.</p>
+
+<p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of
+“free speech”, not “free beer”. Free software
+is software that respects the user's freedom, and there are four
+specific freedoms that the user deserves always to have.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program
+and change it to make the program do what you wish.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbour; that is, the
+freedom to redistribute copies of the program, exact copies when you
+wish.</li>
+
+<li>And Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community.
+That's the freedom to publish your modified versions when you
+wish.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If the program gives you these four freedoms then it's free
+software, which means the social system of its distribution and use is
+an ethical system, one which respects the user's freedom and the
+social solidarity of the user's community. But if one of these
+freedoms is missing or insufficient, then it's proprietary software,
+nonfree software, user-subjugating software. It's unethical. It's
+not a contribution to society, it's a power grab. This unethical
+practice should not exist; the goal of the free software movement is
+to put an end to it. All software should be free, so that all users
+can be free.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software keeps the users divided and helpless: divided,
+because they're forbidden to share it, and helpless, because they
+don't have the source code so they can't change it. They can't even
+study it to verify what it's really doing to them, and many
+proprietary programs have malicious features which spy on the user,
+restrict the user, even back doors to attack the user.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, Microsoft Windows has a back door with which
+Microsoft can forcibly install software changes, without getting
+permission from the supposed owner of the computer. You may think
+it's your computer, but if you've made the mistake of having Windows
+running in it, then really Microsoft has owned your computer.
+Computers need to be defenestrated, which means either throw Windows
+out of the computer, or throw the computer out the window.</p>
+
+<p>But any proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over
+the users. Some of the developers abuse this power more, and some
+abuse it less, but none of them ought to have it. You deserve to have
+control of your computing, and not be forcibly dependent on a
+particular company. So you deserve free software.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of speeches about free software, people sometimes ask
+whether these same freedoms and ideas apply to other things. If you
+have a copy of a published work on your computer, it makes sense to
+ask whether you should have the same four freedoms—whether it's
+ethically essential that you have them or not. And that's the
+question that I'm going to address today.</p>
+
+<p>If you have a copy of something that's not software, for the most
+part, the only thing that might deny you any of these freedoms is
+copyright law. With software that's not so. The main ways of making
+software non-free are contracts and withholding the source code from
+the users. Copyright is a sort of secondary, back up method. For
+other things there's no such distinction as between source code and
+executable code.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, if we're talking about a text, if you can see the
+text to read it, there's nothing in the text that you can't see. So
+it's not the same kind of issue exactly as software. It's for the
+most part only copyright that might deny you these freedoms.</p>
+
+<p>So the question can be restated: “What should copyright law
+allow you to do with published works? What should copyright law
+say?”</p>
+
+<p>Copyright has developed along with copying technology, so it's
+useful to review the history of copying technology. Copying developed
+in the ancient world, where you'd use a writing instrument on a
+writing surface. You'd read one copy and write another.</p>
+
+<p>This technology was rather inefficient, but another interesting
+characteristic was that it had no economy of scale. To write ten
+copies would take ten times as long as to write one copy. It required
+no special equipment other than the equipment for writing, and it
+required no special skill other than literacy itself. The result was
+that copies of any particular book were made in a decentralized
+manner. Wherever there was a copy, if someone wanted to copy it, he
+could.</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing like copyright in the ancient world. If you had
+a copy and wanted to copy it, nobody was going to tell you you weren't
+allowed—except if the local prince didn't like what the book
+said, in which case he might punish you for copying it. But that's
+not copyright, but rather something closely related, namely
+censorship. To this day, copyright is often used in attempts to
+censor people.</p>
+
+<p>That went on for thousands of years, but then there was a big
+advance in copying technology, namely the printing press. The
+printing press made copying more efficient, but not uniformly. [This
+was] because mass production copying became a lot more efficient, but
+making one copy at a time didn't benefit from the printing press. In
+fact, you were better off just writing it by hand; that would be
+faster than trying to print one copy.</p>
+
+<p>The printing press has an economy of scale: it takes a lot of work
+to set the type, but then you can make many copies very fast. Also,
+the printing press and the type were expensive equipment that most
+people didn't own; and the ability to use them, most literate people
+didn't know. Using a press was a different skill from writing. The
+result was a centralized manner of producing copies: the copies of any
+given book would be made in a few places, and then they would be
+transported to wherever someone wanted to buy copies.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright began in the age of the printing press. Copyright in
+England began as a system of censorship in the 1500s. I believe it
+was originally meant to censor Protestants, but it was turned around
+and used to censor Catholics and presumably lots of others as well.
