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Subject: |
www/philosophy basic-freedoms.nl.html boldrin-l... |
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Date: |
Thu, 09 Aug 2012 00:27:40 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/08/09 00:27:40
Modified files:
philosophy : basic-freedoms.nl.html boldrin-levine.nl.html
philosophy/po : basic-freedoms.nl.po boldrin-levine.nl.po
bsd.nl.po copyright-versus-community.pl.po
copyright-versus-community.translist
public-domain-manifesto.ru.po
public-domain-manifesto.translist
Added files:
philosophy : copyright-versus-community.pl.html
public-domain-manifesto.ru.html
philosophy/po : basic-freedoms.nl-en.html
boldrin-levine.nl-en.html
copyright-versus-community.pl-en.html
public-domain-manifesto.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/basic-freedoms.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.pl.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/basic-freedoms.nl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/bsd.nl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/basic-freedoms.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: basic-freedoms.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/basic-freedoms.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- basic-freedoms.nl.html 14 May 2012 16:35:39 -0000 1.4
+++ basic-freedoms.nl.html 9 Aug 2012 00:26:54 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,72 +1,73 @@
+
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
-<title>Vrijheid van Meningsuiting op het Internet - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Vrijheid van Meningsuiting op het Internet - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/basic-freedoms.translist" -->
<h2>Vrijheid van Meningsuiting op het Internet</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-
<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
-
<p>
De Free Software Foundation verdedigd de vrijheid van meningsuiting op het
- Internet. Zie onder andere:
+Internet. Zie onder andere:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
- De <a href= "http://www.ciec.org/";>Citizens Internet Empowerment
Coalition</a>
- werd opgericht na een eerste poging van het Congres om de inhoud van
- het Internet te reguleren via de “Communications Decency Act”,
- die het hooggerechtshof onconstitutioneel verklaarde op 26 Juni 1997. Hun
- website wordt bewaard als een juridisch-historisch hoogtepunt.
+ De <a href= "http://www.ciec.org/";>Citizens Internet Empowerment
+Coalition</a> werd opgericht na een eerste poging van het Congres om de
+inhoud van het Internet te reguleren via de “Communications Decency
+Act”, die het hooggerechtshof onconstitutioneel verklaarde op 26 Juni
+1997. Hun website wordt bewaard als een juridisch-historisch hoogtepunt.
</li>
- <!-- removing this link.. site is dead as of June 07 2004
- <li>The <a href="http://www.vtw.org/";>Voters Telecommunications Watch</a>
+<!-- removing this link.. site is dead as of June 07 2004
+ <li>
+The <a href="http://www.vtw.org/";>Voters Telecommunications Watch</a>
and their excellent announcement electronic mailing list.</li>
-->
-
- <li>
+<li>
<a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">De censuur van GNU Emacs</a>
- beschrijft hoe de “Communications Decency Act” voorschreef hoe
- het GNU project GNU Emacs moest censureren—en hoe deze paradox
- uiteindelijk het tegengestelde effect had van wat de censors voor ogen
stond.
+beschrijft hoe de “Communications Decency Act” voorschreef hoe
+het GNU project GNU Emacs moest censureren—en hoe deze paradox
+uiteindelijk het tegengestelde effect had van wat de censors voor ogen
+stond.
</li>
<li>
- <a href="http://www.factnet.org/";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a>
- is een Internet-overzicht, nieuwsverstrekker, bibliotheek, forum voor
- dialogen en archief zonder winstoogmerk met als doel het verdedigen van
- internationaal vrijdenkersschap, vrijheid van meningsuiting en recht op
- privacy.
+ <a href="http://www.factnet.org/";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is een
+Internet-overzicht, nieuwsverstrekker, bibliotheek, forum voor dialogen en
+archief zonder winstoogmerk met als doel het verdedigen van internationaal
+vrijdenkersschap, vrijheid van meningsuiting en recht op privacy.
</li>
<li>
De <a href="http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html";>Blue Ribbon Campaign</a>
- voor online vrijheid van meningsuiting.
+voor online vrijheid van meningsuiting.
</li>
- <!-- removing this link.. site is dead as of June 07 2004
- <li>You can read <a href="http://www.vtw.org/speech/index.html#decision";>the
+<!-- removing this link.. site is dead as of June 07 2004
+ <li>
+You can read <a href="http://www.vtw.org/speech/index.html#decision";>the
June 1996 appeals court decision</a>
rejecting censorship of the Internet. But remember, this decision
is <em>not</em> final! First, the Supreme Court will agree or disagree;
then Congress gets a chance to look for another method of
censorship.</li>
-->
-
- <li><a href="http://www.savetheweb.org";>Save the Web</a> is een organisatie
- met als hoogste prioriteit om de individuele rechten van Internet
gebruikers
- te waarborgen in de Europese wetgeving. Zie ook:
- <a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Red Europa van Software
Patenten</a>
- </li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Europa Beschermen tegen Software
+Patenten</a></li>
<li>
- <a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organisaties</a>
- die werken aan vrijheid in computerontwikkeling en electronische
communicatie.
+ <a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organisaties</a> die
werken
+aan vrijheid in computerontwikkeling en electronische communicatie.
</li>
</ul>
@@ -76,89 +77,59 @@
<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer-min.nl.html" -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-Er zijn ook nog <a href="/contact/">andere manieren
-om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF.
+Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a
+href="/contact/">andere manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF.
<br />
-Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of suggesties)
-te sturen aan:
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of
+suggesties) te sturen aan: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
-Zie <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">TranslationsREADME</a>
+Zie <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">TranslationsREADME</a>
voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit artikel.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>
-Het letterlijk overnemen en kopiëren van dit artikel is toegestaan op
-willekeurig welk medium op voorwaarde dat deze mededeling ook wordt meegenomen.
+<p>Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Licentie</a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Updated:
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/05/14 16:35:39 $
+Bijgewerkt:
+
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:26:54 $
+
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Vertalingen van dit artikel</h4>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
-
-<ul class="translations-list">
-<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
-<!-- Czech -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
-<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-<!-- Croatian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
-<!-- Japanese -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-<!-- Korean -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-<!-- Dutch -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-<!-- Portuguese -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.pt.html">Português</a> [pt]</li>
-<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: boldrin-levine.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- boldrin-levine.nl.html 14 May 2012 16:35:39 -0000 1.3
+++ boldrin-levine.nl.html 9 Aug 2012 00:26:54 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,134 +1,127 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<title>Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
intellectueel eigendom” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
intellectueel eigendom”</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
+intellectueel eigendom” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.translist" -->
+<h2>Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
+intellectueel eigendom”</h2>
<p>
-door <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+door <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-<a
href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html";>http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a>
+<a
+href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html";>http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a>
bevat een artikel van Boldrin en Levine getiteld “Argumenten tegen het
gebruik van intellectueel eigendom” (The case against intellectual
property). Het stelt dat auteurs prima hun boterham kunnen verdienen met de
-verkoop van hun werk, ook al zou dat in een wereld zijn waarin iedereen
-vrij mag kopiëren.
-</p>
+verkoop van hun werk, ook al zou dat in een wereld zijn waarin iedereen vrij
+mag kopiëren.</p>
<p>
-Je hebt ongetwijfeld al eens de dooddoener gehoord dat “als het
programma
-gratis is je maar één exemplaar zal verkopen”. Het voor de
-hand liggende antwoord daarop is natuurlijk dat er tegenwoordig bedrijven zijn
-die duizenden van die exemplaren per maand verkopen. Maar dit artikel geeft
ook
-een minder voor de hand liggend antwoord: het toont ook aan hoe mensen die
zich
-ten volle bewust zijn van de economische gevolgen van de vrijheid om te
-kopiëren, een hoge prijs zouden betalen voor “het eerste
exemplaar”.
-</p>
+Je hebt ongetwijfeld al eens de dooddoener gehoord dat “als het
+programma gratis is je maar één exemplaar zal
+verkopen”. Het voor de hand liggende antwoord daarop is natuurlijk dat
+er tegenwoordig bedrijven zijn die duizenden van die exemplaren per maand
+verkopen. Maar dit artikel geeft ook een minder voor de hand liggend
+antwoord: het toont ook aan hoe mensen die zich ten volle bewust zijn van de
+economische gevolgen van de vrijheid om te kopiëren, een hoge prijs
+zouden betalen voor “het eerste exemplaar”.</p>
<p>
<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Het begrip
-“intellectueel eigendom” bevat vooroordelen en is verwarrend.</a>
Het
-vooroordeel is duidelijk—door auteursrechten, patenten en handelsmerken
-als “bezit” aan te merken zijn mensen geneigd te denken dat
wanneer
-je hier kritiek op hebt, je “tegen privé-bezit bent”. De
-verwarring ligt wat subtieler: door de drie begrippen op één
hoop
-te gooien gaan mensen dit als één en hetzelfde beschouwen,
waarmee
-de verschillen worden genegeerd en het als één onderwerp wordt
-gezien op basis van hun schaarse gemeenschappelijke kenmerken.
-</p>
+“intellectueel eigendom” bevat vooroordelen en is
+verwarrend.</a> Het vooroordeel is duidelijk—door auteursrechten,
+patenten en handelsmerken als “bezit” aan te merken zijn mensen
+geneigd te denken dat wanneer je hier kritiek op hebt, je “tegen
+privé-bezit bent”. De verwarring ligt wat subtieler: door de
+drie begrippen op één hoop te gooien gaan mensen dit als
+één en hetzelfde beschouwen, waarmee de verschillen worden
+genegeerd en het als één onderwerp wordt gezien op basis van
+hun schaarse gemeenschappelijke kenmerken.</p>
<p>
Dit heeft tot gevolg dat sociale en ethische aspecten van het auteursrecht
-worden verdoezeld, alsook die voor patenten, en alleen het beperkte
economische
-aspect van deze begrippen nog wordt gezien. Voorstanders van strenger auteurs-
-en patentrecht verdedigen vervolgens dit economische argument dat zo simpel
klinkt
-dat het onweerlegbaar lijkt.
-</p>
+worden verdoezeld, alsook die voor patenten, en alleen het beperkte
+economische aspect van deze begrippen nog wordt gezien. Voorstanders van
+strenger auteurs- en patentrecht verdedigen vervolgens dit economische
+argument dat zo simpel klinkt dat het onweerlegbaar lijkt.</p>
<p>
-Meestal reageer ik hierop door te laten zien welke andere aspecten er allemaal
-genegeerd worden doordat alleen het economische wordt benadrukt. Het artikel
van
-Boldrin en Levine echter, gaat juist in op dat economische aspect en toont de
-zwakke punten in de redenering. Punten die worden verborgen door de schijnbare
-eenvoud van het economische argument.
-</p>
+Meestal reageer ik hierop door te laten zien welke andere aspecten er
+allemaal genegeerd worden doordat alleen het economische wordt
+benadrukt. Het artikel van Boldrin en Levine echter, gaat juist in op dat
+economische aspect en toont de zwakke punten in de redenering. Punten die
+worden verborgen door de schijnbare eenvoud van het economische argument.</p>
<p>
-Ik ben van mening dat we nog steeds het begrip “intellectueel
eigendom”
-moeten afwijzen. We moeten mensen wijzen op de niet-economische kanten
-van auteursrecht en de niet-economische kanten van het patentrecht. De
-argumenten van Boldrin en Levine echter, kan men gebruiken voor mensen die
erop
-blijven staan om alleen de economische kant hiervan te zien.
-</p>
+Ik ben van mening dat we nog steeds het begrip “intellectueel
+eigendom” moeten afwijzen. We moeten mensen wijzen op de
+niet-economische kanten van auteursrecht en de niet-economische kanten van
+het patentrecht. De argumenten van Boldrin en Levine echter, kan men
+gebruiken voor mensen die erop blijven staan om alleen de economische kant
+hiervan te zien.</p>
<p>
-Het artikel is geschreven voor economen en bevat veel wiskunde.
-Een populair-wetenschappelijke versie hiervan zou handig zijn.
-</p>
+Het artikel is geschreven voor economen en bevat veel wiskunde. Een
+populair-wetenschappelijke versie hiervan zou handig zijn.</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
</div>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer-short.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-Er zijn ook nog <a href="/contact/">andere manieren
-om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF.
+Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a
+href="/contact/">andere manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF.
<br />
-Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of suggesties)
-te sturen aan:
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of
+suggesties) te sturen aan: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
-Zie <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">TranslationsREADME</a>
+Zie <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">TranslationsREADME</a>
voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit artikel.
</p>
<p>
Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
-Het letterlijk overnemen en kopiëren van dit artikel is toegestaan op
-willekeurig welk medium op voorwaarde dat deze mededeling ook wordt meegenomen.
+Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Licentie</a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Updated:
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/05/14 16:35:39 $
+Bijgewerkt:
+
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:26:54 $
+
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Vertalingen van dit artikel</h4>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
-
-<ul class="translations-list">
-<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-<!-- Dutch -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: po/basic-freedoms.nl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/basic-freedoms.nl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/basic-freedoms.nl.po 8 Aug 2012 18:52:30 -0000 1.1
+++ po/basic-freedoms.nl.po 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,132 +6,153 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-06-10 04:28-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
"Last-Translator: Tom Uijldert <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: \n"
+"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <title>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Freedom of Speech, Press and Association on the Internet - GNU Project - "
-#| "Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgid "Freedom of Speech, Press and Association on the Internet - GNU Project
- Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgstr "Vrijheid van Meningsuiting op het Internet - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid ""
+"Freedom of Speech, Press and Association on the Internet - GNU Project - "
+"Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Vrijheid van Meningsuiting op het Internet - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation (FSF)"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <h2>
-#| msgid "Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association on the Internet"
msgid "Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association on the Internet"
msgstr "Vrijheid van Meningsuiting op het Internet"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The Free Software Foundation supports the freedoms of speech, press, and "
-#| "association on the Internet. Please check out:"
-msgid "The Free Software Foundation supports the freedoms of speech, press,
and association on the Internet. Please check out:"
-msgstr "De Free Software Foundation verdedigd de vrijheid van meningsuiting op
het Internet. Zie onder andere:"
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The <a href= \"http://www.ciec.org/\"; >Citizens Internet Empowerment "
-#| "Coalition</a> came together to oppose Congress' first attempt to regulate "
-#| "content on the Internet, the Communications Decency Act, which the U.S. "
-#| "Supreme Court found unconstitutional on June 26, 1997. Their site is "
-#| "being preserved as a resource on the landmark CDA case."
-msgid "The <a href= \"http://www.ciec.org/\"; >Citizens Internet Empowerment
Coalition</a> came together to oppose Congress' first attempt to regulate
content on the Internet, the Communications Decency Act, which the U.S. Supreme
Court found unconstitutional on June 26, 1997. Their site is being preserved as
a resource on the landmark CDA case."
-msgstr "De <a href= \"http://www.ciec.org/\";>Citizens Internet Empowerment
Coalition</a> werd opgericht na een eerste poging van het Congres om de inhoud
van het Internet te reguleren via de “Communications Decency Act”,
die het hooggerechtshof onconstitutioneel verklaarde op 26 Juni 1997. Hun
website wordt bewaard als een juridisch-historisch hoogtepunt."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\">Censoring GNU Emacs</a> "
-#| "describes how the Communications Decency Act required the GNU Project to "
-#| "censor GNU Emacs—and how this paradoxically had the opposite of the "
-#| "effect that the censors wanted."
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\">Censoring GNU Emacs</a>
describes how the Communications Decency Act required the GNU Project to censor
GNU Emacs—and how this paradoxically had the opposite of the effect that
the censors wanted."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\">De censuur van GNU
Emacs</a> beschrijft hoe de “Communications Decency Act”
voorschreef hoe het GNU project GNU Emacs moest censureren—en hoe deze
paradox uiteindelijk het tegengestelde effect had van wat de censors voor ogen
stond."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"http://www.factnet.org/\";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is a non-profit "
-#| "Internet digest, news service, library, dialogue center, and archive "
-#| "dedicated to the promotion and defense of international free thought, "
-#| "free speech, and privacy rights."
-msgid "<a href=\"http://www.factnet.org/\";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is a
non-profit Internet digest, news service, library, dialogue center, and archive
dedicated to the promotion and defense of international free thought, free
speech, and privacy rights."
-msgstr "<a href=\"http://www.factnet.org/\";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is een
Internet-overzicht, nieuwsverstrekker, bibliotheek, forum voor dialogen en
archief zonder winstoogmerk met als doel het verdedigen van internationaal
vrijdenkersschap, vrijheid van meningsuiting en recht op privacy."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The <a href=\"http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html\";>Blue Ribbon Campaign</"
-#| "a> for Online Freedom of Speech, Press and Association."
-msgid "The <a href=\"http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html\";>Blue Ribbon
Campaign</a> for Online Freedom of Speech, Press and Association."
-msgstr "De <a href=\"http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html\";>Blue Ribbon
Campaign</a> voor online vrijheid van meningsuiting."
-
-#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Saving Europe from Software
Patents</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Europa Beschermen tegen
Software Patenten</a>"
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organizations</a> that "
-#| "work for freedom in computer development and electronic communications."
-msgid "<a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organizations</a>
that work for freedom in computer development and electronic communications."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organisaties</a>
die werken aan vrijheid in computerontwikkeling en electronische communicatie."
+msgid ""
+"The Free Software Foundation supports the freedoms of speech, press, and "
+"association on the Internet. Please check out:"
+msgstr ""
+"De Free Software Foundation verdedigd de vrijheid van meningsuiting op het "
+"Internet. Zie onder andere:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"The <a href= \"http://www.ciec.org/\"; >Citizens Internet Empowerment "
+"Coalition</a> came together to oppose Congress' first attempt to regulate "
+"content on the Internet, the Communications Decency Act, which the U.S. "
+"Supreme Court found unconstitutional on June 26, 1997. Their site is being "
+"preserved as a resource on the landmark CDA case."
+msgstr ""
+"De <a href= \"http://www.ciec.org/\";>Citizens Internet Empowerment "
+"Coalition</a> werd opgericht na een eerste poging van het Congres om de "
+"inhoud van het Internet te reguleren via de “Communications Decency "
+"Act”, die het hooggerechtshof onconstitutioneel verklaarde op 26 Juni "
+"1997. Hun website wordt bewaard als een juridisch-historisch hoogtepunt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\">Censoring GNU Emacs</a> "
+"describes how the Communications Decency Act required the GNU Project to "
+"censor GNU Emacs—and how this paradoxically had the opposite of the "
+"effect that the censors wanted."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html\">De censuur van GNU Emacs</a> "
+"beschrijft hoe de “Communications Decency Act” voorschreef hoe "
+"het GNU project GNU Emacs moest censureren—en hoe deze paradox "
+"uiteindelijk het tegengestelde effect had van wat de censors voor ogen stond."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.factnet.org/\";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is a non-profit "
+"Internet digest, news service, library, dialogue center, and archive "
+"dedicated to the promotion and defense of international free thought, free "
+"speech, and privacy rights."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.factnet.org/\";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a> is een Internet-"
+"overzicht, nieuwsverstrekker, bibliotheek, forum voor dialogen en archief "
+"zonder winstoogmerk met als doel het verdedigen van internationaal "
+"vrijdenkersschap, vrijheid van meningsuiting en recht op privacy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"The <a href=\"http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html\";>Blue Ribbon Campaign</a> "
+"for Online Freedom of Speech, Press and Association."
+msgstr ""
+"De <a href=\"http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html\";>Blue Ribbon Campaign</a> "
+"voor online vrijheid van meningsuiting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Saving Europe from Software "
+"Patents</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Europa Beschermen tegen Software "
+"Patenten</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organizations</a> that "
+"work for freedom in computer development and electronic communications."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organisaties</a> die "
+"werken aan vrijheid in computerontwikkeling en electronische communicatie."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
msgstr " "
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
-#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgid "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgstr "Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a
href=\"/contact/\">andere manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a href=\"/contact/\">andere
"
+"manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
-msgstr "Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of
suggesties) te sturen aan: <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of "
+"suggesties) te sturen aan: <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Zie <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">TranslationsREADME</a> voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen "
+"van dit artikel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 "
+"Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 "
+"Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
-#| "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
-#| "translations of this article."
-msgid "Please see the <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "Zie <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">TranslationsREADME</a> voor
nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit artikel."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, "
-#| "2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-msgid "Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-msgstr "Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
-#| msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Licentie</a>."
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.";
+"org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 "
+"United States Licentie</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
@@ -143,4 +164,3 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Bijgewerkt:"
-
Index: po/boldrin-levine.nl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.nl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/boldrin-levine.nl.po 8 Aug 2012 18:55:52 -0000 1.1
+++ po/boldrin-levine.nl.po 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,155 +6,193 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-06-10 04:28-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
"Last-Translator: Tom Uijldert <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: \n"
+"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <title>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual "
-#| "property” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgid "Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual
property” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgstr "Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
intellectueel eigendom” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid ""
+"Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual "
+"property” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van "
+"intellectueel eigendom” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <h2>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual "
-#| "property”"
-msgid "Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual
property”"
-msgstr "Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van
intellectueel eigendom”"
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</"
-#| "strong></a>"
-msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a>"
-msgstr "door <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a>"
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.";
-#| "html\">http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</"
-#| "a> contains a paper by Boldrin and Levine entitled “The case "
-#| "against intellectual property”. It argues on economic grounds that "
-#| "authors can make money by selling their work even in a world where "
-#| "everyone can copy."
-msgid "<a
href=\"http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html\";>http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a>
contains a paper by Boldrin and Levine entitled “The case against
intellectual property”. It argues on economic grounds that authors can
make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can copy."
-msgstr "<a
href=\"http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html\";>http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a>
bevat een artikel van Boldrin en Levine getiteld “Argumenten tegen het
gebruik van intellectueel eigendom” (The case against intellectual
property). Het stelt dat auteurs prima hun boterham kunnen verdienen met de
verkoop van hun werk, ook al zou dat in een wereld zijn waarin iedereen vrij
mag kopiëren."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the program "
-#| "is free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious response is "
-#| "that today there are companies that sell thousands of copies a month. "
-#| "But this paper provides another response: it shows why people who are "
-#| "fully aware of the economic consequences of the freedom to copy would pay "
-#| "a high price for “the first copy”."
-msgid "You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the
program is free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious response is
that today there are companies that sell thousands of copies a month. But this
paper provides another response: it shows why people who are fully aware of the
economic consequences of the freedom to copy would pay a high price for
“the first copy”."
-msgstr "Je hebt ongetwijfeld al eens de dooddoener gehoord dat “als het
programma gratis is je maar één exemplaar zal verkopen”.
Het voor de hand liggende antwoord daarop is natuurlijk dat er tegenwoordig
bedrijven zijn die duizenden van die exemplaren per maand verkopen. Maar dit
artikel geeft ook een minder voor de hand liggend antwoord: het toont ook aan
hoe mensen die zich ten volle bewust zijn van de economische gevolgen van de
vrijheid om te kopiëren, een hoge prijs zouden betalen voor “het
eerste exemplaar”."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">The term "
-#| "“intellectual property” is biased and spreads confusion.</a> "
-#| "The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and patents and "
-#| "trademarks “property”, it leads people to think that "
-#| "criticizing them is “opposing property rights”. The "
-#| "confusion is less evident: by lumping copyright and patents and "
-#| "trademarks together, it leads people to treat them as one thing, to "
-#| "ignore their large differences and consider them as a single issue in "
-#| "terms of their meager similarities."
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">The
term “intellectual property” is biased and spreads confusion.</a>
The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and patents and trademarks
“property”, it leads people to think that criticizing them is
“opposing property rights”. The confusion is less evident: by
lumping copyright and patents and trademarks together, it leads people to treat
them as one thing, to ignore their large differences and consider them as a
single issue in terms of their meager similarities."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">Het
begrip “intellectueel eigendom” bevat vooroordelen en is
verwarrend.</a> Het vooroordeel is duidelijk—door auteursrechten,
patenten en handelsmerken als “bezit” aan te merken zijn mensen
geneigd te denken dat wanneer je hier kritiek op hebt, je “tegen
privé-bezit bent”. De verwarring ligt wat subtieler: door de drie
begrippen op één hoop te gooien gaan mensen dit als
één en hetzelfde beschouwen, waarmee de verschillen worden
genegeerd en het als één onderwerp wordt gezien op basis van hun
schaarse gemeenschappelijke kenmerken."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This usually means ignoring social and ethical aspects of copyrights, and "
-#| "the different social and ethical aspects of patents, and considering both "
-#| "copyrights and patents as a single issue in narrow economic terms. The "
-#| "proponents of harshly restrictive copyrights and patents then present an "
-#| "economic argument that is so simple that it gives an appearance of being "
-#| "irrefutable."
-msgid "This usually means ignoring social and ethical aspects of copyrights,
and the different social and ethical aspects of patents, and considering both
copyrights and patents as a single issue in narrow economic terms. The
proponents of harshly restrictive copyrights and patents then present an
economic argument that is so simple that it gives an appearance of being
irrefutable."
