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www/philosophy po/copyright-versus-community-20...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy po/copyright-versus-community-20... |
|
Date: |
Wed, 02 Dec 2009 21:26:20 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/12/02 21:26:20
Modified files:
philosophy/po : copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.po
copyright-versus-community.fr.po
copyright-versus-community.pot
Added files:
philosophy : copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html
philosophy/po : copyright-versus-community-2000.pot
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.po 2 Dec 2009 15:16:49 -0000
1.1
+++ po/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.po 2 Dec 2009 21:26:15 -0000
1.2
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: copyright-versus-community-2000.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-02 16:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-02 16:39+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <cedric.corazza AT wanadoo.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -29,1297 +29,3276 @@
"Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des réseaux "
"informatiques"
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<b>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12 "
-"October 2009</b>"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "BC:"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the privilege of "
-"introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is being sponsored by the "
-"School of Information Management at Victoria University of Wellington."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Richard has been working to promote software freedom for over 25 years. In "
-"1983 he started the GNU project to develop a free operating system [the GNU "
-"system], and in 1985 he set up the Free Software Foundation. Every time you "
-"read or send a message to nz-libs, you use the Mailman software which is "
-"part of the GNU project. So whether you realize it or not, Richard's work "
-"has touched all of your lives."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"I like to describe him as the most influential person most people have never "
-"heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be true because it "
-"cannot be tested."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "RMS:"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "We can't tell."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software freedom and "
-"free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee when he created the "
-"world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings about a free online "
-"encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what is now Wikipedia."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in the age "
-"of computer networks, and their implications for libraries. Richard."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the North Island it "
-"was raining most of the time. Now I know why they call gumboots “"
-"Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who was making chairs and "
-"tables out of ponga wood, and he called it fern-iture. Then we took the "
-"ferry to get here, and as soon as we got off, people started mocking and "
-"insulting us; but there were no hard feelings, they just wanted to make us "
-"really feel Picton."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The reason people usually invite me to give speeches is because of my work "
-"on free software. This is not a talk about free software; this talk answers "
-"the question whether the ideas of free software extend to other kinds of "
-"works. But in order for that to make sense, I'd better tell you briefly "
-"what free software means."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “free "
-"speech”, not “free beer”. Free software is software that "
-"respects the user's freedom, and there are four specific freedoms that the "
-"user deserves always to have."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program and change "
-"it to make the program do what you wish."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbour; that is, the freedom to "
-"redistribute copies of the program, exact copies when you wish."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"And Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community. That's the "
-"freedom to publish your modified versions when you wish."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"If the program gives you these four freedoms then it's free software, which "
-"means the social system of its distribution and use is an ethical system, "
-"one which respects the user's freedom and the social solidarity of the "
-"user's community. But if one of these freedoms is missing or insufficient, "
-"then it's proprietary software, nonfree software, user-subjugating "
-"software. It's unethical. It's not a contribution to society, it's a power "
-"grab. This unethical practice should not exist; the goal of the free "
-"software movement is to put an end to it. All software should be free, so "
-"that all users can be free."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Proprietary software keeps the users divided and helpless: divided, because "
-"they're forbidden to share it, and helpless, because they don't have the "
-"source code so they can't change it. They can't even study it to verify "
-"what it's really doing to them, and many proprietary programs have malicious "
-"features which spy on the user, restrict the user, even back doors to attack "
-"the user."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, Microsoft Windows has a back door with which Microsoft can "
-"forcibly install software changes, without getting permission from the "
-"supposed owner of the computer. You may think it's your computer, but if "
-"you've made the mistake of having Windows running in it, then really "
-"Microsoft has owned your computer. Computers need to be defenestrated, "
-"which means either throw Windows out of the computer, or throw the computer "
-"out the window."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But any proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over the "
-"users. Some of the developers abuse this power more, and some abuse it "
-"less, but none of them ought to have it. You deserve to have control of "
-"your computing, and not be forcibly dependent on a particular company. So "
-"you deserve free software."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"At the end of speeches about free software, people sometimes ask whether "
-"these same freedoms and ideas apply to other things. If you have a copy of "
-"a published work on your computer, it makes sense to ask whether you should "
-"have the same four freedoms—whether it's ethically essential that you "
-"have them or not. And that's the question that I'm going to address today."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"If you have a copy of something that's not software, for the most part, the "
-"only thing that might deny you any of these freedoms is copyright law. With "
-"software that's not so. The main ways of making software non-free are "
-"contracts and withholding the source code from the users. Copyright is a "
-"sort of secondary, back up method. For other things there's no such "
-"distinction as between source code and executable code."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, if we're talking about a text, if you can see the text to read "
-"it, there's nothing in the text that you can't see. So it's not the same "
-"kind of issue exactly as software. It's for the most part only copyright "
-"that might deny you these freedoms."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"So the question can be restated: “What should copyright law allow you "
-"to do with published works? What should copyright law say?”"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Copyright has developed along with copying technology, so it's useful to "
-"review the history of copying technology. Copying developed in the ancient "
-"world, where you'd use a writing instrument on a writing surface. You'd "
-"read one copy and write another."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This technology was rather inefficient, but another interesting "
-"characteristic was that it had no economy of scale. To write ten copies "
-"would take ten times as long as to write one copy. It required no special "
-"equipment other than the equipment for writing, and it required no special "
-"skill other than literacy itself. The result was that copies of any "
-"particular book were made in a decentralized manner. Wherever there was a "
-"copy, if someone wanted to copy it, he could."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"There was nothing like copyright in the ancient world. If you had a copy "
-"and wanted to copy it, nobody was going to tell you you weren't "
-"allowed—except if the local prince didn't like what the book said, in "
-"which case he might punish you for copying it. But that's not copyright, "
-"but rather something closely related, namely censorship. To this day, "
-"copyright is often used in attempts to censor people."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"That went on for thousands of years, but then there was a big advance in "