+According to this law, in order to publish a book you had to get
+permission from the Crown, and this permission was granted in the form
+of a perpetual monopoly to publish it. This was allowed to lapse in
+the 1680s, I believe [it expired in 1695 according to the Wikipedia
+entry]. The publishers wanted it back again, but what they got was
+something somewhat different. The Statute of Anne gave authors a
+copyright, and only for 14 years, although the author could renew it
+once.</p>
+
+<p>This was a totally different idea—a temporary monopoly for
+the author, instead of a perpetual monopoly for the publisher. The
+idea developed that copyright was a means of promoting writing.</p>
+
+<p>When the US constitution was written, some people wanted authors to
+be entitled to a copyright, but that was rejected. Instead, the US
+Constitution says that Congress can optionally adopt a copyright law,
+and if there is a copyright law, its purpose is to promote progress.
+In other words, the purpose is not benefits for copyright holders or
+anybody they do business with, but for the general public. Copyright
+has to last a limited time; publishers keep hoping for us to forget
+about this.</p>
+
+<p>Here we have an idea of copyright which is an industrial regulation
+on publishers, controlled by authors, and designed to provide benefits
+to the public at large. It functioned this way because it didn't
+restrict the readers.</p>
+
+<p>Now in the early centuries of printing, and still I believe in the
+1790s, lots of readers wrote copies by hand because they couldn't
+afford printed copies. Nobody ever expected copyright law to be
+something other than an industrial regulation. It wasn't meant to
+stop people from writing copies, it was meant to regulate the
+publishers. Because of this it was easy to enforce, uncontroversial,
+and arguably beneficial for society.</p>
+
+<p>It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against
+publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a
+book—you go to a bookstore and say “where do these copies
+come from?”. You don't have to invade everybody's home and
+everybody's computer to do that.</p>
+
+<p>It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted,
+they had nothing to complain about. Theoretically they were
+restricted from publishing, but not being publishers and not having
+printing presses, they couldn't do that anyway. In what they actually
+could do, they were not restricted.</p>
+
+<p>It was arguably beneficial because the general public, according to
+the concepts of copyright law, traded away a theoretical right they
+were not in a position to exercise. In exchange, they got the
+benefits of more writing.</p>
+
+<p>Now if you trade away something you have no possible use for, and
+you get something you can use in exchange, it's a positive trade.
+Whether or not you could have gotten a better deal some other way,
+that's a different question, but at least it's positive.</p>
+
+<p>So if this were still in the age of the printing press, I don't
+think I'd be complaining about copyright law. But the age of the
+printing press is gradually giving way to the age of the computer
+networks—another advance in copying technology that makes
+copying more efficient, and once again not uniformly so.</p>
+
+<p>Here's what we had in the age of the printing press: mass
+production very efficient, one at a time copying still just as slow as
+the ancient world. Digital technology gets us here: they've both
+benefited, but one-off copying has benefited the most.</p>
+
+<p>We get to a situation much more like the ancient world, where one
+at a time copying is not so much worse [i.e., harder] than mass
+production copying. It's a little bit less efficient, a little bit
+less good, but it's perfectly cheap enough that hundreds of millions
+of people do it. Consider how many people write CDs once in a while,
+even in poor countries. You may not have a CD-writer yourself, so you
+go to a store where you can do it.</p>
+
+<p>This means that copyright no longer fits in with the technology as
+it used to. Even if the words of copyright law had not changed, they
+wouldn't have the same effect. Instead of an industrial regulation on
+publishers controlled by authors, with the benefits set up to go to
+the public, it is now a restriction on the general public, controlled
+mainly by the publishers, in the name of the authors.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, it's tyranny. It's intolerable and we can't allow
+it to continue this way.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this change, [copyright] is no longer easy to
+enforce, no longer uncontroversial, and no longer beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer easy to enforce because now the publishers want to
+enforce it against each and every person, and to do this requires
+cruel measures, draconian punishments, invasions of privacy, abolition
+of our basic ideas of justice. There's almost no limit to how far
+they will propose to go to prosecute the War on Sharing.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in
+several countries whose basic platform is “freedom to
+share”.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually
+traded away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise.
