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www/philosophy/po danger-of-software-patents.ru.po
|
From: |
Pavel Kharitonov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po danger-of-software-patents.ru.po |
|
Date: |
Sat, 29 Sep 2012 17:14:45 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Pavel Kharitonov <ineiev> 12/09/29 17:14:45
Added files:
philosophy/po : danger-of-software-patents.ru.po
Log message:
New translation.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.ru.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: danger-of-software-patents.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: danger-of-software-patents.ru.po
diff -N danger-of-software-patents.ru.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ danger-of-software-patents.ru.po 29 Sep 2012 17:14:44 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,3031 @@
+# Russian translation of
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html
+# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+# Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Ineiev <address@hidden>, 2012
+# this translation lacks appropriate review
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: danger-of-software-patents.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-06-10 04:28-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-09-28 17:51+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The Danger of Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ - ÐÑоекÑ
GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного "
+"обеÑпеÑениÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The Danger of Software Patents"
+msgstr "ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is the transcript of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman on 8 "
+"October 2009 at Victoria University of Wellington."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо конÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð±ÐµÑедÑ, пÑедÑÑавленной Ð
иÑаÑдом Ð. СÑолменом 8 "
+"окÑÑбÑÑ 2009 года в УнивеÑÑиÑеÑе
коÑÐ¾Ð»ÐµÐ²Ñ ÐикÑоÑии в ÐеллингÑоне."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "SF:"
+msgstr "СФ:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"My name is Susy Frankel and on behalf of myself and Meredith Kolsky Lewis, "
+"I'd like to welcome you to this seminar hosted by the New Zealand Centre for "
+"International Economic Law. Brenda Chawner, who is part of the Victoria "
+"University School of Information Management, rather than the Centre I just "
+"named being part of the Law Faculty, is really responsible for bringing "
+"Richard Stallman back to New Zealand and hosting his tour of New Zealand, "
+"including this stop here in Wellington tonight. She's unfortunately unable "
+"to be with us at this moment because she's doing what we do in universities "
+"which is teach."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¡ÑÑзи ФÑенкел, и Ð¾Ñ Ñвоего
имени и Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ ÐеÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐолÑки-ÐÑÑÐ¸Ñ "
+"Ñ Ñ
оÑела Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑом
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+"ÑенÑÑе междÑнаÑодного ÑкономиÑеÑкого
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+"пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑакÑлÑÑÐµÑ ÐнÑоÑмаÑионного
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+"ÐикÑоÑии, а не ÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ñ ÑолÑко ÑÑо
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+"ÑакÑлÑÑеÑа пÑава, в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи
оÑганизовала новÑй Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда "
+"СÑолмена в ÐовÑÑ ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ его Ð¿Ð¾ÐµÐ·Ð´ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾
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+"оÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐºÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ, в ÐеллингÑоне, ÑÑим
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+"Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
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+"занимаемÑÑ Ð² ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑаÑ
, Ñо еÑÑÑ
пÑеподаеÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So it's my pleasure to welcome you to the lecture “The Danger of "
+"Software Patents”. Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures that he "
+"offers, and after discussion with Brenda, I chose this topic precisely "
+"because for the first real time in New Zealand history, we have a somewhat "
+"prolonged, but important, debate about patent law reform, and many of you in "
+"the room are responsible for the debate relating to software patents. So it "
+"seemed very topical, very timely. So thank you, Richard, for making that "
+"offer."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо Ñ Ñ ÑдоволÑÑÑвием пÑиглаÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ñ “ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ "
+"паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммє. У РиÑаÑда
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+"пÑедлагаеÑ, и поÑле обÑÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÐÑендой Ñ
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+"поÑомÑ, ÑÑо впеÑвÑе в иÑÑоÑии Ðовой
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+"неÑколÑко заÑÑнÑÑÑе, но важнÑе пÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
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+"из пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
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+"ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
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+"оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑвоевÑеменнÑм. ÐÑак, благодаÑим ваÑ,
РиÑаÑд, за ÑÑо пÑедложение."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Richard Stallman needs little introduction. Nonetheless, for some of you "
+"who have not heard of him previously, he has launched the development of the "
+"GNU operating system. I had never heard GNU said before, and I went online "
+"to YouTube (where would we be be without YouTube)…"
+msgstr ""
+"РиÑаÑда СÑолмена пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ нÑжно.
Тем не менее, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
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+"кÑо не ÑлÑÑал о нем ÑанÑÑе — он
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+"опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU. Я никогда ÑанÑÑе
не ÑлÑÑала, как пÑоизноÑиÑÑÑ "
+"“GNU”, и Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑила YouTube (ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ
делали без YouTube)..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "RMS:"
+msgstr "Ð ÐС:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Oh, you shouldn't recommend YouTube, because they distribute in a patented "
+"video format."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑекомендоваÑÑ YouTube, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо они ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð² "
+"запаÑенÑованном видеоÑоÑмаÑе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Good point. I only recommend it for the point that I thought do you say "
+"G N U or GNU?"
+msgstr ""
+"Ценное замеÑание. Я ÑекомендÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑолÑко
ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмала: "
+"говоÑиÑе Ð²Ñ G N U или GNU?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia says that. [The answer is, pronounce it as a one syllable, wit a "
+"hard G.]"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо Ñказано в Ðикипедии. [ÐÑÐ²ÐµÑ —
пÑоизноÑиÑе его одним Ñлогом, Ñ "
+"оÑÑеÑливÑм G.]"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Yes, but live I heard you say it on YouTube. But nonetheless, the important "
+"point is that it's not proprietorial. But the most interesting point is "
+"that Richard has received many honors for his work. My favorite, and "
+"therefore the one that I'm going to mention, is the Takeda Award for Social "
+"and Economic Betterment, and I imagine we're going to hear a lot of that "
+"tonight, so join me in welcoming Richard."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа, но Ñ ÑÑлÑÑала вживÑÑ, как Ð²Ñ ÑÑо
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+"важно Ñо, ÑÑо Ñам Ð½ÐµÑ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑнÑÑ
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+"— ÑÑо РиÑаÑд полÑÑил много нагÑад за
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+"ÑÑо ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐµÐ´Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑоÑиалÑнÑе и
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+"пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ðµ об
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+"пÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ðº Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First of all, I'd like to mention one of the reasons why I'm drinking this "
+"[a can or bottle of a cola which is not coke] is there's a worldwide boycott "
+"of Coca-Cola Company for murdering union organizers in Colombia. Look at "
+"the site <a href=\"http://killercoke.org\";>killercoke.org</a>. And they're "
+"not talking about the effects of drinking the product—after all, the "
+"same might be true of many other products—it's murder. So before you "
+"buy any drink product, look at the fine print and see if it's made by Coca-"
+"Cola Company."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑежде вÑего Ñ Ñ
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+"[банка или бÑÑÑлка Ñ Ð³Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ñовкой, но не
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+"Ð±Ð¾Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ “Ðока-Ðола” за
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+"в ÐолÑмбии. ÐайдиÑе на ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ <a
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+"org</a>. Ðни говоÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ о ÑезÑлÑÑаÑаÑ
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+"поÑмоÑÑиÑе на надпиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ ÑÑиÑÑом и
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+"“Ðока-Ðола”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I'm most known for starting the free software movement and leading "
+"development of the GNU operating system—although most of the people "
+"who use the system mistakenly believe it's Linux and think it was started by "
+"somebody else a decade later. But I'm not going to be speaking about any of "
+"that today. I'm here to talk about a legal danger to all software "
+"developers, distributors, and users: the danger of patents—on "
+"computational ideas, computational techniques, an idea for something you can "
+"do on a computer."
+msgstr ""
+"Я извеÑÑен пÑежде вÑего как Ñеловек,
положивÑий наÑало Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободное "
+"пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение и ÑÑководÑÑий
ÑазÑабоÑкой опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"GNU — Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
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+"по оÑибке ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо Linux, и дÑмаÑÑ,
ÑÑо наÑало ей бÑло положено кем-"
+"Ñо дÑÑгим деÑÑÑилеÑие ÑпÑÑÑÑ. Ðо ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ
не ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ о Ñем из "
+"ÑÑого. Я здеÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾
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+"на вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе идеи, вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе
пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ мÑÑли о Ñем-Ñо, ÑÑо можно "
+"делаÑÑ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, to understand this issue, the first thing you need to realize is that "
+"patent law has nothing to do with copyright law—they're totally "
+"different. Whatever you learn about one of them, you can be sure it doesn't "
+"apply to the other."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ, пÑежде
вÑего вам нÑжно оÑознаÑÑ, ÑÑо "
+"паÑенÑное пÑаво не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ñ — "
+"они полноÑÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑ. ЧÑо Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸
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, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе бÑÑÑ "
+"ÑвеÑенÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
вÑоÑое."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, for example, any time a person makes a statement about “"
+"intellectual property,” that's spreading confusion, because it's "
+"lumping together not only these two laws but also at least a dozen others. "
+"They're all different, and the result is any statement which purports to be "
+"about “intellectual property” is pure confusion—either the "
+"person making the statement is confused, or the person is trying to confuse "
+"others. But either way, whether it's accidental or malicious, it's "
+"confusion."