-"copying technology, namely the printing press. The printing press made "
-"copying more efficient, but not uniformly. [This was] because mass "
-"production copying became a lot more efficient, but making one copy at a "
-"time didn't benefit from the printing press. In fact, you were better off "
-"just writing it by hand; that would be faster than trying to print one copy."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The printing press has an economy of scale: it takes a lot of work to set "
-"the type, but then you can make many copies very fast. Also, the printing "
-"press and the type were expensive equipment that most people didn't own; and "
-"the ability to use them, most literate people didn't know. Using a press "
-"was a different skill from writing. The result was a centralized manner of "
-"producing copies: the copies of any given book would be made in a few "
-"places, and then they would be transported to wherever someone wanted to buy "
-"copies."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Copyright began in the age of the printing press. Copyright in England "
-"began as a system of censorship in the 1500s. I believe it was originally "
-"meant to censor Protestants, but it was turned around and used to censor "
-"Catholics and presumably lots of others as well. According to this law, in "
-"order to publish a book you had to get permission from the Crown, and this "
-"permission was granted in the form of a perpetual monopoly to publish it. "
-"This was allowed to lapse in the 1680s, I believe [it expired in 1695 "
-"according to the Wikipedia entry]. The publishers wanted it back again, but "
-"what they got was something somewhat different. The Statute of Anne gave "
-"authors a copyright, and only for 14 years, although the author could renew "
-"it once."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This was a totally different idea—a temporary monopoly for the author, "
-"instead of a perpetual monopoly for the publisher. The idea developed that "
-"copyright was a means of promoting writing."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"When the US constitution was written, some people wanted authors to be "
-"entitled to a copyright, but that was rejected. Instead, the US "
-"Constitution says that Congress can optionally adopt a copyright law, and if "
-"there is a copyright law, its purpose is to promote progress. In other "
-"words, the purpose is not benefits for copyright holders or anybody they do "
-"business with, but for the general public. Copyright has to last a limited "
-"time; publishers keep hoping for us to forget about this."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Here we have an idea of copyright which is an industrial regulation on "
-"publishers, controlled by authors, and designed to provide benefits to the "
-"public at large. It functioned this way because it didn't restrict the "
-"readers."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Now in the early centuries of printing, and still I believe in the 1790s, "
-"lots of readers wrote copies by hand because they couldn't afford printed "
-"copies. Nobody ever expected copyright law to be something other than an "
-"industrial regulation. It wasn't meant to stop people from writing copies, "
-"it was meant to regulate the publishers. Because of this it was easy to "
-"enforce, uncontroversial, and arguably beneficial for society."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against "
-"publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a "
-"book—you go to a bookstore and say 'where do these copies come "
-"from?'. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer "
-"to do that."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted, they had "
-"nothing to complain about. Theoretically they were restricted from "
-"publishing, but not being publishers and not having printing presses, they "
-"couldn't do that anyway. In what they actually could do, they were not "
-"restricted."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It was arguably beneficial because the general public, according to the "
-"concepts of copyright law, traded away a theoretical right they were not in "
-"a position to exercise. In exchange, they got the benefits of more writing."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Now if you trade away something you have no possible use for, and you get "
-"something you can use in exchange, it's a positive trade. Whether or not "
-"you could have gotten a better deal some other way, that's a different "
-"question, but at least it's positive."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"So if this were still in the age of the printing press, I don't think I'd be "
-"complaining about copyright law. But the age of the printing press is "
-"gradually giving way to the age of the computer networks—another "
-"advance in copying technology that makes copying more efficient, and once "
-"again not uniformly so."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Here's what we had in the age of the printing press: mass production very "
-"efficient, one at a time copying still just as slow as the ancient world. "
-"Digital technology gets us here: they've both benefited, but one-off copying "
-"has benefited the most."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"We get to a situation much more like the ancient world, where one at a time "
-"copying is not so much worse [i.e., harder] than mass production copying. "
-"It's a little bit less efficient, a little bit less good, but it's perfectly "
-"cheap enough that hundreds of millions of people do it. Consider how many "
-"people write CDs once in a while, even in poor countries. You may not have "
-"a CD-writer yourself, so you go to a store where you can do it."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This means that copyright no longer fits in with the technology as it used "
-"to. Even if the words of copyright law had not changed, they wouldn't have "
-"the same effect. Instead of an industrial regulation on publishers "
-"controlled by authors, with the benefits set up to go to the public, it is "
-"now a restriction on the general public, controlled mainly by the "
-"publishers, in the name of the authors."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"In other words, it's tyranny. It's intolerable and we can't allow it to "
-"continue this way."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"As a result of this change, [copyright] is no longer easy to enforce, no "
-"longer uncontroversial, and no longer beneficial."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It's no longer easy to enforce because now the publishers want to enforce it "
-"against each and every person, and to do this requires cruel measures, "
-"draconian punishments, invasions of privacy, abolition of our basic ideas of "
-"justice. There's almost no limit to how far they will propose to go to "
-"prosecute the War on Sharing."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several "
-"countries whose basic platform is 'freedom to share'."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually traded "
-"away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise. They're "
-"tremendously useful, and we want to exercise them."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid "What would a democratic government do in this situation?"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It would reduce copyright power. It would say: “The trade we made on "
-"behalf of our citizens, trading away some of their freedom which now they "
-"need, is intolerable. We have to change this; we can't trade away the "
-"freedom that is important.” We can measure the sickness of democracy "
-"by the tendency of governments to do the exact opposite around the world, "
-"extending copyright power when they should reduce it."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"One example is in the dimension of time. Around the world we see pressure "
-"to make copyright last longer and longer and longer."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"A wave of this started in the US in 1998. Copyright was extended by 20 "
-"years on both past and future works. I do not understand how they hope to "
-"convince the now dead or senile writers of the 20s and 30s to write more "
-"back then by extending copyright on their works now. If they have a time "
-"machine with which to inform them, they haven't used it. Our history books "
-"don't say that there was a burst of vigor in the arts in the 20s when all "
-"the artists found out that their copyrights would be extended in 1998."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It's theoretically conceivable that 20 years more copyright on future works "
-"would convince people to make more effort in producing those works. But not "
-"anyone rational, because the discounted present value of 20 more years of "
-"copyright starting 75 years in the future—if it's a work made for "
-"hire—and probably even longer if it's a work with an individual "
-"copyright holder, is so small it couldn't persuade any rational person to do "
-"anything different. Any business that wants to claim otherwise ought to "
-"present its projected balance sheets for 75 years in the future, which of "