+They're tremendously useful, and we want to exercise them.</p>
+
+<p>What would a democratic government do in this situation?</p>
+
+<p>It would reduce copyright power. It would say: “The trade we
+made on behalf of our citizens, trading away some of their freedom
+which now they need, is intolerable. We have to change this; we can't
+trade away the freedom that is important.” We can measure the
+sickness of democracy by the tendency of governments to do the exact
+opposite around the world, extending copyright power when they should
+reduce it.</p>
+
+<p>One example is in the dimension of time. Around the world we see
+pressure to make copyright last longer and longer and longer.</p>
+
+<p>A wave of this started in the US in 1998. Copyright was extended
+by 20 years on both past and future works. I do not understand how
+they hope to convince the now dead or senile writers of the 20s and
+30s to write more back then by extending copyright on their works now.
+If they have a time machine with which to inform them, they haven't
+used it. Our history books don't say that there was a burst of vigor
+in the arts in the 20s when all the artists found out that their
+copyrights would be extended in 1998.</p>
+
+<p>It's theoretically conceivable that 20 years more copyright on
+future works would convince people to make more effort in producing
+those works. But not anyone rational, because the discounted present
+value of 20 more years of copyright starting 75 years in the
+future—if it's a work made for hire—and probably even
+longer if it's a work with an individual copyright holder, is so small
+it couldn't persuade any rational person to do anything different.
+Any business that wants to claim otherwise ought to present its
+projected balance sheets for 75 years in the future, which of course
+they can't do because none of them really looks that far ahead.</p>
+
+<p>The real reason for this law, the desire that prompted various
+companies to purchase this law in the US Congress, which is how laws
+are decided on for the most part, was they had lucrative monopolies
+and they wanted those monopolies to continue.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, Disney was aware that the first film in which Mickey
+Mouse appeared would go into the public domain in a few years, and
+then anybody would be free to draw that same character as part of
+other works. Disney didn't want that to happen. Disney borrows a lot
+from the public domain, but is determined never to give the slightest
+thing back. So Disney paid for this law, which we refer to as the
+Mickey Mouse Copyright Act.</p>
+
+<p>The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US
+Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with
+a way to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright
+on the installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright
+for 20 more years. So that at any given time, any given work has a
+date when it will supposedly fall into the public domain. But that
+date is like tomorrow, it never comes. By the time you get there they
+will have postponed it, unless we stop them next time.</p>
+
+<p>That's one dimension, the dimension of duration. But even more
+important is the dimension of breadth: which uses of the work does
+copyright cover?</p>
+
+<p>In the age of the printing press, copyright wasn't supposed to
+cover all uses of a copyrighted work, because copyright regulated
+certain uses that were the exceptions in a broader space of
+unregulated uses. There were certain things you were simply allowed
+to do with your copy of a book.</p>
+
+<p>Now the publishers have got the idea that they can turn our
+computers against us, and use them to seize total power over all use
+of published works. They want to set up a pay-per-view universe.
+They're doing it with DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)—the
+intentional features of software that's designed to restrict the user.
+And often the computer itself is designed to restrict the user.</p>
+
+<p>The first way in which the general public saw this was in DVDs. A
+movie on a DVD was usually encrypted, and the format was secret. The
+DVD conspiracy kept this secret because they said anyone that wants to
+make DVD players has to join the conspiracy, promise to keep the
+format secret, and promise to design the DVD players to restrict the
+users according to the rules, which say it has to stop the user from
+doing this, from doing that, from doing that—a precise set of
+requirements, all of which are malicious towards us.</p>
+
+<p>It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret
+format, and published free software capable of reading the movie on a
+DVD and playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't
+actually stop them, we have to make it a crime”. And they
+started that in the US in 1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright
+Act, which imposed censorship on software capable of doing such
+jobs.</p>
+
+<p>So that particular piece of free software was the subject of a
+court case. Its distribution in the US is forbidden; the US practices
+censorship of software.</p>
+
+<p>The movie companies are well aware that they can't really make that
+program disappear—it's easy enough to find it. So they designed
+another encryption system, which they hoped would be harder to break,
+and it's called AACS, or the axe.</p>
+
+<p>The AACS conspiracy makes precise rules about all players. For
+instance, in 2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video
+outputs. So all video outputs will have to be digital, and they will
+carry the signal encrypted into a monitor specially designed to keep
+secrets from the user. That is malicious hardware. They say that the
+purpose of this is to “close the analog hole”. I'll show
+you a couple of analog holes (Stallman takes off his glasses): here's
+one and here's another, that they'd like to poke out permanently.<a
href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>How do I know about these conspiracies? The reason is they're not
+secret—they have websites. The AACS website proudly describes
+the contracts that manufacturers have to sign, which is how I know
+about this requirement. It proudly states the names of the companies
+that have established this conspiracy, which include Microsoft and
+Apple, and Intel, and Sony, and Disney, and IBM.</p>
+
+<p>A conspiracy of companies designed to restrict the public's access
+to technology ought to be prosecuted as a serious crime, like a
+conspiracy to fix prices, except it's worse, so the prison sentences
+for this should be longer. But these companies are quite confident
+that our governments are on their side against us. They have no fear
+against being prosecuted for these conspiracies, which is why they
+don't bother to hide them.</p>
+
+<p>In general DRM is set up by a conspiracy of companies. Once in a
+while a single company can do it, but generally it requires a
+conspiracy between technology companies and publishers, so [it's]
+almost always a conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>They thought that nobody would ever be able to break the AACS, but
+about three and a half years ago someone released a free program
+capable of decrypting that format. However, it was totally useless,
+because in order to run it you need to know the key.</p>
+
+<p>And then, six months later, I saw a photo of two adorable puppies,
+with 32 hex digits above them, and I wondered: “Why put those
+two things together? I wonder if those numbers are some important
+key, and someone could have put the numbers together with the puppies,
+figuring people would copy the photo of the puppies because they were
+so cute. This would protect the key from being wiped out.”</p>
+
+<p>And that's what it was—that was the key to break the axe.
