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www fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html fry/po/ha...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html fry/po/ha... |
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Date: |
Thu, 23 Feb 2012 09:28:01 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/02/23 09:28:01
Modified files:
fry : happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html
fry/po : happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr-en.html
happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.po
philosophy : javascript-trap.es.html right-to-read.ja.html
philosophy/po : open-source-misses-the-point.ja.po
open-source-misses-the-point.translist
right-to-read.ja.po
Added files:
philosophy : open-source-misses-the-point.ja.html
philosophy/po : open-source-misses-the-point.ja-en.html
right-to-read.ja-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html 2 Feb 2012 02:07:39 -0000 1.6
+++ fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.html 23 Feb 2012 09:26:41 -0000 1.7
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
<form action="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/subscribe/info-fsf";
method="post">
- <p><input type="text" id="frmEmail" name="email" size="30" maxlength="80"
+ <p><input type="text" name="email" size="30" maxlength="80"
value="address@hidden" onfocus="this.value=''" /> <input
type="submit" value="S'abonner" /></p>
</form>
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2012/02/02 02:07:39 $
+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:26:41 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr-en.html 2 Feb 2012 02:07:51 -0000
1.2
+++ fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr-en.html 23 Feb 2012 09:27:10 -0000
1.3
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/02/02 02:07:51 $
+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:27:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.po 23 Feb 2012 07:34:17 -0000 1.5
+++ fry/po/happy-birthday-to-gnu.fr.po 23 Feb 2012 09:27:10 -0000 1.6
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-24 20:04+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"Plural-Forms: \n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -192,12 +192,12 @@
"\">Help GNU</a> page includes many non-technical ways to contribute, too."
msgstr ""
"Un autre moyen important d'aider GNU est de contribuer à des projets GNU "
-"existants. La liste <a href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";
-"\">GNU Help Wanted</a> est la liste des tâches générales pour les
logiciels "
-"GNU. Vous pourriez aussi envisager de reprendre un des <a href=\"/server/"
-"takeaction.html#unmaint\">paquets GNU non maintenus</a>. La page générale "
-"<a href=\"/help/help.html\">Aider GNU</a> recense aussi beaucoup de façons "
-"non techniques de contribuer."
+"existants. La liste <a href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?";
+"type_id=1\">GNU Help Wanted</a> est la liste des tâches générales pour les
"
+"logiciels GNU. Vous pourriez aussi envisager de reprendre un des <a href=\"/"
+"server/takeaction.html#unmaint\">paquets GNU non maintenus</a>. La page "
+"générale <a href=\"/help/help.html\">Aider GNU</a> recense aussi beaucoup
de "
+"façons non techniques de contribuer."
#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td><p>
msgid ""
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@
msgid ""
"Our server <a href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/\";>savannah.gnu.org</a> is a "
"central point for development and maintenance of free software, and many <a "
-"href=\"https://savannah.nongnu.org/search/?type_of_search=soft&words=%%%";
-"&type=1\">GNU projects are hosted at savannah</a>. Savannah also "
+"href=\"https://savannah.nongnu.org/search/?type_of_search=soft&words=%%";
+"%&type=1\">GNU projects are hosted at savannah</a>. Savannah also "
"welcomes and supports free software projects that are not official GNU "
"packages, so feel free to use it for any of your free software work; unlike "
"other hosting sites, <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/savannah";
@@ -329,9 +329,9 @@
"\"address@hidden" onfocus=\"this.value=''\" /> <input type=\"submit\" "
"value=\"Subscribe me\" />"
msgstr ""
-"<input type=\"text\" name=\"email\" size=\"30\" maxlength="
-"\"80\" value=\"address@hidden" onfocus=\"this.value=''\" /> <input "
-"type=\"submit\" value=\"S'abonner\" />"
+"<input type=\"text\" name=\"email\" size=\"30\" maxlength=\"80\" value="
+"\"address@hidden" onfocus=\"this.value=''\" /> <input type=\"submit"
+"\" value=\"S'abonner\" />"
#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td><h3>
msgid "Download"
Index: philosophy/javascript-trap.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/javascript-trap.es.html 5 Oct 2011 00:35:36 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/javascript-trap.es.html 23 Feb 2012 09:27:24 -0000 1.15
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
