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www/philosophy free-sw.pl.html free-sw.ru.html ...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.pl.html free-sw.ru.html ... |
|
Date: |
Wed, 30 Nov 2011 01:27:01 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/11/30 01:27:01
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.pl.html free-sw.ru.html
philosophy/po : free-sw.ru.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : free-sw.pl-en.html free-sw.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-sw.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.73
retrieving revision 1.74
diff -u -b -r1.73 -r1.74
--- free-sw.pl.html 4 Nov 2011 16:54:27 -0000 1.73
+++ free-sw.pl.html 30 Nov 2011 01:26:43 -0000 1.74
@@ -359,8 +359,8 @@
<ul>
<li><a
-href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
-1.104</a>: WyjaÅnienie, że w wolnoÅci 1. (już opisanej w wersji
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Version
+1.105</a>: WyjaÅnienie, że w wolnoÅci 1. (już opisanej w wersji
1.80), że to wlicza uruchamianie zmodyfikowanej wersji programu.</li>
<li><a
@@ -509,11 +509,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
TÅumaczenie: Wojciech Kotwica 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, Mariusz
Libera 2010, Tomasz KozÅowski 2010; poprawki: Jan Owoc 2010, 2011.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/11/04 16:54:27 $
+$Date: 2011/11/30 01:26:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-sw.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- free-sw.ru.html 4 Nov 2011 08:34:47 -0000 1.10
+++ free-sw.ru.html 30 Nov 2011 01:26:44 -0000 1.11
@@ -335,8 +335,8 @@
<ul>
<li><a
-href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>ÐеÑÑиÑ
-1.104</a>: оÑÑажено в кÑаÑкой ÑоÑмÑлиÑовке
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 (как Ñже оÑмеÑено
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>ÐеÑÑиÑ
+1.105</a>: оÑÑажено в кÑаÑкой ÑоÑмÑлиÑовке
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 (как Ñже оÑмеÑено
в веÑÑии 1.80), ÑÑо ÑÑа Ñвобода вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²
ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑакÑиÑеÑкое полÑзование
измененной вами веÑÑией Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвоиÑ
вÑÑиÑлений.</li>
@@ -476,11 +476,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2011/11/04 08:34:47 $
+$Date: 2011/11/30 01:26:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/free-sw.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- po/free-sw.ru.po 29 Nov 2011 17:51:53 -0000 1.9
+++ po/free-sw.ru.po 30 Nov 2011 01:26:55 -0000 1.10
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-11-29 12:25-0500\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
Index: po/free-sw.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-sw.pl-en.html
diff -N po/free-sw.pl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-sw.pl-en.html 30 Nov 2011 01:26:53 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
+
+<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<p>
+We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
+the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free
speech,”
+not as in “free beer.”
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the
+program's users have the four essential freedoms:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
+ does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+ code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
+ to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
+ community a chance to benefit from your changes.
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
+you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
+freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
+source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
+“source code” is not real source code and does not count
+as source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words,
+these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+compiled from is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
+as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
+releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
+a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
+license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
+as a free license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+software is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
+freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
+the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
+burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
+must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
+on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+saying that if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
+of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+are also acceptable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the GNU project, we use
+<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
each other.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
+must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+any of the essential freedoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
+contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
+copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
+Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
+help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
+and avoid various practical problems.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
+has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/";>
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="History">History</h2>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+them if they like.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Version
+1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+version for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+in someone else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+free software.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80";>Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77";>Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74";>Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules
+refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57";>Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46";>Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+the program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41";>Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40";>Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39";>Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+use.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31";>Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23";>Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16";>Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11";>Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would
+like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+our <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log";>cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/30 01:26:53 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
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+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
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+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
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+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
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+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
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+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> -->
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+</html>
Index: po/free-sw.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-sw.ru-en.html
diff -N po/free-sw.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-sw.ru-en.html 30 Nov 2011 01:26:54 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
+
+<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<p>
+We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
+the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free
speech,”
+not as in “free beer.”
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the
+program's users have the four essential freedoms:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
+ does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+ code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
+ to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
+ community a chance to benefit from your changes.
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
+you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
+freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
+source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
+“source code” is not real source code and does not count
+as source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words,
+these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+compiled from is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
+as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
+releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
+a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
+license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
+as a free license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+software is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
+freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
+the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
+burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
+must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
+on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+saying that if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
+of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+are also acceptable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the GNU project, we use
+<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
each other.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
+must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+any of the essential freedoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
+contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
+copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
+Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
+help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
+and avoid various practical problems.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
+has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/";>
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="History">History</h2>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+them if they like.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Version
+1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+version for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+in someone else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+free software.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80";>Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77";>Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74";>Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules
+refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57";>Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46";>Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+the program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41";>Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40";>Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39";>Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+use.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31";>Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23";>Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16";>Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11";>Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would
+like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+our <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log";>cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/30 01:26:54 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
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-->
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+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
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+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
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+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Azerbaijani -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Azərbaycanca</a> [az]</li> -->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- Catalan -->
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+<!-- Czech -->
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-->
+<!-- Danish -->
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+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Esperanto -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a> [eo]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<!-- <li><a
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-->
+<!-- French -->
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href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
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+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
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+<!-- Hungarian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> -->
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+<!-- <li><a
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-->
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(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-->
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href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> -->
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+<!-- <li><a
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-->
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+<!-- <li><a
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-->
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+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tagalog -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> -->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> -->
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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