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www education/edu-why.it.html education/po/edu-...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www education/edu-why.it.html education/po/edu-... |
|
Date: |
Wed, 11 Jan 2012 01:28:16 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 12/01/11 01:28:15
Modified files:
education : edu-why.it.html
education/po : edu-why.it-en.html edu-why.it.po
gnu : gnu-history.es.html gnu-history.it.html
gnu/po : gnu-history.it.po
graphics : avatars.fr.html
graphics/po : avatars.fr-en.html
philosophy : right-to-read.it.html
philosophy/po : right-to-read.it.po
software : software.it.html
software/po : software.it-en.html software.it.po
Added files:
gnu/po : gnu-history.es-en.html gnu-history.it-en.html
philosophy/po : right-to-read.it-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-why.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/avatars.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/po/avatars.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/software.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/software.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/software.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90
Patches:
Index: education/edu-why.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-why.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- education/edu-why.it.html 10 Jan 2012 17:29:02 -0000 1.1
+++ education/edu-why.it.html 11 Jan 2012 01:26:21 -0000 1.2
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
<h3>Condivisione</h3>
<p>Le scuole devono insegnare il valore della condivisione ponendosi come un
-esempio. Il software libero favorisce l'istruzione perché permette di
-condividere la conoscenza così come gli strumenti:</p>
+esempio. Il software libero favorisce l'istruzione perché permette la
+condivisione della conoscenza e degli strumenti:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Conoscenza</strong>. Molti giovani studenti hanno un talento per la
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@
<h3>Indipendenza</h3>
-<p>Le scuole hanno la responsabilità etica di educare all'autodeterminazione,
-non alla dipendenza da un singolo prodotto o da una potente azienda
+<p>Le scuole hanno la responsabilità etica di insegnare ad essere forti, non
+dipendenti da un singolo prodotto o da una potente azienda
specifica. Inoltre, scegliendo di utilizzare software libero, la scuola
-stessa guadagna indipendenza da ogni interesse commerciale e impedisce il
-monopolio di un venditore.</p>
+stessa guadagna indipendenza da ogni interesse commerciale ed evita di
+legarsi mani e piedi ad un singolo venditore.</p>
<ul>
<li>Le aziende di software proprietario sfruttano le scuole e le universitÃ
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
<li>Le licenze del software libero non scadono; questo vuol dire che una volta
che il software libero è stato adottato, le istituzioni rimangono
indipendenti dal venditore. In più, le licenze del software libero concedono
-agli utilizzatori i diritti non solo di usare il software come desiderano,
+agli utenti i diritti non solo di usare il software come desiderano,
copiarlo e distribuirlo, ma anche di modificarlo per adattarlo alle proprie
-necessità . Inoltre, se le istituzioni eventualmente volessero implementare
-una particolare funzione in un programma, possono possono usufruire delle
+necessità . Pertanto, se le istituzioni eventualmente volessero implementare
+una particolare funzione in un programma, possono usufruire delle
prestazioni di un qualsiasi programmatore per fare il lavoro,
indipendentemente dal venditore originale.</li>
</ul>
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
<p>Stabile, sicuro e facilmente installabile, il software libero offre una
vasta varietà di soluzioni già disponibili per l'educazione. In ogni caso,
l'eccellenza delle prestazioni è un beneficio secondario; lo scopo finale è
-la libertà degli utilizzatori del computer.</p>
+la libertà degli utenti di computer.</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
@@ -175,13 +175,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Tradotto originariamente da Alessandro Matsetes Mazza. Modifiche successive
-di Gaetano Debenedetto, Dora Scilipoti, Andrea Pescetti.</div>
+di Gaetano Debenedetto, Dora Scilipoti, Andrea Pescetti, Giorgio Padrin.</div>
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2012/01/10 17:29:02 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:26:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/po/edu-why.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-why.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- education/po/edu-why.it-en.html 10 Jan 2012 17:29:09 -0000 1.1