-msgstr "Dit heeft tot gevolg dat sociale en ethische aspecten van het
auteursrecht worden verdoezeld, alsook die voor patenten, en alleen het
beperkte economische aspect van deze begrippen nog wordt gezien. Voorstanders
van strenger auteurs- en patentrecht verdedigen vervolgens dit economische
argument dat zo simpel klinkt dat het onweerlegbaar lijkt."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I normally respond by showing the aspects of the situation that have been "
-#| "ignored by treating the issue as a purely economic one. Boldrin and "
-#| "Levine's paper takes on that simple economic argument on its own terms, "
-#| "and shows the gaps in it, gaps that the apparent simplicity tends to hide."
-msgid "I normally respond by showing the aspects of the situation that have
been ignored by treating the issue as a purely economic one. Boldrin and
Levine's paper takes on that simple economic argument on its own terms, and
shows the gaps in it, gaps that the apparent simplicity tends to hide."
-msgstr "Meestal reageer ik hierop door te laten zien welke andere aspecten er
allemaal genegeerd worden doordat alleen het economische wordt benadrukt. Het
artikel van Boldrin en Levine echter, gaat juist in op dat economische aspect
en toont de zwakke punten in de redenering. Punten die worden verborgen door de
schijnbare eenvoud van het economische argument."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual "
-#| "property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic aspects "
-#| "of copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of patents. "
-#| "However, Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for responding to "
-#| "people who insist on narrowing their values to economics."
-msgid "I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual
property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic aspects of
copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of patents. However, Boldrin
and Levine's arguments will be useful for responding to people who insist on
narrowing their values to economics."
-msgstr "Ik ben van mening dat we nog steeds het begrip “intellectueel
eigendom” moeten afwijzen. We moeten mensen wijzen op de niet-economische
kanten van auteursrecht en de niet-economische kanten van het patentrecht. De
argumenten van Boldrin en Levine echter, kan men gebruiken voor mensen die erop
blijven staan om alleen de economische kant hiervan te zien."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical. "
-#| "Popularization of its ideas would be useful."
-msgid "The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical.
Popularization of its ideas would be useful."
-msgstr "Het artikel is geschreven voor economen en bevat veel wiskunde. Een
populair-wetenschappelijke versie hiervan zou handig zijn."
+msgid ""
+"Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual "
+"property”"
+msgstr ""
+"Recensie: Boldrin en Levine, “Argumenten tegen het gebruik van "
+"intellectueel eigendom”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"door <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></"
+"a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html";
+"\">http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a> "
+"contains a paper by Boldrin and Levine entitled “The case against "
+"intellectual property”. It argues on economic grounds that authors "
+"can make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can copy."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html";
+"\">http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a> "
+"bevat een artikel van Boldrin en Levine getiteld “Argumenten tegen het "
+"gebruik van intellectueel eigendom” (The case against intellectual "
+"property). Het stelt dat auteurs prima hun boterham kunnen verdienen met de "
+"verkoop van hun werk, ook al zou dat in een wereld zijn waarin iedereen vrij "
+"mag kopiëren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the program is "
+"free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious response is that "
+"today there are companies that sell thousands of copies a month. But this "
+"paper provides another response: it shows why people who are fully aware of "
+"the economic consequences of the freedom to copy would pay a high price for "
+"“the first copy”."
+msgstr ""
+"Je hebt ongetwijfeld al eens de dooddoener gehoord dat “als het "
+"programma gratis is je maar één exemplaar zal verkopen”. "
+"Het voor de hand liggende antwoord daarop is natuurlijk dat er tegenwoordig "
+"bedrijven zijn die duizenden van die exemplaren per maand verkopen. Maar dit "
+"artikel geeft ook een minder voor de hand liggend antwoord: het toont ook "
+"aan hoe mensen die zich ten volle bewust zijn van de economische gevolgen "
+"van de vrijheid om te kopiëren, een hoge prijs zouden betalen voor "
+"“het eerste exemplaar”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">The term "
+"“intellectual property” is biased and spreads confusion.</a> The "
+"bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and patents and trademarks "
+"“property”, it leads people to think that criticizing them is "
+"“opposing property rights”. The confusion is less evident: by "
+"lumping copyright and patents and trademarks together, it leads people to "
+"treat them as one thing, to ignore their large differences and consider them "
+"as a single issue in terms of their meager similarities."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">Het begrip "
+"“intellectueel eigendom” bevat vooroordelen en is verwarrend.</"
+"a> Het vooroordeel is duidelijk—door auteursrechten, patenten en "
+"handelsmerken als “bezit” aan te merken zijn mensen geneigd te "
+"denken dat wanneer je hier kritiek op hebt, je “tegen privé-"
+"bezit bent”. De verwarring ligt wat subtieler: door de drie begrippen "
+"op één hoop te gooien gaan mensen dit als één en "
+"hetzelfde beschouwen, waarmee de verschillen worden genegeerd en het als "
+"één onderwerp wordt gezien op basis van hun schaarse "
+"gemeenschappelijke kenmerken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This usually means ignoring social and ethical aspects of copyrights, and "
+"the different social and ethical aspects of patents, and considering both "
+"copyrights and patents as a single issue in narrow economic terms. The "
+"proponents of harshly restrictive copyrights and patents then present an "
+"economic argument that is so simple that it gives an appearance of being "
+"irrefutable."
+msgstr ""
+"Dit heeft tot gevolg dat sociale en ethische aspecten van het auteursrecht "
+"worden verdoezeld, alsook die voor patenten, en alleen het beperkte "
+"economische aspect van deze begrippen nog wordt gezien. Voorstanders van "
+"strenger auteurs- en patentrecht verdedigen vervolgens dit economische "
+"argument dat zo simpel klinkt dat het onweerlegbaar lijkt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I normally respond by showing the aspects of the situation that have been "
+"ignored by treating the issue as a purely economic one. Boldrin and "
+"Levine's paper takes on that simple economic argument on its own terms, and "
+"shows the gaps in it, gaps that the apparent simplicity tends to hide."
+msgstr ""
+"Meestal reageer ik hierop door te laten zien welke andere aspecten er "
+"allemaal genegeerd worden doordat alleen het economische wordt benadrukt. "
+"Het artikel van Boldrin en Levine echter, gaat juist in op dat economische "
+"aspect en toont de zwakke punten in de redenering. Punten die worden "
+"verborgen door de schijnbare eenvoud van het economische argument."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual "
+"property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic aspects of "
+"copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of patents. However, "
+"Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for responding to people who "
+"insist on narrowing their values to economics."
+msgstr ""
+"Ik ben van mening dat we nog steeds het begrip “intellectueel "
+"eigendom” moeten afwijzen. We moeten mensen wijzen op de niet-"
+"economische kanten van auteursrecht en de niet-economische kanten van het "
+"patentrecht. De argumenten van Boldrin en Levine echter, kan men gebruiken "
+"voor mensen die erop blijven staan om alleen de economische kant hiervan te "
+"zien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical. "
+"Popularization of its ideas would be useful."
+msgstr ""
+"Het artikel is geschreven voor economen en bevat veel wiskunde. Een "
+"populair-wetenschappelijke versie hiervan zou handig zijn."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
msgstr " "
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
-#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgid "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgstr "Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a
href=\"/contact/\">andere manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a href=\"/contact/\">andere
"
+"manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
-msgstr "Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of
suggesties) te sturen aan: <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of "
+"suggesties) te sturen aan: <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Zie <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">TranslationsREADME</a> voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen "
+"van dit artikel."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
-#| "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
-#| "translations of this article."
-msgid "Please see the <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "Zie <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">TranslationsREADME</a> voor
nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit artikel."
-
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Licentie</a>."
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.";
+"org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 "
+"United States Licentie</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
@@ -166,4 +204,3 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Bijgewerkt:"
-
Index: po/bsd.nl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/bsd.nl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/bsd.nl.po 8 Aug 2012 19:08:29 -0000 1.1
+++ po/bsd.nl.po 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,85 +6,72 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-02 20:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
"Last-Translator: Tom Uijldert <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: \n"
+"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-08-02 20:25-0300\n"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <title>
-#| msgid "BSD License Problem - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
msgid "BSD License Problem - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgstr "Het Probleem met de BSD Licentie - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Het Probleem met de BSD Licentie - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation "
+"(FSF)"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <h2>
-#| msgid "The BSD License Problem"
msgid "The BSD License Problem"
msgstr "Het Probleem met de BSD Licentie"
-# | The two major categories of free software license are <a
-# | href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> and <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\">
-# | non-copyleft </a>. <a
-# | href=\"/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">Copyleft
-# | licenses</a> such as the <a [-href=\"/copyleft/gpl.html\">GNU-]
-# | {+href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU+} GPL</a> insist that modified versions
-# | of the program must be free software as well. Non-copyleft licenses do
-# | not insist on this. <a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">We
-# | recommend copyleft</a>, because it protects freedom for all users, but
-# | non-copylefted software can still be free software, and useful to the free
-# | software community.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The two major categories of free software license are <a href=\"/copyleft/"
-#| "copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> and <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
-#| "html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> non-copyleft </a>. <a href=\"/"
-#| "licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">Copyleft licenses</a> "
-#| "such as the <a href=\"/copyleft/gpl.html\">GNU GPL</a> insist that "
-#| "modified versions of the program must be free software as well. Non-"
-#| "copyleft licenses do not insist on this. <a href=\"/philosophy/why-"
-#| "copyleft.html\">We recommend copyleft</a>, because it protects freedom "
-#| "for all users, but non-copylefted software can still be free software, "
-#| "and useful to the free software community."
-msgid "The two major categories of free software license are <a
href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> and <a
href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> non-copyleft
</a>. <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">Copyleft
licenses</a> such as the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU GPL</a> insist that
modified versions of the program must be free software as well. Non-copyleft
licenses do not insist on this. <a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">We
recommend copyleft</a>, because it protects freedom for all users, but
non-copylefted software can still be free software, and useful to the free
software community."
-msgstr "Er zijn 2 typen vrije software licenties, te weten die met <a
href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> en <a href=
\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> zonder
copyleft</a>. <a
href=\"/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">Copyleft
(“auteursplichtige”)licenties</a> zoals de <a
href=\"/copyleft/gpl.html\">GNU GPL</a> staan erop dat afgeleide, gewijzigde
versies van het programma ook vrije software moet zijn. Het andere type doet
dat niet. <a href= \"/philosophy/why-copyleft.nl.html\">Wij bevelen
auteursplicht aan</a>, omdat het de vrijheid van alle gebruikers waarborgt.
Maar niet-auteursplichtige software kan nog steeds vrije software zijn en
nuttig voor de vrije software gemeenschap."
-
-# | There are many variants of simple <a
-# | href=\"/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">non-copyleft
-# | free software licenses</a>, [-including-] {+such as+} the {+Expat license,
-# | FreeBSD license,+} X10 license, the [-<a
-# | href=\"http://www.x.org/Downloads_terms.html\";>-] X11 [-license</a>, the
-# | FreeBSD-] license, and the two BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
-# | licenses. Most of them are equivalent except for details of wording, but
-# | the license used for BSD until 1999 had a special problem: the
-# | [-<q>obnoxious-] {+“obnoxious+} BSD advertising [-clause.</q>-]
-# | {+clause”.+} It said that every advertisement mentioning the
-# | software must include a particular sentence:
+msgid ""
+"The two major categories of free software license are <a href=\"/copyleft/"
+"copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> and <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-"
+"CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> non-copyleft </a>. <a href=\"/licenses/license-"
+"list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">Copyleft licenses</a> such as the <a href="
+"\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU GPL</a> insist that modified versions of the "
+"program must be free software as well. Non-copyleft licenses do not insist "
+"on this. <a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">We recommend copyleft</"
+"a>, because it protects freedom for all users, but non-copylefted software "
+"can still be free software, and useful to the free software community."
+msgstr ""
+"Er zijn 2 typen vrije software licenties, te weten die met <a href=\"/"
+"copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> en <a href= \"/philosophy/categories."
+"html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> zonder copyleft</a>. <a href=\"/licenses/"
+"license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">Copyleft (“"
+"auteursplichtige”)licenties</a> zoals de <a href=\"/copyleft/gpl.html"
+"\">GNU GPL</a> staan erop dat afgeleide, gewijzigde versies van het "
+"programma ook vrije software moet zijn. Het andere type doet dat niet. <a "
+"href= \"/philosophy/why-copyleft.nl.html\">Wij bevelen auteursplicht aan</"
+"a>, omdat het de vrijheid van alle gebruikers waarborgt. Maar niet-"
+"auteursplichtige software kan nog steeds vrije software zijn en nuttig voor "
+"de vrije software gemeenschap."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There are many variants of simple <a href=\"/licenses/license-list."
-#| "html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">non-copyleft free software licenses</a>, "
-#| "including the X10 license, the <a href=\"http://www.x.org/Downloads_terms.";
-#| "html\"> X11 license</a>, the FreeBSD license, and the two BSD (Berkeley "
-#| "Software Distribution) licenses. Most of them are equivalent except for "
-#| "details of wording, but the license used for BSD until 1999 had a special "
-#| "problem: the <q>obnoxious BSD advertising clause.</q> It said that every "
-#| "advertisement mentioning the software must include a particular sentence:"
-msgid "There are many variants of simple <a
href=\"/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">non-copyleft free
software licenses</a>, such as the Expat license, FreeBSD license, X10 license,
the X11 license, and the two BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) licenses.
Most of them are equivalent except for details of wording, but the license used
for BSD until 1999 had a special problem: the “obnoxious BSD advertising
clause”. It said that every advertisement mentioning the software must
include a particular sentence:"
-msgstr "Er zijn vele varianten van eenvoudige <a href=
\"/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">niet-auteursplichtige
vrije software licenties</a>, zoals de X10 licentie, de X11 licentie, de
FreeBSD licentie en de twee BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) licenties. De
meesten zijn vrijwel dezelfde met hier en daar wat ander woordgebruik maar de
licentie die tot 1999 in gebruik was door BSD was een speciaal geval: de
<q>hinderlijke BSD advertentie clausule</q>. Deze bepaalde dat iedere
advertentie met daarin de software, de volgende zin moest bevatten:"
+msgid ""
+"There are many variants of simple <a href=\"/licenses/license-list."
+"html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">non-copyleft free software licenses</a>, such "
+"as the Expat license, FreeBSD license, X10 license, the X11 license, and the "
+"two BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) licenses. Most of them are "
+"equivalent except for details of wording, but the license used for BSD until "
+"1999 had a special problem: the “obnoxious BSD advertising "
+"clause”. It said that every advertisement mentioning the software must "
+"include a particular sentence:"
+msgstr ""
+"Er zijn vele varianten van eenvoudige <a href= \"/licenses/license-list."
+"html#GPLCompatibleLicenses\">niet-auteursplichtige vrije software licenties</"
+"a>, zoals de X10 licentie, de X11 licentie, de FreeBSD licentie en de twee "
+"BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) licenties. De meesten zijn vrijwel "
+"dezelfde met hier en daar wat ander woordgebruik maar de licentie die tot "
+"1999 in gebruik was door BSD was een speciaal geval: de <q>hinderlijke BSD "
+"advertentie clausule</q>. Deze bepaalde dat iedere advertentie met daarin de "
+"software, de volgende zin moest bevatten:"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <pre>
#, no-wrap
-#| msgid ""
-#| "3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software\n"
-#| " must display the following acknowledgement:\n"
-#| " This product includes software developed by the University of\n"
-#| " California, Berkeley and its contributors.\n"
msgid ""
"3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software\n"
" must display the following acknowledgement:\n"
@@ -96,190 +83,213 @@
" Dit product bevat software, ontwikkeld door de Universiteit van\n"
" Californië, Berkeley en zijn medewerkers.\n"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Initially the obnoxious BSD advertising clause was used only in the "
-#| "Berkeley Software Distribution. That did not cause any particular "
-#| "problem, because including one sentence in an ad is not a great practical "
-#| "difficulty."
-msgid "Initially the obnoxious BSD advertising clause was used only in the
Berkeley Software Distribution. That did not cause any particular problem,
because including one sentence in an ad is not a great practical difficulty."
-msgstr "Aanvankelijk werd de hinderlijke BSD advertentie clausule alleen
gebruikt in de Berkeley Software Distributie. Dat gaf geen grote problemen
omdat het opnemen van een zin in een advertentie niet moeilijk is."
-
-# | If other developers who used BSD-like licenses had copied the BSD
-# | advertising clause [-verbatim--including-] {+verbatim—including+}
-# | the sentence that refers to the University of [-California--then-]
-# | {+California—then+} they would not have made the problem any bigger.
+msgid ""
+"Initially the obnoxious BSD advertising clause was used only in the Berkeley "
+"Software Distribution. That did not cause any particular problem, because "
+"including one sentence in an ad is not a great practical difficulty."
+msgstr ""
+"Aanvankelijk werd de hinderlijke BSD advertentie clausule alleen gebruikt in "
+"de Berkeley Software Distributie. Dat gaf geen grote problemen omdat het "
+"opnemen van een zin in een advertentie niet moeilijk is."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If other developers who used BSD-like licenses had copied the BSD "
-#| "advertising clause verbatim--including the sentence that refers to the "
-#| "University of California--then they would not have made the problem any "
-#| "bigger."
-msgid "If other developers who used BSD-like licenses had copied the BSD
advertising clause verbatim—including the sentence that refers to the
University of California—then they would not have made the problem any
bigger."
-msgstr "Wanneer andere ontwikkelaars, die BSD-achtige licenties gebruikten, de
clausule over het adverteren letterlijk hadden overgenomen—met de zin die
verwijst naar de universiteit van Californië—dan zou men het
probleem niet groter gemaakt hebben."
-
-# | But, as you might expect, other developers did not copy the clause
-# | verbatim. They changed it, replacing [-``University-]
-# | {+“University+} of [-California''-] {+California”+} with their
-# | own institution or their own names. The result is a plethora of licenses,
-# | requiring a plethora of different sentences.
+msgid ""
+"If other developers who used BSD-like licenses had copied the BSD "
+"advertising clause verbatim—including the sentence that refers to the "
+"University of California—then they would not have made the problem any "
+"bigger."
+msgstr ""
+"Wanneer andere ontwikkelaars, die BSD-achtige licenties gebruikten, de "
+"clausule over het adverteren letterlijk hadden overgenomen—met de zin "
+"die verwijst naar de universiteit van Californië—dan zou men het "
+"probleem niet groter gemaakt hebben."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But, as you might expect, other developers did not copy the clause "
-#| "verbatim. They changed it, replacing ``University of California'' with "
-#| "their own institution or their own names. The result is a plethora of "
-#| "licenses, requiring a plethora of different sentences."
-msgid "But, as you might expect, other developers did not copy the clause
verbatim. They changed it, replacing “University of California”
with their own institution or their own names. The result is a plethora of
licenses, requiring a plethora of different sentences."
-msgstr "Maar, zoals te verwachten, werd deze zin niet letterlijk gekopieerd,
maar gewijzigd. “Universiteit van Californië” werd vervangen
door de naam van het eigen instituut of de eigen naam. Het resultaat is een
overdaad aan verschillende licenties, die een overdaad aan verschillende zinnen
vereisen."
+msgid ""
+"But, as you might expect, other developers did not copy the clause "
+"verbatim. They changed it, replacing “University of California” "
+"with their own institution or their own names. The result is a plethora of "
+"licenses, requiring a plethora of different sentences."
+msgstr ""
+"Maar, zoals te verwachten, werd deze zin niet letterlijk gekopieerd, maar "
+"gewijzigd. “Universiteit van Californië” werd vervangen "
+"door de naam van het eigen instituut of de eigen naam. Het resultaat is een "
+"overdaad aan verschillende licenties, die een overdaad aan verschillende "
+"zinnen vereisen."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "When people put many such programs together in an operating system, the "
-#| "result is a serious problem. Imagine if a software system required 75 "
-#| "different sentences, each one naming a different author or group of "
-#| "authors. To advertise that, you would need a full-page ad."
-msgid "When people put many such programs together in an operating system, the
result is a serious problem. Imagine if a software system required 75
different sentences, each one naming a different author or group of authors.
To advertise that, you would need a full-page ad."
-msgstr "Wanneer mensen een groot aantal van deze programma's samenbrengen in
een besturingssysteem resulteert dit in een behoorlijk probleem. Stel je voor
dat een softwaresysteeem 75 verschillende zinnen moet hebben, waarbij iedere
zin een andere auteur vernoemd dan wel een groep van auteurs. Om hiermee te
adverteren moet je een complete pagina kopen."
-
-# | This might seem like extrapolation ad absurdum, but it is actual fact.
-# | [-NetBSD comes with a long list of different sentences, required by the
-# | various licenses for parts of the system.-] In a 1997 version of NetBSD,
-# | I counted 75 of these sentences. [-I would not be surprised if the list-]
-# | {+(Fortunately NetBSD+} has [-grown by now.-] {+decided to stop adding
-# | them, and to remove those it could.)+}
+msgid ""
+"When people put many such programs together in an operating system, the "
+"result is a serious problem. Imagine if a software system required 75 "
+"different sentences, each one naming a different author or group of "
+"authors. To advertise that, you would need a full-page ad."
+msgstr ""
+"Wanneer mensen een groot aantal van deze programma's samenbrengen in een "
+"besturingssysteem resulteert dit in een behoorlijk probleem. Stel je voor "
+"dat een softwaresysteeem 75 verschillende zinnen moet hebben, waarbij iedere "
+"zin een andere auteur vernoemd dan wel een groep van auteurs. Om hiermee te "
+"adverteren moet je een complete pagina kopen."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This might seem like extrapolation ad absurdum, but it is actual fact. "
-#| "NetBSD comes with a long list of different sentences, required by the "
-#| "various licenses for parts of the system. In a 1997 version of NetBSD, I "
-#| "counted 75 of these sentences. I would not be surprised if the list has "
-#| "grown by now."
-msgid "This might seem like extrapolation ad absurdum, but it is actual fact.
In a 1997 version of NetBSD, I counted 75 of these sentences. (Fortunately
NetBSD has decided to stop adding them, and to remove those it could.)"
-msgstr "Dit lijkt wellicht op extrapolatie “ad absurdum” maar is
gewoon realiteit. NetBSD wordt uitgebracht met een lange lijst van zinnen die
de diverse licenties vereisen voor delen van het systeem. In een versie van dit
systeem uit 1997 heb ik 75 van dit soort zinnen geteld. Het zou me niets
verbazen wanneer dit aantal nu groter zou zijn. (Gelukkig heeft NetBSD besloten
hiermee te stoppen en te verwijderen wat mogelijk was)."
-
-# | To address this problem, in my [-``spare time''-] {+“spare
-# | time”+} I talk with developers who have used BSD-style licenses,
-# | asking them if they would please remove the advertising clause. Around
-# | 1996 I spoke with the developers of FreeBSD about this, and they decided
-# | to remove the advertising clause from all of their own code. In May 1998
-# | the developers of Flick, at the University of Utah, removed this clause.
+msgid ""
+"This might seem like extrapolation ad absurdum, but it is actual fact. In a "
+"1997 version of NetBSD, I counted 75 of these sentences. (Fortunately "
+"NetBSD has decided to stop adding them, and to remove those it could.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Dit lijkt wellicht op extrapolatie “ad absurdum” maar is gewoon "
+"realiteit. NetBSD wordt uitgebracht met een lange lijst van zinnen die de "
+"diverse licenties vereisen voor delen van het systeem. In een versie van dit "
+"systeem uit 1997 heb ik 75 van dit soort zinnen geteld. Het zou me niets "
+"verbazen wanneer dit aantal nu groter zou zijn. (Gelukkig heeft NetBSD "
+"besloten hiermee te stoppen en te verwijderen wat mogelijk was)."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "To address this problem, in my ``spare time'' I talk with developers who "
-#| "have used BSD-style licenses, asking them if they would please remove the "
-#| "advertising clause. Around 1996 I spoke with the developers of FreeBSD "
-#| "about this, and they decided to remove the advertising clause from all of "
-#| "their own code. In May 1998 the developers of Flick, at the University "
-#| "of Utah, removed this clause."
-msgid "To address this problem, in my “spare time” I talk with
developers who have used BSD-style licenses, asking them if they would please
remove the advertising clause. Around 1996 I spoke with the developers of
FreeBSD about this, and they decided to remove the advertising clause from all
of their own code. In May 1998 the developers of Flick, at the University of
Utah, removed this clause."
-msgstr "Om dit probleem te lijf te gaan praat ik veel met ontwikkelaars die
BSD-achtige licenties hebben gebruikt in mijn “vrije tijd”, ze
daarbij verzoekend om alsjeblieft de advertentie-clausule uit hun licentie te
verwijderen. Rond 1996 heb ik de ontwikkelaars van FreeBSD hierover gesproken
en ze hebben besloten de clausule te verwijderen uit al hun code. In Mei 1998
deden de ontwikkelaars van Flick, aan de universiteit van Utah, hetzelfde."
+msgid ""
+"To address this problem, in my “spare time” I talk with "
+"developers who have used BSD-style licenses, asking them if they would "
+"please remove the advertising clause. Around 1996 I spoke with the "
+"developers of FreeBSD about this, and they decided to remove the advertising "
+"clause from all of their own code. In May 1998 the developers of Flick, at "
+"the University of Utah, removed this clause."