-"course they can't do because none of them really looks that far ahead."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The real reason for this law, the desire that prompted various companies to "
-"purchase this law in the US Congress, which is how laws are decided on for "
-"the most part, was they had lucrative monopolies and they wanted those "
-"monopolies to continue."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, Disney was aware that the first film in which Mickey Mouse "
-"appeared would go into the public domain in a few years, and then anybody "
-"would be free to draw that same character as part of other works. Disney "
-"didn't want that to happen. Disney borrows a lot from the public domain, "
-"but is determined never to give the slightest thing back. So Disney paid "
-"for this law, which we refer to as the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US "
-"Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with a way "
-"to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright on the "
-"installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright for 20 more "
-"years. So that at any given time, any given work has a date when it will "
-"supposedly fall into the public domain. But that date is like tomorrow, it "
-"never comes. By the time you get there they will have postponed it, unless "
-"we stop them next time."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"That's one dimension, the dimension of duration. But even more important is "
-"the dimension of breadth: which uses of the work does copyright cover?"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"In the age of the printing press, copyright wasn't supposed to cover all "
-"uses of a copyrighted work, because copyright regulated certain uses that "
-"were the exceptions in a broader space of unregulated uses. There were "
-"certain things you were simply allowed to do with your copy of a book."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Now the publishers have got the idea that they can turn our computers "
-"against us, and use them to seize total power over all use of published "
-"works. They want to set up a pay-per-view universe. They're doing it with "
-"DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)—the intentional features of "
-"software that's designed to restrict the user. And often the computer "
-"itself is designed to restrict the user."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The first way in which the general public saw this was in DVDs. A movie on "
-"a DVD was usually encrypted, and the format was secret. The DVD conspiracy "
-"kept this secret because they said anyone that wants to make DVD players has "
-"to join the conspiracy, promise to keep the format secret, and promise to "
-"design the DVD players to restrict the users according to the rules, which "
-"say it has to stop the user from doing this, from doing that, from doing "
-"that—a precise set of requirements, all of which are malicious towards "
-"us."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret format, "
-"and published free software capable of reading the movie on a DVD and "
-"playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't actually stop "
-"them, we have to make it a crime”. And they started that in the US in "
-"1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which imposed censorship on "
-"software capable of doing such jobs."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"So that particular piece of free software was the subject of a court case. "
-"Its distribution in the US is forbidden; the US practices censorship of "
-"software."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The movie companies are well aware that they can't really make that program "
-"disappear—it's easy enough to find it. So they designed another "
-"encryption system, which they hoped would be harder to break, and it's "
-"called AACS, or the axe."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The AACS conspiracy makes precise rules about all players. For instance, in "
-"2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video outputs. So all video "
-"outputs will have to be digital, and they will carry the signal encrypted "
-"into a monitor specially designed to keep secrets from the user. That is "
-"malicious hardware. They say that the purpose of this is to “close "
-"the analog hole”. I'll show you a couple of analog holes (Stallman "
-"takes off his glasses): here's one and here's another, that they'd like to "
-"poke out permanently."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"How do I know about these conspiracies? The reason is they're not "
-"secret—they have websites. The AACS website proudly describes the "
-"contracts that manufacturers have to sign, which is how I know about this "
-"requirement. It proudly states the names of the companies that have "
-"established this conspiracy, which include Microsoft and Apple, and Intel, "
-"and Sony, and Disney, and IBM."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"A conspiracy of companies designed to restrict the public's access to "
-"technology ought to be prosecuted as a serious crime, like a conspiracy to "
-"fix prices, except it's worse, so the prison sentences for this should be "
-"longer. But these companies are quite confident that our governments are on "
-"their side against us. They have no fear against being prosecuted for these "
-"conspiracies, which is why they don't bother to hide them."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"In general DRM is set up by a conspiracy of companies. Once in a while a "
-"single company can do it, but generally it requires a conspiracy between "
-"technology companies and publishers, so [it's] almost always a conspiracy."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"They thought that nobody would ever be able to break the AACS, but about "
-"three and a half years ago someone released a free program capable of "
-"decrypting that format. However, it was totally useless, because in order "
-"to run it you need to know the key."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"And then, six months later, I saw a photo of two adorable puppies, with 32 "
-"hex digits above them, and I wondered: “Why put those two things "
-"together? I wonder if those numbers are some important key, and someone "
-"could have put the numbers together with the puppies, figuring people would "
-"copy the photo of the puppies because they were so cute. This would protect "
-"the key from being wiped out.”"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"And that's what it was—that was the key to break the axe. People "
-"posted it, and editors deleted it, because laws in many countries now "
-"conscript them to censor this information. It was posted again, they "
-"deleted it; eventually they gave up, and in two weeks this number was posted "
-"in over 700,000 web sites."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"That's a big outpouring of public disgust with DRM. But it didn't win the "
-"war, because the publishers changed the key. Not only that: with HD DVD, "
-"this was adequate to break the DRM, but not with Blu-ray. Blu-ray has an "
-"additional level of DRM and so far there is no free software that can break "
-"it, which means that you must regard Blu-ray disks as something incompatible "
-"with your own freedom. They are an enemy with which no accommodation is "
-"possible, at least not with our present level of knowledge."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Never accept any product designed to attack your freedom. If you don't have "
-"the free software to play a DVD, you mustn't buy or rent any DVDs, or accept "
-"them even as gifts, except for the rare non-encrypted DVDs, which there are "
-"a few of. I actually have a few [of these]—I don't have any encrypted "
-"DVDs, I won't take them."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid "So this is how things stand in video, but we've also seen DRM in music."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, about ten years ago we started to see things that looked like "
-"compact disks, but they weren't written quite like compact disks. They "
-"didn't follow the standard. We called them 'corrupt disks', and the idea of "
-"them was that they would play in an audio player, but it was impossible to "
-"read them on a computer. These different methods had various problems."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Eventually Sony came up with a clever idea. They put a program on the disk, "
-"so that if you stuck the disk into a computer, the disk would install the "
-"program. This program was designed like a virus to take control of the "
-"system. It's called a 'root kit', meaning that it has things in it to break "
-"the security of the system so that it can install the software deep inside "
-"the system, and modify various parts of the system."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, it modified the command you could use to examine the system to "
-"see if the software was present, so as to disguise itself. It modified the "
-"command you could use to delete some of these files, so that it wouldn't "
-"really delete them. Now all of this is a serious crime, but it's not the "
-"only one Sony committed, because the software also included free software "