+++ education/po/edu-why.it-en.html 11 Jan 2012 01:26:32 -0000 1.2
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/01/10 17:29:09 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:26:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: education/po/edu-why.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-why.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
Index: gnu/gnu-history.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- gnu/gnu-history.es.html 24 Oct 2011 16:36:09 -0000 1.23
+++ gnu/gnu-history.es.html 11 Jan 2012 01:26:42 -0000 1.24
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@
fácil para los usuarios de Unix cambiar de Unix a GNU.</p>
<p>
-Un sistema operativo no es sólo el núcleo; sino que también incluye
-compiladores, editores, editores de texto, software de correo y muchas otras
-cosas. Por todo esto, escribir un sistema operativo completo es un trabajo
-bastante grande. Se necesitaron muchos años. La <a
-href="http://fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> se fundó en octubre de
-1985 con el objetivo inicial de recaudar fondos para ayudar a programar
GNU.</p>
+Un sistema operativo incluye un núcleo, compiladores, editores, editores de
+texto, software de correo, interficies gráficas, bibliotecas, juegos y
+muchas otras cosas. Por todo esto, escribir un sistema operativo completo es
+un trabajo bastante grande. La <a href="http://fsf.org/";>Free Software
+Foundation</a> se fundó en octubre de 1985 con el objetivo inicial de
+recaudar fondos para ayudar a programar GNU.</p>
<p>En los 90 ya habÃamos encontrado o escrito los componentes principales,
excepto uno, el núcleo. Entonces, Linux, un núcleo similar a Unix, fue
@@ -89,13 +89,11 @@
formó un sistema operativo completo: el sistema GNU/Linux. Se estima que
existen decenas de millones de personas que en la actualidad usan sistemas
GNU/Linux, habitualmente mediante <a
-href="/links/links.es.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions">distribuciones</a>
-como Slackware, Debian, Red Hat y otras.</p>
-
-<p>
-(Hoy en dÃa, la versión principal de Linux contiene «paquetes» de firmware
-que no es libre . Activistas del software Libre mantienen una <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>versión libre de linux</a>.)</p>
+href="/links/links.es.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions">distribuciones</a>. La
+versión principal de Linux contiene elementos de firmware que no son libres;
+por eso partidarios del software libre mantienen una modificación libre de
+Linux, denominada <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>Linux-libre</a>.)</p>
<p>
Sin embargo, el proyecto GNU no está limitado a sistemas operativos.
@@ -117,10 +115,10 @@
<p>
¿Hasta dónde puede llegar el software libre? No hay lÃmites, excepto cuando
<a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.es.html">leyes como el
-sistema de patentes prohÃben el software libre </a> completamente. El
-objetivo final es el de proporcionar software libre para hacer todas las
-tareas que los usuarios de computadoras quieran hacer, y por lo tanto hacer
-el software privativo obsoleto.</p>
+sistema de patentes prohÃben el software libre</a>. El objetivo final es el
+de proporcionar software libre para hacer todas las tareas que los usuarios
+de computadoras quieran hacer, y por lo tanto hacer el software privativo
+obsoleto.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -162,6 +160,7 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
+
<p>
Para informarse de <a
href="http://gnu.org/server/standards/translations/es/#ayudar";><em>cómo
traducir al
español o enviar correcciones</em></a> de esta traducción visite el sitio web
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2011/10/24 16:36:09 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:26:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/gnu-history.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/gnu-history.it.html 8 Jan 2012 17:25:37 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/gnu-history.it.html 11 Jan 2012 01:26:42 -0000 1.5
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
<p>
Il sistema operativo GNU è un sistema completo di software libero
compatibile con Unix. GNU sta per “GNU's Not Unix” (GNU non è
-Unix). Nel setembre 1983 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Unix). Nel settembre 1983 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a> fece l'<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Annuncio
Iniziale</a> sul Progetto GNU. Nel marzo 1985 fu pubblicata una versione più
-lunga con il nome di <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">Il Manifesto GNU<a>, che
+lunga con il nome di <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">Il Manifesto GNU</a>, che