+People posted it, and editors deleted it, because laws in many
+countries now conscript them to censor this information. It was
+posted again, they deleted it; eventually they gave up, and in two
+weeks this number was posted in over 700,000 web sites.</p>
+
+<p>That's a big outpouring of public disgust with DRM. But it didn't
+win the war, because the publishers changed the key. Not only that:
+with HD DVD, this was adequate to break the DRM, but not with Blu-ray.
+Blu-ray has an additional level of DRM and so far there is no free
+software that can break it, which means that you must regard Blu-ray
+disks as something incompatible with your own freedom. They are an
+enemy with which no accommodation is possible, at least not with our
+present level of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Never accept any product designed to attack your freedom. If you
+don't have the free software to play a DVD, you mustn't buy or rent
+any DVDs, or accept them even as gifts, except for the rare
+non-encrypted DVDs, which there are a few of. I actually have a few
+[of these]—I don't have any encrypted DVDs, I won't take
+them.</p>
+
+<p>So this is how things stand in video, but we've also seen DRM in
+music.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, about ten years ago we started to see things that
+looked like compact disks, but they weren't written quite like compact
+disks. They didn't follow the standard. We called them 'corrupt
+disks', and the idea of them was that they would play in an audio
+player, but it was impossible to read them on a computer. These
+different methods had various problems.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually Sony came up with a clever idea. They put a program on
+the disk, so that if you stuck the disk into a computer, the disk
+would install the program. This program was designed like a virus to
+take control of the system. It's called a 'root kit', meaning that it
+has things in it to break the security of the system so that it can
+install the software deep inside the system, and modify various parts
+of the system.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, it modified the command you could use to examine the
+system to see if the software was present, so as to disguise itself.
+It modified the command you could use to delete some of these files,
+so that it wouldn't really delete them. Now all of this is a serious
+crime, but it's not the only one Sony committed, because the software
+also included free software code—code that had been released
+under the GNU General Public License.</p>
+
+<p>Now the GNU GPL is a copyleft license, and that means it says
+“Yes, you're free to put this code into other things, but when
+you do, the entire program that you put things into you must release
+as free software under the same license. And you must make the source
+code available to users, and to inform them of their rights you must
+give them a copy of this license when they get the
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>Sony didn't comply with all that. That's commercial copyright
+infringement, which is a felony. They're both felonies, but Sony
+wasn't prosecuted because the government understands that the purpose
+of the government and the law is to maintain the power of those
+companies over us, not to help defend our freedom in any way.</p>
+
+<p>People got angry and they sued Sony. However, they made a mistake.
+They focused their condemnation not on the evil purpose of this
+scheme, but only on the secondary evils of the various methods that
+Sony used. So Sony settled the lawsuits and promised that in the
+future, when it attacks our freedom, it will not do those other
+things.</p>
+
+<p>Actually, that particular corrupt disk scheme was not so bad,
+because if you were not using Windows it would not affect you at all.