-"code—code that had been released under the GNU General Public License."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Now the GNU GPL is a copyleft license, and that means it says “Yes, "
-"you're free to put this code into other things, but when you do, the entire "
-"program that you put things into you must release as free software under the "
-"same license. And you must make the source code available to users, and to "
-"inform them of their rights you must give them a copy of this license when "
-"they get the software.”"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Sony didn't comply with all that. That's commercial copyright infringement, "
-"which is a felony. They're both felonies, but Sony wasn't prosecuted "
-"because the government understands that the purpose of the government and "
-"the law is to maintain the power of those companies over us, not to help "
-"defend our freedom in any way."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"People got angry and they sued Sony. However, they made a mistake. They "
-"focused their condemnation not on the evil purpose of this scheme, but only "
-"on the secondary evils of the various methods that Sony used. So Sony "
-"settled the lawsuits and promised that in the future, when it attacks our "
-"freedom, it will not do those other things."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Actually, that particular corrupt disk scheme was not so bad, because if you "
-"were not using Windows it would not affect you at all. Even if you were "
-"using Windows, there's a key on the keyboard—if you remembered every "
-"time to hold it down, then the disk wouldn't install the software. But of "
-"course it's hard to remember that every time; you're going to slip up some "
-"day. This shows the kind of thing we've had to deal with."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Fortunately music DRM is receding. Even the main record companies sell "
-"downloads without DRM. But we see a renewed effort to impose DRM on books."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"You see, the publishers want to take away the traditional freedoms of book "
-"readers—freedom to do things such as borrow a book from the public "
-"library, or lend it to a friend; to sell a book to a used book store, or buy "
-"it anonymously paying cash (which is the only way I buy books—we've "
-"got to resist the temptations to let Big Brother know everything that we're "
-"doing.)"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Even the freedom to keep the book as long as you wish, and read it as many "
-"times as you wish, they plan to get rid of."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The way they do it is with DRM. They knew that so many people read books "
-"and would get angry if these freedoms were taken away that they didn't "
-"believe they could buy a law specifically to abolish these freedoms—"
-"there would be too much opposition. Democracy is sick, but once in a while "
-"people manage to demand something. So they came up with a two-stage plan."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"First, take away these freedoms from ebooks, and second, convince people to "
-"switch from paper books to ebooks. They've succeeded with stage 1."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"In the US they did it with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and in New "
-"Zealand, that was part of the year-ago Copyright Act; censorship on software "
-"that can break DRM was part of that law. That's an unjust provision; it's "
-"got to be repealed."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The second stage is convince people to switch from printed books to ebooks; "
-"that didn't go so well."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"One publisher in 2001 had the idea they would make their line of ebooks "
-"really popular if they started it with my biography. So they found an "
-"author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said “Only if "
-"this ebook is published without encryption, without DRM”. The "
-"publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just stuck to it—I said "
-"no. Eventually we found another publisher who was willing to do this—"
-"in fact willing to publish the book under a free license giving you the four "
-"freedoms—so the book was then published, and sold a lot of copies on "
-"paper."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But in any case, ebooks failed at the beginning of this decade. People just "
-"didn't want to read them very much. And I said, “they will try "
-"again”. We saw an amazing number of news articles about electronic "
-"ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never remember which), and it occurred "
-"to me probably the reason there's so many is the publishers want us to think "
-"about this. They want us to be eager for the next generation of ebook "
-"readers."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Now they're upon us. Things like the Sony Shreader (its official name is "
-"the Sony Reader, but if you put on 'sh' it explains what it's designed to do "
-"to your books), and the Amazon Swindle, designed to swindle you out of your "
-"traditional freedoms without your noticing. Of course, they call it the "
-"Kindle which is what it's going to do to your books."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The Kindle is an extremely malicious product, almost as malicious as "
-"Microsoft Windows. They both have spy features, they both have Digital "
-"Restrictions Management, and they both have back doors."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"In the case of the Kindle, the only way you can buy a book is to buy it from "
-"Amazon, and Amazon requires you to identify yourself, so they know "
-"everything that you've bought."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Then there is Digital Restrictions Management, so you can't lend the book or "
-"sell it to a used bookstore, and the library can't lend it either."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"And then there's the back door, which we found out about about three months "
-"ago, because Amazon used it. Amazon sent a command to all the Kindles to "
-"erase a particular book, namely 1984 by George Orwell. Yes, they couldn't "
-"have picked a more ironic book to erase. So that's how we know that Amazon "
-"has a back door with which it can erase books remotely."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"What else it can do, who knows? Maybe it's like Microsoft Windows. Maybe "
-"Amazon can remotely upgrade the software, which means that whatever "
-"malicious things are not in it now, they could put them in it tomorrow."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This is intolerable—any one of these restrictions is intolerable. "
-"They want to create a world where nobody lends books to anybody anymore."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Imagine that you visit a friend and there are no books on the shelf. It's "
-"not that your friend doesn't read, but his books are all inside a device, "
-"and of course he can't lend you those books. The only way he could lend you "
-"any one of those books is to lend you his whole library, which is obviously "
-"a ridiculous thing to ask anybody to do. So there goes friendship for "
-"people who love books."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Make sure that you inform people what this device implies. It means other "
-"readers will no longer be your friends, because you will be acting like a "
-"jerk toward them. Spread the word preemptively. This device is your "
-"enemy. It's the enemy of everyone who reads. The people who don't "
-"recognize that are the people who are thinking so short-term that they don't "
-"see it. It's our job to help them see beyond the momentary convenience to "
-"the implications of this device."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"I have nothing against distributing books in digital form, if they are not "
-"designed to take away our freedom. Strictly speaking, it is possible to "
-"have an ebook reader:"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "that is not designed to attack you,"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "which runs free software and not proprietary software,"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "which doesn't have DRM,"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "which doesn't make people identify yourself to get a book,"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "which doesn't have a back door, [and]"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
-msgid "which doesn't restrict what you can do with the files on your machine."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It's possible, but the big companies really pushing ebooks are doing it to "
-"attack our freedom, and we mustn't stand for that. This is what governments "
-"are doing in cahoots with big business to attack our freedom, by making "
-"copyright harsher and nastier, more restrictive than ever before."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But what should they do? Governments should make copyright power less. Here "