è stato tradotto in <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">varie
lingue</a>.</p>
@@ -74,29 +74,24 @@
compatibilità rende facile agli utenti di Unix passare da Unix a GNU.</p>
<p>
-Un sistema operativo è molto di più che un kernel; include anche
-compilatori, editor, formattatori di testo, software per la posta, e molte
-altre cose. Perciò, scrivere un intero sistema operativo è un lavoro molto
-vasto. Cominciammo nel gennaio 1984 e ci vollero molti anni. La <a
-href="http://fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> fu fondata nel ottobre
-1985, in un primo momento per raccogliere fondi per sostenere lo sviluppo di
-GNU.</p>
-
-<p>Entro gli anni '90, avevamo o trovato o scritto tutto i principali
-componenti eccetto uno: il kernel. Poi Linux, un kernel compatibile con
-Unix, fu sviluppato da Linus Torvalds nel 1991 e rilasciato come software
-libero nel 1992. La combinazione del kernel Linux con il sistema GNU quasi
-completo ebbe come risultato un sistema operativo completo: il sistema
-GNU/Linux. Si stima che centinaia di migliaia di persone ora utilizzano
-sistemi GNU/Linux, generalmente <a href="/distros">distribuzioni</a> tali
-come Slackware, Debian, Red Hat, e altre.</p>
-
-<p>
-(Al momento la versione principale di Linux, il kernel, contiene dei
-“blobs” non liberi nel firmaware. Alcuni attivisti del software
-libero mantengono una <a
+Un sistema operativo comprende un kernel, compilatori, editor, formattatori
+di testo, software per la posta, interfacce grafiche, librerie, giochi e
+molte altre cose. Perciò, scrivere un intero sistema operativo è un lavoro
+molto vasto. Cominciammo nel gennaio 1984. La <a href="http://fsf.org/";>
+Free Software Foundation</a> fu fondata nel mese di ottobre 1985, in un
+primo momento per raccogliere fondi per sostenere lo sviluppo di GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Entro il 1990 avevamo trovato o scritto tutti i principali componenti
+eccetto uno: il kernel. Poi Linux, un kernel compatibile con Unix, fu
+sviluppato da Linus Torvalds nel 1991 e rilasciato come software libero nel
+1992. La combinazione del kernel Linux con il sistema GNU quasi completo
+ebbe come risultato un sistema operativo completo: il sistema GNU/Linux. Si
+stima che decine di milioni di persone ora utilizzino sistemi GNU/Linux,
+generalmente <a href="/distros">distribuzioni GNU/Linux</a>. Al momento la
+versione principale di Linux contiene dei “blob” firmware non
+liberi. Alcuni attivisti del software libero mantengono una <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>versione modificata libera</a>
-del kernel.)</p>
+del kernel.</p>
<p>
Tuttavia, il Progetto GNU non si limita al sistema operativo di
@@ -119,9 +114,9 @@
Fin dove può spingersi il software libero? Non ci sono limiti, tranne quando
delle leggi come per esempio <a
href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">i brevetti proibiscono il
-software libero</a> completamente. L'obiettivo finale è fornire software
-libero che faccia tutto quello che gli utenti di computer vogliono fare, e
-rendere così il software proprietario una cosa del passato.</p>
+software libero</a>. L'obiettivo finale è fornire software libero che faccia
+tutto quello che gli utenti di computer vogliono fare, e rendere così il
+software proprietario una cosa del passato.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -156,8 +151,8 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Questa pagina è distribuita secondo i termini della licenza <a
-rel="license"href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.it";>Creative
+<p>Questa pagina è distribuita secondo i termini della licenza <a
rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.it";>Creative
Commons Attribuzione - Non opere derivate 3.0 Stati Uniti</a> (CC BY-ND3.0).
</p>
@@ -166,14 +161,14 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Tradotto originariamente da Giorgio V. Felchero e Paola Blason. Modifiche
-successive di Dora Scilipoti, Alessandro Rubini.</div>
+successive di Dora Scilipoti, Alessandro Rubini, Andrea Pescetti.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2012/01/08 17:25:37 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:26:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-history.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/po/gnu-history.it.po 10 Jan 2012 22:29:58 -0000 1.7
+++ gnu/po/gnu-history.it.po 11 Jan 2012 01:26:51 -0000 1.8
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2012-01-08 20:25-0500\n"
"X-Poedit-Language: Italian\n"
"X-Poedit-Country: ITALY\n"
@@ -152,21 +151,7 @@
"struttura si era già dimostrata collaudata e portabile, perché la "
"compatibilità rende facile agli utenti di Unix passare da Unix a GNU."