+msgstr ""
+"Так, напÑимеÑ, каждÑй Ñаз, когда Ñеловек
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+"инÑеллекÑÑалÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”, ÑÑо
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+"ÑÑо ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко ÑÑи две
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+"меÑе деÑÑÑок дÑÑгиÑ
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+"коÑоÑое вÑÑказÑваеÑÑÑ ÑÐºÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±
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+"— ÑÑо ÑиÑÑое заблÑждение: ÑоÑ, кÑо
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+"ÑÑо Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² заблÑждение, ÑлÑÑайно или
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Protect yourself from this confusion by rejecting any statement which makes "
+"use of that term. The only way to make thoughtful comments and think clear "
+"thoughts about any one of these laws is to distinguish it first from all the "
+"others, and talk or think about one particular law, so that we can "
+"understand what it actually does and then form conclusions about it. So "
+"I'll be talking about patent law, and what happens in those countries which "
+"have allowed patent law to restrict software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑиÑиÑе ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого заблÑждениÑ
оÑказом Ð¾Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
ÑÑвеÑждений, в коÑоÑÑÑ
"
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"
+"Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, what does a patent do? A patent is an explicit, government-issued "
+"monopoly on using a certain idea. In the patent there's a part called the "
+"claims, which describe exactly what you're not allowed to do (although "
+"they're written in a way you probably can't understand). It's a struggle to "
+"figure out what those prohibitions actually mean, and they may go on for "
+"many pages of fine print."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, как ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ? ÐаÑÐµÐ½Ñ —
ÑÑо ÑÐ²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° "
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+"понÑÑÑ). ÐÑо ÑÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑ — понÑÑÑ,
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+"ознаÑаÑÑ, а они могÑÑ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° многие
ÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ ÑÑиÑÑом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So the patent typically lasts for 20 years, which is a fairly long time in "
+"our field. Twenty years ago there was no World Wide Web—a tremendous "
+"amount of the use of computers goes on in an area which wasn't even possible "
+"to propose 20 years ago. So of course everything that people do on it is "
+"something that's new since 20 years ago—at least in some aspect it is "
+"new. So if patents had been applied for we'd be prohibited from doing all "
+"of it, and we may be prohibited from doing all of it in countries that have "
+"been foolish enough to have such a policy."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, ÑÑок дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа, как пÑавило,
ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, ÑÑо "
+"доволÑно много Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей оÑÑаÑли.
ÐвадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ не бÑло ÐÑемиÑной "
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+"облаÑÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´
невозможно бÑло даже пÑедложиÑÑ. ÐÑак, "
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+"менÑÑей меÑе в каком-Ñо аÑпекÑе ÑÑо ново.
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+"на паÑенÑÑ, вÑе ÑÑо нам делаÑÑ Ð±Ñло бÑ
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+"делаÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо в ÑÑÑанаÑ
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+"Ñакие пÑавила."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Most of the time, when people describe the function of the patent system, "
+"they have a vested interest in the system. They may be patent lawyers, or "
+"they may work in the Patent Office, or they may be in the patent office of a "
+"megacorporation, so they want you to like the system."
+msgstr ""
+"РболÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев, когда лÑди
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+"маÑеÑиалÑно заинÑеÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑÑой
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+"нÑавилаÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The <cite>Economist</cite> once referred to the patent system as “a "
+"time-consuming lottery.” If you've ever seen publicity for a lottery, "
+"you understand how it works: they dwell on the very unlikely probability of "
+"winning, and they don't talk about the overwhelming likelihood of losing. "
+"In this way, they intentionally and systematically present a biased picture "
+"of what's likely to happen to you, without actually lying about any "
+"particular fact."
+msgstr ""
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+"ни о какой деÑали."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's the same way for the publicity for the patent system: they talk about "
+"what it's like to walk down the street with a patent in your pocket—or "
+"first of all, what it's like to get a patent, then what it's like to have a "
+"patent in your pocket, and every so often you can pull it out and point it "
+"at somebody and say, “Give me your money.”"
+msgstr ""
+"ТоÑно Ñаким же ÑпоÑобом ÑоÑмиÑÑеÑÑÑ
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+"они говоÑÑÑ, каково ÑÑо — вÑйÑи на
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+"денÑги”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To compensate for their bias, I'm going to describe it from the other side, "
+"the victim side—what it's like for people who want to develop or "
+"distribute or run software. You have to worry that any day someone might "
+"walk up to you and point a patent at you and say, “Give me your money."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑкомпенÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
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+"ÑкнÑÑÑ Ð² Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом и ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐÑдай
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to develop software in a country that allows software patents, "
+"and you want to work with patent law, what will you have to do?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
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оÑиÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You could try to make a list of all the ideas that one might be able to find "
+"in the program that you're about to write, aside from the fact that you "
+"don't know that when you start writing the program. [But] even after you "
+"finish writing the program you wouldn't be able to make such a list."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The reason is… in the process you conceived of it in one particular "
+"way—you've got a mental structure to apply to your design. And "
+"because of that, it will block you from seeing other structures that "
+"somebody might use to understand the same program—because you're not "
+"coming to it fresh; you already designed it with one structure in mind. "
+"Someone else who sees it for the first time might see a different structure, "
+"which involves different ideas, and it would be hard for you to see what "
+"those other ideas are. But nonetheless they're implemented in your program, "
+"and those patents could prohibit your program, if those ideas are patented."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"For instance, suppose there were graphical-idea patents and you wanted to "
+"draw a square. Well, you would realize that if there was a patent on a "
+"bottom edge, it would prohibit your square. You could put “bottom "
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+"might not realize that somebody else with a patent on bottom corners could "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"prohibit your program."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"What you might try to do is find out all the ideas that are patented that "
+"might be in your program. Now you can't do that actually, because patent "
+"applications are kept secret for at least eighteen months; and the result is "
+"the Patent Office could be considering now whether to issue a patent, and "
+"they won't tell you. And this is not just an academic, theoretical "
+"possibility."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was written, a program for "
+"compressing files using the <acronym title=\"Lempel-Ziv-Welch\"> LZW</"
+"acronym> data compression algorithm, and at that time there was no patent on "
+"that algorithm for compressing files. The author got the algorithm from an "
+"article in a journal. That was when we thought that the purpose of computer "
+"science journals was to publish algorithms so people could use them."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"He wrote this program, he released it, and in 1985 a patent was issued on "
+"that algorithm. But the patent holder was cunning and didn't immediately go "
+"around telling people to stop using it. The patent holder figured, “"
+"Let's let everybody dig their grave deeper.” A few years later they "
+"started threatening people; it became clear we couldn't use Compress, so I "
+"asked for people to suggest other algorithms we could use for compressing "
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"about the already issued patents. They're all published by the Patent "
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+"keeping track of them would be a tremendous job. So you're going to have to "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried to find relevant patents "
+"by searching, you might have found a lot of patents. But you wouldn't have "
+"found this one until you told somebody, “Oh, I'm working on a "
+"spreadsheet,” and he said, “Oh, did you know those other "
+"companies that are making spreadsheets are getting sued?” Then you "
+"would have found out."
+msgstr ""
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+"под ÑÑд?” Тогда Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ñзнали."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, you can't find all the patents by searching, but you can find a lot of "
+"them. And then you've got to figure out what they mean, which is hard, "
+"because patents are written in tortuous legal language which is very hard to "
+"understand the real meaning of. So you're going to have to spend a lot of "
+"time talking with an expensive lawyer explaining what you want to do in "
+"order to find out from the lawyer whether you're allowed to do it."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðадно, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе найÑи вÑе паÑенÑÑ Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even the patent holders often can't recognize just what their patents mean. "
+"For instance, there's somebody named Paul Heckel who released a program for "
+"displaying a lot of data on a small screen, and based on a couple of the "
+"ideas in that program he got a couple of patents."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðаже пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑов ÑаÑÑо не
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I once tried to find a simple way to describe what claim 1 of one of those "
+"patents covered. I found that I couldn't find any simpler way of saying it "
+"than what was in the patent itself; and that sentence, I couldn't manage to "
+"keep it all in my mind at once, no matter how hard I tried."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑалÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи пÑоÑÑой ÑпоÑоб
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+"ÑÑаÑалÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And Heckel couldn't follow it either, because when he saw HyperCard, all he "
+"noticed was it was nothing like his program. It didn't occur to him that "
+"the way his patent was written it might prohibit HyperCard; but his lawyer "
+"had that idea, so he threatened Apple. And then he threatened Apple's "
+"customers, and eventually Apple made a settlement with him which is secret, "
+"so we don't know who really won. And this is just an illustration of how "
+"hard it is for anybody to understand what a patent does or doesn't prohibit."
+msgstr ""
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+"— неÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"In fact, I once gave this speech and Heckel was in the audience. And at "
+"this point he jumped up and said, “That's not true, I just didn't know "
+"the scope of my protection.” And I said, “Yeah, that's what I "
+"said,” at which point he sat down and that was the end of my "
+"experience being heckled by Heckel. If I had said no, he probably would "
+"have found a way to argue with me."