+Even if you were using Windows, there's a key on the keyboard—if
+you remembered every time to hold it down, then the disk wouldn't
+install the software. But of course it's hard to remember that every
+time; you're going to slip up some day. This shows the kind of thing
+we've had to deal with.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately music DRM is receding. Even the main record companies
+sell downloads without DRM. But we see a renewed effort to impose DRM
+on books.</p>
+
+<p>You see, the publishers want to take away the traditional freedoms
+of book readers—freedom to do things such as borrow a book from
+the public library, or lend it to a friend; to sell a book to a used
+book store, or buy it anonymously paying cash (which is the only way I
+buy books—we've got to resist the temptations to let Big Brother
+know everything that we're doing.)</p>
+
+<p>Even the freedom to keep the book as long as you wish, and read it
+as many times as you wish, they plan to get rid of.</p>
+
+<p>The way they do it is with DRM. They knew that so many people read
+books and would get angry if these freedoms were taken away that they
+didn't believe they could buy a law specifically to abolish these
+freedoms—there would be too much opposition. Democracy is sick,
+but once in a while people manage to demand something. So they came
+up with a two-stage plan.</p>
+
+<p>First, take away these freedoms from ebooks, and second, convince
+people to switch from paper books to ebooks. They've succeeded with
+stage 1.</p>
+
+<p>In the US they did it with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act,
+and in New Zealand, that was part of the year-ago Copyright Act;
+censorship on software that can break DRM was part of that law.
+That's an unjust provision; it's got to be repealed.</p>
+
+<p>The second stage is convince people to switch from printed books to
+ebooks; that didn't go so well.</p>
+
+<p>One publisher in 2001 had the idea they would make their line of
+ebooks really popular if they started it with my biography. So they
+found an author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said
+“Only if this ebook is published without encryption, without
+DRM”. The publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just
+stuck to it—I said no. Eventually we found another publisher
+who was willing to do this—in fact willing to publish the book
+under a free license giving you the four freedoms—so the book
+was then published, and sold a lot of copies on paper.</p>
+
+<p>But in any case, ebooks failed at the beginning of this decade.
+People just didn't want to read them very much. And I said,
+“they will try again”. We saw an amazing number of news
+articles about electronic ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never
+remember which), and it occurred to me probably the reason there's so
+many is the publishers want us to think about this. They want us to
+be eager for the next generation of ebook readers.</p>
+
+<p>Now they're upon us. Things like the Sony Shreader (its official
+name is the Sony Reader, but if you put on 'sh' it explains what it's
+designed to do to your books), and the Amazon Swindle, designed to
+swindle you out of your traditional freedoms without your noticing.
+Of course, they call it the Kindle which is what it's going to do to
+your books.</p>
+
+<p>The Kindle is an extremely malicious product, almost as malicious
+as Microsoft Windows. They both have spy features, they both have
+Digital Restrictions Management, and they both have back doors.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the Kindle, the only way you can buy a book is to
+buy it from Amazon, and Amazon requires you to identify yourself, so
+they know everything that you've bought.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is Digital Restrictions Management, so you can't lend
+the book or sell it to a used bookstore, and the library can't lend it
+either.</p>
+
+<p>And then there's the back door, which we found out about about
+three months ago, because Amazon used it. Amazon sent a command to
+all the Kindles to erase a particular book, namely 1984 by George
+Orwell. Yes, they couldn't have picked a more ironic book to erase.
+So that's how we know that Amazon has a back door with which it can
+erase books remotely.</p>
+
+<p>What else it can do, who knows? Maybe it's like Microsoft Windows.
+Maybe Amazon can remotely upgrade the software, which means that
+whatever malicious things are not in it now, they could put them in it
+tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>This is intolerable—any one of these restrictions is
+intolerable. They want to create a world where nobody lends books to
+anybody anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine that you visit a friend and there are no books on the
+shelf. It's not that your friend doesn't read, but his books are all
+inside a device, and of course he can't lend you those books. The
+only way he could lend you any one of those books is to lend you his
+whole library, which is obviously a ridiculous thing to ask anybody to
+do. So there goes friendship for people who love books.</p>
+
+<p>Make sure that you inform people what this device implies. It
+means other readers will no longer be your friends, because you will
+be acting like a jerk toward them. Spread the word preemptively.