-# | A Unix-like operating system [-is much more than a kernel; it also-]
-# | includes {+a kernel,+} compilers, editors, text formatters, mail software,
-# | {+graphical interfaces, libraries, games+} and many other things. Thus,
-# | writing a whole operating system is a very large job. We started in
-# | January 1984. [-It took many years.-] The <a href=\"http://fsf.org/\";>{+
-# | +}Free Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to
-# | raise funds to help develop GNU.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "A Unix-like operating system is much more than a kernel; it also includes "
-#| "compilers, editors, text formatters, mail software, and many other "
-#| "things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. We "
-#| "started in January 1984. It took many years. The <a href=\"http://fsf.";
-#| "org/\">Free Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, "
-#| "initially to raise funds to help develop GNU."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors, text "
"formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games and many "
@@ -182,27 +167,7 @@
"Free Software Foundation</a> fu fondata nel mese di ottobre 1985, in un "
"primo momento per raccogliere fondi per sostenere lo sviluppo di GNU."
-# | By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components except
-# | one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by
-# | Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992. Combining Linux
-# | with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a complete operating
-# | system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that tens of millions of
-# | people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically via <a
-# | [-href=\"/distros\">distributions</a> such as Slackware, Debian, Red Hat,
-# | and others.-] {+href=\"/distros\">GNU/Linux distributions</a>. The
-# | principal version of Linux now contains non-free firmware
-# | “blobs”; free software activists now maintain a modified free
-# | version of Linux, called <a
-# | href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\";> Linux-libre</a>.)+}
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components except "
-#| "one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by "
-#| "Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992. Combining Linux "
-#| "with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a complete operating "
-#| "system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that tens of millions of "
-#| "people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically via <a href=\"/distros"
-#| "\">distributions</a> such as Slackware, Debian, Red Hat, and others."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components except "
"one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by "
@@ -259,19 +224,7 @@
"directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game\">giochi liberi</a> sono già "
"disponibili."
-# | How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html\">laws such as the
-# | patent system prohibit free [-software</a> entirely.-] {+software</a>.+}
-# | The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs
-# | computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing
-# | of the past.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a href=\"/"
-#| "philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html\">laws such as the patent "
-#| "system prohibit free software</a> entirely. The ultimate goal is to "
-#| "provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to "
-#| "do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a href=\"/"
"philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html\">laws such as the patent system "
Index: graphics/avatars.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/avatars.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- graphics/avatars.fr.html 10 Jan 2012 17:29:59 -0000 1.8
+++ graphics/avatars.fr.html 11 Jan 2012 01:27:02 -0000 1.9
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-L'avatar ci-dessus est sousn :
+L'avatar ci-dessus est sous :
<br />
Copyright © 2007, <a href="http://lirhost.net/~jocke/";>Joakim
Olsson</a>
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2012/01/10 17:29:59 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:27:02 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: graphics/po/avatars.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/po/avatars.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- graphics/po/avatars.fr-en.html 10 Jan 2012 17:31:33 -0000 1.1
+++ graphics/po/avatars.fr-en.html 11 Jan 2012 01:27:11 -0000 1.2
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/01/10 17:31:33 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:27:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- philosophy/right-to-read.it.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:47 -0000 1.22
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.it.html 11 Jan 2012 01:27:22 -0000 1.23
@@ -286,6 +286,41 @@
à invero un approccio interessante al Quarto Emendamento: pressare da subito
i più a rinunciare ai propri diritti che questo garantisce.</p>
+<h3 id="BadNews">Cattive notizie</h3>
+
+<p>
+La battaglia per il diritto a leggere è già in corso. Il nemico è
+organizzato e noi non lo siamo, quindi al momento stiamo subendo. Ecco
+alcuni articoli sugli eventi negativi che si sono verificati dal momento
+della prima pubblicazione di questo articolo.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Gli e-book commerciali di oggi <a
+href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> privano gli utenti delle loro
+tradizionali libertà </a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html";> Un sito
+contenente un "libro di testo per la biologia"</a> che potete leggere solo
+firmando un <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse";>
+contratto che vi proibisce di prestarlo ad altri</a> e che l'editore può
+ritirare in qualsiasi momento.</li>
+<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Electronic
+Publishing:</a> un articolo sulla distribuzione dei libri in forma
+elettronica, e questioni di diritti di copia con effetti sul diritto a
+leggerli.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
+inside Computers:</a> software per controllare chi può leggere libri e
+documenti su un PC.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Per fermare il susseguirsi di cattive notizie e averne qualcuna buona,
+dobbiamo organizzarci e combattere. La campagna <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org";> Defective by Design</a> della FSF è un
+inizio: per aiutare, iscrivetevi alla mailing list. E <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/associate";>iscrivetevi alla FSF</a> per darci un
+sostegno economico.