<title>La trampa de JavaScript</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/javascript-trap.es.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/javascript-trap.es.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.es.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/javascript-trap.translist" -->
<h2>La trampa de JavaScript</h2>
@@ -253,7 +259,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2011/10/05 00:35:36 $
+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:27:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html 30 Dec 2011 05:19:00 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html 23 Feb 2012 09:27:25 -0000 1.15
@@ -1,419 +1,346 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>ÆɤยÍø - GNU¥×¥í¥¸¥§¥¯¥È - ¥Õ¥ê¡¼¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢ºâÃÄ (FSF)</TITLE>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=EUC-JP">
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<LINK REV="translated" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H3>ÆɤยÍø</H3>
-<P>
-<A HREF="http://www.stallman.org/";><STRONG>Richard Stallman</STRONG></A>Ãø
-<P>
-
-<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.ja.html"><IMG
SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [ÎäÀŤʥ°¥Ë¥å¡¼¤Î²èÁü] "
- WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>
-
-[
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical!!! -->
- <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.cs.html">¥Á¥§¥³¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html">±Ñ¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html">¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.de.html">¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">ÆüËܸì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ko.html">´Ú¹ñ¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.pl.html">¥Ý¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.pt.html">¥Ý¥ë¥È¥¬¥ë¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">¥í¥·¥¢¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.es.html">¥¹¥Ú¥¤¥ó¸ì</A>
-]
-
-<P>
-
-<HR>
-
-<P>
-
-<H4>¤â¤¯¤¸</H4>
-<UL>
- <LI><A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#AuthorsNote"
- NAME="TOCAuthorsNote">ºî¼Ô¥Î¡¼¥È</A>
- <LI><A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#References"
- NAME="TOCReferences">»²¹Íʸ¸¥</A>
- <LI><A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#OtherTexts"
- NAME="TOCOtherTexts">¤½¤Î¾¤ÎÆɤߤâ¤Î</A>
- <LI><A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#Annotations"
- NAME="TOCAnnotations">ÌõÃí</A>
-</UL>
-
-<P>
-
-<HR>
-
-<P>
-
-<em>¤³¤Îµ»ö¤Ï<strong>Communications of the ACM</strong>1997ǯ2·î¹æ(Âè
-40´¬No.2)¤Ë·ÇºÜ¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£</em>
-
-<p>
-<blockquote>
- (·îÌ̳×Ì¿<A
- HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#A1">(1)</A>Åö»þ¤Î
- ÁÄÀè¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëµ»ö½¸À®¡Ö¥Æ¥£¥³<A
- HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#A2">(2)</A>¤Ø¤ÎÆ»¡×
- (2096ǯ¥ë¥Ê¥·¥Æ¥£È¯¹Ô)¤è¤ê)
-</blockquote>
-
-¥À¥ó¡¦¥Ï¥ë¥Ð¡¼¥È<A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html#A3">(3)</A>
-¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¥Æ¥£¥³¤Ø¤ÎÆ»¤ÏÂç³Ø¤«¤é»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿--¥ê¥Ã¥µ¡¦¥ì¥ó¥Ä¤¬¡¢Èà¤Î¥³¥ó¥Ô¥å¡¼
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-¥À¥ó¤Ï¤Þ¤º¤¤Î©¾ì¤ËÄɤ¤¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿¡£Èà¤ÏÈà½÷¤ò½õ¤±¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿--¤·
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-¥Ë¥¿¤¬ÉÕ¤±¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¢Ã¯¤¬¤¤¤Ä¤É¤³¤Ç¤½¤ÎËܤòÆɤó¤À¤«¤¬Ãæ±û¥é¥¤¥»¥ó¥¹´É
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-
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-ÎÁ¤òʧ¤¦¤Î¤¬¤ä¤Ã¤È¤ÎÃæή³¬µé¤Î²ÈÄí¤Î½Ð¤Ç¡¢ÆɽñÎÁ¤ò»Ùʧ¤¦Í¾ÎϤʤÉ̵¤¤¤Î
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-ºÑ¤Ç¤¤ë¤ÈƧ¤ó¤À¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë)¡£
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ã«ããçã ããã£ãããªè¨³æ³¨ã<ul><li><A
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+FSFããã³GNUã«é¢ããåãåãã㯠<a
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href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻訳
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+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
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+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
License</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾ããã¾ãã
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+
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+<div class="translators-credits">
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+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:27:25 $
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+<!-- timestamp end -->
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Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.po 23 Feb 2012 05:11:13