-"are my specific proposals."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"First of all, there is the dimension of time. I propose copyright should "
-"last ten years, starting from the date of publication of a work."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Why from the date of publication? Because before that, we don't have "
-"copies. It doesn't matter to us whether we would have been allowed to copy "
-"our copies that we don't have, so I figure we might as well let the authors "
-"have as much time as it takes to arrange publication, and then start the "
-"clock."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But why ten years? I don't know about in this country, but in the US, the "
-"publication cycle has got shorter and shorter. Nowadays almost all books "
-"are remaindered within two years and out-of-print within three. So ten "
-"years is more than three times the usual publication cycle—that should "
-"be plenty comfortable."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But not everybody agrees. I once proposed this in a panel discussion with "
-"fiction writers, and the award-winning fantasy writer next to me said “"
-"Ten years? No way. Anything more than five years is intolerable.” You "
-"see, he had a legal dispute with his publisher. His books seemed to be out "
-"of print, but the publisher wouldn't admit it. The publisher was using the "
-"copyright on his own book to stop him from distributing copies himself, "
-"which he wanted to do so people could read it."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This is what every artist starts out wanting—wanting to distribute her "
-"work so it will get read and appreciated. Very few make a lot of money. "
-"That tiny fraction face the danger of being morally corrupted, like J.K. "
-"Rowling."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"J.K. Rowling, in Canada, got an injunction against people who had bought her "
-"book in a bookstore, ordering them not to read it. So in response I call "
-"for a boycott of Harry Potter books. But I don't say you shouldn't read "
-"them; I leave that to the author and the publisher. I just say you "
-"shouldn't buy them."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"It's few authors that make enough money that they can be corrupted in this "
-"way. Most of them don't get anywhere near that, and continue wanting the "
-"same thing they wanted at the outset: they want their work to be appreciated."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"He wanted to distribute his own book, and copyright was stopping him. He "
-"realized that more than five years of copyright was unlikely to ever do him "
-"any good."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"If people would rather have copyright last five years, I won't be against "
-"it. I propose ten as a first stab at the problem. Let's reduce it to ten "
-"years and then take stock for a while, and we could adjust it after that. I "
-"don't say I think ten years is the exact right number—I don't know."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"What about the dimension of breadth? Which activities should copyright "
-"cover? I distinguish three broad categories of works."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"First of all, there are the functional works that you use to do a practical "
-"job in your life. This includes software, recipes, educational works, "
-"reference works, text fonts, and other things you can think of. These works "
-"should be free."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"If you use the work to do a job in your life, then if you can't change the "
-"work to suit you, you don't control your life. Once you have changed the "
-"work to suit you, then you've got to be free to publish it—publish "
-"your version—because there will be others who will want the changes "
-"you've made."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This leads quickly to the conclusion that users have to have the same four "
-"freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll "
-"notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and "
-"changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would "
-"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called 'recipe piracy'."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The term 'pirate' is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of "
-"music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't "
-"do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So it's not music "
-"'piracy', because piracy is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you "
-"get from being the moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking "
-"ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly "
-"denounce that propaganda term 'piracy' whenever we hear it."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"People might have objected twenty years ago: “If we don't give up our "
-"freedom, if we don't let the publishers of these works control us, the works "
-"won't get made and that will be a horrible disaster.” Now, looking at "
-"the free software community, and all the recipes that circulate, and "
-"reference works like Wikipedia—we are even starting to see free "
-"textbooks being published—we know that that fear is misguided."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"There is no need to despair and give up our freedom thinking that otherwise "
-"the works won't get made. There are lots of ways to encourage them to get "
-"made if we want more—lots of ways that are consistent with and respect "
-"our freedom. In this category, they should all be free."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But what about the second category, of works that say what certain people "
-"thought, like memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific papers, and various "
-"other things? To publish a modified version of somebody else's statement of "
-"what he thought is misrepresenting [that] somebody. That's not particularly "
-"a contribution to society."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Therefore it is workable and acceptable to have a somewhat reduced copyright "
-"system where all commercial use is covered by copyright, all modification is "
-"covered by copyright, but everyone is free to non-commercially redistribute "
-"exact copies."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"That freedom is the minimum freedom we must establish for all published "
-"works, because the denial of that freedom is what creates the War on "
-"Sharing—what creates the vicious propaganda that sharing is theft, "
-"that sharing is like being a pirate and attacking ships. Absurdities, but "
-"absurdities backed by a lot of money that has corrupted our governments. We "
-"need to end the War on Sharing; we need to legalize sharing exact copies of "
-"any published work."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"In the second category of works, that's all we need; we don't need to make "
-"them free. Therefore I think it's OK to have a reduced copyright system "
-"which covers commercial use and all modifications. And this will provide a "
-"revenue stream to the authors in more or less the same (usually inadequate) "
-"way as the present system. You've got to keep in mind [that] the present "
-"system, except for superstars, is usually totally inadequate."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"What about works of art and entertainment? Here it took me a while to decide "
-"what to think about modifications."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"You see, on one hand, a work of art can have an artistic integrity and "
-"modifying it could destroy that. Of course, copyright doesn't necessarily "
-"stop works from being butchered that way. Hollywood does it all the time. "
-"On the other hand, modifying the work can be a contribution to art. It "
-"makes possible the folk process which leads to things which are beautiful "
-"and rich."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Even if we look at named authors only: consider Shakespeare, who borrowed "
-"stories from other works only a few decades old, and did them in different "
-"ways, and made important works of literature. If today's copyright law had "
-"existed then, that would have been forbidden and those plays wouldn't have "
-"been written."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But eventually I realized that modifying a work of art can be a contribution "
-"to art, but it's not desperately urgent in most cases. If you had to wait "
-"ten years for the copyright to expire, you could wait that long. Not like "
-"the present-day copyright that makes you wait maybe 75 years, or 95 years. "
-"In Mexico you might have to wait almost 200 years in some cases, because "
-"copyright in Mexico expires a hundred years after the author dies. This is "
-"insane, but ten years, as I've proposed copyright should last, that people "
-"can wait."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"So I propose the same partly reduced copyright that covers commercial use "
-"and modification, but everyone's got to be free to non-commercially "
-"redistribute exact copies. After ten years it goes into the public domain, "
-"and people can contribute to art by publishing their modified versions."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"One other thing: if you're going to take little pieces out of a bunch of "