+</p>
+
<h3 id="References">Riferimenti</h3>
<ul>
@@ -327,22 +362,6 @@
Computer World.</li>
</ul>
-<p>
-La nota dell'autore parla della battaglia per il diritto a leggere e della
-sorveglianza elettronica. La battaglia è appena iniziata, ecco i
-collegamenti a due articoli su alcune tecnologie in corso di sviluppo per
-negarti il diritto a leggere.</p>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Electronic
-Publishing:</a> un articolo sulla distribuzione dei libri in forma
-elettronica, e questioni di diritti di copia con effetti sul diritto a
-leggerli.</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
-inside Computers:</a> software per controllare chi può leggere libri e
-documenti su un PC.</li>
-</ul>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -387,11 +406,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Tradotto da Giorgio Padrin e Francesco Potortì, con contributi di Alessandro
Rubini, Leonardo Taglialegne e Andrea Pescetti.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:47 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:27:22 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -417,55 +438,79 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
<!-- Finnish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> -->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Japanese -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
<!-- Korean -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Slovenian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
-->
<!-- Serbian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
<!-- Swedish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
<!-- Turkish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/right-to-read.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- philosophy/po/right-to-read.it.po 10 Jan 2012 22:23:57 -0000 1.42
+++ philosophy/po/right-to-read.it.po 11 Jan 2012 01:27:28 -0000 1.43
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2012-01-10 12:25-0500\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
Index: software/software.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/software.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- software/software.it.html 2 Jan 2012 01:26:46 -0000 1.39
+++ software/software.it.html 11 Jan 2012 01:27:36 -0000 1.40
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
</ul>
-<h3><a name="allgnupkgs" id="allgnupkgs">Tutti i pacchetti GNU</a></h3>
+<h3><a id="allgnupkgs">Tutti i pacchetti GNU</a></h3>
<p>Ecco una lista, in ordine alfabetico, di tutti i pacchetti GNU; per brevitÃ
usiamo i loro nomi brevi (il codice del progetto) anziché quelli
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2012/01/02 01:26:46 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:27:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/po/software.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/software.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- software/po/software.it-en.html 2 Jan 2012 01:26:51 -0000 1.1
+++ software/po/software.it-en.html 11 Jan 2012 01:27:58 -0000 1.2
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
</ul>
-<h3><a name="allgnupkgs" id="allgnupkgs">All GNU packages</a></h3>
+<h3><a id="allgnupkgs">All GNU packages</a></h3>
<p>Here is a list of all current GNU packages, using their package
identifiers (rather than long names) for brevity, and sorted
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/01/02 01:26:51 $
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:27:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: software/po/software.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/software.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.89
retrieving revision 1.90
diff -u -b -r1.89 -r1.90
--- software/po/software.it.po 10 Jan 2012 22:24:37 -0000 1.89
+++ software/po/software.it.po 11 Jan 2012 01:27:59 -0000 1.90
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2012-01-10 04:25-0500\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -251,9 +250,7 @@
"questi mezzi. Per informazioni vedete le pagine web di ciascun pacchetto."