+msgstr ""
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+"Ð±Ñ ÑпоÑоб поÑпоÑиÑÑ Ñо мной."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Anyway, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, the lawyer will "
+"give you an answer like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, поÑле долгиÑ
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+"пÑимеÑно Ñакой оÑвеÑ:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you do something in this area, you're almost certain to lose a lawsuit; "
+"if you do something in this area, there's a considerable chance of losing a "
+"lawsuit; and if you really want to be safe you've got to stay out of this "
+"area. But there's a sizeable element of chance in the outcome of any "
+"lawsuit."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"So now that you have clear, predictable rules for doing business, what are "
+"you actually going to do? Well, there are three things that you could do to "
+"deal with the issue of any particular patent. One is to avoid it, another "
+"is to get a license for it, and the third is to invalidate it. So I'll talk "
+"about these one by one."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑепеÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑÑнÑе
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First, there's the possibility of avoiding the patent, which means, don't "
+"implement what it prohibits. Of course, if it's hard to tell what it "
+"prohibits, it might be hard to tell what would suffice to avoid it."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A couple of years ago Kodak sued Sun [for] using a patent for something "
+"having to do with object-oriented programming, and Sun didn't think it was "
+"infringing that patent. But the court decided it was; and when other people "
+"look at that patent they haven't the faintest idea whether that decision was "
+"right or not. No one can tell what that patent does or doesn't cover, but "
+"Sun had to pay hundreds of millions of dollars because of violating a "
+"completely incomprehensible law."
+msgstr ""
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+
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+"Sometimes you can tell what you need to avoid, and sometimes what you need "
+"to avoid is an algorithm."
+msgstr ""
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+"нÑжно избегаÑÑ — ÑÑо алгоÑиÑм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"For instance, I saw a patent for something like the fast Fourier transform, "
+"but it ran twice as fast. Well, if the ordinary FFT is fast enough for your "
+"application then that's an easy way to avoid this other one. And most of "
+"the time that would work. Once in a while you might be trying to do "
+"something where it runs doing FFT all the time, and it's just barely fast "
+"enough using the faster algorithm. And then you can't avoid it, although "
+"maybe you could wait a couple of years for a faster computer. But that's "
+"going to be rare. Most of the time that patent will to be easy to avoid."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"On the other hand, a patent on an algorithm may be impossible to avoid. "
+"Consider the LZW data compression algorithm. Well, as I explained, we found "
+"a better data compression algorithm, and everybody who wanted to compress "
+"files switched to the program gzip which used the better algorithm. And the "
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+"you can tell people to use this program to uncompress it; then you can use "
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+"But LZW is used for other things, too; for instance the PostScript language "
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+"and I also noticed that both of the patents on the LZW algorithm were "
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+"avoiding the two patents."
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+"Now there is GIF format, for images. That uses the LZW algorithm also. It "
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+"which stands for “PNG's Not GIF”. I think it uses the gzip "
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+"полÑзоваÑелей на ÑÑо невелик”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, it's pretty obvious what's going on—GIF was a de facto "
+"standard. In effect, asking people to switch to a different format, instead "
+"of their de facto standard, is like asking everyone in New Zealand to speak "
+"Hungarian. People will say, “Well, yeah, I'll learn to speak it after "
+"everyone else does.” And so we never succeeded in asking people to "
+"stop using GIF, even though one of those patent holders was going around to "
+"operators of web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could prove that "
+"all of the GIFs on the site were made with authorized, licensed software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ, доволÑно оÑевидно, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
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+"пÑогÑамм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So GIF was a dangerous trap for a large part of our community. We thought "
+"we had an alternative to GIF format, namely JPEG, but then somebody said, "
+"“I was just looking through my portfolio of patents”—I "
+"think it was somebody that just bought patents and used them to threaten "
+"people—and he said, “and I found that one of them covers JPEG "
+"format.”"
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, JPEG was not a de facto standard, it's an official standard, issued by "
+"a standards committee; and the committee had a lawyer too. Their lawyer "
+"said he didn't think that this patent actually covered JPEG format."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ, JPEG не бÑл ÑакÑиÑеÑким ÑÑандаÑÑом, он
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+"вÑпÑÑеннÑм комиÑеÑом ÑÑандаÑÑов; и Ñ
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+"ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ JPEG."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So who's right? Well, this patent holder sued a bunch of companies, and if "
+"there was a decision, it would have said who was right. But I haven't heard "
+"about a decision; I'm not sure if there ever was one. I think they settled, "
+"and the settlement is almost certainly secret, which means that it didn't "
+"tell us anything about who's right."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, кÑо пÑав? ÐÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑавообладаÑелÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"These are fairly lightweight cases: one patent on JPEG, two patents on the "
+"LZW algorithm used in GIF. Now you might wonder how come there are two "
+"patents on the same algorithm? It's not supposed to happen, but it did. And "
+"the reason is that the patent examiners can't possibly take the time to "
+"study every pair of things they might need to study and compare, because "
+"they're not allowed to take that much time. And because algorithms are just "
+"mathematics, there's no way you can narrow down which applications and "
+"patents you need to compare."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, in physical engineering fields, they can use the physical nature of "
+"what's going on to narrow things down. For instance, in chemical "
+"engineering, they can say, “What are the substances going in? What are "
+"the substances coming out?” If two different [patent] applications are "
+"different in that way, then they're not the same process so you don't need "
+"to worry. But the same math can be represented in ways that can look very "
+"different, and until you study them both together, you don't realize they're "
+"talking about the same thing. And, because of this, it's quite common to "
+"see the same thing get patented multiple times [in software]."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Remember that program that was killed by a patent before we released it? "
+"Well, that algorithm got patented twice also. In one little field we've "
+"seen it happen in two cases that we ran into—the same algorithm being "
+"patented twice. Well, I think my explanation tells you why that happens."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐомниÑе ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñбил
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But one or two patents is a lightweight case. What about MPEG2, the video "
+"format? I saw a list of over 70 patents covering that, and the negotiations "
+"to arrange a way for somebody to license all those patents took longer than "
+"developing the standard itself. The JPEG committee wanted to develop a "
+"follow-on standard, and they gave up. They said there were too many "
+"patents; there was no way to do it."
+msgstr ""
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+"никакой возможноÑÑи ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes it's a feature that's patented, and the only way to avoid that "
+"patent is not to implement that feature. For instance, the users of the "
+"word processor Xywrite once got a downgrade in the mail, which removed a "
+"feature. The feature was that you could define a list of abbreviations. "
+"For instance, if you define “exp” as an abbreviation for “"
+"experiment”, then if you type “exp-space“ or “exp-"
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+"experiment”."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Then somebody who had a patent on this feature threatened them, and they "
+"concluded that the only thing they could do was to take the feature out. "
+"And so they sent all the users a downgrade."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But they also contacted me, because my Emacs editor had a feature like that "
+"starting from the late 70s. And it was described in the Emacs manual, so "
+"they thought I might be able to help them invalidate that patent. Well, I'm "
+"happy to know I've had at least one patentable idea in my life, but I'm "
+"unhappy that someone else patented it."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately, in fact, that patent was eventually invalidated, and partly on "
+"the strength of the fact that I had published using it earlier. But in the "
+"meantime they had had to remove this feature."
+msgstr ""
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+"возможноÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Now, to remove one or two features may not be a disaster. But when you have "
+"to remove 50 features, you could do it, but people are likely to say, “"
+"This program's no good; it's missing all the features I want.” So it "
+"may not be a solution. And sometimes a patent is so broad that it wipes out "
+"an entire field, like the patent on public-key encryption, which in fact put "
+"public-key encryption basically off limits for about ten years."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"So that's the option of avoiding the patent—often possible, but "
+"sometimes not, and there's a limit to how many patents you can avoid."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо ÑÑо ваÑÐ¸Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the patent?"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðак наÑÑÐµÑ ÑледÑÑÑей возможноÑÑи,
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Well, the patent holder may not offer you a license. It's entirely up to "
+"him. He could say, “I just want to shut you down.” I once got a "
+"letter from somebody whose family business was making casino games, which "
+"were of course computerized, and he had been threatened by a patent holder "
+"who wanted to make his business shut down. He sent me the patent. Claim 1 "
+"was something like “a network with a multiplicity of computers, in "
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+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Now, I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a room with a "
+"network of workstations, and each workstation had some kind of windowing "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But why does the Patent Office issue so many patents that seem absurd and "
+"trivial to us?"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо вÑÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñак много
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ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ абÑÑÑднÑми "
+"и ÑÑивиалÑнÑми?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's not because the patent examiners are stupid, it's because they're "
+"following a system, and the system has rules, and the rules lead to this "
+"result."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðе поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñе, кÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ,
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+"подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеме, а в ÑиÑÑеме еÑÑÑ
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+"ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, if somebody has made a machine that does something once, and "
+"somebody else designs a machine that will do the same thing, but N times, "
+"for us that's a <tt>for</tt>-loop, but for the Patent Office that's an "
+"invention. If there are machines that can do A, and there are machines that "
+"can do B, and somebody designs a machine that can do A or B, for us that's "
+"an <tt>if-then-else</tt> statement, but for the Patent Office that's an "
+"invention. So they have very low standards, and they follow those "
+"standards; and the result is patents that look absurd and trivial to us. "
+"Whether they're legally valid I can't say. But every programmer who sees "
+"them laughs."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли кÑо-Ñо Ñделал маÑинÑ,
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In any case, I was unable to suggest anything he could do to help himself, "
+"and he had to shut down his business. But most patent holders will offer "
+"you a license. It's likely to be rather expensive."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ñ Ð±Ñл не в ÑоÑÑоÑнии
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there are some software developers that find it particularly easy to get "
+"licenses, most of the time. Those are the megacorporations. In any field "
+"the megacorporations generally own about half the patents, and they cross-"
+"license each other, and they can make anybody else cross-license if he's "
+"really producing anything. The result is that they end up painlessly with "
+"licenses for almost all the patents."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе ÑазÑабоÑÑики пÑогÑамм,
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"IBM wrote an article in its house magazine, <cite>Think</cite> "
+"magazine—I think it's issue 5, 1990—about the benefit IBM got "
+"from its almost 9,000 US patents at the time (now it's up to 45,000 or "
+"more). They said that one of the benefits was that they collected money, "
+"but the main benefit, which they said was perhaps an order of magnitude "
+"greater, was “getting access to the patents of others,” namely "
+"cross-licensing."