-"works and rearrange them into something totally different, that should just "
-"be legal, because the purpose of copyright is to promote art, not to "
-"obstruct art. It's stupid to apply copyright to using snippets like "
-"that—it's self-defeating. It's a kind of distortion that you'd only "
-"get when the government is under the control of the publishers of the "
-"existing successful works, and has totally lost sight of its intended "
-"purpose."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"That's what I propose, and in particular, this means that sharing copies on "
-"the Internet must be legal. Sharing is good. Sharing builds the bonds of "
-"society. To attack sharing is to attack society."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"So any time the government proposes some new means to attack people who "
-"share, to stop them from sharing, we have to recognize that this is evil, "
-"not just because the means proposed almost invariably offend basic ideas of "
-"justice (but that's not a coincidence). The reason is because the purpose "
-"is evil. Sharing is good and the government should encourage sharing."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But copyright did after all have a useful purpose. Copyright as a means to "
-"carry out that purpose has a problem now, because it doesn't fit in with the "
-"technology we use. It interferes with all the vital freedoms for all the "
-"readers, listeners, viewers, and whatever, but the goal of promoting the "
-"arts is still desirable. So in addition to the partly reduced copyright "
-"system, which would continue to be a copyright system, I propose two other "
-"methods."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"One is taxes—distribute tax money directly to artists. This could be "
-"a special tax, perhaps on Internet connectivity, or it could come from "
-"general revenue, because it won't be that much money in total, not if it's "
-"distributed in an efficient way. To distribute it efficiently to promote "
-"the arts means not in linear proportion to popularity. It should be based "
-"on popularity, because we don't want bureaucrats to have the discretion to "
-"decide which artists to support and which to ignore, but based on popularity "
-"does not imply linear proportion."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"What I propose is measure the popularity of the various artists, which you "
-"could do through polling (samples) in which nobody is required to "
-"participate, and then take the cube root. The cube root looks like this: it "
-"means basically that [the payment] tapers off after a while."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"If superstar A is a thousand times as popular as successful artist B, with "
-"this system A would get ten times as much money as B, not a thousand times."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Linearly would give A a thousand times as much as B, which means that if we "
-"wanted B to get enough to live on we're going to have to make A tremendously "
-"rich. This is wasteful use of the tax money—it shouldn't be done."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"But if we make it taper off, then yes, each superstar will get handsomely "
-"more than an ordinary successful artist, but the total of all the superstars "
-"will be a small fraction of the [total] money. Most of the money will go to "
-"support a large number of fairly successful artists, fairly appreciated "
-"artists, fairly popular artists. Thus the system will use money a lot more "
-"efficiently than the existing system."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The existing system is regressive. It actually gives far, far more per "
-"record, for instance, to a superstar than to anybody else. The money is "
-"extremely badly used. The result is we'd actually be paying a lot less this "
-"way. I hope that's enough to mollify some of these people who have a knee-"
-"jerk hostile reaction to taxes—one that I don't share, because I "
-"believe in a welfare state."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"I have another suggestion which is voluntary payments. Suppose every player "
-"had a button you could push to send a dollar to the artist who made the work "
-"you're currently playing or the last one you played. This money would be "
-"delivered anonymously to those artists. I think a lot of people would push "
-"that button fairly often."
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, all of us could afford to push that button once every day, and "
-"we wouldn't miss that much money. It's not that much money for us, I'm "
-"pretty sure. Of course, there are poor people who couldn't afford to push "
-"it ever, and it's OK if they don't. We don't need to squeeze money out of "
-"poor people to support the artists. There are enough people who are not "
-"poor to do the job just fine. I'm sure you're aware that a lot of people "
-"really love certain art and are really happy to support the artists."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#. It seems this location is no longer accessible
+#. The original version is hosted at <a
+#.
href="http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html";><http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html></a>
+#. yavor, Apr 3, 2007
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas\n"
+"Carnall, July 2000.\n"
+"\n"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio réalisé
par\n"
+"Douglas Carnall, en juillet 2000.\n"
+"\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of "
+#| "commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He "
+#| "speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced "
+#| "Boston accent.</em>"
+msgid ""
+"<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of "
+"commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He "
+"speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced Boston "
+"accent.</em>"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>M. Stallman arrive quelques minutes après l'heure prévue "
+"du début de sa conférence pour s'adresser à une "
+"assistance silencieuse et respectueuse. Il parle avec une grande pré"
+"cision et presque sans hésitation avec un accent prononcé de "
+"Boston.</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a strangler."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS </strong>: Ceci est fait pour quelqu'un qui porte un "
+"strangler."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification system]</"
+"em>"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>[il indique le micro à agrafe du système d'amplification "
+"de la salle de conférence]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "I don't wear stranglers, so there is no place for it to go."
+msgstr ""
+"Je ne porte pas de strangler, alors il n'y a pas de place pour le mettre"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[clips it to his T-shirt]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[Il l'accroche à son T-shirt]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: Are you OK with the recording?"
+msgstr "<strong>Moi</strong> : C'est bon pour le micro ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes! <em>[testy]</em> How many people have to ask me?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui ! <em>[irrité]</em> Combien de "
+"personnes sont sensées me demander ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Well, I'm supposed to speak today"
+msgstr "Bon, je suppose que je dois parler aujourd'hui."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[long pause]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[longue pause]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud."
+msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud."
+msgstr ""
+"à propos du copyright contre la Communauté. C'est trop fort."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[il indique le micro à agrafe]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "What can I do?"
+msgstr "Que puis-je faire ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Let's see… there's no volume control…"
+msgstr "Regardez… il n'y a pas de contrôle de volume…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[finds volume control on radio microphone box]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>[il trouve la commande du volume sur la boîte radio du micro]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "this seems better"
+msgstr "ça paraît mieux"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The "
+#| "principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations, "
+#| "but to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the "
+#| "facts of the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what "
+#| "their consequences are, a change in technology never changes the "
+#| "principles of ethics, but a change in technology can alter the "
+#| "consequences of the same choices, so it can make a difference for the "
+#| "outcome of the question, and that has happened in the area of copyright "
+#| "law. We have a situation where changes in technology have affected the "
+#| "ethical factors that weigh on decisions about copyright law and change "
+#| "the right policy for society."