+msgstr ""
+"Om dit probleem te lijf te gaan praat ik veel met ontwikkelaars die BSD-"
+"achtige licenties hebben gebruikt in mijn “vrije tijd”, ze "
+"daarbij verzoekend om alsjeblieft de advertentie-clausule uit hun licentie "
+"te verwijderen. Rond 1996 heb ik de ontwikkelaars van FreeBSD hierover "
+"gesproken en ze hebben besloten de clausule te verwijderen uit al hun code. "
+"In Mei 1998 deden de ontwikkelaars van Flick, aan de universiteit van Utah, "
+"hetzelfde."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Dean Hal Varian at the University of California took up the cause, and "
-#| "championed it with the administration. In June 1999, after two years of "
-#| "discussions, the University of California removed this clause from the "
-#| "license of BSD."
-msgid "Dean Hal Varian at the University of California took up the cause, and
championed it with the administration. In June 1999, after two years of
discussions, the University of California removed this clause from the license
of BSD."
-msgstr "Dean Hal Varian aan de universiteit van Californië nam deze zaak
ter harte en overtuigde het bestuur. In Juni 1999, na twee jaar van overleg,
besloot het bestuur van de universiteit van Californië de clausule uit de
licentievoorwaarden te verwijderen."
+msgid ""
+"Dean Hal Varian at the University of California took up the cause, and "
+"championed it with the administration. In June 1999, after two years of "
+"discussions, the University of California removed this clause from the "
+"license of BSD."
+msgstr ""
+"Dean Hal Varian aan de universiteit van Californië nam deze zaak ter "
+"harte en overtuigde het bestuur. In Juni 1999, na twee jaar van overleg, "
+"besloot het bestuur van de universiteit van Californië de clausule uit "
+"de licentievoorwaarden te verwijderen."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Thus, there is now a new BSD license which does not contain the "
-#| "advertising clause. Unfortunately, this does not eliminate the legacy of "
-#| "the advertising clause: similar clauses are still present in the licenses "
-#| "of many packages which are not part of BSD. The change in license for "
-#| "BSD has no effect on the other packages which imitated the old BSD "
-#| "license; only the developers who made them can change them."
-msgid "Thus, there is now a new BSD license which does not contain the
advertising clause. Unfortunately, this does not eliminate the legacy of the
advertising clause: similar clauses are still present in the licenses of many
packages which are not part of BSD. The change in license for BSD has no
effect on the other packages which imitated the old BSD license; only the
developers who made them can change them."
-msgstr "Er is nu dus een BSD licentie die geen advertentie-clausule bevat.
Helaas geld dit niet voor de over-erving van die clausule: veel van deze
licenties die geen onderdeel zijn van BSD bevatten nog die specifieke
voorwaarde. De veranderingen in de BSD-licentie hebben geen effect op pakketten
die gebaseerd zijn op de oude versie van de BSD-licentie; alleen de
oorspronkelijke ontwikkelaars kunnen dit veranderen."
+msgid ""
+"Thus, there is now a new BSD license which does not contain the advertising "
+"clause. Unfortunately, this does not eliminate the legacy of the "
+"advertising clause: similar clauses are still present in the licenses of "
+"many packages which are not part of BSD. The change in license for BSD has "
+"no effect on the other packages which imitated the old BSD license; only the "
+"developers who made them can change them."
+msgstr ""
+"Er is nu dus een BSD licentie die geen advertentie-clausule bevat. Helaas "
+"geld dit niet voor de over-erving van die clausule: veel van deze licenties "
+"die geen onderdeel zijn van BSD bevatten nog die specifieke voorwaarde. De "
+"veranderingen in de BSD-licentie hebben geen effect op pakketten die "
+"gebaseerd zijn op de oude versie van de BSD-licentie; alleen de "
+"oorspronkelijke ontwikkelaars kunnen dit veranderen."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But if they followed Berkeley's lead before, maybe Berkeley's change in "
-#| "policy will convince some of them to change. It's worth asking."
-msgid "But if they followed Berkeley's lead before, maybe Berkeley's change in
policy will convince some of them to change. It's worth asking."
-msgstr "Maar omdat ze Berkeley al eerder hebben nageaapt, zal de huidige
wijziging van Berkeley ze wellicht overtuigen om ook te veranderen. Het valt
allicht te proberen."
+msgid ""
+"But if they followed Berkeley's lead before, maybe Berkeley's change in "
+"policy will convince some of them to change. It's worth asking."
+msgstr ""
+"Maar omdat ze Berkeley al eerder hebben nageaapt, zal de huidige wijziging "
+"van Berkeley ze wellicht overtuigen om ook te veranderen. Het valt allicht "
+"te proberen."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "So if you have a favorite package which still uses the BSD license with "
-#| "the advertising clause, please ask the maintainer to look at this web "
-#| "page, and consider making the change."
-msgid "So if you have a favorite package which still uses the BSD license with
the advertising clause, please ask the maintainer to look at this web page, and
consider making the change."
-msgstr "Wanneer je dus ziet dat je favoriete pakket nog steeds de BSD-licentie
gebruikt met de advertentie-clausule, spreek dan de persoon aan die het
onderhoudt en probeer haar te overtuigen de clausule te laten vallen."
-
-# | And if you want to release a program as non-copylefted free software,
-# | please don't use the advertising clause. [-Instead-] {+Thus, instead+}
-# | of copying the BSD license from some released [-package--which-]
-# | {+package—which+} might still have the old version of the license in
-# | [-it--please copy-] {+it—please use one of+} the [-license from
-# | X11.-] {+other permissive licenses, such as Expat or FreeBSD.+}
+msgid ""
+"So if you have a favorite package which still uses the BSD license with the "
+"advertising clause, please ask the maintainer to look at this web page, and "
+"consider making the change."
+msgstr ""
+"Wanneer je dus ziet dat je favoriete pakket nog steeds de BSD-licentie "
+"gebruikt met de advertentie-clausule, spreek dan de persoon aan die het "
+"onderhoudt en probeer haar te overtuigen de clausule te laten vallen."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "And if you want to release a program as non-copylefted free software, "
-#| "please don't use the advertising clause. Instead of copying the BSD "
-#| "license from some released package--which might still have the old "
-#| "version of the license in it--please copy the license from X11."
-msgid "And if you want to release a program as non-copylefted free software,
please don't use the advertising clause. Thus, instead of copying the BSD
license from some released package—which might still have the old version
of the license in it—please use one of the other permissive licenses,
such as Expat or FreeBSD."
-msgstr "En wanneer je overweegt een programma uit te brengen als
niet-auteursplichtige vrije software, gebruik dan alsjeblieft niet de
advertentie-clausule. In plaats van het kopiëren van de BSD-licentie van
een pakket—die de oude versie van de licentie nog kan
hebben—kopiëer in plaats daarvan alsjeblieft een vrijere licentie
zoals Expat of FreeBSD."
-
-# | You can also help spread awareness of the issue by not using the term
-# | [-``BSD-style'',-] {+“BSD-style”,+} and not saying [-``the-]
-# | {+“the+} BSD [-license''-] {+license”+} which implies there is
-# | only one. You see, when people refer to all non-copyleft free software
-# | licenses as [-``BSD-style licenses'',-] {+“BSD-style
-# | licenses”,+} some new free software developer who wants to use a
-# | non-copyleft free software license might take for granted that the place
-# | to get it is from BSD. He or she might copy the license with the
-# | advertising clause, not by specific intention, just by chance.
+msgid ""
+"And if you want to release a program as non-copylefted free software, please "
+"don't use the advertising clause. Thus, instead of copying the BSD license "
+"from some released package—which might still have the old version of "
+"the license in it—please use one of the other permissive licenses, "
+"such as Expat or FreeBSD."
+msgstr ""
+"En wanneer je overweegt een programma uit te brengen als niet-"
+"auteursplichtige vrije software, gebruik dan alsjeblieft niet de advertentie-"
+"clausule. In plaats van het kopiëren van de BSD-licentie van een "
+"pakket—die de oude versie van de licentie nog kan hebben—"
+"kopiëer in plaats daarvan alsjeblieft een vrijere licentie zoals Expat "
+"of FreeBSD."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You can also help spread awareness of the issue by not using the term "
-#| "``BSD-style'', and not saying ``the BSD license'' which implies there is "
-#| "only one. You see, when people refer to all non-copyleft free software "
-#| "licenses as ``BSD-style licenses'', some new free software developer who "
-#| "wants to use a non-copyleft free software license might take for granted "
-#| "that the place to get it is from BSD. He or she might copy the license "
-#| "with the advertising clause, not by specific intention, just by chance."
-msgid "You can also help spread awareness of the issue by not using the term
“BSD-style”, and not saying “the BSD license” which
implies there is only one. You see, when people refer to all non-copyleft free
software licenses as “BSD-style licenses”, some new free software
developer who wants to use a non-copyleft free software license might take for
granted that the place to get it is from BSD. He or she might copy the license
with the advertising clause, not by specific intention, just by chance."
-msgstr "Je kunt zelf je steentje bijdragen door niet de uitdrukking
“BSD-achtig ” of “de BSD licentie” te gebruiken, die
suggereert dat er slechts één licentie is. Want wanneer je
verwijst naar alle niet-auteursplichtige vrije software licenties als
“BSD-achtig” dan zouden nieuwe ontwikkelaars van vrije software wel
eens aan kunnen nemen dat dé plaats om een dergelijke licentie te halen,
bij BSD is. Hij of zij zou daardoor wel eens de licentie met de
advertentie-clausule kunnen gebruiken. Niet expres, maar toevallig."
+msgid ""
+"You can also help spread awareness of the issue by not using the term “"
+"BSD-style”, and not saying “the BSD license” which implies "
+"there is only one. You see, when people refer to all non-copyleft free "
+"software licenses as “BSD-style licenses”, some new free "
+"software developer who wants to use a non-copyleft free software license "
+"might take for granted that the place to get it is from BSD. He or she "
+"might copy the license with the advertising clause, not by specific "
+"intention, just by chance."
+msgstr ""
+"Je kunt zelf je steentje bijdragen door niet de uitdrukking “BSD-"
+"achtig ” of “de BSD licentie” te gebruiken, die suggereert "
+"dat er slechts één licentie is. Want wanneer je verwijst naar "
+"alle niet-auteursplichtige vrije software licenties als “BSD-"
+"achtig” dan zouden nieuwe ontwikkelaars van vrije software wel eens "
+"aan kunnen nemen dat dé plaats om een dergelijke licentie te halen, "
+"bij BSD is. Hij of zij zou daardoor wel eens de licentie met de advertentie-"
+"clausule kunnen gebruiken. Niet expres, maar toevallig."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
# | If you would like to cite one specific example of a non-copyleft license,
# | and you have no particular preference, please pick an example which has no
-# | particular problem. For instance, if you talk about [-``X11-style
-# | licenses'',-] {+“X11-style licenses”,+} you will encourage
-# | people to copy the license from X11, which avoids the advertising clause
-# | for certain, rather than take a risk by randomly cho{+o+}sing one of the
-# | two BSD licenses.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+# | particular problem. For instance, if you talk about “X11-style
+# | licenses”, you will encourage people to copy the license from X11,
+# | which avoids the advertising clause for certain, rather than take a risk
+# | by randomly choosing one of the [-two-] BSD licenses.
+#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "If you would like to cite one specific example of a non-copyleft license, "
#| "and you have no particular preference, please pick an example which has "
-#| "no particular problem. For instance, if you talk about ``X11-style "
-#| "licenses'', you will encourage people to copy the license from X11, which "
-#| "avoids the advertising clause for certain, rather than take a risk by "
-#| "randomly chosing one of the two BSD licenses."
-msgid "If you would like to cite one specific example of a non-copyleft
license, and you have no particular preference, please pick an example which
has no particular problem. For instance, if you talk about “X11-style
licenses”, you will encourage people to copy the license from X11, which
avoids the advertising clause for certain, rather than take a risk by randomly
choosing one of the two BSD licenses."
-msgstr "Wanneer je een voorbeeld wilt noemen van een niet-auteursplichtige
licentie en je hebt geen specifieke voorkeur, neem dat alsjeblieft een
voorbeeld zonder problemen. Wanneer je het bijvoorbeeld hebt over
“X11-achtige licenties ”, zul je mensen er toe aan zetten de
licentie van X11 te gebruiken, die zeker geen advertentie-clausule bevat, in
plaats van het risico te lopen dat ze kiezen uit willekeurig welke
BSD-licentie."
-
-# | When you want to refer specifically to one of the BSD licenses, please
-# | always state which one: the [-``original-] {+“original+} BSD
-# | [-license''-] {+license”+} or the [-``revised-] {+“revised+}
-# | BSD [-license''.-] {+license”.+}
+#| "no particular problem. For instance, if you talk about “X11-style "
+#| "licenses”, you will encourage people to copy the license from X11, "
+#| "which avoids the advertising clause for certain, rather than take a risk "
+#| "by randomly choosing one of the two BSD licenses."
+msgid ""
+"If you would like to cite one specific example of a non-copyleft license, "
+"and you have no particular preference, please pick an example which has no "
+"particular problem. For instance, if you talk about “X11-style "
+"licenses”, you will encourage people to copy the license from X11, "
+"which avoids the advertising clause for certain, rather than take a risk by "
+"randomly choosing one of the BSD licenses."
+msgstr ""
+"Wanneer je een voorbeeld wilt noemen van een niet-auteursplichtige licentie "
+"en je hebt geen specifieke voorkeur, neem dat alsjeblieft een voorbeeld "
+"zonder problemen. Wanneer je het bijvoorbeeld hebt over “X11-achtige "
+"licenties ”, zul je mensen er toe aan zetten de licentie van X11 te "
+"gebruiken, die zeker geen advertentie-clausule bevat, in plaats van het "
+"risico te lopen dat ze kiezen uit willekeurig welke BSD-licentie."
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "When you want to refer specifically to one of the BSD licenses, please "
-#| "always state which one: the ``original BSD license'' or the ``revised BSD "
-#| "license''."
-msgid "When you want to refer specifically to one of the BSD licenses, please
always state which one: the “original BSD license” or the
“revised BSD license”."
-msgstr "Als je dan wilt verwijzen naar één van de BSD licenties,
wees dan specifiek: de “originele BSD licentie” of de
“aangepaste BSD licentie”."
+msgid ""
+"Or you could mention the non-copyleft license which <a href=\"/licenses/"
+"license-recommendations.html\"> we recommend over the other non-copyleft "
+"licenses</a>: the Apache 2.0 license, which has a clause to prevent patent "
+"treachery."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When you want to refer specifically to one of the BSD licenses, please "
+"always state which one: the “original BSD license” or the “"
+"revised BSD license”."
+msgstr ""
+"Als je dan wilt verwijzen naar één van de BSD licenties, wees "
+"dan specifiek: de “originele BSD licentie” of de “"
+"aangepaste BSD licentie”."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
@@ -288,41 +298,56 @@
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgstr "Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a
href=\"/contact/\">andere manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a href=\"/contact/\">andere "
+"manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
-msgstr "Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of
suggesties) te sturen aan: <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of "
+"suggesties) te sturen aan: <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>."
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
-#| "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
-#| "translations of this article."
-msgid "Please see the <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "Zie <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a>
voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit artikel."
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Zie <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations "
+"README</a> voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit "
+"artikel."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © [-2011-] {+1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007+} Free Software
-# | Foundation, Inc.{+,+}
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
-msgid "Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.,"
-msgstr "Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
# type: Content of: <div><address>
-# | 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA [-02110-1301,-] {+02110,+} USA
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
-#| msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA"
msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Licentie</a>."
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.";
+"org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 "
+"United States Licentie</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
@@ -334,4 +359,3 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Bijgewerkt:"
-
Index: po/copyright-versus-community.pl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- po/copyright-versus-community.pl.po 8 Aug 2012 16:55:46 -0000 1.7
+++ po/copyright-versus-community.pl.po 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000 1.8
@@ -402,9 +402,9 @@
msgstr ""
"W Åwiecie starożytnym nie byÅo czegoÅ takiego jak prawo autorskie. "
"JeÅli mieliÅcie kopiÄ i chcieliÅcie wykonaÄ kolejnÄ
, nikt nie
mówiŠ"
-"wam, że nie macie prawa – chyba, że lokalnemu wÅadcy
nie "
-"podobaÅo siÄ to, co zawieraÅa ksiÄ
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-"powielanie. Ale to nie prawo autorskie, lecz coÅ blisko "
+"wam, że nie macie prawa – chyba, że lokalnemu wÅadcy "
+"nie podobaÅo siÄ to, co zawieraÅa ksiÄ
żka, wtedy mógÅ on was ukaraÄ
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+"jej powielanie. Ale to nie prawo autorskie, lecz coÅ blisko "
"spokrewnionego, mianowicie cenzura. Do dnia dzisiejszego, prawo "
"autorskie jest czÄsto stosowane przy próbach nakÅadania na ludzi "
"cenzury."
Index: po/copyright-versus-community.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- po/copyright-versus-community.translist 11 Mar 2012 11:50:06 -0000
1.4
+++ po/copyright-versus-community.translist 9 Aug 2012 00:27:12 -0000
1.5
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
Index: po/public-domain-manifesto.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/public-domain-manifesto.ru.po 8 Aug 2012 13:49:50 -0000 1.1
+++ po/public-domain-manifesto.ru.po 9 Aug 2012 00:27:12 -0000 1.2
@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: public-domain-manifesto.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:30-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-06-10 04:29-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-04-06 17:17+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
+"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto"
@@ -34,12 +35,11 @@
"power, so I wish I could support it. However, it falls far short of what is "
"needed."
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ "
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опÑбликованнÑÑ
пÑоизведений. "
-"ÐÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ñакже, пожалÑйÑÑа, к <a "
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-"нам боÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
огÑаниÑениÑми, где Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ни "
-"наÑли."
+"ÐÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ñакже, пожалÑйÑÑа, к <a
href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org";
+"\"> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> и помогиÑе нам боÑоÑÑÑÑ
пÑоÑив ÑиÑÑового "
+"ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми, где Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ñ
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наÑли."
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"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
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href=\"/contact/"
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"translations of this article."