+This device is your enemy. It's the enemy of everyone who reads. The
+people who don't recognize that are the people who are thinking so
+short-term that they don't see it. It's our job to help them see
+beyond the momentary convenience to the implications of this
+device.</p>
+
+<p>I have nothing against distributing books in digital form, if they
+are not designed to take away our freedom. Strictly speaking, it is
+possible to have an ebook reader:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>that is not designed to attack you,</li>
+
+<li>which runs free software and not proprietary software,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't have DRM,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't make people identify yourself to get a book,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't have a back door, [and]</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't restrict what you can do with the files on your
+machine.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>It's possible, but the big companies really pushing ebooks are
+doing it to attack our freedom, and we mustn't stand for that. This
+is what governments are doing in cahoots with big business to attack
+our freedom, by making copyright harsher and nastier, more restrictive
+than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>But what should they do? Governments should make copyright power
+less. Here are my specific proposals.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, there is the dimension of time. I propose copyright
+should last ten years, starting from the date of publication of a
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Why from the date of publication? Because before that, we don't
+have copies. It doesn't matter to us whether we would have been
+allowed to copy our copies that we don't have, so I figure we might as
+well let the authors have as much time as it takes to arrange
+publication, and then start the clock.</p>
+
+<p>But why ten years? I don't know about in this country, but in the
+US, the publication cycle has got shorter and shorter. Nowadays
+almost all books are remaindered within two years and out-of-print
+within three. So ten years is more than three times the usual
+publication cycle—that should be plenty comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>But not everybody agrees. I once proposed this in a panel
+discussion with fiction writers, and the award-winning fantasy writer
+next to me said “Ten years? No way. Anything more than five
+years is intolerable.” You see, he had a legal dispute with his
+publisher. His books seemed to be out of print, but the publisher
+wouldn't admit it. The publisher was using the copyright on his own
+book to stop him from distributing copies himself, which he wanted to
+do so people could read it.</p>
+
+<p>This is what every artist starts out wanting—wanting to
+distribute her work so it will get read and appreciated. Very few
+make a lot of money. That tiny fraction face the danger of being
+morally corrupted, like J.K. Rowling.</p>
+
+<p>J.K. Rowling, in Canada, got an injunction against people who had
+bought her book in a bookstore, ordering them not to read it. So in
+response I call for a boycott of Harry Potter books. But I don't say
+you shouldn't read them; I leave that to the author and the publisher.
+I just say you shouldn't buy them.</p>
+
+<p>It's few authors that make enough money that they can be corrupted
+in this way. Most of them don't get anywhere near that, and continue
+wanting the same thing they wanted at the outset: they want their work
+to be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>He wanted to distribute his own book, and copyright was stopping
+him. He realized that more than five years of copyright was unlikely
+to ever do him any good.</p>
+
+<p>If people would rather have copyright last five years, I won't be
+against it. I propose ten as a first stab at the problem. Let's
+reduce it to ten years and then take stock for a while, and we could
+adjust it after that. I don't say I think ten years is the exact
+right number—I don't know.</p>
+
+<p id="details">What about the dimension of breadth? Which activities should
+copyright cover? I distinguish three broad categories of works.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, there are the functional works that you use to do a
+practical job in your life. This includes software, recipes,
+educational works, reference works, text fonts, and other things you
+can think of. These works should be free.</p>
+
+<p>If you use the work to do a job in your life, then if you can't
+change the work to suit you, you don't control your life. Once you
+have changed the work to suit you, then you've got to be free to
+publish it—publish your version—because there will be
+others who will want the changes you've made.</p>
+
+<p>This leads quickly to the conclusion that users have to have the
+same four freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software.
+And you'll notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are
+always sharing and changing recipes just as if the recipes were free.
+Imagine how people would react if the government tried to stamp out
+so-called “recipe piracy”.</p>
+
+<p>The term “pirate” is pure propaganda. When people ask
+me what I think of music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when
+pirates attack they don't do it by playing instruments badly, they do
+it with arms. So it's not music “piracy”, because piracy
+is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you get from being the
+moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking ships is bad,
+sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly denounce that
+propaganda term “piracy” whenever we hear it.</p>
+
+<p>People might have objected twenty years ago: “If we don't
+give up our freedom, if we don't let the publishers of these works
+control us, the works won't get made and that will be a horrible
+disaster.” Now, looking at the free software community, and all
+the recipes that circulate, and reference works like
+Wikipedia—we are even starting to see free textbooks being
+published—we know that that fear is misguided.</p>
+
+<p>There is no need to despair and give up our freedom thinking that
+otherwise the works won't get made. There are lots of ways to
+encourage them to get made if we want more—lots of ways that are
+consistent with and respect our freedom. In this category, they
+should all be free.</p>
+
+<p>But what about the second category, of works that say what certain
+people thought, like memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific papers,
+and various other things? To publish a modified version of somebody
+else's statement of what he thought is misrepresenting [that]
+somebody. That's not particularly a contribution to society.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore it is workable and acceptable to have a somewhat reduced
+copyright system where all commercial use is covered by copyright, all
+modification is covered by copyright, but everyone is free to
+non-commercially redistribute exact copies.</p>
+
+<p>That freedom is the minimum freedom we must establish for all
+published works, because the denial of that freedom is what creates
+the War on Sharing—what creates the vicious propaganda that
+sharing is theft, that sharing is like being a pirate and attacking
+ships. Absurdities, but absurdities backed by a lot of money that has
+corrupted our governments. We need to end the War on Sharing; we need
+to legalize sharing exact copies of any published work.</p>
+
+<p>In the second category of works, that's all we need; we don't need
+to make them free. Therefore I think it's OK to have a reduced
+copyright system which covers commercial use and all modifications.