+msgid ""
+"OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The "
+"principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations, "
+"but to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the facts "
+"of the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what their "
+"consequences are, a change in technology never changes the principles of "
+"ethics, but a change in technology can alter the consequences of the same "
+"choices, so it can make a difference for the outcome of the question, and "
+"that has happened in the area of copyright law. We have a situation where "
+"changes in technology have affected the ethical factors that weigh on "
+"decisions about copyright law and change the right policy for society."
+msgstr ""
+"OK. Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des ré"
+"seaux informatiques. Les principes de l'éthique ne peuvent pas "
+"changer. Ils restent les mêmes dans toutes les situations. Mais pour "
+"qu'ils s'appliquent quelle que soit la question ou situation, vous devez "
+"regarder les faits pour comparer les alternatives, et voir quelles en seront "
+"les conséquences. Un changement de technologie ne change jamais les "
+"principes de l'éthique, mais peut modifier ses conséquences "
+"sur les mêmes choix, qui peuvent avoir des résultats "
+"différents, comme cela s'est produit dans le domaine des lois sur le "
+"copyright. Nous sommes dans une situation où les changements de "
+"technologie ont affecté les facteurs éthiques qui pè"
+"sent sur les décisions à propos des lois sur le copyright et "
+"changent de politique appropriée pour la société."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because "
+#| "they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to "
+#| "the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them "
+#| "out by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read "
+#| "could also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day "
+#| "writing copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who "
+#| "didn't ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. "
+#| "Essentially, anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as "
+#| "they could be copied in any fashion."
+msgid ""
+"Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because "
+"they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to "
+"the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them out "
+"by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read could "
+"also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day writing "
+"copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who didn't "
+"ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. Essentially, "
+"anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as they could be "
+"copied in any fashion."
+msgstr ""
+"Ces lois qui étaient par le passé une bonne idée, sont "
+"maintenantnocives parce qu'elles ont changé de contexte. Pour "
+"l'expliquer, ilfaudrait remonter au début du monde antique où "
+"les livres étaient desœuvres écrites à la main. "
+"Quand c'était la seule manière de le faire.Quiconque qui "
+"pouvait lire les livres, pouvait également en écrire une "
+"copie. Il est certain qu'un esclave qui passait sa journée à "
+"écrire des copies était théoriquement capable de le "
+"faire mieux que quelqu'un qui n'en avait pas l'habitude, mais ça ne "
+"faisait pas une énorme différence. Principalement, celui qui "
+"pouvait lire les livres pouvait aussi les copier, et à peu prè"
+"s de n'importe quelle manière."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the ancient world, there wasn't the sharp distinction between authorship "
+"and copying that there tends to be today."
+msgstr ""
+"Dans l'Antiquité, il n'y avait pas d'aussi nette distinction entre "
+"paternité et copie, comme c'est la tendance aujourd'hui."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say, "
+#| "writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody "
+#| "making copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who "
+#| "say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing "
+#| "a commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other "
+#| "people would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from "
+#| "another book, and write something of their own words, and then copy from "
+#| "another book, quoting passages of various lengths from many different "
+#| "works, and then writing some other works to talk about them more, or "
+#| "relate them. And there are many ancient works—now lost—in "
+#| "which part of them survived in these quotations in other books that "
+#| "became more popular than the book that the original quote <em>[came from]"
+#| "</em>."
+msgid ""
+"There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say, "
+"writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody "
+"making copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who "
+"say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing a "
+"commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other "
+"people would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from another "
+"book, and write something of their own words, and then copy from another "
+"book, quoting passages of various lengths from many different works, and "
+"then writing some other works to talk about them more, or relate them. And "
+"there are many ancient works—now lost—in which part of them "
+"survived in these quotations in other books that became more popular than "
+"the book that the original quote <em>[came from]</em>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il y avait un continuum. D'un côté vous pouviez avoir quelqu'un "
+"qui pense, puis écrit la scène. Comme vous pouviez avoir "
+"à l'autre extrême, quelqu'un qui faisait des copies d'un livre. "
+"Mais entre les deux, vous pouviez avoir quelqu'un qui pense, puis copie des "
+"passages d'un livre, en écrivant quelques mots par lui-même, ou "
+"un commentaire, et c'était très courant et certainement "
+"respecté. D'autres personnes pouvaient copier certaines parties d'un "
+"livre, citer des passages de longueurs variées de plusieurs travaux "
+"différents, et de là construire d'autres travaux pour en "
+"parler davantage, ou s'en référer. Et il y a beaucoup "
+"d'anciens travaux — aujourd'hui perdus — dont des parties ont "
+"survécu à travers ces citations dans d'autres livres, devenus "
+"plus populaires que le livre dont la citation originale provenait."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. "
+#| "There were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original "
+#| "writing. I don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient "
+#| "world and it would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because "
+#| "books could be copied by anyone who could read anywhere, anyone who could "
+#| "get some writing materials, and a feather to write with. So, that was a "
+#| "rather clear simple situation."
+msgid ""
+"There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. There "
+"were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original writing. I "
+"don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient world and it "
+"would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because books could be "
+"copied by anyone who could read anywhere, anyone who could get some writing "
+"materials, and a feather to write with. So, that was a rather clear simple "
+"situation."
+msgstr ""
+"Il y avait tout un spectre entre l'écriture d'un travail original, et "
+"sa copie. Beaucoup de livres étaient partiellement copiés sur "
+"d'autres, mélangés à l'écriture originale. Je ne "
+"crois pas qu'il y ait eu une quelconque notion de copyright dans "
+"l'antiquité. Et il aurait été plutôt difficile "
+"d'en imposer une, parce que les livres pouvaient être copiés "
+"par qui pouvait les lire n'importe où, et qui pouvait obtenir quelque "
+"support d'écriture, et une plume pour écrire avec. Ainsi, "
+"c'était une situation simple, plutôt claire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation "
+#| "greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of books, "
+#| "provided that they were all identical. And it required specialised, "
+#| "fairly expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in "
+#| "effect it created a situation in which copies could only feasibly be made "
+#| "by specialised businesses, of which the number was not that large. There "
+#| "might have been hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of "
+#| "thousands, or maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So "
+#| "the decrease in the number of places in which copies could be made was "
+#| "tremendous."
