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www/philosophy philosophy.pl.html po/europes-un...
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From: |
Yavor Doganov |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy philosophy.pl.html po/europes-un... |
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Date: |
Thu, 25 Aug 2011 08:37:18 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/08/25 08:37:18
Modified files:
philosophy : philosophy.pl.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : europes-unitary-patent.pot
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.159&r2=1.160
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: philosophy.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.159
retrieving revision 1.160
diff -u -b -r1.159 -r1.160
--- philosophy.pl.html 25 Aug 2011 00:36:04 -0000 1.159
+++ philosophy.pl.html 25 Aug 2011 08:37:05 -0000 1.160
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
<p>Na gorÄ
co, poniżej najÅwieższe artykuÅy dotyczÄ
ce wolnego
oprogramowania i projektu GNU.</p>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe’s
-“unitary patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Jednolity system
patentowy
+w Europie może oznaczaÄ nieograniczone patenty
+na oprogramowaniu</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Zatrzymaj
kontrolÄ
nad Twoim komputerem, aby to on Ciebie nie kontrolowaÅ!</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">NiebezpieczeÅstwo
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/08/25 00:36:04 $
+$Date: 2011/08/25 08:37:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/europes-unitary-patent.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/europes-unitary-patent.pot
diff -N po/europes-unitary-patent.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/europes-unitary-patent.pot 25 Aug 2011 08:37:13 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-25 04:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Europe’s “unitary patent” could mean unlimited software "
+"patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid ""
+"Europe’s “unitary patent” could mean unlimited software "
+"patents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"First published in <a "
+"href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning\";>
"
+"The Guardian</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Just as the US software industry is experiencing <a "
+"href=\"http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack\";>the long "
+"anticipated all-out software patent wars</a> that we have anticipated, the "
+"European Union has a plan to follow the same course. When the Hargreaves "
+"report urged the UK to avoid software patents, the UK had already approved "
+"plan that is likely to impose them on UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they impose "
+"monopolies on software ideas. It is not feasible or safe to develop "
+"nontrivial software if you must thread a maze of patents. See "
+"“Software Patents and Literary Patents”, Guardian, June 20, "
+"2005."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Every program combines many ideas; a large program implements thousands of "
+"them. Google recently estimated there <a "
+"href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google\";>might
"
+"be 250,000 patented ideas</a> in a smartphone. I find that figure plausible "
+"because in 2004 I estimated that the GNU/Linux operating system implemented "
+"around 100,000 actually patented ideas. (Linux, the kernel, had been found "
+"by Dan Ravicher to contain 283 such ideas, and was estimated to be .25% of "
+"the whole system at the time.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The consequences are becoming manifest now in the US, but multinational "
+"companies have long lobbied to spread software patents around the world. In "
+"2005, the European Parliament took up the second reading of a directive that "
+"had been proposed by the European Commission to authorize software "
+"patents. The Parliament had previously amended it to reject them, but the "
+"Council of Europe had undone those amendments."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Commission’s text was written in a sneaky way: when read by "
+"laymen, it appeared to forbid patents on pure software ideas, because it "
+"required a patent application to have a physical aspect. However, it did "
+"not require the “inventive step”, the advance that constitutes a "
+"patentable “invention”, to be physical."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This meant that a patent application could present the required physical "
+"aspect just by mentioning the usual physical elements of the computer on "
+"which the program would run (processor, memory, display, etc.). It would not "
+"have to propose any advance in these physical elements, just cite them as "
+"part of the larger system also containing the software. Any computational "
+"idea could be patented this way. Such a patent would only cover software "
+"meant for running on a computer, but that was not much of a limitation, "
+"since it is not practical to run a large program by hand simulation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A massive grass-roots effort — the first one ever directed at "
+"convincing the European Parliament — resulted in defeat of the "
+"directive. But that does not mean we convinced half of Parliament to reject "
+"software patents. Rather, it seems the pro-patent forces decided at the "
+"last minute to junk their own proposal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The volunteer activists drifted away, thinking the battle won, but the "
+"corporate lobbyists for software patents were paid to stay on the job. Now "
+"they have contrived another sneaky method: the “unitary patent” "
+"system proposed for the EU. Under this system, if the European Patent Office "
+"issues a patent, it will automatically be valid in every participating "
+"country, which in this case means all of the EU except for Spain and Italy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"How would that affect software patents? Evidently, either the unitary patent "
+"system would allow software patents or it wouldn’t. If it allows them, "
+"no country will be able to escape them on its own. That would be bad, but "
+"what if the system rejects software patents? Then it would be good — "
+"right?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Right — except the plan was designed to prevent that. A small but "
+"crucial detail in the plan is that appeals against the EPO’s decisions "
+"would be decided based on the EPO’s own rules. The EPO could thus tie "
+"European business and computer users in knots to its heart’s content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The EPO has a vested interest in extending patents into as many areas of "
+"life as it can get away with. With external limits (such as national courts) "
+"removed, the EPO could impose software patents, or any other controversial "
+"kind of patents. For instance, if it chooses to decide that natural genes "
+"are patentable, as <a "
+"href=\"http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml\";>a
"
+"US appeals court just did</a>, no one could reverse that decision except "
+"perhaps the European Court of Justice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In fact, the EPO’s decision about software patents has already been "
+"made, and can be seen in action. The EPO has issued tens of thousands of "
+"software patents, in contempt for the treaty that established it. (See <a "
+"href=\"http://webshop.ffii.org/\";>“Your web shop is "
+"patented”</a>.) At present, though, each state decides whether those "
+"patents are valid. If the unitary patent system is adopted and the EPO gets "
+"unchecked power to decide, Europe will get US-style patent wars."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The European Court of Justice ruled in March that a unitary patent system "
+"would have to be subject to its jurisdiction, but it isn’t clear "
+"whether its jurisdiction would include substantive policy decisions such as "
+"“can software ideas be patented?” That’s because "
+"it’s not clear how the European Patent Convention relates to the ECJ."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If the ECJ can decide this, the plan would no longer be certain "
+"disaster. Instead, the ball would be one bounce away from disaster. Before "
+"adopting such a system, Europe should rewrite the plan to make certain "
+"software is safe from patents. If that can’t be done, the next best "
+"thing is to reject the plan entirely. Minor simplifications are not worth a "
+"disaster; harmonization is a misguided goal if it means doing things wrong "
+"everywhere."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The UK government seems to wish for the disaster, since <a "
+"href=\"http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf\";>it stated in December "
+"2010</a> that it wanted the ECJ not have a say over the system. Will the "
+"government listen to Hargreaves and change its mind about this plan? Britons "
+"must insist on this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"More information about the drawbacks and legal flaws of this plan can be "
+"found in <a href=\"http://unitary-patent.eu\";>unitary-patent.eu</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You will note that the term “intellectual property” has not been "
+"used in this article. That term spreads confusion because it is applied to a "
+"dozen unrelated laws. Even if we consider just patent law and copyright law, "
+"they are so different in their requirements and effects that generalizing "
+"about the two is a mistake. Absolutely nothing in this article pertains to "
+"copyright law. To avoid leading people to generalize about disparate laws, I "
+"never use the term “intellectual property”, and I never miss it "
+"either."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2011 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons "
+"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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