+msgstr ""
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+"а именно, взаимном лиÑензиÑовании."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What this means is since IBM, with so many patents, can make almost "
+"everybody give them a cross-license, IBM avoids almost all the grief that "
+"the patent system would have inflicted on anybody else. So that's why IBM "
+"wants software patents. That's why the megacorporations in general want "
+"software patents, because they know that by cross-licensing, they will have "
+"a sort of exclusive club on top of a mountain peak. And all the rest of us "
+"will be down here, and there's no way we can get up there. You know, if "
+"you're a genius, you might start up a small company and get some patents, "
+"but you'll never get into IBM's league, no matter what you do."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now a lot of companies tell their employees, “Get us patents so we can "
+"defend ourselves” and they mean, “use them to try to get cross-"
+"licensing,” but it just doesn't work well. It's not an effective "
+"strategy if you've got a small number of patents."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Suppose you've got three patents. One points there, one points there, and "
+"one points there, and somebody over there points a patent at you. Well, "
+"your three patents don't help you at all, because none of them points at "
+"him. On the other hand, sooner or later, somebody in the company is going "
+"to notice that this patent is actually pointing at some people, and [the "
+"company] could threaten them and squeeze money out of them—never mind "
+"that those people didn't attack this company."
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+"ÑÑо Ñе лÑди не нападали на ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if your employer says to you, “We need some patents to defend "
+"ourselves, so help us get patents,” I recommend this response:"
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼:
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+"Ñакой оÑвеÑ:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"Boss, I trust you and I'm sure you would only use those patents to defend "
+"the company if it's attacked. But I don't know who's going to be the CEO of "
+"this company in five years. For all I know, it might get acquired by "
+"Microsoft. So I really can't trust the company's word to only use these "
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+"defense and collective security, and not for repression, and then I'll be "
+"able to get patents for the company with a clean conscience."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It would be most interesting to raise this not just in private with your "
+"boss, but also on the company's discussion list."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐнÑеÑеÑнее вÑего бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑ
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"The other thing that could happen is that the company could fail and its "
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+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑе могло Ð±Ñ ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð°
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"is what punctures the argument of the software patent advocates who say that "
+"software patents are needed to protect the starving genius. They give you a "
+"scenario which is a series of unlikelihoods."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
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+"coming up with a better way to do whatever it is. And now that it's ready, "
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+"thing: the big companies will compete with him and take all his market the "
+"away. And because of this, his business will almost certainly fail, and "
+"then he will starve."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ, ÑаÑÑмоÑÑим вÑе маловеÑоÑÑнÑе
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"not very likely. In a high-tech field, most progress is made by people "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"that it's going to succeed. Well, just because he's a brilliant engineer "
+"doesn't mean that he's any good at running a business. Most new businesses "
+"fail; more than 95 percent of them, I think, fail within a few years. So "
+"that's probably what's going to happen to him, no matter what."
+msgstr ""
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+"will want to give him a job."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Because where they go from there is to say the patent system will “"
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+"technique. And then when IBM wants to compete with him, he says, “"
+"IBM, you can't compete with me, because I've got this patent,” and IBM "
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"competitors from them. If it really were going to do that, they wouldn't be "
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+"Even IBM can't always do this, because there are companies that we refer to "
+"as patent trolls or patent parasites, and their only business is using "
+"patents to squeeze money out of people who really make something."
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+"lawsuit, and no patents on how to persuade a judge or jury, so even IBM "
+"can't make the patent trolls cross-license. But IBM figures, “Our "
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+"they get from their patents is good for them, and paying off the trolls they "
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+"pocket now. Maybe it's 50 dollars, but I don't know if it's 50 dollars, or "
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+"patents to be basically valid, and allowed, the only question is whether "
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+"It might cost you a lot of money to go through this case, and as a result, a "
+"probably invalid patent is a very frightening weapon to be threatened with "
+"if you don't have a lot of money. There are people who can't afford to "
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+"These are the three things that you might be able to do about each patent "
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+"possible depends on different details of the circumstances, so some of the "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"bigger if you knew about the patent. So what they tell you is “Keep "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And of course, with each single design decision, you probably don't step on "
+"a patent. Probably nothing happens to you. But there are so many steps you "
+"have to take to get across the minefield, it's very unlikely you will get "
+"through safely. And of course, the patent holders don't all show up at the "
+"same time, so you don't know how many there are going to be."
+msgstr ""
+"РконеÑно, пÑи каждом оÑделÑном
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The patent holder of the natural order recalculation patent was demanding 5 "
+"percent of the gross sales of every spreadsheet. You could imagine paying "
+"for a few such licenses, but what happens when patent holder number 20 comes "
+"along, and wants you to pay out the last remaining 5 percent? And then what "
+"happens when patent holder number 21 comes along?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа на еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People in business say that this scenario is amusing but absurd, because "
+"your business would fail long before you got there. They told me that two "
+"or three such licenses would make your business fail. So you'd never get to "
+"20. They show up one by one, so you never know how many more there are "
+"going to be."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents are a mess. They're a mess for software developers, but in "
+"addition they're a restriction on every computer user because software "
+"patents restrict what you can do on your computer."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This is very different from patents, for instance, on automobile engines. "
+"These only restrict companies that make cars; they don't restrict you and "
+"me. But software patents do restrict you and me, and everybody who uses "
+"computers. So we can't think of them in purely economic terms; we can't "
+"judge this issue purely in economic terms. There's something more important "
+"at stake."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But even in economic terms, the system is self-defeating, because its "
+"purpose is supposed to be to promote progress. Supposedly by creating this "
+"artificial incentive for people to publish ideas, it's going to help the "
+"field progress. But all it does is the exact opposite, because the big job "
+"in software is not coming up with ideas, it's implementing thousands of "
+"ideas together in one program. And software patents obstruct that, so "
+"they're economically self-defeating."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"And there's even economic research showing that this is so—showing how "
+"in a field with a lot of incremental innovation, a patent system can "
+"actually reduce investment in R & D. And of course, it also obstructs "
+"development in other ways. So even if we ignore the injustice of software "
+"patents, even if we were to look at it in the narrow economic terms that are "
+"usually proposed, it's still harmful."
+msgstr ""
+"РеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ ÑкономиÑеÑкое иÑÑледование,
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"People sometimes respond by saying that “People in other fields have "
+"been living with patents for decades, and they've gotten used to it, so why "
+"should you be an exception?”"
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Now, that question has an absurd assumption. It's like saying, “Other "
+"people get cancer, why shouldn't you?” I think every time someone "
+"doesn't get cancer, that's good, regardless of what happened to the others. "
+"That question is absurd because of its presupposition that somehow we all "
+"have a duty to suffer the harm done by patents."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, в ÑÑом вопÑоÑе еÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±ÑÑÑдное
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"But there is a sensible question buried inside it, and that sensible "
+"question is “What differences are there between various fields that "
+"might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those fields?”"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо внÑÑÑи ÑÑого поÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"There is an important basic difference between fields in regard to how many "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"Now we have a naive idea in our minds which I'm trying to get rid of, "
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+"patent, and that patent covers the overall design of that product. So if "
+"you design a new product, it can't be patented already, and you will have an "
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"That's not how things work. In the 1800s, maybe they did, but not now. In "
+"fact, fields fall on a spectrum of how many patents [there are] per "
+"product. The beginning of the spectrum is one, but no field is like that "
+"today; fields are at various places on this spectrum."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"The field that's closest to that is pharmaceuticals. A few decades ago, "
+"there really was one patent per pharmaceutical, at least at any time, "
+"because the patent covered the entire chemical formula of that one "
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+"sure it wasn't already patented by somebody else and you could get the one "
+"patent on that drug."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"But that's not how it works now. Now there are broader patents, so now you "
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+"has a broader patent which covers it already."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"many ideas to make something that's useful in medicine. If you can combine "
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"At the other end of the spectrum is software, where we can combine more "
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"A program is made out of mathematical components, which have a definition, "
+"whereas physical objects don't have a definition. The matter does what it "
+"does, so through the perversity of matter, your design may not work the way "
+"it “should” have worked. And that's just tough. You can't say "
+"that the matter has a bug in it, and the physical universe should get "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"There're so many complications you have to cope with in physical engineering "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that if this <code>while</code>-loop repeats at the "
+"wrong rate, the <code>if</code>-statement might start to vibrate and it "
+"might resonate and crack;"
+msgstr ""
+"мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо еÑли
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñикл <code>while</code> бÑÐ´ÐµÑ "
+"повÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑной ÑаÑÑоÑой, Ñо
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+"наÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð±ÑиÑоваÑÑ, войÑи в ÑÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¸
ÑаÑÑÑпаÑÑÑÑ;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that if it resonates much faster—you know, "
+"millions of times per second—that it might generate radio frequency "
+"signals that might induce wrong values in other parts of the program;"
+msgstr ""
+"мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо еÑли
он бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑезониÑоваÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо "
+"бÑÑÑÑее — Ñкажем, Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ñаз в
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+"наÑаÑÑ Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑадиоÑаÑÑоÑнÑе
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+"знаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that corrosive fluids from the environment might seep "
+"in between the <code>if</code>-statement and the <code>while</code>-"
+"statement and start eating away at them until the signals don't pass anymore;"
+msgstr ""
+"мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо едкие
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+"могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑоÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажением
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+"<code>while</code> и наÑаÑÑ ÑазÑедаÑÑ ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
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+"пÑоÑ
одиÑÑ ÑигналÑ;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry about how the heat generated by my <code>if</code>-"
+"statement is going to get out through the <code>while</code>-statement so "
+"that it doesn't make the <code>if</code>-statement burn out; and"
+msgstr ""
+"мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, как Ñепло,
вÑделÑемое моим вÑÑажением "
+"<code>if</code>, оÑводиÑÑ ÑеÑез вÑÑажение
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+"вÑÑажение <code>if</code> Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого не ÑгоÑело; и"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry about how I would take out the broken <code>if</code>-"
+"statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and replace it with another "
+"<code>if</code>-statement to make the program run again."