msgstr ""
-"Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и пÑедложениÑм
пеÑеводов ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи Ñм. в <a href="
-"\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве
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+"ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм
и каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ "
+"возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
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+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
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+"\"><address@hidden></a>. </p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
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# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman"
msgstr ""
-"Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman</p><p>"
-"Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
+"Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman</p><p>Copyright © 2012 Free "
+"Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
@@ -263,10 +260,10 @@
"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a> or send a letter to Creative "
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msgstr ""
-"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\" "
-"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru\";>лиÑензии
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+"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\"
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+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru\">лиÑензии Creative
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+"Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ — Ðез
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
@@ -278,7 +275,6 @@
"найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
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msgid "Updated:"
Index: po/public-domain-manifesto.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- po/public-domain-manifesto.translist 11 Mar 2012 11:49:57 -0000
1.5
+++ po/public-domain-manifesto.translist 9 Aug 2012 00:27:12 -0000
1.6
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
Index: copyright-versus-community.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: copyright-versus-community.pl.html
diff -N copyright-versus-community.pl.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ copyright-versus-community.pl.html 9 Aug 2012 00:26:54 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1085 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Prawo autorskie kontra spoÅecznoÅÄ w Erze Sieci Komputerowych -
Projekt
+GNU - Fundacja Wolnego Oprogramowania (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist" -->
+<h2>Prawo autorskie kontra spoÅecznoÅÄ w Erze Sieci Komputerowych</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>Zapiszcie siÄ
+na naszÄ
listÄ mailowÄ
o zagrożeniach ebookami</a>.</div>
+
+<p><b>Przemówienie inauguracyjne na konferencji LIANZA [Library and
+Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa - Stowarzyszenie
+bibliotekarzy i pracowników informacyjnych Nowej Zelandii]
+w Christchurch Convention Centre, 12 października 2009</b></p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa [Witamy, witamy, witamy was
+wszystkich]. Dzisiaj mam zaszczyt przedstawiÄ Richarda Stallmana, którego
+przemowa inauguracyjna sponsorowana jest przez SzkoÅÄ ZarzÄ
dzania
InformacjÄ
+Uniwersytetu Wiktorii w Wellington.</p>
+
+<p>Richard przez przeszÅo 25 lat pracowaÅ na rzecz promocji wolnoÅci
+oprogramowania. W roku 1983 rozpoczÄ
Å Projekt GNU majÄ
cy na celu
+stworzenie wolnego systemu operacyjnego [systemu GNU], a w 1985
+utworzyÅ FundacjÄ Wolnego Oprogramowania. Za każdym razem gdy czytacie
+lub wysyÅacie wiadomoÅÄ do nz-libs, używacie programu Mailman,
+który jest czÄÅciÄ
Projektu GNU. WiÄc czy zdajecie sobie z tego
+sprawÄ, czy nie, praca Richarda miaÅa wpÅyw na życie was
+wszystkich.</p>
+
+<p>LubiÄ go opisywaÄ jako najbardziej wpÅywowÄ
osobÄ, o której
wiÄkszoÅÄ ludzi
+nigdy nie sÅyszaÅa, chociaż on sam mówi mi, że to nie może byÄ
prawdÄ
+ponieważ nie może zostaÄ sprawdzone.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Nie wiemy tego.</dd>
+
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>OdparÅem, że i tak to lubiÄ. Jego pomysÅy dotyczÄ
ce wolnoÅci
+oprogramowania i swobodnego dostÄpu do informacji zostaÅy
+wykorzystane przez Tima Bernersa-Lee kiedy tworzyÅ pierwszy na Åwiecie
+serwer sieciowy, a w 1999 jego rozważania na temat wolnej
+internetowej encyklopedii zainspirowaÅy Jimmiego Walesa do stworzenia
+tego co obecnie jest WikipediÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>Dzisiaj Richard bÄdzie mówiÅ na temat prawa autorskiego
w opozycji
+do spoÅecznoÅci w erze sieci komputerowych
+oraz konsekwencjach dla bibliotek. Richard.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>ByÅem w Nowej Zelandii kilka tygodni, i na PóÅnocnej
Wyspie przez
+wiÄkszoÅÄ czasu padaÅo. Teraz już wiem dlaczego kalosze nazywa siÄ
+„Wellingtonami”. I wtedy zobaczyÅem kogoÅ, kto robiÅ
+krzesÅa i stoÅy z drewna ponga, i nazywaÅ je meblami. Potem
+wsiedliÅmy na prom, żeby tu dotrzeÄ, a kiedy tylko zeszliÅmy
+z pokÅadu, ludzie zaczÄli szydziÄ i obrażaÄ nas; ale nie
+czuliÅmy urazy, oni po prostu chcieli daÄ nam poczuÄ jak jest
+w Picton.</p>
+
+<p>Powodem dla którego ludzie zazwyczaj zapraszajÄ
mnie bym dawaÅ przemowy
jest
+moja praca nad wolnym oprogramowaniem. To nie jest przemowa
+na temat wolnego oprogramowania; ta przemowa odpowiada na pytanie
+czy idee wolnego oprogramowania rozciÄ
gajÄ
siÄ na inne rodzaje
+dzieÅ. Ale żeby to miaÅo sens, lepiej bÄdzie jeÅli krótko opowiem
wam
+co znaczy wolne oprogramowanie.</p>
+
+<p>Wolne oprogramowanie jest kwestiÄ
wolnoÅci, nie ceny, wiÄc myÅlcie
o
+„wolnoÅci sÅowa”, a nie o „darmowym
+piwie”. Wolne oprogramowanie to oprogramowanie, które szanuje wolnoÅÄ
+użytkownika, a istniejÄ
cztery specyficzne wolnoÅci, które zawsze
+należÄ
siÄ użytkownikowi.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>WolnoÅÄ 0 to wolnoÅÄ do uruchamiania programu w sposób jaki
+chcecie.</li>
+
+<li>WolnoÅÄ 1 to wolnoÅÄ do analizowania kodu źródÅowego programu
+i zmieniania go tak by robiÅ to co chcecie.</li>
+
+<li>WolnoÅÄ 2 to wolnoÅÄ do pomagania innym ludziom; oznacza to,
wolnoÅÄ
+do rozpowszechniania kopii programu, wiernych kopi kiedy chcecie.</li>
+
+<li>I WolnoÅÄ 3, to jest wolnoÅÄ do wspomagania waszych
+spoÅecznoÅci. WolnoÅÄ do publikowania zmodyfikowanych przez was wersji
+kiedy tego chcecie.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>JeÅli program daje wam te cztery wolnoÅci, to jest to wolne
oprogramowanie,
+co oznacza, że spoÅeczny system jego redystrybucji i użycia jest
+systemem etycznym, takim który szanuje wolnoÅÄ użytkownika
i spoÅecznÄ
+solidarnoÅÄ jego wspólnoty. Ale jeÅli jednej z tych wolnoÅci
+brakuje, lub jest niewystarczajÄ
ca, to jest to oprogramowanie
+wÅasnoÅciowe, niewolne, nakÅadajÄ
ce jarzmo na użytkownika. Jest to
+nieetyczne. Nie stanowi wkÅadu do wspólnoty, jest zagarnianiem
+wÅadzy. Ta nieetyczna praktyka nie powinna mieÄ miejsca; celem ruchu wolnego
+oprogramowania jest poÅożenie jej kresu. CaÅe oprogramowanie powinno byÄ
+wolne, żeby wszyscy użytkownicy mogli byÄ wolni.</p>
+
+<p>Oprogramowanie wÅasnoÅciowe utrzymuje użytkowników podzielonych
+i bezbronnych: podzielonych, ponieważ nie wolno im siÄ nim dzieliÄ
+i bezbronnych, ponieważ nie majÄ
c kodu źródÅowego nie mogÄ
go
+zmieniÄ. Nie mogÄ
go nawet przeanalizowaÄ, by sprawdziÄ, co tak
+na prawdÄ robi, a wiele programów wÅasnoÅciowych ma zÅoÅliwe
+funkcje, które szpiegujÄ
użytkownika, ograniczajÄ
go, a nawet
+umożliwiajÄ
ataki na niego.</p>
+
+<p>Na przykÅad Microsoft Windows posiada back door (tylne drzwi),
+za pomocÄ
których Microsoft może wymusiÄ instalacjÄ zmian
+w oprogramowaniu, bez uzyskania zgody rzekomego wÅaÅciciela
+komputera. Może wam siÄ wydawaÄ, że to wasz komputer, ale jeÅli
+popeÅniliÅcie bÅÄ
d uruchamiajÄ
c na nim Windows, to tak
na prawdÄ
+Microsoft staÅ siÄ posiadaczem waszego komputera. Komputery powinny podlegaÄ
+defenestracji, co znaczy albo wyrzuÄcie Windows z waszego
+komputera, albo wyrzuÄcie komputer przez okno (gra sÅów, windows
+– okna).</p>
+
+<p>Ale każde oprogramowanie wÅasnoÅciowe daje jego twórcy
+nieusprawiedliwionÄ
wÅadzÄ nad użytkownikami. Niektórzy twórcy
+nadużywajÄ
tej wÅadzy bardziej, inni mniej, ale żaden nie powinien jej
+posiadaÄ. ZasÅugujecie na to by mieÄ kontrolÄ nad waszym
+komputerem, a nie byÄ siÅÄ
uzależniani od okreÅlonej
+firmy. A wiÄc zasÅugujecie na wolne oprogramowanie.</p>
+
+<p>Na koÅcu wykÅadów na temat wolnego oprogramowania, ludzie
czasami
+pytajÄ
czy te same wolnoÅci i idee odnoszÄ
siÄ również
+do innych rzeczy. JeÅli macie na waszym komputerze kopiÄ
+opublikowanej pracy, to nabiera sensu pytanie o to, czy powinniÅcie
+mieÄ te same cztery wolnoÅci—czy ze wzglÄdu etycznego ich posiadanie
+jest niezbÄdne czy też nie. I to wÅaÅnie jest pytanie,
+na które postaram siÄ dzisiaj odpowiedzieÄ.</p>
+
+<p>JeÅli posiadacie kopiÄ czegoÅ co nie jest oprogramowaniem, to
+w zasadzie jedynÄ
rzeczÄ
, która może pozbawiÄ was którejkolwiek
+z tych wolnoÅci jest prawo autorskie. Z oprogramowaniem jest
+inaczej. GÅównymi metodami tworzenia niewolnego oprogramowania sÄ
kontrakty
+i ukrywanie kodu źródÅowego przed użytkownikami. Prawo autorskie jest
+rodzajem drugorzÄdnego, dodatkowego sposobu. W przypadku innych rzeczy
+nie obowiÄ
zuje rozróżnienie na kod źródÅowy i kod
wykonywalny.</p>
+
+<p>Na przykÅad, jeÅli mówimy o tekÅcie, to jeÅli tylko możecie go
zobaczyÄ
+i przeczytaÄ, nie ma w nim niczego do ukrycia. WiÄc nie
+jest to problem tego samego rodzaju co
+z oprogramowaniem. W zasadzie jedynie prawo autorskie może wam
+odmówiÄ tych wolnoÅci.</p>
+
+<p>WiÄc pytanie może zostaÄ przeformuÅowane: „Na co powinno wam
+zezwalaÄ prawo autorskie w stosunku do opublikowanych prac? Co
+powinno byÄ w nim zawarte?”</p>
+
+<p>Prawo autorskie rozwijaÅo siÄ równoczeÅnie z technologiÄ
powielania,
+zatem warto jest przeÅledziÄ historiÄ tej technologii. Tworzenie kopii
+miaÅo swój poczÄ
tek w Åwiecie starożytnym, gdzie używano narzÄdzi
+pisarskich na powierzchni do zapisania. CzytaÅo siÄ jednÄ
kopiÄ
+i pisaÅo kolejnÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>Ta technologia byÅa raczej maÅo wydajna, ale innÄ
interesujÄ
cÄ
jej
+wÅasnoÅciÄ
byÅo to, że nie miaÅa ekonomii skali. Napisanie
dziesiÄciu
+kopii zajmowaÅo dziesiÄÄ razy wiÄcej czasu niż napisanie jednej. Nie
+wymagaÅo żadnego specjalnego wyposażenie, poza tym do pisania, tak samo
+jak nie byÅy wymagane żadne specjalne umiejÄtnoÅci, poza czytaniem
+i pisaniem. W rezultacie kopie konkretnej ksiÄ
żki tworzone byÅy
+w sposób zdecentralizowany. Gdziekolwiek znajdowaÅa siÄ kopia
+i ktoÅ chciaÅ jÄ
powieliÄ, mógÅ to zrobiÄ.</p>
+
+<p>W Åwiecie starożytnym nie byÅo czegoÅ takiego jak prawo
+autorskie. JeÅli mieliÅcie kopiÄ i chcieliÅcie wykonaÄ kolejnÄ
, nikt
+nie mówiÅ wam, że nie macie prawa – chyba,
że lokalnemu
+wÅadcy nie podobaÅo siÄ to, co zawieraÅa ksiÄ
żka, wtedy mógŠon was
ukaraÄ
+za jej powielanie. Ale to nie prawo autorskie, lecz coÅ
+blisko spokrewnionego, mianowicie cenzura. Do dnia dzisiejszego,
+prawo autorskie jest czÄsto stosowane przy próbach nakÅadania na ludzi
+cenzury.</p>
+
+<p>DziaÅo siÄ tak przez tysiÄ
ce lat, lecz w pewnym momencie nastÄ
piÅ
+olbrzymi postÄp w technologii powielania, a konkretnie wynaleziono
+prasÄ drukarskÄ
. Prasa drukarska sprawiÅa, że powielanie staÅo siÄ o
+wiele wydajniejsze, lecz nie jednolicie. Masowa produkcja ksiÄ
żek staÅa
+siÄ o wiele wydajniejsza, ale tworzenie pojedynczych kopii wcale nie
+skorzystaÅo na wprowadzeniu prasy drukarskiej. WrÄcz przeciwnie,
+szybciej byÅo przepisaÄ ksiÄ
żkÄ rÄcznie, niż próbowaÄ wydrukowaÄ
pojedynczÄ
+kopiÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Prasa drukarska posiadaÅa ekonomiÄ skali: ustawienie czcionek zajmowaÅo
+sporo czasu, lecz potem możecie bardzo szybko wykonaÄ wiele kopii. Poza
+tym prasa drukarska i czcionki byÅy drogim wyposażeniem, którego
+wiÄkszoÅÄ ludzi nie posiadaÅa, co wiÄcej, wiÄkszoÅÄ ludzi potrafiÄ
cych
+czytaÄ i pisaÄ nie umiaÅo ich używaÄ. Używanie prasy byÅo czymÅ
innym
+od pisania. Rezultatem byÅo scentralizowanie powielania: kopie
+konkretnej ksiÄ
żki wykonywane byÅy tylko w kilku miejscach,
+a potem transportowane gdziekolwiek ktoÅ chciaÅ je nabyÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Prawo autorskie miaÅo swój poczÄ
tek w epoce prasy drukarskiej. Prawo
+autorskie w Anglii miaÅo swój poczÄ
tek jako system cenzury w XVI
+wieku. Wydaje mi siÄ, że poczÄ
tkowo miaÅo ono sÅużyÄ cenzurowaniu
+protestantów, lecz obróciÅo siÄ w cenzurÄ katolików
+i przypuszczalnie wielu innych. Zgodnie z tym prawem, żeby
+opublikowaÄ ksiÄ
żkÄ musieliÅcie dostaÄ pozwolenie od Korony,
a owo
+pozwolenie byÅo udzielane w formie wieczystego monopolu na jej
+publikacjÄ. Wydaje mi siÄ, że to siÄ skoÅczyÅo w latach
1680-tych
+[wedÅug wpisu na Wikipedii wygasÅo w 1695]. Wydawcy chcieli to
+z powrotem, lecz to co dostali byÅo zgoÅa czymÅ innym. Statut Anny
+przyznawaÅ autorom prawo autorskie, ale tylko na 14 lat,
+choÄ mogli oni odnowiÄ je jednokrotnie.</p>
+
+<p>To byÅ zupeÅnie inny pomysÅ – tymczasowy monopol dla autora,
+zamiast wieczystego monopolu dla wydawcy. Ta idea rozwinÄÅa przekonanie,
+że prawo autorskie byÅo sposobem na promocjÄ pisarstwa.</p>
+
+<p>Kiedy pisano konstytucjÄ Stanów Zjednoczonych, niektórzy ludzie chcieli
+przyznaÄ autorom prawo autorskie, lecz propozycjÄ
+odrzucono. W zamian, Konstytucja Stanów Zjednoczonych mówi,
+że Kongres może opcjonalnie przyjÄ
Ä prawo autorskie, a jeÅli je
+przyjmie, to jego celem ma byÄ promocja postÄpu. Innymi sÅowy, jego celem
+nie jest przynoszenie zysków posiadaczom prawa autorskiego, czy komuÅ
+z kim robiÄ
interesy, lecz ogóÅowi spoÅeczeÅstwa. Prawo
autorskie
+musi trwaÄ przez ograniczony czas; wydawcy wciÄ
ż majÄ
nadziejÄ, że o
+tym zapomnimy.</p>
+
+<p>Mamy tu ideÄ prawa autorskiego, które stanowi regulacjÄ przemysÅu
nakÅadanÄ
+na wydawców, kontrolowanÄ
przez autorów i pomyÅlanÄ
tak, by
+przynosiÄ korzyÅci spoÅeczeÅstwa w caÅoÅci. FunkcjonowaÅo
w ten
+sposób ponieważ nie nakÅadaÅa ograniczeÅ na czytelników.</p>
+
+<p>We wczesnych wiekach drukarstwa i, jak mi siÄ wydaje, jeszcze w latach
+1790-tych, wielu czytelników rÄcznie sporzÄ
dzaÅo kopie, ponieważ nie
+staÄ ich byÅo na wersje drukowane. Nikt nie przypuszczaÅ,
że prawo
+autorskie stanie siÄ czymÅ innym niż regulacja przymysÅu. Nie miaÅo ono
+powstrzymywaÄ ludzi przed kopiowaniem ksiÄ
żek, miaÅo obowiÄ
zywaÄ
+wydawców. Z tego powodu byÅo Åatwe do wyegzekwowania,
+niekontrowersyjne i przypuszczalnie korzystne dla spoÅeczeÅstwa.</p>
+
+<p>ByÅo Åatwe do wyegzekwowana, ponieważ dotyczyÅo wyÅÄ
cznie
+wydawców. A Åatwo jest znaleÅºÄ nieautoryzowanych wydawców
+ksiÄ
żki – idziecie do sklepu i pytacie „skÄ
d
+pochodzÄ
te kopie?”. Nie musicie przeszukiwaÄ wszystkich domów
+i wszystkich komputerów, żeby to zrobiÄ.</p>
+
+<p>ByÅo niekontrowersyjne, bo skoro czytelnicy nie podlegali
+ograniczeniom, to nie mieli na co narzekaÄ. Teoretycznie nie wolno im
+byÅo publikowaÄ, ale nie bÄdÄ
c wydawcami i nie posiadajÄ
c prasy
+drukarskiej i tak nie mogli tego robiÄ. A to co faktycznie mogli
+robiÄ, nie byÅo ograniczane.</p>
+
+<p>Przypuszczalnie byÅo korzystne, ponieważ wedÅug idei prawa
autorskiego,
+ogóŠspoÅeczeÅstwa oddawaÅ teoretyczne prawo, którego i tak nie byÅ
+w stanie wykorzystaÄ. W zamian otrzymywaÅ korzyÅÄ w postaci
+wiÄkszej iloÅci pisania.</p>
+
+<p>A teraz, jeÅli oddajesz coÅ z czego nie masz pożytku, a w
+zamian otrzymujesz coÅ przydatnego, to jest to pozytywna wymiana. To
+czy umowa mogÅa byÄ zawarta na lepszych warunkach jest osobnÄ
+kwestiÄ
, ale przynajmniej jest czymÅ pozytywnym.</p>
+
+<p>Zatem nie sÄ
dzÄ bym w epoce prasy drukarskiej narzekaÅ
+na prawo autorskie. Lecz epoka prasy drukarskiej stopniowo oddaje
+pola epoce sieci komputerowych – kolejnemu postÄpowi
+w technologii powielania, które sprawia, że kopiowanie jest
+bardziej wydajne, i po raz kolejny nie dzieje siÄ to w sposób
+jednorodny.</p>
+
+<p>Oto co mieliÅmy w epoce prasy drukarskiej: bardzo wydajna produkcja
+masowa, ale tworzenie pojedynczych kopii wciÄ
ż tak powolne jak
+w Åwiecie starożytnym. Technologia cyfrowa sprowadza nas tutaj: obie
+formy powielania skorzystaÅy, lecz jednorazowe kopiowanie skorzystaÅo
+najbardziej.</p>
+
+<p>Docieramy do sytuacji podobnej jak w Åwiecie starożytnym, gdzie
+sporzÄ
dzanie pojedynczej kopii nie jest o wiele gorsze [tzn. trudniejsze],
+niż produkcja masowa. Jest nieco mniej wydajne, trochÄ mniej dobre,
+ale jest tak tanie, że setki milionów ludzi to robi. Zastanów siÄ
+ilu ludzi od czasu do czasu nagrywa pÅyty CD, nawet
+w biednych krajach. Możesz nie posiadaÄ wÅasnej nagrywarki CD,
+ale możesz pójÅÄ do sklepu gdzie możesz nagraÄ pÅytÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Oznacza to, że prawo autorskie przestaÅo pasowaÄ do używanej
+technologii w stopniu w jakim pasowaÅo dotychczas. Nawet jeÅli
+zapisy prawa autorskiego nie ulegÅyby zmianie, to nie miaÅyby już tego
+samego efektu. Zamiast regulacji przemysÅowych dotyczÄ
cych wydawców,
+kontrolowanych przez autorów, która przynosi korzyÅci ogóÅowi, jest teraz
+ograniczeniem naÅożonym na caÅy ogóÅ, kontrolowanym przez wydawców,
+w imieniu autorów.</p>
+
+<p>Innymi sÅowy, to tyrania. Jest to nie do zaakceptowania i nie
+możemy pozwoliÄ by byÅo tak dalej.</p>
+
+<p>W rezultacie tej zmiany [prawo autorskie] nie jest już Åatwe
+w egzekwowaniu, nie jest już niekontrowersyjne, i nie przynosi już
+korzyÅci.</p>
+
+<p>Nie jest już Åatwe w egzekwowaniu, ponieważ teraz wydawcy chcÄ
+narzuciÄ je na każdÄ
jednÄ
osobÄ, a zrobienie tego wymaga
+okrutnych Årodków, drakoÅskich kar, inwazji na prywatnoÅÄ,
pogwaÅcenia
+naszych podstawowych ideaÅów prawnych. Praktycznie nie ma ograniczeÅ
+w tym, jak daleko zaproponujÄ
siÄ posunÄ
Ä w Wojnie przeciwko
+dzieleniu siÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Nie jest już niekontrowersyjne. W niektórych krajach istniejÄ
już
+partie polityczne, których podstawÄ
jest „wolnoÅÄ dzielenia
+siÄ”.</p>
+
+<p>Nie jest już korzystne, ponieważ swobody, które konceptualnie
oddaliÅmy
+(ponieważ nie mogliÅmy ich wykorzystaÄ), teraz sÄ
możliwe
+do wykorzystania. SÄ
niezmiernie użyteczne, i chcemy z nich
+korzystaÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Co zrobiÅby demokratyczny rzÄ
d w tej sytuacji?</p>
+
+<p>OgraniczyÅby moc prawa autorskiego. PowiedziaÅby: „Umowa, którÄ
+zawarliÅmy w imieniu naszych obywateli, oddajÄ
c czÄÅÄ z ich
+wolnoÅci, których teraz potrzebujÄ
, jest nie do zaakceptowania. Musimy
+to zmieniÄ; nie możemy oddawaÄ wolnoÅci, które sÄ
ważne.” Możemy
+zmierzyÄ poziom choroby demokracji poprzez tendencjÄ rzÄ
dów
+na caÅym Åwiecie do robienia czegoÅ zupeÅnie przeciwnego,
+rozszerzania mocy prawa autorskiego, gdy powinny jÄ
ograniczaÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Jeden przykÅad odnosi siÄ do wymiaru czasu. Na caÅym Åwiecie
+obserwujemy nacisk na to, by prawa autorskie obowiÄ
zywaÅy dÅużej,
+i dÅużej, i dÅużej.</p>
+
+<p>Fala tego zjawiska zaczÄÅa siÄ w Stanach Zjednoczonych
+w 1998. Czas obowiÄ
zywania prawa autorskiego wydÅużono o 20 lat
zarówno
+na dzieÅa istniejÄ
ce jak i przyszÅe. Nie rozumiem jak majÄ
+nadziejÄ za pomocÄ
wydÅużenia czasu obowiÄ
zywania prawa autorskiego
+przekonaÄ nieżyjÄ
cych już lub podstarzaÅych pisarzy z lat
+dwudziestych i trzydziestych do wiÄkszej aktywnoÅci twórczej
+w tamtych czasach. JeÅli majÄ
wehikuÅ czasu za pomocÄ
którego
+zamierzajÄ
im to zakomunikowaÄ, to go nie użyli. Nasze podrÄczniki historii
+nie mówiÄ
nic o nagÅym wybuchu zapaÅu twórczego w latach
dwudziestych,
+kiedy to artyÅci dowiedzieli siÄ, że ich prawa autorskie zostanÄ
+wydÅużone w roku 1998.</p>
+
+<p>Jest teoretycznie możliwe, że dwadzieÅcia lat wiÄcej trwania prawa
+autorskiego na przyszÅe dzieÅa przekonaÅoby ludzi do wÅożenia
+wiÄkszego wysiÅku w tworzenie tych dzieÅ. Ale nikogo racjonalnego,
+ponieważ zdyskontowana wartoÅÄ bieżÄ
ca dodatkowych dwudziestu lat
+trwania prawa autorskiego, liczÄ
c od 75 lat
+w przyszÅoÅci – jeÅli jest to praca wykonana
+na zlecenie – a prawdopodobnie nawet dÅużej, jeÅli jest
+to dzieÅo indywidualnego posiadacza praw autorskich, jest tak niewielka,
+że nie przekonaÅby żadnej racjonalnej osoby do zrobienia
+czegokolwiek inaczej. Każdy biznes, który chce twierdziÄ inaczej powinien
+przedstawiÄ swój zakÅadany plan wydatkowy na kolejne 75 lat, czego
+oczywiÅcie zrobiÄ nie może, ponieważ żaden z nich nie patrzy tak
+daleko naprzód.</p>
+
+<p>Prawdziwym powodem powstania tego prawa, pożÄ
daniem, które skÅoniÅo
różne
+przedsiÄbiorstwa do przekupstwa tego prawa w Kongresie Stanów
+Zjednoczonych, bo tak siÄ zwykle decyduje o prawach, byÅo to,
+że posiadaÅy one lukratywne monopole i chciaÅy, by te monopole
+trwaÅy.</p>
+
+<p>Dla przykÅadu, Disney miaÅ ÅwiadomoÅÄ, że pierwszy film
w którym
+pojawiÅa siÄ Myszka Mickey w ciÄ
gu kilku lat przejdzie do domeny
+publicznej, a wtedy każdy bÄdzie mógÅ bez przeszkód rysowaÄ tÄ
+postaÄ jako czÄÅÄ innych dzieÅ. Disney nie chciaÅ, by tak siÄ staÅo.
Disney
+pożycza wiele z domeny publicznej, lecz jest zdeterminowany nigdy
+nie oddaÄ nawet najmniejszej rzeczy. WiÄc Disney zapÅaciÅ za to
+prawo, o którym mówimy teraz Prawo Autorskie Myszki Mickey.</p>
+
+<p>PrzedsiÄbiorstwa filmowe mówiÄ
, że chcÄ
wieczystego prawa
autorskiego,
+lecz Kongres Stanów Zjednoczonych oficjalnie im na to nie
+pozwoli. WiÄc wpadli na pomysÅ jak uzyskaÄ ten sam rezultat
+nieoficjalnie: „wieczyste prawo autorskie na raty”. Co 20
+lat wydÅużajÄ
okres obowiÄ
zywania prawa autorskiego o kolejnych 20
+lat. WiÄc w danej chwili, każde dzieÅo ma ustalonÄ
datÄ kiedy
+podobno powinno przejÅÄ do domeny publicznej. Ale ta data jest jak
+dzieÅ jutrzejszy, nigdy nie nadchodzi. Zanim dotrzemy do tego momentu,
+okazuje siÄ, że jÄ
odroczyli, chyba że nastÄpnym razem ich
+powstrzymamy.</p>
+
+<p>To jeden wymiar, wymiar okresu obowiÄ
zywania. Ale nawet bardziej
+istotny jest wymiar zakresu: jakie wykorzystanie dzieÅa obejmuje prawo
+autorskie?</p>
+
+<p>W epoce prasy drukarskiej, prawo autorskie nie miaÅo na celu
+obejmowania wszystkich sposobów użytkowania dzieÅa, ponieważ prawo
+autorskie regulowaÅo okreÅlone sposoby użytkowania, które stanowiÅy wyjÄ
tek
+w szerszym spektrum nieregulowanych użytkowaÅ. ByÅy pewne rzeczy,
które
+po prostu mogÅeÅ robiÄ ze swojÄ
kopiÄ
ksiÄ
żki.</p>
+
+<p>Teraz wydawcy wpadli na pomysÅ, że mogÄ
obróciÄ nasze
komputery
+przeciwko nam, i użyÄ ich do przejÄcia caÅkowitej wÅadzy
+nad wszystkimi wykorzystaniami opublikowanych dzieÅ. ChcÄ
stworzyÄ
+wszechÅwiat pay-per-view. RobiÄ
to stosujÄ
c DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management – Cyfrowe ZarzÄ
dzanie Ograniczeniami) –
+celowe funkcje oprogramowania opracowane by ograniczyÄ
+użytkownika. A czÄsto sam komputer jest zaprojektowany by ograniczaÄ
+użytkownika.</p>
+
+<p>Pierwszym sposobem, w jaki ujrzaÅo to spoÅeczeÅstwo, byÅo DVD. Film
+na DVD byÅ zwykle zaszyfrowany, a jego format tajemnicÄ
. Spisek
+DVD utrzymywaŠten sekret, ponieważ mówili, że każdy kto chce
+wytwarzaÄ odtwarzacze DVD musi doÅÄ
czyÄ do spisku, obiecaÄ zachowanie
+formatu w tajemnicy, i obiecaÄ projektowaÄ odtwarzacze DVD tak,
+aby ograniczaÅy użytkownika wedÅug reguÅ powstrzymujÄ
cych
użytkownika
+od robienia tego, od robienia tamtego, od robienia
+owego – precyzyjny zbiór wymagaÅ, z których wszystkie sÄ
dla
+nas zÅe.</p>
+
+<p>DziaÅaÅo to przez pewien czas, lecz w koÅcu pewni ludzie
rozpracowali
+tajny format i opublikowali wolne oprogramowanie zdolne odczytaÄ film
+z pÅyty DVD i odtworzyÄ go. Wtedy wydawcy powiedzieli „skoro
+nie możemy ich powstrzymaÄ, musimy uczyniÄ z tego
+przestÄpstwo”. Swoje starania rozpoczÄli w Stanach Zjednoczonych
+w 1998 roku poprzez Digital Millennium Copyright Act, który
+nakÅadaÅ cenzurÄ na oprogramowanie potrafiÄ
ce robiÄ takie rzeczy.</p>
+
+<p>WiÄc ten konkretny program staÅ siÄ przedmiotem sprawy sÄ
dowej.