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.po 23 Feb 2012 09:27:38
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Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist 13 Jan 2012
17:26:26 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist 23 Feb 2012
09:27:39 -0000 1.5
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html">മലയാളà´</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
Index: philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja.po 23 Feb 2012 05:11:14 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja.po 23 Feb 2012 09:27:39 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,16 +11,15 @@
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"Last-Translator: NIIBE Yutaka <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Japanese <address@hidden>\n"
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+
+<p>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåãããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹æ´¾ã«åããã人ã
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+<p>ãããããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ã®ãªã¼ããã¡ããããããã¨æ±ºããã®ãããã§ãããå«çã¨èªç±ã«ã¤ãã¦éç²ãä¿ã¡ãããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ç´æ¥ã®å®éã®å©çã«ã¤ãã¦ã®ã¿ãèªããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ããã種ã®ã¦ã¼ã¶ãã¨ãã«ãã¸ãã¹ã¸ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããã£ã¨å¹çããã売ãããã¨ãã§ããã
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+<p>ãã®ã¢ããã¼ãã¯é説ã§ã¯å¹æçã§ããã¨è¨¼æããã¾ããããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ã®ã¬ããªãã¯ã¯ãããããã®ãã¸ãã¹ã¨å人ãç´å¾ãããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®å©ç¨ãããã¯éçºã¾ã§ã«ãããã¤ãªãã¾ãããããã¯ãããããã¡ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã大ãããã¾ããããããã表層ã®å®éã®æ®µã
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+<p>ãã®å±éºãªç¶æ³ã«ãã¾ãã«ããããã¡ã¯ããã¾ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«é¢ä¿ããã»ã¨ãã©ã®äººã¯ããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¯ã¨ãã«ãèªç±ã«ã¤ãã¦èªãã¾ãããé常ãããã¸ãã¹ã«åãå
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+
+<p>ãããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªãªã¢ããªã³ã»ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨é¨åçã«ä¸èªç±ãªGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã¯è¥æ²ãªå¤§å°ãè¦ã¤ãã¾ãããããããã¡ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ã»ã¨ãã©ã¯ãã®ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«èªç±ã§ãããã¨ãæ±ããªãããã§ããããã¯å¶ç¶ã§ã¯ããã¾ãããGNU/Linuxã®ã»ã¨ãã©ã®å©ç¨è
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è¦ã§ãããã£ã¨ãå°ãã§ã¯ãªãããã£ã¨ã</p>
+
+<h3>çµè«</h3>
+
+<p>ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ã®æè·è
ãæ°ããå©ç¨è
ãããããã¡ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã«å¼ãå
¥ããã¨ããããããã¡èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®æ´»å家ã¯ãæ°ããå©ç¨è
ãèªç±ã®åé¡ã«æ³¨æãæãããã«ãã®ä»»åãè²
ããªããã°ãªãã¾ããããããã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã§ãèªç±ãããªãã«ä¸ãã¾ã!ãã¨ããã£ã¨ãä»ã¾ã§ããã大ããªå£°ã§è¨ããªããã°ãªãã¾ãããããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¨è¨ãã¨ããããªãã¯ããããã¡ã®ãã£ã³ãã¼ã³ãå©ãã¦ããã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<h4>注</h4>
+
+<p>
+ã¸ã§ã¼ã»ãã¼ã®è«èª¬ã<a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“çãã¦ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ããã”</a>
+ã¯ãã®åé¡ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®å½¼ã®å±æãä¸ãã¦ããã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ã©ã¯ããã¨ã¦ã«ãã®<a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éçºè
ã®åæ©ã«é¢ããè«æ</a>ã§ã¯ãããªãã®å²åããã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯èªç±ã§ãªããã°ãªããªããã¨ããè¦è§£ã«ãã£ã¦åæ©ä»ãããã¦ããã¨è¿°ã¹ã¦ãã¾ããSourceForgeã®éçºè
ã調æ»ããã¨ããäºå®ã«ããããããã«ã§ãããã®ãµã¤ãã¯ãããå«çã®åé¡ã§ããã¨ããè¦è§£ãæ¯æãã¦ãã¾ããã</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ja.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+FSFããã³GNUã«é¢ããåãåãã㯠<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé¡ããã¾ã(è±èª)ãFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
+href="/contact/">ä»ã®æ¹æ³</a>ãããã¾ãã
+<br />
+ãªã³ã¯åããä»ã®ä¿®æ£ãææ¡ã¯<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ããã
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+ãã®ãã¼ã¸ã¯<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
License</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾ããã¾ãã
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+æçµæ´æ°:
+
+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:27:24 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
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+Translations of this page</h4> -->
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+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.ja-en.html 23 Feb 2012
09:27:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist"
-->
+
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p>When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">users' essential freedoms</a>:
+the freedom to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute
+copies with or without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not
+price, so think of “free speech,” not “free
+beer.”</p>
+
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just
+for the individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they
promote social
+solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly digitized.
+In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free
+software becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software;
+the public schools of some regions of India and Spain now teach all students to
+use the free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating
+system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of the ethical
+reasons for which we developed this system and built the free software
+community, because nowadays this system and community are more often
+spoken of as “open source”, attributing them to a different
+philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users'
+freedom since 1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free
+operating system GNU, so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems
that deny freedom to their users. During the 1980s, we developed most
+of the essential components of the system and designed
+the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to
release them under—a
+license designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a
+program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software
+agreed with the goals of the free software movement. In 1998, a part
+of the free software community splintered off and began campaigning in
+the name of “open source.” The term was originally
+proposed to avoid a possible misunderstanding of the term “free
+software,” but it soon became associated with philosophical
+views quite different from those of the free software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a
+“marketing campaign for free software,” which would appeal
+to business executives by highlighting the software's practical benefits,
while not raising issues of right and wrong that they might not like to hear.
Other
+supporters flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and
+social values. Whichever their views, when campaigning for
+open source, they neither cited nor advocated those values.
+The term “open source” quickly became associated with
+ideas and arguments based only on practical values, such as making or having
powerful,
+reliable software. Most of the supporters of open
+source have come to it since then, and they make the same association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms
+describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for
+views based on fundamentally different values. Open source is a
+development methodology; free software is a social movement. For the
+free software movement, free software is an ethical imperative,
+because only free software respects the users' freedom. By contrast,
+the philosophy of open source considers issues in terms of how to make
+software “better”—in a practical sense only. It
+says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the practical
+problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and
+move to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
software, does it
+matter which name you use? Yes, because different words convey
+different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way
+depends above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to
+help do this, it is essential to speak of “free
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source
+camp as an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But
+we want people to know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being
+mislabeled as open source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and
+“Open Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation:
+an unintended meaning, “software you can get
+for zero price,” fits the term just as well as the intended
+meaning, “software which gives the user certain freedoms.”
+We address this problem by publishing the definition of free software,
+and by saying “Think of ‘free speech,’ not ‘free
beer.’” This
+is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem.
+An unambiguous and correct term would be better, if it didn't present other
+problems.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of
+their own. We've looked at many that people have
+suggested, but none is so clearly “right” that switching
+to it would be a good idea. (For instance, in some contexts the
+French and Spanish word “libre” works well, but people in India do
not
+recognize it at all.) Every proposed replacement for
+“free software” has some kind of semantic
+problem—and this includes “open source
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived
+indirectly from our criteria for free software. It is not the same;
+it is a little looser in some respects, so the open source people have
+accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive.