+msgstr ""
+"мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, как
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+"<code>if</code>, еÑли оно ÑазвалиÑÑÑ, ÑгоÑиÑ,
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+"дÑÑгое вÑÑажение <code>if</code>, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑ
заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For that matter, I don't have to worry about how I'm going to insert the "
+"<code>if</code>-statement inside the <code>while</code>-statement every time "
+"I produce a copy of the program. I don't have to design a factory to make "
+"copies of my program, because there are various general commands that will "
+"make copies of anything."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑом оÑноÑении мне не нÑжно
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+"вÑÑажение <code>if</code> внÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ
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+"когда Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðне не
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+"ÑоздаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ Ñвоей пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑомÑ
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+"командÑ, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
Ñего Ñгодно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If I want to make copies on CD, I just have to write a master; and there's "
+"one program I can [use to] make a master out of anything, write any data I "
+"want. I can make a master CD and write it and send it off to a factory, and "
+"they'll duplicate whatever I send them. I don't have to design a different "
+"factory for each thing I want to duplicate."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ компакÑ-диÑка,
мне пÑоÑÑо нÑжно запиÑаÑÑ "
+"обÑазеÑ; и еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑой Ñ
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+"Ñгодно, запиÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑе даннÑе, коÑоÑÑе мне
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+"компакÑ-диÑка, запиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ и оÑоÑлаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
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новÑй завод Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ веÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ "
+"Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ Ð´ÑблиÑоваÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Very often with physical engineering you have to do that; you have to design "
+"products for manufacturability. Designing the factory may even be a bigger "
+"job than designing the product, and then you may have to spend millions of "
+"dollars to build the factory. So with all of this trouble, you're not going "
+"to be able to put together so many different ideas in one product and have "
+"it work."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑи ÑизиÑеÑком пÑоекÑиÑовании Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑенÑ
ÑаÑÑо вÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо делаÑÑ; вам "
+"пÑиÑ
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+"вмеÑÑе в одном пÑодÑкÑе Ñак много
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A physical design with a million nonrepeating different design elements is a "
+"gigantic project. A program with a million different design elements, "
+"that's nothing. It's a few hundred thousand lines of code, and a few people "
+"will write that in a few years, so it's not a big deal. So the result is "
+"that the patent system weighs proportionately heavier on us than it does on "
+"people in any other field who are being held back by the perversity of "
+"matter."
+msgstr ""
+"ФизиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼
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+"ÑлеменÑов — ÑÑо гиганÑÑкий пÑоекÑ.
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+"ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
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+"оÑÑаÑли, где иÑ
ÑдеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑноÑÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A lawyer did a study of one particular large program, namely the kernel "
+"Linux, which is used together with the GNU operating system that I "
+"launched. This was five years ago now; he found 283 different US patents, "
+"each of which appeared to prohibit some computation done somewhere in the "
+"code of Linux. At the time I saw an article saying that Linux was 0.25 "
+"percent of the whole system. So by multiplying 300 by 400 we can estimate "
+"the number of patents that would prohibit something in the whole system as "
+"being around 100,000. This is a very rough estimate only, and no more "
+"accurate information is available, since trying to figure it out would be a "
+"gigantic task."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðдин ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñовел иÑÑледование одной
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+"ÑдÑа под названием Linux, коÑоÑое
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+"0,25 пÑоÑенÑа вÑей ÑиÑÑемÑ. Так ÑÑо,
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попÑÑка вÑÑÑниÑÑ ÑÑо бÑла Ð±Ñ "
+"гиганÑÑкой задаÑей."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now this lawyer did not publish the list of patents, because that would have "
+"endangered the developers of Linux the kernel, putting them in a position "
+"where the penalties if they were sued would be greater. He didn't want to "
+"hurt them; he wanted to demonstrate how bad this problem is, of patent "
+"gridlock."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ опÑбликовал ÑпиÑок
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+"Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков ÑдÑа под названием Linux в
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+"Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑлÑÑае ÑÑдебного
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оÑел им "
+"зла; он Ñ
оÑел пÑодемонÑÑÑиÑоваÑÑ,
наÑколÑко опаÑна пÑоблема паÑенÑной ÑеÑки."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers can understand this immediately, but politicians usually don't "
+"know much about programming; they usually imagine that patents are basically "
+"much like copyrights, only somehow stronger. They imagine that since "
+"software developers are not endangered by the copyrights on their work, that "
+"they won't be endangered by the patents on their work either. They imagine "
+"that, since when you write a program you have the copyright, [therefore "
+"likewise] if you write a program you have the patents also. This is "
+"false—so how do we give them a clue what patents would really do? What "
+"they really do in countries like the US?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑам ÑÑо понÑÑно ÑÑазÑ, но
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+"не много; они обÑÑно пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñебе,
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+"дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑакиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
, как СШÐ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I find it's useful to make an analogy between software and symphonies. "
+"Here's why it's a good analogy."
+msgstr ""
+"Я наÑ
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пÑогÑаммами и ÑимÑониÑми. ÐÑа "
+"Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑа Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑемÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A program or symphony combines many ideas. A symphony combines many musical "
+"ideas. But you can't just pick a bunch of ideas and say “Here's my "
+"combination of ideas, do you like it?” Because in order to make them "
+"work you have to implement them all. You can't just pick musical ideas and "
+"list them and say, “Hey, how do you like this combination?” You "
+"can't hear that [list]. You have to write notes which implement all these "
+"ideas together."
+msgstr ""
+"Рв пÑогÑамме, и в ÑимÑонии комбиниÑÑÑÑÑÑ
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+"комбиниÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
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+"ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ заÑабоÑали,
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ÐÑо[Ñ ÑпиÑок] нелÑÐ·Ñ ÑÑлÑÑаÑÑ. "
+"Ðам нÑжно запиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
ÑеализоваÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи идеи вмеÑÑе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The hard task, the thing most of us wouldn't be any good at, is writing all "
+"these notes to make the whole thing sound good. Sure, lots of us could pick "
+"musical ideas out of a list, but we wouldn't know how to write a good-"
+"sounding symphony to implement those ideas. Only some of us have that "
+"talent. That's the thing that limits you. I could probably invent a few "
+"musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how to use them to any effect."
+msgstr ""
+"ТÑÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, Ñо, в Ñем
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+"довеÑÑи иÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So imagine that it's the 1700s, and the governments of Europe decide that "
+"they want to promote the progress of symphonic music by establishing a "
+"system of musical idea patents, so that any musical idea described in words "
+"could be patented."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, пÑедÑÑавим Ñебе, ÑÑо ÑейÑаÑ
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+"ÑеÑили, ÑÑо они Ñ
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+"Ñловами мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло бÑ
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, using a particular sequence of notes as a motif could be "
+"patented, or a chord progression could be patented, or a rhythmic pattern "
+"could be patented, or using certain instruments by themselves could be "
+"patented, or a format of repetitions in a movement could be patented. Any "
+"sort of musical idea that could be described in words would have been "
+"patentable."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ
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+"поÑледоваÑелÑноÑÑи Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð² каÑеÑÑве моÑива,
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+"опиÑаÑÑ Ñловами."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now imagine that it's 1800 and you're Beethoven, and you want to write a "
+"symphony. You're going to find it's much harder to write a symphony you "
+"don't get sued for than to write one that sounds good, because you have to "
+"thread your way around all the patents that exist. If you complained about "
+"this, the patent holders would say, “Oh, Beethoven, you're just "
+"jealous because we had these ideas first. Why don't you go and think of "
+"some ideas of your own?”"