Jego
+dystrybucja w Stanach Zjednoczonych jest zakazana; Stany Zjednoczone
+praktykujÄ
cenzurÄ na oprogramowanie.</p>
+
+<p>PrzedsiÄbiorstwa filmowe doskonale zdajÄ
sobie sprawÄ z tego,
+że nie mogÄ
sprawiÄ by ten program zniknÄ
Å – znalezienie
go
+nie stanowi wyzwania. WiÄc opracowaÅy inny system szyfrowania, który
+mieli nadziejÄ byÅby trudniejszy do zÅamania, nazywa siÄ AACS,
+lub axe [<em>ang. siekiera</em>].</p>
+
+<p>Konspiracja AACS posiada dokÅadne zasady dotyczÄ
ce wszystkich
+odtwarzaczy. PrzykÅadowo, w 2011 zakazane bÄdzie wytwarzanie
+analogowych wyjÅÄ wideo. W ten sposób wszystkie wyjÅcia wideo bÄdÄ
+musiaÅy byÄ cyfrowe i bÄdÄ
przesyÅaÄ zaszyfrowany sygnaÅ
+do specjalnie zaprojektowanego monitora, żeby utrzymaÄ wszystkie
+sekrety w tajemnicy przed użytkownikiem. To jest zÅoÅliwy
+sprzÄt. MówiÄ
, że celem tego jest „zatkanie dziury
+analogowej”. PokaÅ¼Ä wam parÄ analogowych dziur (Stallman zdejmuje
+swoje okulary): tu jest jedna a tutaj druga, które chcieli by wydÅubaÄ
+na zawsze.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>SkÄ
d wiem o tych zmowach? Z powodu tego, że nie sÄ
one
+tajemnicÄ
– majÄ
swoje strony internetowe. Strona AACS
+z dumÄ
opisuje umowy, które producenci muszÄ
podpisaÄ,
i wÅaÅnie
+stÄ
d wiem o tym wymogu. Z dumÄ
wymienia nazwy przedsiÄbiorstw, które
+wspóÅtworzÄ
tÄ zmowÄ, wÅród nich Microsoft, Apple, Intel, Sony, Disney
+i IBM.</p>
+
+<p>Zmowa przedsiÄbiorstw, której celem jest ograniczenie publicznego dostÄpu
+do technologii, powinna byÄ postawiona w stan oskarżenia
+za poważne przestÄpstwo, podobnie jak zmowy cenowe, tylko, że jest
+to jeszcze gorsze, wiÄc wyrok powinien byÄ wyższy. Lecz te
+przedsiÄbiorstwa sÄ
caÅkiem pewne tego, że nasze rzÄ
dy stojÄ
+po ich stronie a nie po naszej. Nie obawiajÄ
siÄ bycia
+oskarżonymi o te zmowy, i dlatego nawet nie starajÄ
siÄ ich ukryÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Ogólnie DRM jest dzieÅem zmowy przedsiÄbiorstw. Od czasu
do czasu
+pojedyncze przedsiÄbiorstwo jest w stanie coÅ takiego zrobiÄ,
+ale generalnie wymaga to zmowy pomiÄdzy przedsiÄbiorstwami
+technologicznymi oraz wydawcami, wiÄc [jest to] niemal zawsze
+zmowa.</p>
+
+<p>MyÅleli, że nikt nigdy nie bÄdzie w stanie zÅamaÄ AACS,
+ale jakieŠtrzy i póŠroku temu, ktoŠopublikowaŠwolny program
+zdolny rozszyfrowaÄ ten format. Jednakże, byÅ on zupeÅnie bezużyteczny,
+ponieważ aby go uruchamiaÄ musieliÅcie znaÄ klucz.</p>
+
+<p>A potem, jakieÅ szeÅÄ miesiÄcy później, zobaczyÅem zdjÄcie
dwóch
+uroczych szczeniaków, z trzydziestoma dwoma szesnastkowymi cyframi
+nad nimi i pomyÅlaÅem „po co zestawiaÄ te dwie rzeczy razem?
+A może te cyfry sÄ
jakimÅ ważnym kluczem i ktoÅ mógÅ
umieÅciÄ je
+razem ze szczeniakami, zakÅadajÄ
c że ludzie bÄdÄ
kopiowaÄ zdjÄcie
tych
+sÅodkich szczeniaków. To chroniÅoby klucz przed wymazaniem.”</p>
+
+<p>I tak wÅaÅnie byÅo – byÅ to klucz do zÅamania axe
+[siekiery]. Ludzie go zamieszczali, a edytorzy usuwali,
+ponieważ prawo w wielu krajach zobowiÄ
zuje ich
+do cenzurowania tych informacji. Zamieszczano go ponownie, a oni
+ponownie go usuwali; w koÅcu poddali siÄ i w ciÄ
gu dwóch tygodni
+zostaÅ zamieszczony na przeszÅo 700.000 stron internetowych.</p>
+
+<p>To wielki wylew publicznego zohydzenia DRM-em. Ale to nie wygraÅo
+wojny, ponieważ wydawcy zmienili klucz. Ale nie tylko to:
+w HD DVD wystarczyÅo zÅamaÄ DRM, ale nie w przypadku
+Blu-ray. Blu-ray posiada dodatkowy poziom DRM i do tej pory nie
+istnieje wolne oprogramowanie, które potrafi go zÅamaÄ, co oznacza,
+że musicie postrzegaÄ dyski Blu-ray jako coÅ nieprzystajÄ
cego
+do waszej wolnoÅci. SÄ
wrogiem z którym wspóÅżycie nie jest
+możliwe, przynajmniej nie z naszym obecnym poziomem wiedzy.</p>
+
+<p>Nigdy nie akceptujcie żadnych produktów zaprojektowanych tak, by nastawaÄ
+na waszÄ
wolnoÅÄ. JeÅli nie posiadacie wolnego oprogramowania
+do odtwarzania DVD, nie możecie kupowaÄ ani wypożyczaÄ Å¼adnych
+pÅyt DVD, ani przyjmowaÄ ich w formie podarunku, z wyjÄ
tkiem
+rzadkich niezaszyfrowanych pÅyt DVD, których jest zaledwie garÅÄ. Ja
+osobiÅcie mam ich kilka – nie mam natomiast żadnych
+zaszyfrowanych pÅyt DVD, i nie przyjmujÄ ich.</p>
+
+<p>Tak oto wyglÄ
da sytuacja w wideo, ale z DRM mamy
do czynienia
+także w muzyce.</p>
+
+<p>Dla przykÅadu, jakieÅ dziesiÄÄ lat temu zaczÄliÅmy mieÄ
do czynienia
+z czymÅ co wyglÄ
daÅo jak pÅyty CD, ale nie byÅy one zapisane
+zupeÅnie w ten sam sposób co CD. Nie trzymaÅy siÄ standardu.
NazwaliÅmy
+je 'corrupt disks' [zepsute dyski], a ich pomysÅ opieraÅ siÄ
+na tym, że dziaÅaÅy w odtwarzaczu muzycznym, ale nie
+daÅo siÄ ich odczytaÄ na komputerze. Różne metody miaÅy różne
problemy.</p>
+
+<p>W koÅcu Sony wyszÅo ze sprytnym rozwiÄ
zaniem. UmieÅcili
na dysku
+program, wiÄc kiedy wÅożyliÅcie dysk do komputera, to program
siÄ
+instalowaÅ. Ten program byÅ zaprojektowany jak wirus by przejÄ
Ä kontrolÄ
+nad systemem. Nazywa siÄ to 'root kit', co oznacza, że posiada on
+pewne wÅaÅciwoÅci pozwalajÄ
ce mu przeÅamaÄ zabezpieczenia systemu, żeby
móc
+instalowaÄ oprogramowanie gÅÄboko w systemie i modyfikowaÄ
różne
+jego czÄÅci.</p>
+
+<p>PrzykÅadowo, modyfikowaÅ on polecenie za pomocÄ
którego mogliÅcie
go
+wykryÄ w systemie, tak żeby siÄ ukryÄ. ModyfikowaÅ polecenie
+za pomocÄ
którego mogliÅcie go usunÄ
Ä, tak żeby nie można byÅo
siÄ go
+pozbyÄ. WiÄc wszystko to sÄ
poważne przestÄpstwa, ale nie jedyne
+których dopuÅciÅo siÄ Sony, ponieważ ten program zawieraÅ także kod
+wolnego oprogramowania – kod, który zostaÅ opublikowany
+na licencji GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>Otóż, licencja GNU GPL jest licencjÄ
typu copyleft, co oznacza,
że mówi
+ona „Tak, wolno ci wykorzystaÄ ten kod w innych programach,
+ale jeÅli to zrobisz, to program w którym użyÅeÅ tego kodu musi
+zostaÄ w caÅoÅci wydany jako wolne oprogramowanie na tej samej
+licencji. I musisz udostÄpniÄ kod źródÅowy użytkownikom,
a żeby
+poinformowaÄ ich o przysÅugujÄ
cych im prawach wraz z oprogramowaniem
+musisz wrÄczyÄ im kopiÄ tej licencji.”</p>
+
+<p>Sony nie speÅniÅo tych wymogów. To naruszenie komercyjnego prawa
+autorskiego, które jest przestÄpstwem. Oba sÄ
przestÄpstwami, ale Sony
+nie zostaÅo oskarżone ponieważ rzÄ
d rozumuje, że celem jego
+istnienia i istnienia prawa jest utrzymywanie wÅadzy tych
+przedsiÄbiorstw nad nami, a nie pomoc w obronie naszej
+wolnoÅci w jakikolwiek sposób.</p>
+
+<p>Ludzie siÄ wÅciekli i pozwali Sony. Jednak popeÅnili bÅÄ
d.
Skupili
+swoje potÄpienie nie na zÅym celu tego schematu, lecz na
+drugorzÄdnych grzeszkach różnych metod, których użyÅo Sony.
WiÄc Sony
+rozliczyÅo pozew poza sÄ
dami i obiecaÅo, że w przyszÅoÅci,
kiedy
+zaatakuje naszÄ
wolnoÅÄ, nie bÄdzie stosowaÅo tych innych metod.</p>
+
+<p>WÅaÅciwie, ten konkretny schemat 'corrupt disk' nie byÅ taki zÅy,
ponieważ,
+jeÅli nie używaliÅcie Windows, wcale by was nie dotyczyÅ. A nawet
jeÅli
+używaliÅcie Windows, to jest pewien przycisk
+na klawiaturze – jeÅli za każdym razem pamiÄtalibyÅcie
+by go przytrzymaÄ, to dysk nie zainstalowaÅby programu. Ale oczywiÅcie
+trudno pamiÄtaÄ o tym za każdym razem; któregoÅ dnia siÄ pomylicie.
To
+pokazuje z czym mieliÅmy do czynienia.</p>
+
+<p>Na szczÄÅcie DRM w muzyce jest w odwrocie. Nawet gÅówne
+przedsiÄbiorstwa fonograficzne sprzedajÄ
pliki do pobrania
+bez DRM. Ale obserwujemy wznowienie wysiÅków by nakÅadaÄ DRM
+na ksiÄ
żki [ebooki – przyp. tÅum.].</p>
+
+<p>Bo widzicie, wydawcy chcÄ
odebraÄ czytelnikom tradycyjne
+wolnoÅci – wolnoÅÄ do robienia takich rzeczy jak
+wypożyczenie ksiÄ
żki z biblioteki publicznej, albo pożyczanie jej
+przyjacielowi; sprzedanie ksiÄ
żki do antykwariatu, albo anonimowy
+zakup pÅacÄ
c gotówkÄ
(co jest jedynym sposobem w jaki ja kupujÄ
+ksiÄ
żki – musimy oprzeÄ siÄ pokusie pozwolenia Wielkiemu Bratu
+na to by wiedziaÅ wszystko o tym co robimy.)</p>
+
+<p>Nawet wolnoÅÄ do trzymania ksiÄ
żki tak dÅugo jak chcecie,
+i czytania jej tyle razy ile chcecie, planujÄ
zabroniÄ.</p>
+
+<p>RobiÄ
to za pomocÄ
DRM. Wiedzieli, że mnóstwo ludzi czyta
ksiÄ
żki
+i że rozzÅoÅciÅo by ich jeÅli te wolnoÅci zostaÅy by im odebrane,
+wiÄc nie Åudzili siÄ, że przekupiÄ
prawo aby te wolnoÅci
+zabraÄ – sprzeciw byÅ by zbyt duży. Demokracja jest chora,
+ale od czasu do czasu ludzie zdoÅajÄ
czegoÅ
+zażÄ
daÄ. WiÄc ruszyli z dwuetapowym planem.</p>
+
+<p>Najpierw odebraÄ te wolnoÅci ebookom, a nastÄpnie przekonaÄ ludzi
+do porzucenia papierowych ksiÄ
żek na rzecz ebooków. UdaÅo im siÄ
+wykonaÄ etap pierwszy.</p>
+
+<p>W Stanach Zjednoczonych dokonali tego za pomocÄ
Digital
Millennium
+Copyright Act, a w Nowej Zelandii byÅa to czÄÅÄ zeszÅorocznego
+Copyright Act; cenzura na oprogramowanie mogÄ
ce zÅamaÄ DRM byÅa
czÄÅciÄ
+tego prawa. To niesprawiedliwe przepisy; muszÄ
zostaÄ uchylone.</p>
+
+<p>Drugim etapem jest przekonanie ludzi do porzucenia papierowych ksiÄ
żek
+na rzecz ebooków; to nie poszÅo tak dobrze.</p>
+
+<p>Jeden z wydawców w 2001 wpadÅ na pomysÅ, że jeÅli
+rozpocznie swojÄ
seriÄ ebooków mojÄ
biografiÄ
, seria zyska
+na popularnoÅci. WiÄc znaleźli autora i ten autor zapytaÅ
+mnie czy bÄdÄ wspóÅpracowaÅ, odpowiedziaÅem „Tylko jeÅli ten
+ebook zostanie opublikowany bez szyfrowania,
+bez DRM”. Wydawca nie przystaÅ na to, a ja twardo
+postawiÅem na swoim – powiedziaÅem nie. Ostatecznie
+znaleźliÅmy innego wydawcÄ, który byÅ skÅonny siÄ zgodziÄ –
+rzeczywiÅcie byÅ skÅonny wydaÄ ksiÄ
żkÄ na wolnej licencji, dajÄ
cej wam
+cztery wolnoÅci – wiÄc ksiÄ
żka zostaÅa wydana
+i sprzedaÅo siÄ wiele papierowych kopii.</p>
+
+<p>Ale w wielu przypadkach, ebooki zawiodÅy na poczÄ
tku tej
+dekady. Ludzie po prostu nie bardzo chcieli je czytaÄ. MówiÅem
+„oni znowu spróbujÄ
”. WidzieliÅmy niesamowitÄ
iloÅÄ nowych
+artykuÅów na temat elektronicznego tuszu (albo elektronicznego papieru,
+nigdy nie pamiÄtam który), i trafiÅo do mnie,
+że prawdopodobnie powodem dla którego jest ich tak wiele jest to,
+że wydawcy chcÄ
żebyÅmy siÄ nad tym zastanowili. ChcÄ
żebyÅmy byli
+entuzjastycznie nastawieni na przyjÅcie nowej generacji czytników
+ebooków.</p>
+
+<p>Teraz nas dorwali. Rzeczy takie jak Sony Shreader (oficjalna nazwa brzmi
+Sony Reader, ale jeÅli umieÅcisz 'sh' na poczÄ
tku, nazwa wyjaÅnia
+co ma robiÄ to urzÄ
dzenie z waszymi ksiÄ
żkami) [shredder –
+niszczarka do papieru – przyp. tÅum.], i Amazon Swindle
+[swindle – szwindel – przyp. tÅum.], zaprojektowane by
+okantowaÄ was z tradycyjnych wolnoÅci, tak, że nawet nie
+zauważysz. OczywiÅcie nazywajÄ
to Kindle, i to wÅaÅnie bÄdzie robiÄ
+z waszymi ksiÄ
żkami [kindle – zapalaÄ –
+przyp. tÅum.].</p>
+
+<p>Kindle jest produktem ekstremalnie zÅoÅliwym, prawie tak zÅoÅliwym, jak
+Microsoft Windows. Oba posiadajÄ
funkcje szpiegujÄ
ce, oba posiadajÄ
DRM,
+i oba posiadajÄ
backdoory [tylne wejÅcia – przyp. tÅum].</p>
+
+<p>W przypadku Kindle'a, jedynym sposobem na kupienie ksiÄ
żki jest
+kupienie jej od Amazona, a Amazon wymaga od was
+identyfikacji, wiÄc wiedzÄ
wszystko o waszych zakupach.</p>
+
+<p>NastÄpnie mamy Digital Restrictions Management [DRM, Cyfrowe ZarzÄ
dzanie
+Ograniczeniami – przyp. tÅum.], wiec nie możecie pożyczyÄ komuÅ
+ksiÄ
żki ani sprzedaÄ jej do antykwariatu, biblioteka również nie
+może jej wypożyczyÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Jest jeszcze backdoor, o którym dowiedzieliÅmy siÄ jakieÅ trzy miesiÄ
ce
+temu, ponieważ Amazon z niego skorzystaÅ. Amazon przesÅaÅ
+wszystkim urzÄ
dzeniom Kindle polecenie wykasowania konkretnej ksiÄ
żki,
+mianowicie Rok 1984 George'a Orwella. Tak, nie mogli wybraÄ bardziej
+ironicznej ksiÄ
żki do skasowania. W taki oto sposób
dowiedzieliÅmy
+siÄ, że Amazon posiada back door, za pomocÄ
którego może usuwaÄ
+ksiÄ
żki zdalnie.</p>
+
+<p>Co jeszcze może zrobiÄ, któż to wie? ByÄ może jest jak Microsoft
+Windows. ByÄ może Amazon jest w stanie zdalnie aktualizowaÄ
+oprogramowanie, co oznacza, że nawet jeÅli dzisiaj nie ma ono
+zÅoÅliwych funkcji, to mogÄ
je tam umieÅciÄ jutro.</p>
+
+<p>Jest to nie do zaakceptowania – każde z tych
ograniczeÅ
+jest nie do zaakceptowania. ChcÄ
stworzyÄ Åwiat, gdzie już nikt nikomu
+nie pożycza ksiÄ
żek.</p>
+
+<p>Wyobraźcie sobie, że odwiedzacie przyjaciela, a na jego póÅce
nie
+ma ksiÄ
żek. Nie chodzi o to, że wasz przyjaciel nie czyta,
+ale wszystkie jego ksiÄ
żki znajdujÄ
siÄ w urzÄ
dzeniu
+i oczywiÅcie nie może ich wam pożyczyÄ. Jedyny sposób w jaki
+mógÅby pożyczyÄ którÄ
kolwiek z tych ksiÄ
żek, to wypożyczenie wam
caÅej
+swojej biblioteki, a niedorzecznoÅciÄ
jest proszenie kogoÅ o coÅ
+takiego. Tak wiÄc zaniknie przyjaźŠosób, które kochajÄ
ksiÄ
żki.</p>
+
+<p>Upewnijcie siÄ, że poinformowaliÅcie ludzi o tym co niesie ze sobÄ
to
+urzÄ
dzenie. Ono oznacza, że inni czytelnicy nie bÄdÄ
już waszymi
+przyjacióÅmi, ponieważ bÄdziecie siÄ w stosunku do nich
+zachowywaÄ jak kretyni. Szerzcie sÅowo zapobiegawczo. To urzÄ
dzenie jest
+waszym wrogiem. To wróg każdego, kto czyta. Ludzie którzy tego nie
+dostrzegajÄ
, myÅlÄ
bardzo krótkowzrocznie. Waszym zadaniem jest pomóc im
+wyjrzeÄ poza chwilowÄ
wygodÄ, by dostrzegli implikacje tego urzÄ
dzenia.</p>
+
+<p>Nie mam nic przeciwko dystrybucji ksiÄ
żek w formie cyfrowej, o ile
nie
+sÄ
one zaprojektowane tak, by odebraÄ nam naszÄ
wolnoÅÄ. DokÅadniej
mówiÄ
c,
+możliwe jest posiadanie czytnika ebooków:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>który nie jest zaprojektowany by was atakowaÄ,</li>
+
+<li>który dziaÅa w oparciu o wolne, a nie wÅasnoÅciowe
oprogramowanie,</li>
+
+<li>który nie ma DRM,</li>
+
+<li>który nie wymaga od ludzi identyfikacji, żeby dostaÄ ksiÄ
żkÄ,</li>
+
+<li>który nie ma backdoorów, i</li>
+
+<li>który nie ogranicza tego co możecie zrobiÄ z plikami w waszym
+urzÄ
dzeniu.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Jest to możliwe, lecz duże przedsiÄbiorstwa promujÄ
ce ebooki robiÄ
to,
+by nastawaÄ na naszÄ
wolnoÅÄ, a my nie możemy siÄ temu
+poddawaÄ. To wÅaÅnie robiÄ
rzÄ
dy w konszachtach z dużym
biznesem,
+by nastawaÄ na naszÄ
wolnoÅÄ, przez robienie prawa autorskiego
+surowszym i brzydszym, bardziej restrykcyjnym niż kiedykolwiek
+przedtem.</p>
+
+<p>Co wiec powinny robiÄ? RzÄ
dy powinny osÅabiÄ prawo autorskie. Oto moje
+konkretne propozycje.</p>
+
+<p>Po pierwsze, istnieje wymiar czasu. ProponujÄ by okres obowiÄ
zywania
+prawa autorskiego wynosiÅ dziesiÄÄ lat, poczÄ
wszy od daty publikacji
+dzieÅa.</p>
+
+<p>Dlaczego od daty publikacji? Ponieważ przed tÄ
datÄ
nie
posiadamy
+kopii. Nie ma dla nas znaczenia czy pozwolono by nam powielaÄ nasze
+kopie, skoro ich nie mamy, wiÄc sÄ
dzÄ, że możemy równie dobrze
daÄ
+autorowi tyle czasu ile potrzebuje na zaaranżowanie publikacji,
+i wtedy uruchomiÄ zegar.</p>
+
+<p>Ale dlaczego dziesiÄÄ lat? Nie wiem jak jest w tym kraju,
+ale w Stanach Zjednoczonych cykl publikacji staje siÄ coraz to
+krótszy. W dzisiejszych czasach niemal wszystkie ksiÄ
żki przestajÄ
siÄ
+sprzedawaÄ w ciÄ
gu dwóch lat i znikajÄ
z druku w ciÄ
gu
+trzech. WiÄc dziesiÄÄ lat to wiÄcej niż trzykrotnoÅÄ przeciÄtnego
cyklu
+publikacji – to powinno byÄ w zupeÅnoÅci wystarczajÄ
ce.</p>
+
+<p>Ale nie każdy siÄ zgadza. KiedyÅ zaproponowaÅem to w panelu
+dyskusyjnym z pisarzami fantastyki, i ceniony pisarz fantastyki
+siedzÄ
cy obok powiedziaÅ: „DziesiÄÄ lat? Nie ma mowy. Cokolwiek
+dÅuższe niż piÄÄ lat jest nie do przyjÄcia.” Bo widzicie,
+wszedÅ on w spór prawny ze swoim wydawcÄ
. Jego ksiÄ
żki zdawaÅy siÄ
byÄ
+wycofane z druku, ale wydawca nie chciaÅ tego przyznaÄ. Wydawca
+wykorzystywaÅ prawa autorskie do jego wÅasnej ksiÄ
żki by powstrzymaÄ
go
+przed samodzielnym dystrybuowaniem kopii, co chciaÅ robiÄ, by ludzie mogli
+je czytaÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Oto od czego zaczyna chcieÄ każdy artysta – chce
+rozpowszechniaÄ swoje prace, żeby zostaÅy przeczytane
+i docenione. Bardzo niewielu z nich dorabia siÄ dużych
+pieniÄdzy. Ten maleÅki odsetek staje przed niebezpieczeÅstwem moralnego
+zepsucia, jak J.K. Rowling.</p>
+
+<p>J.K. Rowling, w Kanadzie, wystosowaÅa zakaz przeciw ludziom, którzy
+kupili jej ksiÄ
żkÄ w ksiÄgarni, zakazujÄ
cy im czytania
+jej. WiÄc w odpowiedzi wezwaÅem do bojkotu ksiÄ
żek
+o Harrym Potterze. Ale nie mówiÄ ludziom, żeby ich nie czytali;
+zostawiam to autorce i wydawcy. MówiÄ tylko, że nie powinni ich
+kupowaÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Niewielu autorów zarabia wystarczajÄ
co dużo pieniÄdzy, by pozwoliÄ
sobie
+na takie zepsucie. WiÄkszoÅÄ nie dociera nawet w te okolice,
+i wciÄ
ż pragnie tego samego co na poczÄ
tku: chcÄ
, żeby ich praca
+zostaÅa doceniona.</p>
+
+<p>Ãw autor chciaÅ rozpowszechniaÄ swojÄ
wÅasnÄ
ksiÄ
żkÄ,
a powstrzymywaÅo
+go prawo autorskie. ZrozumiaÅ, że dÅuższe niż piÄcioletnie
+obowiÄ
zywania prawa autorskiego raczej nigdy nie przyniesie mu żadnej
+korzyÅci.</p>
+
+<p>Gdyby ludzie woleli żeby prawo autorskie obowiÄ
zywaÅo przez piÄÄ lat,
nie
+bÄdÄ siÄ sprzeciwiaÅ. ProponujÄ dziesiÄÄ jako pierwsze podejÅcie
+do problemu. Zredukujmy je do dziesiÄciu lat i zatrzymajmy
+siÄ na chwilÄ, a potem możemy dalej dostosowaÄ. Nie mówiÄ,
+że uważam dziesiÄÄ lat za dokÅadnie wÅaÅciwy
okres –
+nie wiem.</p>
+
+<p id="details">A co z wymiarem zakresu? Jakie dziaÅania powinny
byÄ objÄte prawem
+autorskim? Rozróżniam trzy szerokie kategorie dzieÅ.</p>
+
+<p>Przede wszystkim, istniejÄ
dzieÅa funkcjonalne, które wykorzystujecie
+w swojej codziennej pracy. ObejmujÄ
one oprogramowanie, przepisy,
+dzieÅa edukacyjne, encyklopedyczne, fonty i inne rzeczy, które przyjdÄ
+wam na myÅl. Te dzieÅa powinny byÄ wolne.</p>
+
+<p>JeÅli wykorzystujecie dzieÅo w swojej codziennej pracy i jeÅli
nie
+możecie dostosowaÄ go do swoich wymagaÅ, to nie majcie kontroli
+nad swoim życiem. Kiedy już dostosowaÅeÅ dzieÅo do swoich
potrzeb,
+musisz mieÄ wolnoÅÄ by je upubliczniÄ – opublikowaÄ swojÄ
+wersjÄ – ponieważ znajdÄ
siÄ inni, którzy bÄdÄ
chcieli
+zmian, których dokonaÅeÅ.</p>
+
+<p>To szybko prowadzi do wniosku, że użytkownicy muszÄ
mieÄ te
same
+cztery wolnoÅci [w stosunku do wszystkich dzieÅ funkcjonalnych], nie
+tylko do oprogramowania. I zauważycie, że jeÅli chodzi o
+przepisy, praktycznie mówiÄ
c, kucharze zawsze dzielÄ
siÄ i zmieniajÄ
+przepisy dokÅadnie tak, jakby byÅy one wolne. Wyobraźcie sobie jak ludzie
+zareagowaliby jeÅli rzÄ
d próbowaÅby wyeliminowaÄ tak zwane „piractwo
+przepisowe”.</p>
+
+<p>OkreÅlenie „pirat” jest czystÄ
propagandÄ
. Kiedy ludzie
pytajÄ
+mnie co myÅlÄ na temat piractwa w muzyce, odpowiadam „O ile
+mi wiadomo, kiedy piraci atakujÄ
nie robiÄ
tego grajÄ
c brzydko
+na instrumentach, robiÄ
to używajÄ
c broni. WiÄc nie jest to
+„piractwo” muzyczne, ponieważ piractwo polega
+na atakowaniu statków, a dzielenie siÄ jest dokÅadnym
+przeciwieÅstwem atakowania statków pod wzglÄdem
+moralnym”. Atakowanie statków jest zÅe, dzielenie siÄ z innymi
+ludźmi jest dobre, wiÄc powinniÅmy stanowczo potÄpiÄ propagandowe
+okreÅlenie „piractwo” za każdym razem, gdy je
usÅyszymy.</p>
+
+<p>DwadzieÅcia lat temu ludzie mogli mieÄ zastrzeżenia: „JeÅli nie
oddamy
+naszej wolnoÅci, jeÅli nie pozwolimy wydawcom tych dzieÅ
+na kontrolowanie nas, te dzieÅa nie powstanÄ
, a to bÄdzie ogromna
+katastrofa.” Obecnie, patrzÄ
c na spoÅecznoÅÄ wolnego
+oprogramowania, na wszystkie te przepisy kulinarne które krÄ
żÄ
,
+i dzieÅa encyklopedyczne takie jak Wikipedia – zaczynamy siÄ
+nawet spotykaÄ z publikacjÄ
wolnych ksiÄ
żek – wiemy
+że ten strach jest bezpodstawny.</p>
+
+<p>Nie ma potrzeby rozpaczania i oddawania naszej wolnoÅci sÄ
dzÄ
c,
+że w przeciwnym wypadku te dzieÅa nie powstanÄ
. Istnieje wiele
sposobów
+zachÄcania by powstawaÅy, jeÅli chcemy ich wiÄcej – wiele
+sposobów, które pozostajÄ
w zgodzie i respektujÄ
naszÄ
+wolnoÅÄ. W tej kategorii, wszystkie one powinny byÄ wolne.</p>
+
+<p>Ale co z drugÄ
kategoriÄ
, dzieÅ które przekazujÄ
nam myÅli
+konkretnych ludzi, jak wspomnienia, eseje przedstawiajÄ
ce ich opinie, prace
+naukowe i różne inne rzeczy? Opublikowanie zmodyfikowanej wersjÄ
+czyichÅ poglÄ
dów oznacza bÅÄdne przedstawienie tej osoby. Nie jest to
raczej
+pożyteczne dla spoÅeczeÅstwa.</p>
+
+<p>Zatem do zaakceptowania i do wypracowania pozostaje system
+w pewnym stopniu ograniczonego prawa autorskiego, gdzie każde
+komercyjne użycie jest objÄte prawem autorskim, wszystkie modyfikacje sÄ
+objÄte prawem autorskim, lecz każdy może w sposób niekomercyjny
+rozpowszechniaÄ wierne kopie.</p>
+
+<p>Ta wolnoÅÄ stanowi minimum wolnoÅci, jakie musimy zabezpieczyÄ dla
+wszelkiego rodzaju dzieÅ, ponieważ odmowa tej wolnoÅci stanowi
+przyczynÄ Wojny o Dzielenie siÄ – co tworzy bÅÄdnÄ
propagandÄ
o
+tym, że dzielenie siÄ jest kradzieżÄ
, że dzielenie siÄ jest jak
+bycie piratem i napadanie na statki. Absurdy, lecz absurdy
+wspierane dużÄ
sumÄ
pieniÄdzy, która skorumpowaÅa nasze rzÄ
dy.