# type: Content of: <h3>
-# | <a [-name=\"allgnupkgs\"-] id=\"allgnupkgs\">All GNU packages</a>
#. type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid "<a name=\"allgnupkgs\" id=\"allgnupkgs\">All GNU packages</a>"
msgid "<a id=\"allgnupkgs\">All GNU packages</a>"
msgstr "<a id=\"allgnupkgs\">Tutti i pacchetti GNU</a>"
Index: gnu/po/gnu-history.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-history.es-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-history.es-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-history.es-en.html 11 Jan 2012 01:26:51 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Overview of the GNU System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, History" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Overview of the GNU System</h2>
+
+<p>
+The GNU operating system is a complete free software system,
+upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”.
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> made the
+<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial Announcement</a> of
+the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version called
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a> was published in
+March 1985. It has been translated into several
+<a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">other languages</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few
+requirements; first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun
+to say (or
+<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html";>Sing</a>).</p>
+
+<p>
+The word “free” in “free software” pertains to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom</a>, not price. You may or
+may not pay a price to get GNU software. Either way, once you have
+the software you have three specific freedoms in using it. First, the
+freedom to copy the program and give it away to your friends and
+co-workers; second, the freedom to change the program as you wish, by
+having full access to source code; third, the freedom to distribute an
+improved version and thus help build the community. (If you
+redistribute GNU software, you may charge a fee for the physical act
+of transferring a copy, or you may give away copies.)</p>
+
+<p>
+The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU
+Project”. The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of
+bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing
+community in earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by
+removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of
+proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in
+a group which used <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> exclusively. Even computer companies often distributed
+free software. Programmers were free to cooperate with each other,
+and often did.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the 1980s, almost all software was
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>,
+which means that it had owners who forbid and
+prevent cooperation by users. This made the GNU Project necessary.</p>
+
+<p>
+Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free
+operating system, then you can't even get started using a computer
+without resorting to proprietary software. So the first item on the
+free software agenda obviously had to be a free operating system.</p>
+
+<p>
+We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because
+the overall design was already proven and portable, and because
+compatibility makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors,
+text formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games
+and many other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a
+very large job. We started in January 1984.
+The <a href="http://fsf.org/";> Free Software Foundation</a> was
+founded in October 1985, initially to raise funds to help develop
+GNU.</p>
+
+<p>By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components
+except one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was
+developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992.
+Combining Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a
+complete operating system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that
+tens of millions of people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically
+via <a href="/distros">GNU/Linux distributions</a>. The principal
+version of Linux now contains non-free firmware “blobs”;
+free software activists now maintain a modified free version of Linux,
+called <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>
+Linux-libre</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>
+However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system.
+We aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users
+want to have. This includes application software. See
+the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue
+of free software application programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+We also want to provide software for users who are not computer
+experts. Therefore we developed a
+<a href="http://www.gnome.org/";>graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help
+beginners use the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game";>free games</a> are
+already available.</p>
+
+<p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except
+when <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as
+the patent system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to
+provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to
+do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007,
+2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:26:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- Persian (Farsi) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bahasa Indonesia -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li> -->
+<!-- Korean -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li> -->
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ro.html">Românã</a> [ro]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Swedish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-history.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-history.it-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-history.it-en.html
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Overview of the GNU System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, History" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Overview of the GNU System</h2>
+
+<p>
+The GNU operating system is a complete free software system,
+upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”.
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> made the
+<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial Announcement</a> of
+the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version called
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a> was published in
+March 1985. It has been translated into several
+<a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">other languages</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few
+requirements; first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun
+to say (or
+<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html";>Sing</a>).</p>
+
+<p>
+The word “free” in “free software” pertains to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom</a>, not price. You may or
+may not pay a price to get GNU software. Either way, once you have
+the software you have three specific freedoms in using it. First, the
+freedom to copy the program and give it away to your friends and
+co-workers; second, the freedom to change the program as you wish, by
+having full access to source code; third, the freedom to distribute an
+improved version and thus help build the community. (If you
+redistribute GNU software, you may charge a fee for the physical act
+of transferring a copy, or you may give away copies.)</p>
+
+<p>
+The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU
+Project”. The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of
+bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing
+community in earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by
+removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of
+proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in
+a group which used <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> exclusively. Even computer companies often distributed
+free software. Programmers were free to cooperate with each other,
+and often did.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the 1980s, almost all software was
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>,
+which means that it had owners who forbid and
+prevent cooperation by users. This made the GNU Project necessary.</p>
+
+<p>
+Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free
+operating system, then you can't even get started using a computer
+without resorting to proprietary software. So the first item on the
+free software agenda obviously had to be a free operating system.</p>
+
+<p>
+We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because
+the overall design was already proven and portable, and because
+compatibility makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors,
+text formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games
+and many other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a
+very large job. We started in January 1984.