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, пÑедÑÑавим Ñебе, ÑÑо ÑейÑаÑ
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+"ÐеÑÑ
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+"не поиÑкаÑÑ ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now Beethoven had ideas of his own. The reason he's considered a great "
+"composer is because of all of the new ideas that he had, and he actually "
+"used. And he knew how to use them in such a way that they would work, which "
+"was to combine them with lots of well-known ideas. He could put a few new "
+"ideas into a composition together with a lot of old and uncontroversial "
+"ideas. And the result was a piece that was controversial, but not so much "
+"so that people couldn't get used to it."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, Ñ ÐеÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To us, Beethoven's music doesn't sound controversial; I'm told it was, when "
+"it was new. But because he combined his new ideas with a lot of known "
+"ideas, he was able to give people a chance to stretch a certain amount. And "
+"they could, which is why to us those ideas sound just fine. But nobody, not "
+"even a Beethoven, is such a genius that he could reinvent music from zero, "
+"not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that people would "
+"want to listen to. And nobody is such a genius he could reinvent computing "
+"from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that "
+"people want to use."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑка ÐеÑÑ
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+"ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, Ñем лÑди заÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"When the technological context changes so frequently, you end up with a "
+"situation where what was done 20 years ago is totally inadequate. Twenty "
+"years ago there was no World Wide Web. So, sure, people did a lot of things "
+"with computers back then, but what they want to do today are things that "
+"work with the World Wide Web. And you can't do that using only the ideas "
+"that were known 20 years ago. And I presume that the technological context "
+"will continue to change, creating fresh opportunities for somebody to get "
+"patents that give the shaft to the whole field."
+msgstr ""
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+"вÑей оÑÑаÑлÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Big companies can even do this themselves. For instance, a few years ago "
+"Microsoft decided to make a phony open standard for documents and to get it "
+"approved as a standard by corrupting the International Standards "
+"Organization, which they did. But they designed it using something that "
+"Microsoft had patented. Microsoft is big enough that it can start with a "
+"patent, design a format or protocol to use that patented idea (whether it's "
+"helpful or not), in such a way that there's no way to be compatible unless "
+"you use that same idea too. And then Microsoft can make that a de facto "
+"standard with or without help from corrupted standards bodies. Just by its "
+"weight it can push people into using that format, and that basically means "
+"that they get a stranglehold over the whole world. So we need to show the "
+"politicians what's really going on here. We need to show them why this is "
+"bad."
+msgstr ""
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+"наÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа, ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
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+"Ðам нÑжно показаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо плоÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now I've heard it said that the reason New Zealand is considering software "
+"patents is that one large company wants to be given some monopolies. To "
+"restrict everyone in the country so that one company will make more money is "
+"the absolute opposite of statesmanship."
+msgstr ""
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+"гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑм Ñмам."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "So, at this point, I'd like to ask for questions."
+msgstr "ÐÑак, Ñ ÑÑого моменÑа Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
оÑвеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° вопÑоÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "Q."
+msgstr "ÐопÑоÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "What is the alternative?"
+msgstr "Ðакова алÑÑеÑнаÑива?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "A."
+msgstr "ÐÑвеÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"No software patents. I know that that works fine. I was in the field when "
+"there were no software patents. And that meant people developed software, "
+"and they distributed that software in various ways, and they didn't have to "
+"worry about getting sued by patent holders for doing it, so they were safe. "
+"Software patents don't solve a real problem, so we don't need to ask what "
+"other solution is there."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "How do the developers get rewarded?"
+msgstr "Ðак ÑазÑабоÑÑики бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Many ways. Software patents have nothing to do with that. Remember if "
+"you're a software developer, software patents don't help you get whatever "
+"you want to get."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðногими ÑпоÑобами. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Different software developers want different things. I developed some "
+"important software in the 1980s, and the reward I wanted was to see people "
+"using computers in freedom. And I got that reward, although not totally, "
+"not everybody has freedom. But software patents would only have stopped me."
+msgstr ""
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+"Ðо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑолÑко помеÑали
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Other people developed programs because they wanted money. Software patents "
+"threaten them, too, and still threaten them, because you're not going to "
+"make any money if patent holders demand that you give it all to them, or if "
+"they make you shut down."
+msgstr ""
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+
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+msgstr "Ðак пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¸Ð°Ñ, в Ñо же
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Plagiarism has nothing to do with this issue. It has absolutely nothing to "
+"do with this issue."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ»Ð°Ð³Ð¸Ð°Ñ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Plagiarism means copying the text of a work and claiming to have written it "
+"yourself. But patents are not concerned with the text of any particular "
+"work. They simply have nothing to do with this."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"If you write a work and this work embodies some ideas, which it always does, "
+"there's no reason to think that the patents covering those ideas would "
+"belong to you. They're more likely to belong to lots of others, and half of "
+"them to the megacorporations, and they can then all sue you. So you don't "
+"even have to worry [about plagiarism]; long before you get to the point "
+"where somebody else might copy it, you're going to be getting the shaft."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"You are confusing patents with copyrights, I'm afraid. They have nothing in "
+"common. I've explained to you what the patent system does to software, but "
+"I think you don't believe me because you've heard what copyrights do and "
+"you're confusing the two, so these impressions you've got about what "
+"copyrights do, you're just assuming that patents do them also—and they "
+"don't. If you write some code, the copyright on that code would belong to "
+"you; but if your code implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"You don't have to be afraid, with copyright, that when you write code "
+"yourself, that somebody else already has a copyright on it and can sue you, "
+"because copyright only restricts copying. In fact, even if you write "
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+"law is only concerned with copying. But copyright law is only concerned "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
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+"issue. If you think that patent law helps somebody who is developing "
+"software, it means that you have got a completely wrong picture of what "
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+msgstr ""
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+"пÑедÑÑавление о Ñом, ÑÑо в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑное пÑаво."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Don't get me wrong. I'm on your side."
+msgstr "ÐоймиÑе Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑавилÑно. Я — на
ваÑей ÑÑоÑоне."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"OK, but still you've got a wrong picture. I'm not blaming you for it, "
+"because you've just been misinformed."
+msgstr ""
+"ХоÑоÑо, но вÑе-Ñаки Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑное
пÑедÑÑавление. Я не оÑÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо, "
+"поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо невеÑно
инÑоÑмиÑовали."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"If I'm writing software for commercial purposes, do I get good protection by "
+"treating it as a black box and keeping it secret?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
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+"еÑли обÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ как Ñ ÑеÑнÑм ÑÑиком и
Ñ
ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÐµÐµ в ÑекÑеÑе?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"I don't want to discuss that question because I'm not in favor of it, I "
+"think it's unethical to do that, but that's an unrelated issue."
+msgstr ""
+"Я не Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑждаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ одобÑÑÑ ÑÑого, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо "
+"Ñак поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑÑиÑно, но ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑениÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I understand that."
+msgstr "Я ÑÑо понимаÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"I don't want to change the subject and then praise something that I think is "
+"bad. But because it's a change of subject I'd rather not get into that."