PowinniÅmy
+zakoÅczyÄ WojnÄ o Dzielenie siÄ; musimy zalegalizowaÄ dzielenie siÄ
wiernymi
+kopiami każdego opublikowanego dzieÅa.</p>
+
+<p>W drugiej kategorii dzieÅ, tylko tego potrzebujemy; nie musimy czyniÄ
+ich wolnymi. Zatem uważam, że posiadanie systemu ograniczonego
+prawa autorskiego obejmujÄ
cego komercyjny użytek i wszelkie modyfikacje
+jest OK. Zapewni to strumieŠwynagrodzeŠdla autorów, w bardziej
+lub mniej zbliżony (najczÄÅciej adekwatny) sposób jak obecny
+system. Musicie pamiÄtaÄ, że obecny system, za wyjÄ
tkiem
+supergwiazd, jest zazwyczaj nieadekwatny.</p>
+
+<p>A co z dzieÅami sztuki i rozrywki? PodjÄcie decyzji, co
+myÅleÄ o zmianach w tych kwestiach, zajÄÅo mi trochÄ czasu.</p>
+
+<p>Bo widzicie, z jednej strony, dzieÅo sztuki może posiadaÄ
+artystycznÄ
spójnoÅÄ i modyfikowanie go mogÅo by jÄ
+zniszczyÄ. OczywiÅcie prawo autorskie nie koniecznie powstrzymuje przed
+uprawianiem tego typu rzeźnictwa. Hollywood robi to
+bez przerwy. Z drugiej strony, modyfikowanie dzieÅa może stanowiÄ
+wkÅad do sztuki. Umożliwia proces który prowadzi do piÄknych
+i bogatych rzeczy.</p>
+
+<p>Nawet jeÅli spojrzymy tylko na znanych autorów: rozważmy
Shakespeare'a,
+który zapożyczaÅ historie z innych dzieÅ, zaledwie kilka dekad
+starszych, i przekazywaŠje w inny sposób, i stworzyŠważne
+dzieÅa literatury. JeÅli dzisiejsze prawo autorskie istniaÅoby wtedy,
byÅoby
+to zabronione a te sztuki nie zostaÅyby napisane.</p>
+
+<p>Ale w koÅcu zdaÅem sobie sprawÄ, że modyfikowanie dzieÅ
sztuki
+może byÄ wkÅadem do sztuki, ale w wiÄkszoÅci przypadków nie
jest
+ogromnie pilne. JeÅli musielibyÅcie zaczekaÄ dziesiÄÄ lat
+na wygaÅniÄcie prawa autorskiego, moglibyÅcie tyle zaczekaÄ. Nie jak
+w przypadku obecnego prawa autorskiego, które zmusza was
+do czekania jakichÅ 75, czy 95 lat. W Meksyku
+w niektórych przypadkach musielibyÅcie czekaÄ niemal 200 lat,
+ponieważ prawo autorskie w Meksyku wygasa sto lat po Åmierci
+autora. To jest szalone, ale dziesiÄÄ lat, które zaproponowaÅem jako
+okres obowiÄ
zywania prawa autorskiego, ludzie byliby w stanie
zaczekaÄ.</p>
+
+<p>WiÄc proponujÄ to samo czÄÅciowo ograniczone prawo autorskie,
które
+obejmuje komercyjne użytki i modyfikacje, lecz każdy musi mieÄ
+wolnoÅÄ do niekomercyjnego rozpowszechniania wiernych
+kopi. Po upÅywie dziesiÄciu lat, przechodzi do domeny publicznej,
+a ludzie mogÄ
wnosiÄ swój wkÅad do sztuki publikujÄ
c wÅasne
+zmienione wersje.</p>
+
+<p>Jeszcze jedna sprawa: jeÅli zamierzacie zebraÄ fragmenty kilku dzieÅ
+i przerobiÄ je w coÅ zupeÅnie innego, to powinno byÄ to legalne,
+ponieważ celem prawa autorskiego jest promocja sztuki, a nie jej
+utrudnianie. NakÅadanie prawa autorskiego na takie wycinki jest
+gÅupie – jest wbrew idei. Jest to znieksztaÅcenie bÄdÄ
ce
skutkiem
+tego, że rzÄ
d znajduje siÄ pod kontrola wydawców popularnych
+dzieÅ, i zupeÅnie straciÅ z oczu cel tego prawa.</p>
+
+<p>Oto co proponujÄ, a w szczególnoÅci, oznacza to, że dzielenie
siÄ
+kopiami w Internecie musi byÄ legalne. Dzielenie siÄ jest
+dobre. Dzielenie siÄ buduje wiÄzy spoÅeczne. Atakowanie dzielenia siÄ jest
+atakowaniem spoÅeczeÅstwa.</p>
+
+<p>WiÄc za każdym razem, gdy rzÄ
d proponuje jakieÅ nowe Årodki ataku
+na ludzi którzy siÄ dzielÄ
, by powstrzymaÄ ich przed dzieleniem siÄ,
+musimy wiedzieÄ, że jest to zÅe, nie tylko ze wzglÄdu na to,
+że zaproponowane Årodki prawie niezmiennie naruszajÄ
podstawowe ideaÅy
+sprawiedliwoÅci (ale to nie jest zbieg okolicznoÅci). Powodem jest to,
+że cel jest zÅy. Dzielenie siÄ jest dobre i rzÄ
d powinien
+do niego zachÄcaÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Ale prawo autorskie mimo wszystko miaÅo użyteczny cel. Prawo
autorskie
+jako Årodek do tego celu ma jednak teraz problem,
+ponieważ nie pasuje do technologii, której używamy. Stoi
+w sprzecznoÅci ze wszystkimi istotnymi wolnoÅciami wszystkich
+czytelników, sÅuchaczy, widzów, i kogokolwiek, ale cel jakim jest
+promowanie sztuki wciÄ
ż jest pożÄ
dany. WiÄc w dodatku do systemu
+czÄÅciowo ograniczonego prawa autorskiego, który nadal byÅby systemem prawa
+autorskiego, proponujÄ dwie inne metody.</p>
+
+<p>PierwszÄ
sÄ
podatki – rozpowszechnianie pieniÄdzy
z podatków
+wprost do artystów. MógÅby to byÄ specjalny podatek, prawdopodobnie
+na poÅÄ
czenia internetowe, lub mógÅby pochodziÄ z ogólnego
+dochodu, ponieważ nie byÅyby to wielkie kwoty, o ile byÅyby efektywnie
+dystrybuowane. Efektywna dystrybucja w celu promocji sztuki nie oznacza
+liniowej proporcji wzglÄdem popularnoÅci. Powinna bazowaÄ
+na popularnoÅci, ponieważ nie chcemy by biurokraci dyskretnie
+podejmowali decyzje o tym, którego artystÄ wspomóc, a którego
+zignorowaÄ, lecz bazowanie na popularnoÅci nie musi oznaczaÄ
+proporcji liniowej.</p>
+
+<p>To co proponujÄ to pomiary popularnoÅci różnych artystów, których
można
+dokonaÄ za pomocÄ
gÅosowania (sondaży) w których nikt nie
bÄdzie
+zobowiÄ
zany uczestniczyÄ, a wtedy skorzystaÄ z pierwiastka
+szeÅciennego. Pierwiastek szeÅcienny wyglÄ
da w ten sposób: przede
+wszystkim oznacza, że [Åwiadczenia] zmniejszajÄ
siÄ po jakimÅ
+czasie.</p>
+
+<p>JeÅli gwiazda A jest tysiÄ
c razy popularniejsza i odnosi tysiÄ
c
+razy wiÄksze sukcesy niż artysta B, to wedÅug tego systemu
+A otrzymaÅaby dziesiÄÄ razy wiÄcej pieniÄdzy niż B, nie tysiÄ
c
razy.</p>
+
+<p>LiniowoÅÄ daÅa by A tysiÄ
c razy tyle co B, co oznacza,
że jeÅli
+chcielibyÅmy by B dostaÅ wystarczajÄ
co na przeżycie to musimy uczyniÄ
+A niesamowicie bogatym. To marnowanie pieniÄdzy
+z podatków – nie powinno siÄ tego robiÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Ale jeÅli sprawimy, że przyrost bÄdzie malaÅ, to wtedy tak,
każda
+gwiazda otrzyma nieco wiÄcej niż przeciÄtny odnoszÄ
cy sukcesy artysta,
+lecz caÅoÅÄ pobierana przez supergwiazdy bÄdzie zaledwie niewielkim
+uÅamkiem [caÅoÅci] pieniÄdzy. WiÄkszoÅÄ pieniÄdzy zostanie przeznaczona
+na wsparcie wielu umiarkowanie popularnych artystów. WiÄc system
+wykorzysta pieniÄ
dze znacznie efektywniej niż ten obecny.</p>
+
+<p>IstniejÄ
cy system jest regresywny. PrzykÅadowo, w rzeczywistoÅci
daje
+on dużo, dużo wiÄcej za nagranie supergwieździe niż komukolwiek
+innemu. PieniÄ
dze sÄ
wykorzystywane ekstremalnie źle. W rezultacie
+pÅacilibyÅmy w ten sposób znacznie mniej. Mam nadziejÄ, że to
+wystarczy by uÅagodziÄ niektórych z tych ludzi, którzy majÄ
reakcjÄ
+odruchu kolanowego w stosunku do podatków – ja tego nie
+podzielam, ponieważ wierzÄ w paÅstwo opiekuÅcze.</p>
+
+<p>Mam kolejnÄ
sugestiÄ, którÄ
sÄ
dobrowolne opÅaty. PrzypuÅÄmy,
że każdy
+odtwarzaÄ posiadaÅby przycisk, który moglibyÅcie nacisnÄ
Ä by przesÅaÄ
dolara
+artyÅcie który stworzyÅ aktualnie odtwarzany utwór lub ten, którego
+przed chwilÄ
sÅuchaliÅcie. PieniÄ
dze te byÅyby anonimowo dostarczane tym
+artystom. MyÅlÄ, że wielu ludzi byÅoby skÅonnych naciskaÄ ten
przycisk
+doÅÄ czÄsto.</p>
+
+<p>PrzykÅadowo, każdy z nas mógÅby sobie pozwoliÄ
na naciÅniÄcie tego
+przycisku raz dziennie, i nie stracilibyÅmy tak dużo pieniÄdzy. Jestem
+przekonany, że dla nas nie jest to tak dużo pieniÄdzy. OczywiÅcie, sÄ
+biedni ludzie, którzy nie mogÄ
sobie pozwoliÄ na naciÅniÄcie tego
+przycisku choÄby raz, w porzÄ
dku jeÅli tego nie zrobiÄ
. Nie musimy
+wyciskaÄ pieniÄdzy z biednych ludzi po to, by wspieraÄ
+artystów. Jest wystarczajÄ
co dużo ludzi którzy nie sÄ
biedni by wszystko
+zafunkcjonowaÅo. Jestem pewny, że zdajecie sobie sprawÄ z tego,
+że wielu ludzi naprawdÄ uwielbia pewne dziedziny sztuki i z
chÄciÄ
+wspiera artystów.</p>
+
+<p>WÅaÅnie przyszÅa mi do gÅowy myÅl. Odtwarzacz mógÅby dawaÄ wam
+certyfikat, mówiÄ
cy o tym, że udzieliliÅcie wsparcia danej osobie,
+i mógÅby nawet liczyÄ ile razy to zrobiliÅcie i dawaÄ wam
+certyfikat gÅoszÄ
cy „przesÅaÅem tyle pieniÄdzy tym
+artystom”. Jest wiele sposobów na które moglibyÅmy zachÄcaÄ
+do tego ludzi.</p>
+
+<p>PrzykÅadowo, moglibyÅmy przeprowadziÄ przyjaznÄ
i uprzejmÄ
kampaniÄ PR:
+„Czy przesÅaÅeÅ dzisiaj dolara jakiemuÅ artyÅcie? Czemu nie? To
tylko
+dolar – nie bÄdziesz żaÅowaÅ, a czy nie podoba ci siÄ to
co
+oni robiÄ
? NaciÅnij przycisk!” SprawiÅoby to, że ludzie poczujÄ
+siÄ lepiej i pomyÅlÄ
„No tak, uwielbiam to co przed chwila
+obejrzaÅem. PrzeÅlÄ dolara.”</p>
+
+<p>To już zaczyna funkcjonowaÄ do pewnego stopnia. Jest kanadyjska
+piosenkarka, którÄ
zwykÅo siÄ nazywaÄ Jane Siberry. ZamieÅciÅa swojÄ
muzykÄ
+na swojej stronie internetowej i zachÄcaÅa ludzi do ÅciÄ
gania
+i pÅacenia tyle ile zechcÄ
. OgÅosiÅa, że Årednio dostawaÅa
ponad
+dolara za kopiÄ, co jest interesujÄ
ce ponieważ wielkie koncerny
+pÅytowe liczÄ
sobie prawie dolara za kopiÄ. PozwalajÄ
c ludziom
+decydowaÄ czy i ile zapÅaciÄ, otrzymaÅa wiÄcej –
otrzymaÅa
+nawet wiÄcej przeliczajÄ
c na osobÄ odwiedzajÄ
cÄ
, która
w ogóle coÅ
+ÅciÄ
gaÅa. Ale może siÄ nawet nie liczyÄ to, czy wystÄ
piÅ
efekt
+przyciÄ
gania wiÄkszej iloÅci ludzi, a przez to zwiÄkszania ogólnej
+liczby na podstawie której wyliczono ÅredniÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>Zatem może to zadziaÅaÄ, ale w obecnych warunkach jest bardzo
+uciÄ
żliwe. Musisz posiadaÄ kartÄ kredytowÄ
, żeby móc to zrobiÄ,
a to
+oznacza, że nie możesz zrobiÄ tego anonimowo. Musisz także znaleźÄ
+miejsce gdzie zapÅaciÄ, a systemy niewielkich opÅat nie sÄ
zbyt
+efektywne, wiÄc artyÅci dostajÄ
tylko poÅowÄ tego. JeÅli urzÄ
dzilibyÅmy
+do tego dobry system, dziaÅaÅoby to o wiele lepiej.</p>
+
+<p>Tak wiÄc to sÄ
moje dwie sugestie.</p>
+
+<p>A na mecenatglobal.org możecie znaleÅºÄ kolejny schemat, który ÅÄ
czy
+aspekty tych dwóch, wynaleziony przez Francis Muguet i zaprojektowany
+tak, by lepiej pasowaÅ do obecnych systemów prawnych co uÅatwi jego
+wdrożenie.</p>
+
+<p>Uważajcie na propozycje „odwdziÄczania siÄ posiadaczom praw
+autorskich”, ponieważ kiedy mówiÄ
„odwdziÄczaÄ
siÄ”,
+zakÅadajÄ
, że skoro podobaÅo wam siÄ dzieÅo, to teraz macie wobec
kogoÅ
+dÅug, i że musicie mu siÄ „odwdziÄczyÄ”. Kiedy mówiÄ
+„posiadacze praw autorskich”, to miaÅoby to skÅoniÄ was
+do myÅlenia, że chodzi o wsparcie dla artystów, kiedy
+w rzeczywistoÅci chodzi o wydawców – tych samych
+wydawców, którzy żerujÄ
na wszystkich artystach (z wyjÄ
tkiem
tych
+kilku o których wszyscy sÅyszeliÅcie, tych którzy sÄ
tak popularni,
+że majÄ
siÅÄ przebicia).</p>
+
+<p>WzglÄdem nikogo nie mamy dÅugu, za który musielibyÅmy siÄ
+„odwdziÄczaÄ”. [Ale] wspieranie sztuki wciÄ
ż jest pożytecznÄ
+rzeczÄ
. To byÅa motywacjÄ
, która staÅa za prawem autorskim, wtedy gdy
+jeszcze prawo autorskie pasowaÅo do panujÄ
cej technologii. Dzisiaj
+prawo autorskie jest zÅym rozwiÄ
zaniem, ale wciÄ
ż dobrze jest robiÄ
to
+na inne sposoby, które szanujÄ
naszÄ
wolnoÅÄ.</p>
+
+<p>Domagajcie siÄ, by zmienili te dwie szkodliwe czÄÅci ustawy o prawa
+autorskiego w Nowej Zelandii. Nie powinni wprowadzaÄ zasady trzech
+ostrzeżeÅ, ponieważ dzielenie siÄ jest dobre, i muszÄ
pozbyÄ
siÄ
+cenzury na oprogramowanie ÅamiÄ
ce DRM. Strzeżcie siÄ ACTA –
+oni próbujÄ
wynegocjowaÄ traktat pomiÄdzy różnymi paÅstwami, żeby
wszystkie
+one zaatakowaÅy swoich obywateli, a my nie wiemy w jaki sposób,
+bo nie chcÄ
nam powiedzieÄ.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">Kliknij tu</a>
+żeby przeczytaÄ starszÄ
wersjÄ tej przemowy z roku 2000.</p>
+
+<h4>Przypisy</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">W 2010 r., system szyfrowania wyjÅcia obrazu
cyfrowego zostaÅ raz
+na zawsze zÅamany.<br /><a
+href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp";>http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li>
+</ol>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.pl.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Pytania dotyczÄ
ce GNU i FSF prosimy kierowaÄ na adres <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. IstniejÄ
także <a
+href="/contact/contact.html">inne sposoby skontaktowania siÄ</a> z FSF.