+Also, they judge solely by the license of the source code, whereas our
+criterion also considers whether a device will let you <em>run</em>
+your modified version of the program. Nonetheless, their definition
+agrees with our definition in most cases.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That
+criterion is much weaker than the free software definition, much
+weaker also than the official definition of open source. It includes
+many programs that are neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p>Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the
+meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people
+misunderstand the term. According to writer Neal Stephenson,
+“Linux is ‘open source’ software meaning, simply,
+that anyone can get copies of its source code files.” I don't
+think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the
+“official” definition. I think he simply applied the
+conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition:
+<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. --> “Make use of open-source
+software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is freely
+and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i>
+has <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to
+user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and
+give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers
+have practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their
+official definition, but that corrective approach is less effective
+for them than it is for us. The term “free software” has
+two natural meanings, one of which is the intended meaning, so a
+person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free
+beer” will not get it wrong again. But the term “open
+source” has only one natural meaning, which is different from
+the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no succinct way to
+explain and justify its official definition. That makes for worse
confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea
+that it means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to
+accompany another misunderstanding that “free software”
+means “GPL-covered software.” These are both mistaken,
+since the GNU GPL qualifies as an open source license and most of
+the open source licenses qualify as free software licenses.</p>
+
+<p>The term “open source” has been further stretched by
+its application to other activities, such as government, education,
+and science, where there is no such thing as source code, and where
+criteria for software licensing are simply not pertinent. The only
+thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite
+people to participate. They stretch the term so far that it only means
+“participatory”.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
+and the two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite
+having similar basic goals and values. The right wing made much of
+this and used it to criticize the entire left.</p>
+
+<p>Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our
+disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical
+groups. They have it backwards. We disagree with the open source
+camp on the basic goals and values, but their views and ours lead in
+many cases to the same practical behavior—such as developing
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open
+source camp often work together on practical projects such as software
+development. It is remarkable that such different philosophical views
+can so often motivate different people to participate in the same
+projects. Nonetheless, there are situations where these fundamentally
+different views lead to very different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and
+redistribute the software will make it more powerful and reliable.
+But this is not guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are
+not necessarily incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that
+is powerful and reliable, even though it does not respect the users'
+freedom. Free software activists and open source enthusiasts will
+react very differently to that.</p>
+
+<p>A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by
+the ideals of free software, will say, “I am surprised you were able
+to make the program work so well without using our development model,
+but you did. How can I get a copy?” This attitude will reward
+schemes that take away our freedom, leading to its loss.</p>
+
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very
+attractive, but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program.
+Instead I will support a project to develop a free
+replacement.” If we value our freedom, we can act to maintain and
+defend it.</p>
+
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
+
+<p>The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes
+from the supposition that the software is designed to serve its users.
+If it is powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better.</p>
+
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects
+their freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its
+users? Then powerfulness means the chains are more constricting,
+and reliability that they are harder to remove. Malicious features,
+such as spying on the users, restricting the users, back doors, and
+imposed upgrades are common in proprietary software, and some open
+source supporters want to implement them in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for
+individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict
+them. This malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions
+Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is
+the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims
+to provide. And not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to
+trample your freedom, DRM developers try to make it hard, impossible,
+or even illegal for you to change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source
+DRM” software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code
+of programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by
+allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and
+reliable software for restricting users like you. The software would then be
+delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open
+source development model, but it won't be free software since it
+won't respect the freedom of the users that actually run it. If the
+open source development model succeeds in making this software more
+powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will make it even
+worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source
+camp from the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of
+“free software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising
ethical issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer
+to ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It
+does not follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source
+decided to do. They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and
+freedom, and talking only about the immediate practical benefits of
+certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the
+software more effectively to certain users, especially business.</p>
+
+<p>This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. The rhetoric
+of open source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use,
+and even develop, free software, which has extended our
+community—but only at the superficial, practical level. The
+philosophy of open source, with its purely practical values, impedes
+understanding of the deeper ideas of free software; it brings many
+people into our community, but does not teach them to defend it. That
+is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make freedom
+secure. Attracting users to free software takes them just part of the
+way to becoming defenders of their own freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
+proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
+companies seek to offer such temptation, some even offering copies
+gratis. Why would users decline? Only if they have learned to value
+the freedom free software gives them, to value freedom in and of itself rather
+than the technical and practical convenience of specific free
+software. To spread this idea, we have to talk about freedom. A
+certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to business can be
+useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes so common
+that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people
+involved with free software, especially its distributors, say little about
freedom—usually
+because they seek to be “more acceptable to business.”