+And this will provide a revenue stream to the authors in more or less
+the same (usually inadequate) way as the present system. You've got
+to keep in mind [that] the present system, except for superstars, is
+usually totally inadequate.</p>
+
+<p>What about works of art and entertainment? Here it took me a while
+to decide what to think about modifications.</p>
+
+<p>You see, on one hand, a work of art can have an artistic integrity
+and modifying it could destroy that. Of course, copyright doesn't
+necessarily stop works from being butchered that way. Hollywood does
+it all the time. On the other hand, modifying the work can be a
+contribution to art. It makes possible the folk process which leads
+to things which are beautiful and rich.</p>
+
+<p>Even if we look at named authors only: consider Shakespeare, who
+borrowed stories from other works only a few decades old, and did them
+in different ways, and made important works of literature. If today's
+copyright law had existed then, that would have been forbidden and
+those plays wouldn't have been written.</p>
+
+<p>But eventually I realized that modifying a work of art can be a
+contribution to art, but it's not desperately urgent in most cases.
+If you had to wait ten years for the copyright to expire, you could
+wait that long. Not like the present-day copyright that makes you
+wait maybe 75 years, or 95 years. In Mexico you might have to wait
+almost 200 years in some cases, because copyright in Mexico expires a
+hundred years after the author dies. This is insane, but ten years,
+as I've proposed copyright should last, that people can wait.</p>
+
+<p>So I propose the same partly reduced copyright that covers
+commercial use and modification, but everyone's got to be free to
+non-commercially redistribute exact copies. After ten years it goes
+into the public domain, and people can contribute to art by publishing
+their modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>One other thing: if you're going to take little pieces out of a
+bunch of works and rearrange them into something totally different,
+that should just be legal, because the purpose of copyright is to
+promote art, not to obstruct art. It's stupid to apply copyright to
+using snippets like that—it's self-defeating. It's a kind of
+distortion that you'd only get when the government is under the
+control of the publishers of the existing successful works, and has
+totally lost sight of its intended purpose.</p>
+
+<p>That's what I propose, and in particular, this means that sharing
+copies on the Internet must be legal. Sharing is good. Sharing
+builds the bonds of society. To attack sharing is to attack
+society.</p>
+
+<p>So any time the government proposes some new means to attack people
+who share, to stop them from sharing, we have to recognize that this
+is evil, not just because the means proposed almost invariably offend
+basic ideas of justice (but that's not a coincidence). The reason is
+because the purpose is evil. Sharing is good and the government
+should encourage sharing.</p>
+
+<p>But copyright did after all have a useful purpose. Copyright as a
+means to carry out that purpose has a problem now, because it doesn't
+fit in with the technology we use. It interferes with all the vital
+freedoms for all the readers, listeners, viewers, and whatever, but
+the goal of promoting the arts is still desirable. So in addition to
+the partly reduced copyright system, which would continue to be a
+copyright system, I propose two other methods.</p>
+
+<p>One is taxes—distribute tax money directly to artists. This
+could be a special tax, perhaps on Internet connectivity, or it could
+come from general revenue, because it won't be that much money in
+total, not if it's distributed in an efficient way. To distribute it
+efficiently to promote the arts means not in linear proportion to
+popularity. It should be based on popularity, because we don't want
+bureaucrats to have the discretion to decide which artists to support
+and which to ignore, but based on popularity does not imply linear
+proportion.</p>
+
+<p>What I propose is measure the popularity of the various artists,
+which you could do through polling (samples) in which nobody is
+required to participate, and then take the cube root. The cube root
+looks like this: it means basically that [the payment] tapers off
+after a while.</p>
+
+<p>If superstar A is a thousand times as popular as successful artist
+B, with this system A would get ten times as much money as B, not a
+thousand times.</p>
+
+<p>Linearly would give A a thousand times as much as B, which means
+that if we wanted B to get enough to live on we're going to have to
+make A tremendously rich. This is wasteful use of the tax
+money—it shouldn't be done.</p>
+
+<p>But if we make it taper off, then yes, each superstar will get
+handsomely more than an ordinary successful artist, but the total of
+all the superstars will be a small fraction of the [total] money.