+<br />
+Informacje o niedziaÅajÄ
cych odnoÅnikach oraz inne poprawki (lub
+propozycje) prosimy wysyÅaÄ na adres <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Aby zapoznaÄ siÄ z informacjami dotyczÄ
cymi tÅumaczenia
+i koordynowania tÅumaczeÅ artykuÅów, proszÄ odwiedziÄ stronÄ <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">tÅumaczeÅ</a>. <br />
+Komentarze odnoÅnie tÅumaczenia polskiego oraz zgÅoszenia dotyczÄ
ce
+chÄci wspóÅpracy w tÅumaczeniu prosimy kierowaÄ na adres <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>Ten utwór objÄty jest licencjÄ
Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Bez
+utworów zależnych 3.0 Stany Zjednoczone. Aby zobaczyÄ kopiÄ niniejszej
+licencji przejdź na stronÄ <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a>
+lub napisz do Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San
+Francisco, California 94105, USA.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+TÅumaczenie: Mariusz Libera 2010, Jan Owoc 2012, PaweÅ RóżaÅski
2011.</div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Aktualizowane:
+
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:26:54 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: public-domain-manifesto.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: public-domain-manifesto.ru.html
diff -N public-domain-manifesto.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ public-domain-manifesto.ru.html 9 Aug 2012 00:26:54 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ подпиÑÑ “ÐаниÑеÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниє</title>
+<link rel="canonical"
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/public-domain-manifesto"; />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist" -->
+<h2>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ подпиÑÑ “ÐаниÑеÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниє</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолмен</a></p>
+
+<p>“ÐаниÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенного
доÑÑоÑниє (<a
+href="http://www.publicdomainmanifesto.org/node/8";>http://www.publicdomainmanifesto.org/node/8</a>)
+по дÑÑ
Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ñавилен, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив некоÑоÑÑÑ
+неÑпÑаведливÑÑ
ÑаÑÑиÑений ÑилÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, Ñак Ñ ÑожалеÑ, ÑÑо не могÑ
+поддеÑжаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. Ðднако он оÑ
ваÑÑваеÑ
ÑлиÑком мало из Ñого, ÑÑо нÑжно.</p>
+
+<p>ÐекоÑоÑÑе изÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑовне неÑвнÑÑ
допÑÑений. РманиÑеÑÑе ÑаÑÑо
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ Ñакие <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">
+пÑопагандиÑÑÑкие ÑеÑминÑ</a> индÑÑÑÑии
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, как “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">заÑиÑа
авÑоÑÑким
+пÑавом</a>”. ÐÑи ÑеÑÐ¼Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли вÑбÑанÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди ÑимпаÑизиÑовали
+индÑÑÑÑии авÑоÑÑкого пÑава и ее
пÑиÑÑзаниÑм на влаÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаниÑеÑÑ Ð¸ подпиÑавÑие его ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ
ÑеÑмин “инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”, коÑоÑÑй оÑложнÑеÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава, ÑмеÑиваÑ
+его Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑком дÑÑгиÑ
законов, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
по
ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего
+обÑего. (Ðолее подÑобное обÑÑÑнение ÑÑого
моменÑа Ñм. на <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a>.) Ðак ни
паÑадокÑалÑно, ÑÑоÑ
+ÑеÑмин впеÑвÑе ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ Ð²
пÑедложении, в коÑоÑом ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
ÑÑоÑ
+маниÑеÑÑ Ð¾ÑноÑиÑÑÑ ÑолÑко к авÑоÑÑкомÑ
пÑавÑ, а не к Ñем дÑÑгим законам. ÐлÑ
+ÑÑого еÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина: дÑÑгие законÑ
не имеÑÑ Ð¾ÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+иÑполÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликованнÑÑ
ÑабоÑ. ÐÑли
Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑемимÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑиÑÑ
+обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑаÑÑ ÑÑи законÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñого, как
+они безоÑноваÑелÑно ÑмеÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ
дÑÑгом.</p>
+
+<p>Ð “ÐбÑем пÑинÑипе 2” повÑоÑÑеÑÑÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñибка:
+Ñам ÑпоминаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
должно ÑÑавновеÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑÑ
+обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи Ñ “заÑиÑой и
вознагÑаждением авÑоÑа”. ÐÑа оÑибка
+меÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑнÑе ÑÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ лÑбом
вопÑоÑе полиÑики авÑоÑÑкого пÑава,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
инÑеÑеÑаÑ
обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи. <a
+href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html</a>
ÑазÑÑÑнÑеÑ
+ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð±ÐºÑ Ð¸ Ñо, как ее избежаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑдно оÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑоÑоне оÑ
кампании, пÑеÑледÑÑÑей веÑнÑе Ñели,
+ÑолÑко поÑомÑ, ÑÑо она ÑÑоÑмÑлиÑована в
неÑеÑкиÑ
вÑÑажениÑÑ
. Ðднако
+маниÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÐºÐ¾ и до доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
конкÑеÑнÑÑ
Ñелей. Ðе Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив
+доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
Ñелей. ÐÑбое из его
ÑÑебований, взÑÑое оÑделÑно, бÑло бÑ
+Ñагом впеÑед, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо
ÑоÑмÑлиÑовка некоÑоÑÑÑ
иÑ
ниÑ
меÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ
+поÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ними ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑоÑив, пÑоблема ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо в
маниÑеÑÑе не ÑдалоÑÑ Ð²ÑÑазиÑÑ
+ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑамÑÑ
важнÑÑ
моменÑов. Я не
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐÑоÑ
+маниÑеÑÑ — Ñо, за ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑоє. Я не
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “Я
+поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñо, ÑÑо напиÑано в ÑÑом
маниÑеÑÑе”, еÑли Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑмогÑ
+добавиÑÑ, наÑавне Ñ ÑÑим — “Ðо в
нем не ÑдалоÑÑ ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ
+Ñамого важного из вÑего ÑÑого”.</p>
+
+<p>“ÐбÑий пÑинÑип 5” напÑавлен
пÑоÑив договоÑов, коÑоÑÑе
+огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñзование копиÑми
пÑоизведений из обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ.
Ðо
+болÑÑе вÑего нам нÑжно пÑоÑивоÑÑоÑÑÑ
Ñаким договоÑам Ñам, где ÑÑо оÑноÑиÑÑÑ
+к пÑоизведениÑм, на коÑоÑÑе по-пÑежнемÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
+(именно Ñак Amazon пÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑвиÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
владееÑе ÑлекÑÑонной книгой,
+коÑоÑÑÑ ÐºÑпили). ÐодобнÑм обÑазом,
“ÐбÑий пÑинÑип 5”
+оÑÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми пÑимениÑелÑно к
пÑоизведениÑм из
+обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе он
ÑÐ·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñамое наÑÑоÑÑее
+ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми, обÑ
одÑ
его Ñвоей кÑиÑикой.</p>
+
+<p>Самое болÑÑое ÑпÑÑение Ñ Ð¾ÑÑавил
напоÑледок. “ÐбÑаÑ
+ÑекомендаÑÐ¸Ñ 9” пÑизÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ðº
ÑазÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “лиÑного
+воÑпÑоизведениє ÑабоÑ, на коÑоÑÑе
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° обÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑÑоÑоной
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð° копиÑми
+опÑбликованнÑÑ
ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими, ей не
ÑдаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
ваÑиÑÑ ÑамÑй ÑквеÑнÑй аÑпекÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава: <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits";>
+Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñованием</a>, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²
наÑÑоÑÑее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиваÑÑ
+ÑазвлекаÑелÑнÑе компании.</p>
+
+<p>ТÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑекомендаÑии “ÐаниÑеÑÑа
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниє
+бÑли Ð±Ñ Ñагом впеÑед. Ðн мог Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ
ÑÑо-Ñо Ñ
оÑоÑее, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð² ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе
+лÑди, пÑинÑвÑие ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð´ÑÑÑÑии,
наÑали ÑомневаÑÑÑÑ Ð² ней. Ðднако
+еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñимем ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑелÑ,
ÑÑо оÑвлеÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñого, за ÑÑо
+нам дейÑÑвиÑелÑно нÑжно боÑоÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>“ÐаниÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенного
доÑÑоÑниє пÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² огоÑоженном ÑÐ°Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенного
доÑÑоÑниÑ, но оÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑой
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð½Ðµ его. ÐÑого не доÑÑаÑоÑно.</p>
+
+<p>Я пÑоÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов “ÐаниÑеÑÑа
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниє и
+обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ: пожалÑйÑÑа,
пÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ мне в ÑÑебованиÑÑ
ÑвободÑ
+некоммеÑÑеÑкого обмена копиÑми вÑеÑ
опÑбликованнÑÑ
+пÑоизведений. ÐÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ñакже,
пожалÑйÑÑа, к <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> и
помогиÑе
+нам боÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑавлениÑ
огÑаниÑениÑми, где Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ни
+наÑли.</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman</p><p>Copyright © 2012 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru";>ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:26:54 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/basic-freedoms.nl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/basic-freedoms.nl-en.html
diff -N po/basic-freedoms.nl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/basic-freedoms.nl-en.html 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Freedom of Speech, Press and Association on the Internet - GNU Project
- Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/basic-freedoms.translist" -->
+<h2>Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association on the Internet</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>
+ The Free Software Foundation supports the freedoms of speech, press, and
+ association on the Internet. Please check out:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ The <a href= "http://www.ciec.org/";
+ >Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition</a> came together to
+ oppose Congress' first attempt to regulate content on the Internet,
+ the Communications Decency Act, which the U.S. Supreme Court found
+ unconstitutional on June 26, 1997. Their site is being preserved as
+ a resource on the landmark CDA case.
+ </li>
+
+ <!-- removing this link.. site is dead as of June 07 2004
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.vtw.org/";>Voters Telecommunications Watch</a>
+ and their excellent announcement electronic mailing list.</li>
+ -->
+
+ <li>
+ <a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censoring GNU Emacs</a>
+ describes how the Communications Decency Act required the GNU
+ Project to censor GNU Emacs—and how this paradoxically had
+ the opposite of the effect that the censors wanted.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a href="http://www.factnet.org/";>F.A.C.T.Net Inc.</a>
+ is a non-profit Internet digest, news service, library, dialogue
+ center, and archive dedicated to the promotion and defense of
+ international free thought, free speech, and privacy rights.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ The <a href="http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html";>Blue Ribbon Campaign</a>
+ for Online Freedom of Speech, Press and Association.
+ </li>
+
+ <!-- removing this link.. site is dead as of June 07 2004
+ <li>You can read <a href="http://www.vtw.org/speech/index.html#decision";>the
+ June 1996 appeals court decision</a>
+ rejecting censorship of the Internet. But remember, this decision
+ is <em>not</em> final! First, the Supreme Court will agree or disagree;
+ then Congress gets a chance to look for another method of
censorship.</li>
+ -->
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Saving Europe from Software
Patents</a></li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations</a>
+ that work for freedom in computer development and electronic
+ communications.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:27:11 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/boldrin-levine.nl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/boldrin-levine.nl-en.html
diff -N po/boldrin-levine.nl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/boldrin-levine.nl-en.html 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against
+intellectual property” - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/boldrin-levine.translist" -->
+<h2>Review: Boldrin and Levine, “The case against intellectual
property”</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<a
href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html";>http://www.researchoninnovation.org/tiip/archive/issue2003_2.html</a>
+contains a paper by Boldrin and Levine entitled “The case against
+intellectual property”. It argues on economic grounds that authors can
+make money by selling their work even in a world where everyone can copy.</p>
+
+<p>
+You've probably heard the superficial argument that “If the
+program is free, you will only sell one copy”. The obvious
+response is that today there are companies that sell thousands of
+copies a month. But this paper provides another response: it shows
+why people who are fully aware of the economic consequences of the
+freedom to copy would pay a high price for “the first
+copy”.</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">The
+term “intellectual property” is biased and spreads
+confusion.</a> The bias is easy to see—by calling copyright and
+patents and trademarks “property”, it leads people to
+think that criticizing them is “opposing property rights”.
+The confusion is less evident: by lumping copyright and patents and
+trademarks together, it leads people to treat them as one thing, to
+ignore their large differences and consider them as a single issue in
+terms of their meager similarities.</p>
+
+<p>
+This usually means ignoring social and ethical aspects of copyrights, and
+the different social and ethical aspects of patents, and considering both
+copyrights and patents as a single issue in narrow economic terms. The
+proponents of harshly restrictive copyrights and patents then present an
+economic argument that is so simple that it gives an appearance of being
+irrefutable.</p>
+
+<p>
+I normally respond by showing the aspects of the situation that have been
+ignored by treating the issue as a purely economic one. Boldrin and
+Levine's paper takes on that simple economic argument on its own terms, and
+shows the gaps in it, gaps that the apparent simplicity tends to hide.</p>
+
+<p>
+I believe we should continue to reject the term “intellectual
+property”. We need to call attention to the non-economic
+aspects of copyrights and the different non-economic aspects of
+patents. However, Boldrin and Levine's arguments will be useful for
+responding to people who insist on narrowing their values to
+economics.</p>
+
+<p>
+The paper is addressed to economists and somewhat mathematical.
+Popularization of its ideas would be useful.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:27:11 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/copyright-versus-community.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/copyright-versus-community.pl-en.html
diff -N po/copyright-versus-community.pl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/copyright-versus-community.pl-en.html 9 Aug 2012 00:27:11 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks -
+GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.translist" -->
+<h2>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>Join
our mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<p><b>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12
+October 2009</b></p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the
+privilege of introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is
+being sponsored by the School of Information Management at Victoria
+University of Wellington.</p>
+
+<p>Richard has been working to promote software freedom for over 25
+years. In 1983 he started the GNU project to develop a free operating
+system [the GNU system], and in 1985 he set up the Free Software
+Foundation. Every time you read or send a message to nz-libs, you use
+the Mailman software which is part of the GNU project. So whether you
+realize it or not, Richard's work has touched all of your lives.</p>
+
+<p>I like to describe him as the most influential person most people
+have never heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be
+true because it cannot be tested.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>We can't tell.</dd>
+
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software
+freedom and free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee
+when he created the world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings
+about a free online encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what
+is now Wikipedia.</p>
+
+<p>Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in
+the age of computer networks, and their implications for libraries.
+Richard.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the
+North Island it was raining most of the time. Now I know why they
+call gumboots “Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who
+was making chairs and tables out of ponga wood, and he called it
+fern-iture. Then we took the ferry to get here, and as soon as we got
+off, people started mocking and insulting us; but there were no hard
+feelings, they just wanted to make us really feel Picton.</p>
+
+<p>The reason people usually invite me to give speeches is because of
+my work on free software. This is not a talk about free software;
+this talk answers the question whether the ideas of free software
+extend to other kinds of works. But in order for that to make sense,
+I'd better tell you briefly what free software means.</p>
+
+<p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of
+“free speech”, not “free beer”. Free software
+is software that respects the user's freedom, and there are four
+specific freedoms that the user deserves always to have.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program
+and change it to make the program do what you wish.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbour; that is, the
+freedom to redistribute copies of the program, exact copies when you
+wish.</li>
+
+<li>And Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community.
+That's the freedom to publish your modified versions when you
+wish.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If the program gives you these four freedoms then it's free
+software, which means the social system of its distribution and use is
+an ethical system, one which respects the user's freedom and the
+social solidarity of the user's community. But if one of these
+freedoms is missing or insufficient, then it's proprietary software,
+nonfree software, user-subjugating software. It's unethical. It's
+not a contribution to society, it's a power grab. This unethical
+practice should not exist; the goal of the free software movement is
+to put an end to it. All software should be free, so that all users
+can be free.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software keeps the users divided and helpless: divided,
+because they're forbidden to share it, and helpless, because they
+don't have the source code so they can't change it. They can't even
+study it to verify what it's really doing to them, and many
+proprietary programs have malicious features which spy on the user,
+restrict the user, even back doors to attack the user.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, Microsoft Windows has a back door with which
+Microsoft can forcibly install software changes, without getting
+permission from the supposed owner of the computer. You may think
+it's your computer, but if you've made the mistake of having Windows
+running in it, then really Microsoft has owned your computer.
+Computers need to be defenestrated, which means either throw Windows
+out of the computer, or throw the computer out the window.</p>
+
+<p>But any proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over
+the users. Some of the developers abuse this power more, and some
+abuse it less, but none of them ought to have it. You deserve to have
+control of your computing, and not be forcibly dependent on a
+particular company. So you deserve free software.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of speeches about free software, people sometimes ask
+whether these same freedoms and ideas apply to other things. If you
+have a copy of a published work on your computer, it makes sense to
+ask whether you should have the same four freedoms—whether it's
+ethically essential that you have them or not. And that's the
+question that I'm going to address today.</p>
+
+<p>If you have a copy of something that's not software, for the most
+part, the only thing that might deny you any of these freedoms is
+copyright law. With software that's not so. The main ways of making
+software non-free are contracts and withholding the source code from
+the users. Copyright is a sort of secondary, back up method. For
+other things there's no such distinction as between source code and
+executable code.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, if we're talking about a text, if you can see the
+text to read it, there's nothing in the text that you can't see. So
+it's not the same kind of issue exactly as software. It's for the
+most part only copyright that might deny you these freedoms.</p>
+
+<p>So the question can be restated: “What should copyright law
+allow you to do with published works? What should copyright law
+say?”</p>
+
+<p>Copyright has developed along with copying technology, so it's
+useful to review the history of copying technology. Copying developed
+in the ancient world, where you'd use a writing instrument on a
+writing surface. You'd read one copy and write another.</p>
+
+<p>This technology was rather inefficient, but another interesting
+characteristic was that it had no economy of scale. To write ten
+copies would take ten times as long as to write one copy. It required
+no special equipment other than the equipment for writing, and it
+required no special skill other than literacy itself. The result was
+that copies of any particular book were made in a decentralized
+manner. Wherever there was a copy, if someone wanted to copy it, he
+could.</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing like copyright in the ancient world. If you had
+a copy and wanted to copy it, nobody was going to tell you you weren't
+allowed—except if the local prince didn't like what the book
+said, in which case he might punish you for copying it. But that's
+not copyright, but rather something closely related, namely
+censorship. To this day, copyright is often used in attempts to
+censor people.</p>
+
+<p>That went on for thousands of years, but then there was a big
+advance in copying technology, namely the printing press. The
+printing press made copying more efficient, but not uniformly. [This
+was] because mass production copying became a lot more efficient, but
+making one copy at a time didn't benefit from the printing press. In
+fact, you were better off just writing it by hand; that would be
+faster than trying to print one copy.</p>
+
+<p>The printing press has an economy of scale: it takes a lot of work
+to set the type, but then you can make many copies very fast. Also,
+the printing press and the type were expensive equipment that most
+people didn't own; and the ability to use them, most literate people
+didn't know. Using a press was a different skill from writing. The
+result was a centralized manner of producing copies: the copies of any
+given book would be made in a few places, and then they would be
+transported to wherever someone wanted to buy copies.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright began in the age of the printing press. Copyright in
+England began as a system of censorship in the 1500s. I believe it
+was originally meant to censor Protestants, but it was turned around
+and used to censor Catholics and presumably lots of others as well.
+According to this law, in order to publish a book you had to get
+permission from the Crown, and this permission was granted in the form
+of a perpetual monopoly to publish it. This was allowed to lapse in
+the 1680s, I believe [it expired in 1695 according to the Wikipedia
+entry]. The publishers wanted it back again, but what they got was
+something somewhat different. The Statute of Anne gave authors a
+copyright, and only for 14 years, although the author could renew it
+once.</p>
+
+<p>This was a totally different idea—a temporary monopoly for
+the author, instead of a perpetual monopoly for the publisher. The
+idea developed that copyright was a means of promoting writing.</p>
+
+<p>When the US constitution was written, some people wanted authors to
+be entitled to a copyright, but that was rejected. Instead, the US
+Constitution says that Congress can optionally adopt a copyright law,
+and if there is a copyright law, its purpose is to promote progress.
+In other words, the purpose is not benefits for copyright holders or
+anybody they do business with, but for the general public. Copyright
+has to last a limited time; publishers keep hoping for us to forget
+about this.</p>
+
+<p>Here we have an idea of copyright which is an industrial regulation
+on publishers, controlled by authors, and designed to provide benefits
+to the public at large. It functioned this way because it didn't
+restrict the readers.</p>
+
+<p>Now in the early centuries of printing, and still I believe in the
+1790s, lots of readers wrote copies by hand because they couldn't
+afford printed copies. Nobody ever expected copyright law to be
+something other than an industrial regulation. It wasn't meant to
+stop people from writing copies, it was meant to regulate the
+publishers. Because of this it was easy to enforce, uncontroversial,
+and arguably beneficial for society.</p>
+
+<p>It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against
+publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a
+book—you go to a bookstore and say “where do these copies
+come from?”. You don't have to invade everybody's home and
+everybody's computer to do that.</p>
+
+<p>It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted,
+they had nothing to complain about. Theoretically they were
+restricted from publishing, but not being publishers and not having
+printing presses, they couldn't do that anyway. In what they actually
+could do, they were not restricted.</p>
+
+<p>It was arguably beneficial because the general public, according to
+the concepts of copyright law, traded away a theoretical right they
+were not in a position to exercise. In exchange, they got the
+benefits of more writing.</p>
+
+<p>Now if you trade away something you have no possible use for, and
+you get something you can use in exchange, it's a positive trade.
+Whether or not you could have gotten a better deal some other way,
+that's a different question, but at least it's positive.</p>
+
+<p>So if this were still in the age of the printing press, I don't
+think I'd be complaining about copyright law. But the age of the
+printing press is gradually giving way to the age of the computer
+networks—another advance in copying technology that makes
+copying more efficient, and once again not uniformly so.</p>
+
+<p>Here's what we had in the age of the printing press: mass
+production very efficient, one at a time copying still just as slow as
+the ancient world. Digital technology gets us here: they've both
+benefited, but one-off copying has benefited the most.</p>
+
+<p>We get to a situation much more like the ancient world, where one
+at a time copying is not so much worse [i.e., harder] than mass
+production copying. It's a little bit less efficient, a little bit
+less good, but it's perfectly cheap enough that hundreds of millions
+of people do it. Consider how many people write CDs once in a while,
+even in poor countries. You may not have a CD-writer yourself, so you
+go to a store where you can do it.</p>
+
+<p>This means that copyright no longer fits in with the technology as
+it used to. Even if the words of copyright law had not changed, they
+wouldn't have the same effect. Instead of an industrial regulation on
+publishers controlled by authors, with the benefits set up to go to
+the public, it is now a restriction on the general public, controlled
+mainly by the publishers, in the name of the authors.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, it's tyranny. It's intolerable and we can't allow
+it to continue this way.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this change, [copyright] is no longer easy to
+enforce, no longer uncontroversial, and no longer beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer easy to enforce because now the publishers want to
+enforce it against each and every person, and to do this requires
+cruel measures, draconian punishments, invasions of privacy, abolition
+of our basic ideas of justice. There's almost no limit to how far
+they will propose to go to prosecute the War on Sharing.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in
+several countries whose basic platform is “freedom to
+share”.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually
+traded away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise.
+They're tremendously useful, and we want to exercise them.</p>
+
+<p>What would a democratic government do in this situation?</p>
+
+<p>It would reduce copyright power. It would say: “The trade we
+made on behalf of our citizens, trading away some of their freedom
+which now they need, is intolerable. We have to change this; we can't
+trade away the freedom that is important.” We can measure the
+sickness of democracy by the tendency of governments to do the exact
+opposite around the world, extending copyright power when they should
+reduce it.</p>
+
+<p>One example is in the dimension of time. Around the world we see
+pressure to make copyright last longer and longer and longer.</p>
+
+<p>A wave of this started in the US in 1998. Copyright was extended
+by 20 years on both past and future works. I do not understand how
+they hope to convince the now dead or senile writers of the 20s and
+30s to write more back then by extending copyright on their works now.
+If they have a time machine with which to inform them, they haven't
+used it. Our history books don't say that there was a burst of vigor
+in the arts in the 20s when all the artists found out that their
+copyrights would be extended in 1998.</p>
+
+<p>It's theoretically conceivable that 20 years more copyright on
+future works would convince people to make more effort in producing
+those works. But not anyone rational, because the discounted present
+value of 20 more years of copyright starting 75 years in the
+future—if it's a work made for hire—and probably even
+longer if it's a work with an individual copyright holder, is so small
+it couldn't persuade any rational person to do anything different.
+Any business that wants to claim otherwise ought to present its
+projected balance sheets for 75 years in the future, which of course
+they can't do because none of them really looks that far ahead.</p>
+
+<p>The real reason for this law, the desire that prompted various
+companies to purchase this law in the US Congress, which is how laws
+are decided on for the most part, was they had lucrative monopolies
+and they wanted those monopolies to continue.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, Disney was aware that the first film in which Mickey
+Mouse appeared would go into the public domain in a few years, and
+then anybody would be free to draw that same character as part of
+other works. Disney didn't want that to happen. Disney borrows a lot
+from the public domain, but is determined never to give the slightest
+thing back. So Disney paid for this law, which we refer to as the
+Mickey Mouse Copyright Act.</p>
+
+<p>The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US
+Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with
+a way to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright
+on the installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright
+for 20 more years. So that at any given time, any given work has a
+date when it will supposedly fall into the public domain. But that
+date is like tomorrow, it never comes. By the time you get there they
+will have postponed it, unless we stop them next time.</p>
+
+<p>That's one dimension, the dimension of duration. But even more
+important is the dimension of breadth: which uses of the work does
+copyright cover?</p>
+
+<p>In the age of the printing press, copyright wasn't supposed to
+cover all uses of a copyrighted work, because copyright regulated
+certain uses that were the exceptions in a broader space of
+unregulated uses. There were certain things you were simply allowed
+to do with your copy of a book.</p>
+
+<p>Now the publishers have got the idea that they can turn our
+computers against us, and use them to seize total power over all use
+of published works. They want to set up a pay-per-view universe.
+They're doing it with DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)—the
+intentional features of software that's designed to restrict the user.
+And often the computer itself is designed to restrict the user.</p>
+
+<p>The first way in which the general public saw this was in DVDs. A
+movie on a DVD was usually encrypted, and the format was secret. The
+DVD conspiracy kept this secret because they said anyone that wants to
+make DVD players has to join the conspiracy, promise to keep the
+format secret, and promise to design the DVD players to restrict the
+users according to the rules, which say it has to stop the user from
+doing this, from doing that, from doing that—a precise set of
+requirements, all of which are malicious towards us.</p>
+
+<p>It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret
+format, and published free software capable of reading the movie on a
+DVD and playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't
+actually stop them, we have to make it a crime”. And they
+started that in the US in 1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright
+Act, which imposed censorship on software capable of doing such
+jobs.</p>
+
+<p>So that particular piece of free software was the subject of a
+court case. Its distribution in the US is forbidden; the US practices
+censorship of software.</p>
+
+<p>The movie companies are well aware that they can't really make that
+program disappear—it's easy enough to find it. So they designed
+another encryption system, which they hoped would be harder to break,
+and it's called AACS, or the axe.</p>
+
+<p>The AACS conspiracy makes precise rules about all players. For
+instance, in 2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video
+outputs. So all video outputs will have to be digital, and they will
+carry the signal encrypted into a monitor specially designed to keep
+secrets from the user. That is malicious hardware. They say that the
+purpose of this is to “close the analog hole”. I'll show
+you a couple of analog holes (Stallman takes off his glasses): here's
+one and here's another, that they'd like to poke out permanently.<a
href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>How do I know about these conspiracies? The reason is they're not
+secret—they have websites. The AACS website proudly describes
+the contracts that manufacturers have to sign, which is how I know
+about this requirement. It proudly states the names of the companies
+that have established this conspiracy, which include Microsoft and
+Apple, and Intel, and Sony, and Disney, and IBM.</p>
+
+<p>A conspiracy of companies designed to restrict the public's access
+to technology ought to be prosecuted as a serious crime, like a
+conspiracy to fix prices, except it's worse, so the prison sentences
+for this should be longer. But these companies are quite confident
+that our governments are on their side against us. They have no fear
+against being prosecuted for these conspiracies, which is why they
+don't bother to hide them.</p>
+
+<p>In general DRM is set up by a conspiracy of companies. Once in a
+while a single company can do it, but generally it requires a
+conspiracy between technology companies and publishers, so [it's]
+almost always a conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>They thought that nobody would ever be able to break the AACS, but
+about three and a half years ago someone released a free program
+capable of decrypting that format. However, it was totally useless,
+because in order to run it you need to know the key.</p>
+
+<p>And then, six months later, I saw a photo of two adorable puppies,
+with 32 hex digits above them, and I wondered: “Why put those
+two things together? I wonder if those numbers are some important
+key, and someone could have put the numbers together with the puppies,
+figuring people would copy the photo of the puppies because they were
+so cute. This would protect the key from being wiped out.”</p>
+
+<p>And that's what it was—that was the key to break the axe.