+Nearly all
+GNU/Linux operating system distributions add proprietary packages to
+the basic free system, and they invite users to consider this an
+advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux
+distributions find fertile ground because most of our community does
+not insist on freedom with its software. This is no coincidence.
+Most GNU/Linux users were introduced to the system through “open
+source” discussion, which doesn't say that freedom is a goal.
+The practices that don't uphold freedom and the words that don't talk
+about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting the other. To overcome
+this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about freedom.</p>
+
+<h3>Conclusion</h3>
+
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community,
+we free software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue
+of freedom to their attention. We have to say, “It's
+free software and it gives you freedom!”—more and louder
+than ever. Every time you say “free software” rather than
+“open source,” you help our campaign.</p>
+
+<h4>Notes</h4>
+
+<p>
+Joe Barr's article,
+<a href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's
+<a
href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
on the
+motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This
+is despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge,
+a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:27:38 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
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Index: philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/right-to-read.ja-en.html 23 Feb 2012 09:27:39 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
+<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>Join
our mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<p>
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+2).</em></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
+might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she
+came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition,
+let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way
+she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had
+to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those
+fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for
+an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if
+frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the
+library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to
+pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages
+without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial
+and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access.
+By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature
+were a dim memory.</p>
+
+<p>
+There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central
+Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in
+software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool,
+and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading
+books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them
+turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were
+easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for
+pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have
+debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD
+or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them
+to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this
+had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they
+were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger
+vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to
+officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in
+software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be
+used only for class exercises.</p>
+
+<p>
+It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a
+modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
+kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
+the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
+couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to
+speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask
+for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
+own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students,
+regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
+interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
+grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
+administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
+doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started
+only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began
+using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different
+approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were
+harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to
+their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been
+taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the
+history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on
+copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved
+to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from
+the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the
+universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</h3>
+
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.]</p>
+
+<p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
+take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific laws and practices described above have already been
+proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
+the US, the 1998 Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal
+basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
+in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the
+SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
+copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
+the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
+shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
+computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
+CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+Programming Act”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
+press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
+the danger is once again higher.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
+the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
+trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
+as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
+agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another
+treaty, CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like the DMCA in 2003.</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
+“trusted computing” and “Palladium”. We call
+it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme,
+it is the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting it.</p>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
+can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
+Vista's many restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management) that users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we
+have established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
+Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
+all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
+afford to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in
+Oakland, California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The
+SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the
+power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association,
+has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official police force;
+unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
+erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
+and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
+slightly veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
+For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this
+message upon login:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
+are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
+recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
+improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the
+activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this
+system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
+monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
+University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
+everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
+
+<p>
+The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
+The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
+Here are articles about bad things that have happened since the
+original publication of this article.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Today's commercial ebooks <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
+ abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html";>
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access only by signing
+ a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse";>
+ contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
+ revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Electronic
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
+ electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
+ a copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
+ books and documents on a PC.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
+to organize and fight. The
+FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org";> Defective by Design</a>
+campaign has made a start — subscribe to the campaign's mailing
+list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate";>join
+the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="References">References</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+ href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>An
+ explanation of the White Paper:
+ The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
+ James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
Data or Private Data</a>,
+ Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+<p><strong>Other Texts to Read</strong></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
+ GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/story/0,10801,49358,00.html";
+ id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
+ Published in Computer World.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/23 09:27:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
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+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
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