+Most of the money will go to support a large number of fairly
+successful artists, fairly appreciated artists, fairly popular
+artists. Thus the system will use money a lot more efficiently than
+the existing system.</p>
+
+<p>The existing system is regressive. It actually gives far, far more
+per record, for instance, to a superstar than to anybody else. The
+money is extremely badly used. The result is we'd actually be paying
+a lot less this way. I hope that's enough to mollify some of these
+people who have a knee-jerk hostile reaction to taxes—one that I
+don't share, because I believe in a welfare state.</p>
+
+<p>I have another suggestion which is voluntary payments. Suppose
+every player had a button you could push to send a dollar to the
+artist who made the work you're currently playing or the last one you
+played. This money would be delivered anonymously to those artists.
+I think a lot of people would push that button fairly often.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, all of us could afford to push that button once every
+day, and we wouldn't miss that much money. It's not that much money
+for us, I'm pretty sure. Of course, there are poor people who
+couldn't afford to push it ever, and it's OK if they don't. We don't
+need to squeeze money out of poor people to support the artists.
+There are enough people who are not poor to do the job just fine. I'm
+sure you're aware that a lot of people really love certain art and are
+really happy to support the artists.</p>
+
+<p>An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a
+certificate of having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up
+how many times you had done it and give you a certificate that says
+“I sent so much to these artists”. There are various ways
+we could encourage people who want to do it.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and
+kind: “Have you sent a dollar to some artists today? Why not?
+It's only a dollar—you'll never miss it and don't you love what
+they're doing? Push the button!” It will make people feel good,
+and they'll think “Yeah, I love what I just watched. I'll send
+a dollar.”</p>
+
+<p>This is already starting to work to some extent. There's a
+Canadian singer who used to be called Jane Siberry. She put her music
+on her website and invited people to download it and pay whatever
+amount they wished. She reported getting an average of more than a
+dollar per copy, which is interesting because the major record
+companies charge just under a dollar per copy. By letting people
+decide whether and how much to pay, she got more—she got even
+more per visitor who was actually downloading something. But this
+might not even count whether there was an effect of bringing more
+people to come, and [thus] increasing the total number that this
+average was against.</p>
+
+<p>So it can work, but it's a pain in the neck under present
+circumstances. You've got to have a credit card to do it, and that
+means you can't do it anonymously. And you've got to go find where
+you're going to pay, and the payment systems for small amounts,
+they're not very efficient, so the artists are only getting half of
+it. If we set up a good system for this, it would work far, far
+better.</p>
+
+<p>So these are my two suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>And in mecenatglobal.org, you can find another scheme that combines
+aspects of the two, which was invented by Francis Muguet and designed
+to fit in with existing legal systems better to make it easier to
+enact.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights
+holders”, because when they say “compensate”,
+they're trying to presume that if you have appreciated a work, you now
+have a specific debt to somebody, and that you have to
+“compensate” that somebody. When they say “rights
+holders”, it's supposed to make you think it's supporting
+artists while in fact it's going to the publishers—the same
+publishers who basically exploit all the artists (except the few that
+you've all heard of, who are so popular that they have clout).</p>
+
+<p>We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to
+“compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful
+thing to do. That was the motivation for copyright back when
+copyright fit in with the technology of the day. Today copyright is a
+bad way to do it, but it's still good to do it other ways that respect
+our freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright Act.
+They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment<a
href="#footnote2">[2]</a>, because sharing is
+good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to break
+DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty between various
+countries, for all of these countries to attack their citizens, and we don't
+know how because they won't tell us.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">Click here</a>
+for an older version of this talk from 2000.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">In 2010, the encryption system for digital video output was
+definitively cracked.<br /><a
href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp">http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li>
+<li id="footnote2">New Zealand had enacted a system of punishment
+without trial for Internet users accused of copying; then, facing
+popular protest, the government did not implement it, and announced a
+plan to implement a modified unjust punishment system. The point here
+was that they should not proceed to implement a replacement —
+rather, they should have no such system. However, the words I used
+don't say this clearly.
+<br />
+The New Zealand government subsequently implemented the punishment
+scheme more or less as originally planned.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/12/23 08:27:09 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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