+People posted it, and editors deleted it, because laws in many
+countries now conscript them to censor this information. It was
+posted again, they deleted it; eventually they gave up, and in two
+weeks this number was posted in over 700,000 web sites.</p>
+
+<p>That's a big outpouring of public disgust with DRM. But it didn't
+win the war, because the publishers changed the key. Not only that:
+with HD DVD, this was adequate to break the DRM, but not with Blu-ray.
+Blu-ray has an additional level of DRM and so far there is no free
+software that can break it, which means that you must regard Blu-ray
+disks as something incompatible with your own freedom. They are an
+enemy with which no accommodation is possible, at least not with our
+present level of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Never accept any product designed to attack your freedom. If you
+don't have the free software to play a DVD, you mustn't buy or rent
+any DVDs, or accept them even as gifts, except for the rare
+non-encrypted DVDs, which there are a few of. I actually have a few
+[of these]—I don't have any encrypted DVDs, I won't take
+them.</p>
+
+<p>So this is how things stand in video, but we've also seen DRM in
+music.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, about ten years ago we started to see things that
+looked like compact disks, but they weren't written quite like compact
+disks. They didn't follow the standard. We called them 'corrupt
+disks', and the idea of them was that they would play in an audio
+player, but it was impossible to read them on a computer. These
+different methods had various problems.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually Sony came up with a clever idea. They put a program on
+the disk, so that if you stuck the disk into a computer, the disk
+would install the program. This program was designed like a virus to
+take control of the system. It's called a 'root kit', meaning that it
+has things in it to break the security of the system so that it can
+install the software deep inside the system, and modify various parts
+of the system.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, it modified the command you could use to examine the
+system to see if the software was present, so as to disguise itself.
+It modified the command you could use to delete some of these files,
+so that it wouldn't really delete them. Now all of this is a serious
+crime, but it's not the only one Sony committed, because the software
+also included free software code—code that had been released
+under the GNU General Public License.</p>
+
+<p>Now the GNU GPL is a copyleft license, and that means it says
+“Yes, you're free to put this code into other things, but when
+you do, the entire program that you put things into you must release
+as free software under the same license. And you must make the source
+code available to users, and to inform them of their rights you must
+give them a copy of this license when they get the
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>Sony didn't comply with all that. That's commercial copyright
+infringement, which is a felony. They're both felonies, but Sony
+wasn't prosecuted because the government understands that the purpose
+of the government and the law is to maintain the power of those
+companies over us, not to help defend our freedom in any way.</p>
+
+<p>People got angry and they sued Sony. However, they made a mistake.
+They focused their condemnation not on the evil purpose of this
+scheme, but only on the secondary evils of the various methods that
+Sony used. So Sony settled the lawsuits and promised that in the
+future, when it attacks our freedom, it will not do those other
+things.</p>
+
+<p>Actually, that particular corrupt disk scheme was not so bad,
+because if you were not using Windows it would not affect you at all.
+Even if you were using Windows, there's a key on the keyboard—if
+you remembered every time to hold it down, then the disk wouldn't
+install the software. But of course it's hard to remember that every
+time; you're going to slip up some day. This shows the kind of thing
+we've had to deal with.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately music DRM is receding. Even the main record companies
+sell downloads without DRM. But we see a renewed effort to impose DRM
+on books.</p>
+
+<p>You see, the publishers want to take away the traditional freedoms
+of book readers—freedom to do things such as borrow a book from
+the public library, or lend it to a friend; to sell a book to a used
+book store, or buy it anonymously paying cash (which is the only way I
+buy books—we've got to resist the temptations to let Big Brother
+know everything that we're doing.)</p>
+
+<p>Even the freedom to keep the book as long as you wish, and read it
+as many times as you wish, they plan to get rid of.</p>
+
+<p>The way they do it is with DRM. They knew that so many people read
+books and would get angry if these freedoms were taken away that they
+didn't believe they could buy a law specifically to abolish these
+freedoms—there would be too much opposition. Democracy is sick,
+but once in a while people manage to demand something. So they came
+up with a two-stage plan.</p>
+
+<p>First, take away these freedoms from ebooks, and second, convince
+people to switch from paper books to ebooks. They've succeeded with
+stage 1.</p>
+
+<p>In the US they did it with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act,
+and in New Zealand, that was part of the year-ago Copyright Act;
+censorship on software that can break DRM was part of that law.
+That's an unjust provision; it's got to be repealed.</p>
+
+<p>The second stage is convince people to switch from printed books to
+ebooks; that didn't go so well.</p>
+
+<p>One publisher in 2001 had the idea they would make their line of
+ebooks really popular if they started it with my biography. So they
+found an author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said
+“Only if this ebook is published without encryption, without
+DRM”. The publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just
+stuck to it—I said no. Eventually we found another publisher
+who was willing to do this—in fact willing to publish the book
+under a free license giving you the four freedoms—so the book
+was then published, and sold a lot of copies on paper.</p>
+
+<p>But in any case, ebooks failed at the beginning of this decade.
+People just didn't want to read them very much. And I said,
+“they will try again”. We saw an amazing number of news
+articles about electronic ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never
+remember which), and it occurred to me probably the reason there's so
+many is the publishers want us to think about this. They want us to
+be eager for the next generation of ebook readers.</p>
+
+<p>Now they're upon us. Things like the Sony Shreader (its official
+name is the Sony Reader, but if you put on 'sh' it explains what it's
+designed to do to your books), and the Amazon Swindle, designed to
+swindle you out of your traditional freedoms without your noticing.
+Of course, they call it the Kindle which is what it's going to do to
+your books.</p>
+
+<p>The Kindle is an extremely malicious product, almost as malicious
+as Microsoft Windows. They both have spy features, they both have
+Digital Restrictions Management, and they both have back doors.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the Kindle, the only way you can buy a book is to
+buy it from Amazon, and Amazon requires you to identify yourself, so
+they know everything that you've bought.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is Digital Restrictions Management, so you can't lend
+the book or sell it to a used bookstore, and the library can't lend it
+either.</p>
+
+<p>And then there's the back door, which we found out about about
+three months ago, because Amazon used it. Amazon sent a command to
+all the Kindles to erase a particular book, namely 1984 by George
+Orwell. Yes, they couldn't have picked a more ironic book to erase.
+So that's how we know that Amazon has a back door with which it can
+erase books remotely.</p>
+
+<p>What else it can do, who knows? Maybe it's like Microsoft Windows.
+Maybe Amazon can remotely upgrade the software, which means that
+whatever malicious things are not in it now, they could put them in it
+tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>This is intolerable—any one of these restrictions is
+intolerable. They want to create a world where nobody lends books to
+anybody anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine that you visit a friend and there are no books on the
+shelf. It's not that your friend doesn't read, but his books are all
+inside a device, and of course he can't lend you those books. The
+only way he could lend you any one of those books is to lend you his
+whole library, which is obviously a ridiculous thing to ask anybody to
+do. So there goes friendship for people who love books.</p>
+
+<p>Make sure that you inform people what this device implies. It
+means other readers will no longer be your friends, because you will
+be acting like a jerk toward them. Spread the word preemptively.
+This device is your enemy. It's the enemy of everyone who reads. The
+people who don't recognize that are the people who are thinking so
+short-term that they don't see it. It's our job to help them see
+beyond the momentary convenience to the implications of this
+device.</p>
+
+<p>I have nothing against distributing books in digital form, if they
+are not designed to take away our freedom. Strictly speaking, it is
+possible to have an ebook reader:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>that is not designed to attack you,</li>
+
+<li>which runs free software and not proprietary software,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't have DRM,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't make people identify yourself to get a book,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't have a back door, [and]</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't restrict what you can do with the files on your
+machine.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>It's possible, but the big companies really pushing ebooks are
+doing it to attack our freedom, and we mustn't stand for that. This
+is what governments are doing in cahoots with big business to attack
+our freedom, by making copyright harsher and nastier, more restrictive
+than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>But what should they do? Governments should make copyright power
+less. Here are my specific proposals.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, there is the dimension of time. I propose copyright
+should last ten years, starting from the date of publication of a
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Why from the date of publication? Because before that, we don't
+have copies. It doesn't matter to us whether we would have been
+allowed to copy our copies that we don't have, so I figure we might as
+well let the authors have as much time as it takes to arrange
+publication, and then start the clock.</p>
+
+<p>But why ten years? I don't know about in this country, but in the
+US, the publication cycle has got shorter and shorter. Nowadays
+almost all books are remaindered within two years and out-of-print
+within three. So ten years is more than three times the usual
+publication cycle—that should be plenty comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>But not everybody agrees. I once proposed this in a panel
+discussion with fiction writers, and the award-winning fantasy writer
+next to me said “Ten years? No way. Anything more than five
+years is intolerable.” You see, he had a legal dispute with his
+publisher. His books seemed to be out of print, but the publisher
+wouldn't admit it. The publisher was using the copyright on his own
+book to stop him from distributing copies himself, which he wanted to
+do so people could read it.</p>
+
+<p>This is what every artist starts out wanting—wanting to
+distribute her work so it will get read and appreciated. Very few
+make a lot of money. That tiny fraction face the danger of being
+morally corrupted, like J.K. Rowling.</p>
+
+<p>J.K. Rowling, in Canada, got an injunction against people who had
+bought her book in a bookstore, ordering them not to read it. So in
+response I call for a boycott of Harry Potter books. But I don't say
+you shouldn't read them; I leave that to the author and the publisher.
+I just say you shouldn't buy them.</p>
+
+<p>It's few authors that make enough money that they can be corrupted
+in this way. Most of them don't get anywhere near that, and continue
+wanting the same thing they wanted at the outset: they want their work
+to be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>He wanted to distribute his own book, and copyright was stopping
+him. He realized that more than five years of copyright was unlikely
+to ever do him any good.</p>
+
+<p>If people would rather have copyright last five years, I won't be
+against it. I propose ten as a first stab at the problem. Let's
+reduce it to ten years and then take stock for a while, and we could
+adjust it after that. I don't say I think ten years is the exact
+right number—I don't know.</p>
+
+<p id="details">What about the dimension of breadth? Which activities should
+copyright cover? I distinguish three broad categories of works.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, there are the functional works that you use to do a
+practical job in your life. This includes software, recipes,
+educational works, reference works, text fonts, and other things you
+can think of. These works should be free.</p>
+
+<p>If you use the work to do a job in your life, then if you can't
+change the work to suit you, you don't control your life. Once you
+have changed the work to suit you, then you've got to be free to
+publish it—publish your version—because there will be
+others who will want the changes you've made.</p>
+
+<p>This leads quickly to the conclusion that users have to have the
+same four freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software.
+And you'll notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are
+always sharing and changing recipes just as if the recipes were free.
+Imagine how people would react if the government tried to stamp out
+so-called “recipe piracy”.</p>
+
+<p>The term “pirate” is pure propaganda. When people ask
+me what I think of music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when
+pirates attack they don't do it by playing instruments badly, they do
+it with arms. So it's not music “piracy”, because piracy
+is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you get from being the
+moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking ships is bad,
+sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly denounce that
+propaganda term “piracy” whenever we hear it.</p>
+
+<p>People might have objected twenty years ago: “If we don't
+give up our freedom, if we don't let the publishers of these works
+control us, the works won't get made and that will be a horrible
+disaster.” Now, looking at the free software community, and all
+the recipes that circulate, and reference works like
+Wikipedia—we are even starting to see free textbooks being
+published—we know that that fear is misguided.</p>
+
+<p>There is no need to despair and give up our freedom thinking that
+otherwise the works won't get made. There are lots of ways to
+encourage them to get made if we want more—lots of ways that are
+consistent with and respect our freedom. In this category, they
+should all be free.</p>
+
+<p>But what about the second category, of works that say what certain
+people thought, like memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific papers,
+and various other things? To publish a modified version of somebody
+else's statement of what he thought is misrepresenting [that]
+somebody. That's not particularly a contribution to society.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore it is workable and acceptable to have a somewhat reduced
+copyright system where all commercial use is covered by copyright, all
+modification is covered by copyright, but everyone is free to
+non-commercially redistribute exact copies.</p>
+
+<p>That freedom is the minimum freedom we must establish for all
+published works, because the denial of that freedom is what creates
+the War on Sharing—what creates the vicious propaganda that
+sharing is theft, that sharing is like being a pirate and attacking
+ships. Absurdities, but absurdities backed by a lot of money that has
+corrupted our governments. We need to end the War on Sharing; we need
+to legalize sharing exact copies of any published work.</p>
+
+<p>In the second category of works, that's all we need; we don't need
+to make them free. Therefore I think it's OK to have a reduced
+copyright system which covers commercial use and all modifications.
+And this will provide a revenue stream to the authors in more or less
+the same (usually inadequate) way as the present system. You've got
+to keep in mind [that] the present system, except for superstars, is
+usually totally inadequate.</p>
+
+<p>What about works of art and entertainment? Here it took me a while
+to decide what to think about modifications.</p>
+
+<p>You see, on one hand, a work of art can have an artistic integrity
+and modifying it could destroy that. Of course, copyright doesn't
+necessarily stop works from being butchered that way. Hollywood does
+it all the time. On the other hand, modifying the work can be a
+contribution to art. It makes possible the folk process which leads
+to things which are beautiful and rich.</p>
+
+<p>Even if we look at named authors only: consider Shakespeare, who
+borrowed stories from other works only a few decades old, and did them
+in different ways, and made important works of literature. If today's
+copyright law had existed then, that would have been forbidden and
+those plays wouldn't have been written.</p>
+
+<p>But eventually I realized that modifying a work of art can be a
+contribution to art, but it's not desperately urgent in most cases.
+If you had to wait ten years for the copyright to expire, you could
+wait that long. Not like the present-day copyright that makes you
+wait maybe 75 years, or 95 years. In Mexico you might have to wait
+almost 200 years in some cases, because copyright in Mexico expires a
+hundred years after the author dies. This is insane, but ten years,
+as I've proposed copyright should last, that people can wait.</p>
+
+<p>So I propose the same partly reduced copyright that covers
+commercial use and modification, but everyone's got to be free to
+non-commercially redistribute exact copies. After ten years it goes
+into the public domain, and people can contribute to art by publishing
+their modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>One other thing: if you're going to take little pieces out of a
+bunch of works and rearrange them into something totally different,
+that should just be legal, because the purpose of copyright is to
+promote art, not to obstruct art. It's stupid to apply copyright to
+using snippets like that—it's self-defeating. It's a kind of
+distortion that you'd only get when the government is under the
+control of the publishers of the existing successful works, and has
+totally lost sight of its intended purpose.</p>
+
+<p>That's what I propose, and in particular, this means that sharing
+copies on the Internet must be legal. Sharing is good. Sharing
+builds the bonds of society. To attack sharing is to attack
+society.</p>
+
+<p>So any time the government proposes some new means to attack people
+who share, to stop them from sharing, we have to recognize that this
+is evil, not just because the means proposed almost invariably offend
+basic ideas of justice (but that's not a coincidence). The reason is
+because the purpose is evil. Sharing is good and the government
+should encourage sharing.</p>
+
+<p>But copyright did after all have a useful purpose. Copyright as a
+means to carry out that purpose has a problem now, because it doesn't
+fit in with the technology we use. It interferes with all the vital
+freedoms for all the readers, listeners, viewers, and whatever, but
+the goal of promoting the arts is still desirable. So in addition to
+the partly reduced copyright system, which would continue to be a
+copyright system, I propose two other methods.</p>
+
+<p>One is taxes—distribute tax money directly to artists. This
+could be a special tax, perhaps on Internet connectivity, or it could
+come from general revenue, because it won't be that much money in
+total, not if it's distributed in an efficient way. To distribute it
+efficiently to promote the arts means not in linear proportion to
+popularity. It should be based on popularity, because we don't want
+bureaucrats to have the discretion to decide which artists to support
+and which to ignore, but based on popularity does not imply linear
+proportion.</p>
+
+<p>What I propose is measure the popularity of the various artists,
+which you could do through polling (samples) in which nobody is
+required to participate, and then take the cube root. The cube root
+looks like this: it means basically that [the payment] tapers off
+after a while.</p>
+
+<p>If superstar A is a thousand times as popular as successful artist
+B, with this system A would get ten times as much money as B, not a
+thousand times.</p>
+
+<p>Linearly would give A a thousand times as much as B, which means
+that if we wanted B to get enough to live on we're going to have to
+make A tremendously rich. This is wasteful use of the tax
+money—it shouldn't be done.</p>
+
+<p>But if we make it taper off, then yes, each superstar will get
+handsomely more than an ordinary successful artist, but the total of
+all the superstars will be a small fraction of the [total] money.
+Most of the money will go to support a large number of fairly
+successful artists, fairly appreciated artists, fairly popular
+artists. Thus the system will use money a lot more efficiently than
+the existing system.</p>
+
+<p>The existing system is regressive. It actually gives far, far more
+per record, for instance, to a superstar than to anybody else. The
+money is extremely badly used. The result is we'd actually be paying
+a lot less this way. I hope that's enough to mollify some of these
+people who have a knee-jerk hostile reaction to taxes—one that I
+don't share, because I believe in a welfare state.</p>
+
+<p>I have another suggestion which is voluntary payments. Suppose
+every player had a button you could push to send a dollar to the
+artist who made the work you're currently playing or the last one you
+played. This money would be delivered anonymously to those artists.
+I think a lot of people would push that button fairly often.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, all of us could afford to push that button once every
+day, and we wouldn't miss that much money. It's not that much money
+for us, I'm pretty sure. Of course, there are poor people who
+couldn't afford to push it ever, and it's OK if they don't. We don't
+need to squeeze money out of poor people to support the artists.
+There are enough people who are not poor to do the job just fine. I'm
+sure you're aware that a lot of people really love certain art and are
+really happy to support the artists.</p>
+
+<p>An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a
+certificate of having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up
+how many times you had done it and give you a certificate that says
+“I sent so much to these artists”. There are various ways
+we could encourage people who want to do it.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and
+kind: “Have you sent a dollar to some artists today? Why not?
+It's only a dollar—you'll never miss it and don't you love what
+they're doing? Push the button!” It will make people feel good,
+and they'll think “Yeah, I love what I just watched. I'll send
+a dollar.”</p>
+
+<p>This is already starting to work to some extent. There's a
+Canadian singer who used to be called Jane Siberry. She put her music
+on her website and invited people to download it and pay whatever
+amount they wished. She reported getting an average of more than a
+dollar per copy, which is interesting because the major record
+companies charge just under a dollar per copy. By letting people
+decide whether and how much to pay, she got more—she got even
+more per visitor who was actually downloading something. But this
+might not even count whether there was an effect of bringing more
+people to come, and [thus] increasing the total number that this
+average was against.</p>
+
+<p>So it can work, but it's a pain in the neck under present
+circumstances. You've got to have a credit card to do it, and that
+means you can't do it anonymously. And you've got to go find where
+you're going to pay, and the payment systems for small amounts,
+they're not very efficient, so the artists are only getting half of
+it. If we set up a good system for this, it would work far, far
+better.</p>
+
+<p>So these are my two suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>And in mecenatglobal.org, you can find another scheme that combines
+aspects of the two, which was invented by Francis Muguet and designed
+to fit in with existing legal systems better to make it easier to
+enact.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights
+holders”, because when they say “compensate”,
+they're trying to presume that if you have appreciated a work, you now
+have a specific debt to somebody, and that you have to
+“compensate” that somebody. When they say “rights
+holders”, it's supposed to make you think it's supporting
+artists while in fact it's going to the publishers—the same
+publishers who basically exploit all the artists (except the few that
+you've all heard of, who are so popular that they have clout).</p>
+
+<p>We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to
+“compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful
+thing to do. That was the motivation for copyright back when
+copyright fit in with the technology of the day. Today copyright is a
+bad way to do it, but it's still good to do it other ways that respect
+our freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright Act.
+They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment, because sharing is
+good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to break
+DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty between various
+countries, for all of these countries to attack their citizens, and we don't
+know how because they won't tell us.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">Click here</a>
+for an older version of this talk from 2000.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">In 2010, the encryption system for digital video output was
+definitively cracked.<br /><a
href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp";>http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:27:11 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/public-domain-manifesto.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/public-domain-manifesto.ru-en.html
diff -N po/public-domain-manifesto.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/public-domain-manifesto.ru-en.html 9 Aug 2012 00:27:12 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</title>
+<link rel="canonical"
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/public-domain-manifesto"; />
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist" -->
+<h2>Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>The Public Domain Manifesto
+(<a
href="http://www.publicdomainmanifesto.org/node/8";>http://www.publicdomainmanifesto.org/node/8</a>)
+has its heart in the right place as it objects to some of the unjust
+extensions of copyright power, so I wish I could support it. However,
+it falls far short of what is needed.</p>
+
+<p>Some flaws are at the level of implicit assumptions. The manifesto
+frequently uses <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">propaganda
+terms</a> of the copyright industry, such as
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">“copyright
+protection”</a>. These terms were chosen to lead people to
+sympathize with the copyright industry and its demands for power.</p>
+
+<p>The manifesto and its signatories use the term “intellectual
+property”, which confuses the issue of copyright by lumping it
+together with a dozen other laws that have nothing significant in
+common.
+(See <a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a>
+for more explanation about this point.) Ironically it uses the term
+first in a sentence which points out that this manifesto is concerned
+only with copyright law, not with those other laws. That is with good
+reason: the other laws are not relevant to copying and using published
+works. If we seek to teach the public to distinguish between these
+laws, we should avoid setting an example which spuriously lumps them
+together.</p>
+
+<p>General Principle 2 repeats the common error that copyright should
+balance the public interest with “protecting and rewarding the
+author”. This error interferes with proper judgment of any
+copyright policy question, since that should be based on the public
+interest.
+<a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html</a>
+explains this error and how to avoid it.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to stand aside from a campaign for the right
+goals merely because it was written with unclear words. However, the
+manifesto falls far short in its specific goals too. It is not that I
+oppose them. Any one of its demands, individually, would be a step
+forward, even though the wording of some of them discourages me from
+signing my name to them.</p>
+
+<p>Rather the problem is that it fails to ask for the most important
+points. I cannot say, “This manifesto is what I stand
+for.” I cannot say, “I support what's in this
+manifesto,” unless I can add, equally visibly, “But it
+fails to mention the most important points of all.”</p>
+
+<p>General Principle 5 opposes contracts that restrict use of copies
+of public domain works. But where we most need to oppose such
+contracts is where they apply to works that are still copyrighted
+(this is how Amazon tries to claim that you don't own the e-book that
+you bought). Likewise, General Principle 5
+condemns <acronym title="Digital Restrictions Management">DRM</acronym>,
+but only when it applies to a public domain work. In effect, it
+legitimizes most real DRM by omitting it from criticism.</p>
+
+<p>I've saved the biggest omission for last. General Recommendation 9
+calls for allowing “personal copying” of copyrighted
+works. Since it omits the issue of the freedom to share copies of
+published works with others, it fails to address the nastiest aspect
+of copyright: the
+vicious <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits";>War
+on Sharing</a> that the entertainment companies are now waging.</p>
+
+<p>The demands and recommendations of the Public Domain Manifesto
+would be a step forward. It may do some good if it inspires people
+who have accepted the industry position to begin to doubt it.
+However, if we adopt this manifesto as our goal, it will distract us
+from what we really need to fight for.</p>
+
+<p>The Public Domain Manifesto tries to defend our freedom within the
+walled garden of the public domain, but abandons that freedom outside
+it. This is not enough.</p>
+
+<p>I ask the authors of the Public Domain Manifesto, and the public,
+to please join me in demanding the freedom to noncommercially share
+copies of all published works. Also please
+join <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>
+and help our fight against DRM wherever it may be found.</p>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No
+Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this
+license,
+visit <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a>
+or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300,
+San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/08/09 00:27:12 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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