+The <a href="http://fsf.org/";> Free Software Foundation</a> was
+founded in October 1985, initially to raise funds to help develop
+GNU.</p>
+
+<p>By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components
+except one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was
+developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992.
+Combining Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a
+complete operating system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that
+tens of millions of people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically
+via <a href="/distros">GNU/Linux distributions</a>. The principal
+version of Linux now contains non-free firmware “blobs”;
+free software activists now maintain a modified free version of Linux,
+called <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>
+Linux-libre</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>
+However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system.
+We aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users
+want to have. This includes application software. See
+the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue
+of free software application programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+We also want to provide software for users who are not computer
+experts. Therefore we developed a
+<a href="http://www.gnome.org/";>graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help
+beginners use the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game";>free games</a> are
+already available.</p>
+
+<p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except
+when <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as
+the patent system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to
+provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to
+do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007,
+2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:26:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
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+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
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+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
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+<!-- <li><a
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Index: philosophy/po/right-to-read.it-en.html
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RCS file: philosophy/po/right-to-read.it-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/right-to-read.it-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
+<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+2).</em></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
+might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she
+came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition,
+let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way
+she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had
+to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those
+fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for
+an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if
+frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the
+library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to
+pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages
+without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial
+and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access.
+By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature
+were a dim memory.</p>
+
+<p>
+There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central
+Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in
+software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool,
+and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading
+books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them
+turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were
+easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for
+pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have
+debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD
+or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them
+to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this
+had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they
+were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger
+vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to
+officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in
+software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be
+used only for class exercises.</p>
+
+<p>
+It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a
+modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
+kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
+the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
+couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to
+speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask
+for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
+own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students,
+regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
+interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
+grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
+administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
+doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started
+only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began
+using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different
+approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were
+harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to
+their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been
+taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the
+history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on
+copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved
+to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from
+the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the
+universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</h3>
+
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.]</p>
+
+<p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
+take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific laws and practices described above have already been
+proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
+the US, the 1998 Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal
+basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
+in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the
+SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
+copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
+the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
+shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
+computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
+CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+Programming Act”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
+press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
+the danger is once again higher.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
+the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
+trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
+as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
+agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another
+treaty, CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like the DMCA in 2003.</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
+“trusted computing” and “Palladium”. We call
+it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme,
+it is the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting it.</p>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
+can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
+Vista's many restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management) that users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we
+have established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
+Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
+all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
+afford to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in
+Oakland, California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The
+SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the
+power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association,
+has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official police force;
+unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
+erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
+and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
+slightly veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
+For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this
+message upon login:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
+are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
+recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
+improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the
+activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this
+system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
+monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
+University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
+everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
+
+<p>
+The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
+The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
+Here are articles about bad things that have happened since the
+original publication of this article.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Today's commercial ebooks <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
+ abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html";>
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access only by signing
+ a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse";>
+ contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
+ revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Electronic
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
+ electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
+ a copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
+ books and documents on a PC.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
+to organize and fight. The
+FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org";> Defective by Design</a>
+campaign has made a start — subscribe to the campaign's mailing
+list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate";>join
+the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="References">References</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+ href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>An
+ explanation of the White Paper:
+ The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
+ James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
Data or Private Data</a>,
+ Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+<p><strong>Other Texts to Read</strong></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
+ GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/story/0,10801,49358,00.html";
+ id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
+ Published in Computer World.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/11 01:27:26 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
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+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
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