+msgstr ""
+"Я не Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñ
валиÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо
Ñ ÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
им. Ðо поÑколÑÐºÑ "
+"ÑÑо пеÑемена ÑемÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑедпоÑел Ð±Ñ ÑÑого
каÑаÑÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Our Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology, I think they're "
+"probably the equivalent of your National Science Foundation, provides grants "
+"for research and development and one of the things that they propose pretty "
+"actively is that ideas that they have funded should be secured if possible "
+"by patents."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´ иÑÑледований, наÑки и ÑеÑ
ники, Ñ
дÑмаÑ, веÑоÑÑно, ÑÑо ÑÐºÐ²Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ "
+"ваÑего ÐаÑионалÑного наÑÑного Ñонда,
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+"ÑазвиÑие, и кÑоме пÑоÑего, они доволÑно
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+"коÑоÑÑе они ÑинанÑиÑовали, по возможноÑÑи
бÑли под оÑ
Ñаной паÑенÑов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"That shouldn't be the case in software, because software ideas shouldn't be "
+"patentable ever by anyone. But what you are seeing there, more generally, "
+"is an example of the general corruption of our society by putting commercial "
+"aims above all others. Now I'm not a communist and I don't want to abolish "
+"business, but when it becomes business above all, every aspect of life "
+"oriented towards business, that is dangerous."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑого не должно бÑÑÑ Ð² ÑлÑÑае Ñ
пÑогÑаммами, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑогÑаммнÑе идеи
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+"Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° и ни
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾. Ðо вообÑе Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ "
+"здеÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑом Ñой обÑей
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+"коÑоÑом коммеÑÑеÑкие Ñели ÑÑавÑÑÑÑ
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оÑÑ Ð¾ÑменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑво,
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+"наÑинаÑÑ ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑевÑÑе вÑего, каждÑй
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+"пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑво, Ñо ÑÑо опаÑно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So Richard, if you talk to the Foundation, perhaps you might propose that "
+"there are better ways for a small country like New Zealand to make money on "
+"software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, РиÑаÑд, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе Ñ Ñондом,
возможно, Ð²Ñ Ñмогли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, "
+"ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñакой неболÑÑой ÑÑÑанÑ, как ÐоваÑ
ÐеландиÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммаÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents don't help anybody make money out of software. They mean "
+"that you're in danger of getting sued when you try."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ помогаÑÑ
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+"попÑобÑеÑе ÑÑо делаÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Which makes it difficult for New Zealand as a country to build an economic "
+"base using software as part of that."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑо заÑÑÑднÑÐµÑ Ðовой Ðеландии как
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑоение ÑкономиÑеÑкой "
+"Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñименением пÑогÑамм как ÑаÑÑи
ÑÑой базÑ. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Sorry, when you say “which” I don't know what you are referring "
+"to. Software patents will make it difficult for anyone. If New Zealand "
+"allows software patents, that will make it difficult in New Zealand for "
+"anybody to develop programs and distribute them, because you'll be in danger "
+"of getting sued. Software patents have nothing to do with developing a "
+"program and then putting it to some use."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоÑÑиÑе, когда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе “а ÑÑо”,
Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑе в "
+"видÑ. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑднÑÑÑ ÑÑо
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+"ÑазÑеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо
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+"ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¸ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение пÑогÑамм,
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+"оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑаммÑ, а заÑем
пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ каким-Ñо обÑазом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So New Zealand, in terms of its economic development, it would be better "
+"protected by having no software patents."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐеландиÑ, в ÑеÑминаÑ
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+"заÑиÑена, еÑли паÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Yes. You see, each country has its own patent system, and they work "
+"independently, except that countries have signed up to a treaty that says, "
+"“If you have got a patent in that country, you can basically bring "
+"your application over here, and we'll judge it based on the year you applied "
+"for it over there.” But other than that, each country has its own "
+"criteria for what can be patented and has its own set of patents."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа. ÐонимаеÑе, в каждой ÑÑÑане ÑвоÑ
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+"Ñказано: “ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑой
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+"подаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²ÐºÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ, и Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¾
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+"коÑоÑом Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ее Ñам”. Ðо в
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запаÑенÑоваÑÑ, и Ñвое ÑобÑÑвенное "
+"множеÑÑво паÑенÑов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So the result is if the US allows software patents and New Zealand does not, "
+"that means that everybody in the world, including New Zealanders, can get US "
+"software patents and sue us poor Americans at home. But if New Zealand "
+"doesn't allow software patents that means that neither you nor we can get "
+"New Zealand software patents to sue you New Zealanders at home. You can be "
+"sure that almost all the software patents will belong to foreigners who will "
+"use them to basically kick any New Zealand software developers whenever they "
+"get the chance."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе, еÑли СШРдопÑÑкаеÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, а ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ "
+"ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ — неÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо вÑе на
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бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s"
+msgstr ""
+"Со вÑемени пÑоÑеÑÑа “Ð¥ÑÑз ÑйÑкÑаÑÑ”,
кажеÑÑÑ, он бÑл в "
+"девÑноÑÑÑÑ
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XX века..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I don't know about that case."
+msgstr "Я не Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом пÑоÑеÑÑе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"But basically New Zealand's had software patents. It's not like we're going "
+"into a field where we don't already have them, we do."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо в пÑинÑипе в Ðовой Ðеландии бÑли
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+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ вÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ð² облаÑÑÑ, где Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
еÑе не бÑло, они Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I don't know, but I'm told that there's a decision being made now at the "
+"legislative level of whether to allow them. But Patent Offices often "
+"respond to lobbying from megacorporations through WIPO."
+msgstr ""
+"Я не знаÑ, но мне Ñказали, ÑÑо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
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+"опÑеделенное ÑеÑение о Ñом, допÑÑкаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
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+"оÑзÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° влиÑние, коÑоÑое
мегакоÑпоÑаÑии оказÑваÑÑ ÑеÑез ÐÐÐС."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"WIPO, as you can tell from its name, which is the World Intellectual "
+"Property Organization, is up to no good, because any use of that term is "
+"spreading confusion. WIPO gets a lot of its funds from megacorporations, "
+"and uses those funds to bring officials from Patent Offices to idyllic "
+"resort destinations for training. What they train them to do is twist the "
+"law to allow patents in areas where they're not supposed to be allowed."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐÐС, как Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе понÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ее названиÑ,
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им
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In many countries there are laws and court decisions which say that software "
+"as such can't be patented, algorithms can't be patented, or “"
+"mathematical” algorithms can't be patented (no one's quite sure what "
+"it means for an algorithm to be mathematical or not), and various other "
+"criteria which if interpreted naturally would rule out software patents, but "
+"the patent offices twist the law to allow them anyway."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо многиÑ
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+"вÑвоÑаÑиваÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñавно
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, a lot of things which practically speaking are software "
+"patents have the form where they describe a system involving a central "
+"processing unit, a memory, input/output facilities, instruction-fetching "
+"facilities, and means to perform this particular computation. In effect "
+"they've written explicitly into the patent all the parts of an ordinary "
+"computer, and then they say, “Well, this is a physical system which we "
+"would like to patent”, but really it's just patenting certain software "
+"on a computer. There are many subterfuges that they've used."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, многое из Ñого, ÑÑо на пÑакÑике
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе. У ниÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Patent Offices will generally try to twist the law into allowing more "
+"patents. In the US software patents were created by a court decision in "
+"1982, in the Appeals Court that deals with all patent cases, which "
+"misunderstood a Supreme Court decision from the previous year, and "
+"misapplied it. Now it looks like that Appeals Court has finally changed its "
+"mind, and it's come to the conclusion that it was mistaken all along; and it "
+"looks like this decision will get rid of all software patents, unless the "
+"Supreme Court reverses it. The Supreme Court is now considering it, and "
+"within less than a year we should find out whether we've won or lost."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑенÑнÑе бÑÑо в Ñелом пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑвеÑнÑÑÑ
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+"пÑоигÑали."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Should that case be unsuccessful, is there any movement in the States to "
+"take a legislated solution?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ в ШÑаÑаÑ
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+"еÑли пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑан?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Yes, and I been promoting this for about 19 years now. It's a battle that "
+"we fight over and over in various different countries."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа, Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо Ñже около
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+"вÑÑÑпаем Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¸ Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð² ÑамÑÑ
ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Where in your universe do you put the in I4i case?"
+msgstr "Ðде в ваÑей вÑеленной Ð²Ñ ÑазмеÑаеÑе
дело об I4i?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I have no idea what that is."
+msgstr "Я не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñакое."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It's where Microsoft has basically almost had to shut down on selling Word, "
+"because they were found to have infringed a Canadian patent."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо когда Microsoft по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи бÑла
вÑнÑждена пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñодажи "
+"Word, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо бÑло обнаÑÑжено, ÑÑо они
наÑÑÑили канадÑкий паÑенÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Oh, that one. That's just an example of how dangerous software patents are "
+"to all software developers. I don't like what Microsoft does, but that's an "
+"issue that's irrelevant for this purpose. It's not good that somebody can "
+"sue a software developer and say “I won't let you distribute such "
+"software”."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð, ÑÑо. ÐÑо пÑоÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñого, как опаÑнÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
"
+"ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑогÑамм. Ðне не нÑавиÑÑÑ
Ñо, ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Microsoft, но ÑÑÐ¾Ñ "
+"вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ðº Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ÐеÑ
ниÑего Ñ
оÑоÑего в Ñом, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо "
+"Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд на ÑазÑабоÑÑика
пÑогÑамм и ÑказаÑÑ: “Я не дам вам "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑакÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммє."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Obviously we live in an imperfect world, and in some cases we run into the "
+"issue of software patents. Do you think that we should allow privileges for "
+"researchers to get around patents in the same way that copyright law allows "
+"research on copyright material?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑевидно, Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÐµÐ¼ в неÑовеÑÑенном миÑе, и
в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоздаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑÑдноÑÑи. ÐÑмаеÑе
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+"пÑивилегии Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледоваÑелей, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
могли обÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ñак же, как "
+"авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ
иÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ маÑеÑиалом, на коÑоÑÑй "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"No, it's a mistake to look for partial solutions, because we have a much "
+"better chance of establishing a full solution. Everybody involved in "
+"software development and distribution and use, except the ones in the "
+"megacorporations, when they see how dangerous software patents are, they "
+"will get behind total rejection of software patents. Whereas an exception "
+"for some special case will only win support from the people in that special "
+"case. These partial solutions are essentially distractions. People start "
+"by saying, “Oh, I'm sure we can't really solve the problem, so I give "
+"up on that. Let me propose a partial solution.” But these partial "
+"solutions don't make it safe to develop software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑ, иÑкаÑÑ ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — ÑÑо
оÑибка, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ "
+"гоÑаздо лÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
полное ÑеÑение. ÐаждÑй, кÑо ÑÑаÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð² "
+"ÑазÑабоÑке, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанении и пÑименении
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+"мегакоÑпоÑаÑий, когда они ÑвидÑÑ, как
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+"за полнÑй оÑказ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ.
Ð Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº иÑклÑÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"какого-Ñо оÑобого ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑ
поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑолÑко Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей, к "
+"коÑоÑÑм ÑÑо иÑклÑÑение оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ÐÑи
ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ "
+"оÑвлекаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñели. ÐÑди наÑинаÑÑ Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑо говоÑÑÑ: “Ð! Я ÑвеÑен, "
+"ÑÑо на Ñамом деле Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем ÑеÑиÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾ÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° "
+"ÑÑом. ÐавайÑе пÑедложим ÑаÑÑиÑное
ÑеÑение”. Ðо ÑÑи ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"не делаÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм безопаÑной."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"You wouldn't, however, oppose a partial solution that's not necessarily just "
+"directed at software patents, so you wouldn't oppose experimental use, which "
+"may be a good solution for the pharmaceutical patent."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑали бÑ, однако, возÑажаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив
ÑаÑÑиÑного ÑеÑениÑ, коÑоÑое не "
+"обÑзаÑелÑно напÑавлено пÑоÑив паÑенÑов
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+"Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÑажаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑкÑпеÑименÑалÑного
пÑименениÑ, коÑоÑое бÑло Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑим "
+"ÑеÑением Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑаÑмаÑевÑиÑеÑкого паÑенÑа."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I wouldn't oppose that."
+msgstr "ÐÑоÑив ÑÑого Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ возÑажал."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"But what you're saying is that you don't think it's applicable to software, "
+"just to clarify."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе, ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑименимо к "
+"пÑогÑаммам, поÑÑниÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Something that saves only a few of us, or only certain activities, or gets "
+"rid of half the software patents, that's analogous to saying, “Well, "
+"maybe we could clear part of the minefield, or maybe we could destroy half "
+"the mines in the minefield.” [That's an improvement] but that doesn't "
+"make it safe."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо ÑпаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко немногиÑ
из наÑ
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+"деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, или избавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, аналогиÑно "
+"ÑомÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, мÑ
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+"минного полÑ, или Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ ÑниÑÑожиÑÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½ на минном поле”. "
+"[ÐÑо — ÑлÑÑÑение,] но ÑÑо не даеÑ
безопаÑноÑÑи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So you've been speaking the same thing all around the world. How much "
+"uptake has there been? Have governments changed, or not adopted software "
+"patents?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñили об одном и Ñом же по
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ? "
+"ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑва изменили или не пÑинÑли
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Some have. In India a few years ago, there was an attempt to change patent "
+"law to explicitly allow software patents and it was dropped. A few years "
+"ago the US proposed a trade treaty, a free exploitation treaty, with Latin "
+"America. And it was blocked by the president of Brazil, who said no to "
+"software patents and another nasty thing relating to computers, and that "
+"killed the whole treaty. That's apparently the whole thing that the US "
+"wanted to impose on the rest of the continent. But these things don't stay "
+"dead; there are companies that have full-time staff looking for some way "
+"they can subvert some country or other."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐекоÑоÑÑе. ÐеÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ в Ðндии
бÑла попÑÑка измениÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑное "
+"пÑаво, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ Ñвно допÑÑкало паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, и она не ÑдалаÑÑ. "
+"ÐеÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ СШРпÑедложили
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+"беÑплаÑной ÑкÑплÑаÑаÑии, Ñ ÐаÑинÑкой
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+"пÑезиденÑом ÐÑазилии, коÑоÑÑй Ñказал
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+"и дÑÑгой ÑквеÑной ÑÑÑке, ÑвÑзанной Ñ
компÑÑÑеÑами, и ÑÑо ÑниÑÑожило веÑÑ "
+"договоÑ. ÐÑевидно, ÑÑо вÑе, ÑÑо СШРÑ
оÑели
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+"конÑиненÑÑ. Ðо ÑÑо не ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° меÑÑе; еÑÑÑ
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+"коÑоÑÑÑ
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коÑоÑÑми они могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑиниÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ "
+"инÑÑ ÑÑÑанÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Is there any real hard data around what happens in economic terms in the "
+"innovation communities in countries that have essentially no software "
+"patents?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ñе даннÑе о
Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑеÑминаÑ
"
+"Ñкономики в инноваÑионнÑÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑваÑ
в
ÑÑÑанаÑ
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+"паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There isn't any. It's almost impossible to measure these things. Actually, "
+"I shouldn't say there isn't any. There is a little. It's very hard to "
+"measure the effect of the patent system, because you're comparing the real "
+"world with a counterfactual world, and there's no way to be sure what would "
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑ. Такие веÑи измеÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи невозможно.
Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ Ð½Ðµ должен "
+"говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо иÑ
неÑ. Ðемного еÑÑÑ. ÐÑенÑ
ÑÑÑдно измеÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной "
+"ÑиÑÑемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑÑавниваеÑе
ÑеалÑнÑй Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑим миÑом и "
+"невозможно ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло бÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What I can say is before there were software patents, there was lots of "
+"software development; not as much as there is now, because of course there "
+"were nowhere near as many computer users."
+msgstr ""
+"Я Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо до Ñого, как
поÑвилиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑÑно ÑазвивалиÑÑ; не Ñак, как
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+"колиÑеÑÑво полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов
бÑло неÑопоÑÑавимо Ñ Ð½ÑнеÑним."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"How many computer users were there in 1982, even in the US? It was a small "
+"fraction of the public. But there were software developers. They weren't "
+"saying, “We desperately want patents”. They weren't getting "
+"sued for patent infringement after they developed their programs. But there "
+"is a bit of [economic] research that I saw that apparently software patents "
+"resulted not in an increase in research, but [in] a shift of funds from "
+"research into patenting."
+msgstr ""
+"СколÑко бÑло полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов в
1982 годÑ, даже в СШÐ? ÐÑо "
+"бÑла неболÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. Ðо
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+"говоÑили: “ÐÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑнно нÑждаемÑÑ Ð²
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+"за наÑÑÑение паÑенÑов поÑле Ñого, как они
ÑазÑабоÑали Ñвои пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо "
+"еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое [ÑкономиÑеÑкое]
иÑÑледование, в коÑоÑом Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ», ÑÑо
паÑенÑÑ "
+"на пÑогÑаммÑ, оÑевидно, пÑивели не к ÑоÑÑÑ
иÑÑледований, а [к] ÑÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ñ "
+"ÑÑедÑÑв Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледований к паÑенÑованиÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Do you expect that there would be any interest in trade secrets?"
+msgstr "ÐжидаеÑе ли вÑ, ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
инÑеÑÐµÑ Ðº коммеÑÑеÑкой Ñайне?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"No. Before there were software patents, a lot of software developers kept "
+"the details of their programs secret. But they usually wouldn't keep any of "
+"the general ideas secret, because that they realized that the big job in "
+"developing good software was not picking your general ideas, it was "
+"implementing a lot of ideas together. So they would publish, [or] they "
+"would let their employees publish, in scholarly journals any interesting new "
+"ideas that they'd had. So now, they'll patent those new ideas. It has very "
+"little to do with developing a useful program, and just letting people know "
+"some ideas doesn't give them a program. Besides, most of the ideas, the "
+"thousands of ideas you've combined in your program, are known anyway."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑ. Ðо Ñого, как поÑвилиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, много ÑазÑабоÑÑиков "
+"пÑогÑамм Ñ
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Ñанили в "
+"ÑекÑеÑе никакиÑ
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+"ÑазÑабоÑке Ñ
оÑоÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в
вÑбоÑе обÑиÑ
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+"ÑеализаÑии множеÑÑва идей. Так ÑÑо они
пÑбликовали [или] давали Ñвоим "
+"нанимаÑелÑм пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð² наÑÑнÑÑ
жÑÑналаÑ
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+"коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑли. Ð ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ паÑенÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑи новÑе идеи. ÐÑо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ "
+"мало оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑке полезной
пÑогÑаммÑ, и пÑоÑÑо Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм ÑзнаÑÑ "
+"о некоÑоÑÑÑ
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пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑоме Ñого, болÑÑинÑÑво "
+"идей, ÑÑÑÑÑи идей, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÑеÑе
в Ñвоей пÑогÑамме, и без Ñого "
+"извеÑÑнÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"To back that up, I was listening to an interview, one of the founders of "
+"PayPal was interviewed, and he said that he really felt strongly that his "
+"success was 5 percent idea and 95 percent execution, and that supports your "
+"point really well."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑвеÑдиÑÑ ÑÑо: Ñ ÑлÑÑал инÑеÑвÑÑ,
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+"PayPal, и он Ñказал, ÑÑо он бÑл ÑовеÑÑенно
ÑвеÑен в Ñом, ÑÑо Ñвоим ÑÑпеÑ
ом "
+"он обÑзан на 5 пÑоÑенÑов идее, а на
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+"ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо подÑвеÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑлÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I agree."
+msgstr "Я ÑоглаÑен."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Excellent. Richard has here stickers which I believe are free"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑлиÑно. У РиÑаÑда еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ»ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ¸, коÑоÑÑе,
как Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, можно полÑÑиÑÑ "
+"Ñвободно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Gratis. And these [other items] are for sale."
+msgstr "ÐеÑплаÑно. Ð ÑÑо [дÑÑгие
пÑедмеÑÑ] — Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ñодажи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So you're welcome to come down. It's been a great debate—thank you "
+"Richard."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, благодаÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑаÑÑие. ÐÑо бÑло
великолепное обÑÑждение; ÑпаÑибо, "
+"РиÑаÑд."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ Ñондом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
"
+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм
и каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ "
+"возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ "
+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. </p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
кооÑдинаÑии и "
+"пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
<a href=\"/server/standards/README."
+"translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве по
пеÑеводам”</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman</p><p>Copyright © 2012 "
+"Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative "
+"Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";> http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a> or send a letter to Creative "
+"Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru\">лиÑензии Creative
"
+"Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ — Ðез
пÑоизводнÑÑ
"
+"пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ "
+"можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о "
+"найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru";
+"\">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе пеÑеводов gnu.org</a>.</em>"
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
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