+msgid ""
+"Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation "
+"greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of books, "
+"provided that they were all identical. And it required specialised, fairly "
+"expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in effect it "
+"created a situation in which copies could only feasibly be made by "
+"specialised businesses, of which the number was not that large. There might "
+"have been hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of "
+"thousands, or maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So the "
+"decrease in the number of places in which copies could be made was "
+"tremendous."
+msgstr ""
+"Plus tard, l'impression fut développée et a considé"
+"rablement changé la situation. Elle a fourni une manière "
+"beaucoup plus efficace de faire des copies de livres, pourvu qu'elle soient "
+"toutes identiques. Et elle a exigé un équipement spé"
+"cialisé assez cher, qu'un lecteur ordinaire ne pouvait pas avoir. "
+"Elle a donc créé une situation dans laquelle les copies ne "
+"pouvait être réellement faisables que par des entreprises "
+"spécialisées, dont le nombre n'était pas é"
+"levé. Il aurait pu y avoir des centaines d'impressions par pays et "
+"des centaines de milliers, ou peut-être même vraisemblablement "
+"des millions de personnes qui auraient pu les lire. Ainsi la diminution du "
+"nombre d'endroits dans lesquels les copies pouvaient être faites "
+"était considérable."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I "
+#| "think that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, "
+#| "which was a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of "
+#| "copyright but I can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. "
+#| "But the system of copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press "
+#| "because it became rare for ordinary readers to make copies. It still "
+#| "happen. People who were very poor or very rich had handmade copies of "
+#| "books. The very rich people did this to show off their wealth: they had "
+#| "beautiful illuminated wealth to show that they could afford this. And "
+#| "poor people still sometimes copied books by hand because they couldn't "
+#| "afford printed copies. As the song goes “Time ain't money when all "
+#| "you got is time.” So some poor people copied books with a pen. But "
+#| "for the most part the books were all made on printing presses by "
+#| "publishers and copyright as a system fitted in very well with the "
+#| "technical system. For one thing it was painless for readers, because the "
+#| "readers weren't going to make copies anyway, except for the very rich "
+#| "ones who could presumably legitimise it, or the very poor ones who were "
+#| "making just individual copies and no one was going to go after them with "
+#| "lawyers. And the system was fairly easy to enforce again because there "
+#| "were only a small number of places where it had to be enforced: only the "
+#| "printing presses, and because of this it didn't require, it didn't "
+#| "involve, a struggle against the public. You didn't find just about "
+#| "everybody trying to copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing "
+#| "it."
+msgid ""
+"Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I think "
+"that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, which was "
+"a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of copyright but I "
+"can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. But the system of "
+"copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press because it became rare "
+"for ordinary readers to make copies. It still happen. People who were very "
+"poor or very rich had handmade copies of books. The very rich people did "
+"this to show off their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show "
+"that they could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books "
+"by hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes "
+"“Time ain't money when all you got is time.” So some poor people "
+"copied books with a pen. But for the most part the books were all made on "
+"printing presses by publishers and copyright as a system fitted in very well "
+"with the technical system. For one thing it was painless for readers, "
+"because the readers weren't going to make copies anyway, except for the very "
+"rich ones who could presumably legitimise it, or the very poor ones who were "
+"making just individual copies and no one was going to go after them with "
+"lawyers. And the system was fairly easy to enforce again because there were "
+"only a small number of places where it had to be enforced: only the printing "
+"presses, and because of this it didn't require, it didn't involve, a "
+"struggle against the public. You didn't find just about everybody trying to "
+"copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing it."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant, l'idée de copyright s'est développée avec "
+"la presse. Je pense qu'il peut y avoir… Je pense que je me rappelle "
+"avoir lu que Venise, qui était un centre important de l'impression au "
+"XVIème siècle, a également connu un genre de copyright "
+"mais je ne peux pas vous dire : Je ne pourrais pas retrouver cette "
+"référence. Mais le système de copyright s'est "
+"naturellement accordé avec la presse parce qu'il est devenu rare pour "
+"un lecteur ordinaire de faire des copies. C'est toujours le cas. Seuls les "
+"gens très pauvres ou très riches détenaient des copies "
+"manuscrites de livres. Les gens très riches le faisaient pour é"
+"taler leur richesse : il fallait avoir une éblouissante fortune "
+"pour se le permettre. Et les pauvres gens en étaient encore parfois "
+"à recopier les livres à la main parce qu'ils ne pouvaient pas "
+"se permettre les copies imprimées. Comme le dit la chanson «le "
+"temps n'est pas de l'argent quand c'est tout ce que vous avez». Aussi "
+"quelques pauvres gens ont copié des livres avec un stylo. Mais pour "
+"la plupart, les livres étaient fabriqués à la presse "
+"par des éditeurs et le copyright en tant que système s'est "
+"naturellement accordé avec la technologie. D'un certain cô"
+"té ce fut indolore pour les lecteurs, parce qu'ils ne faisaient de "
+"toute façon plus de copie, excepté pour les gens très "
+"riches qui pouvait réellement légitimer un tel acte, ou les "
+"très pauvres qui n'en faisaient qu'un exemplaire unique et que "
+"personne n'aurait poursuivi avec des avocats. Et le système fut "
+"vraiment facile à imposer toujours parce qu'il n'y avait qu'un "
+"très petit nombre de lieux où c'était possible : "
+"seulement les presses, et parce que cela ne nécessitait pas, cela "
+"n'impliquait pas de lutte contre le public. Vous ne pouviez pas trouver ne "
+"serait-ce qu'une seule personne essayant de copier des livres, et "
+"menacée d'être arrêtée pour ça."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it "
+#| "didn't cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a "
+#| "small fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so "
+#| "that small extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the "
+#| "readers. The actions restricted by copyright were actions that you "
+#| "couldn't do, as an ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a "
+#| "problem. And because of this there was no need for harsh punishments to "
+#| "convince readers to tolerate it and to obey."
+msgid ""
+"And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it didn't "
+"cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a small "
+"fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so that small "
+"extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the readers. The "
+"actions restricted by copyright were actions that you couldn't do, as an "
+"ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a problem. And because of "
+"this there was no need for harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate "
+"it and to obey."
+msgstr ""
+"Et en fait, en plus de ne pas limiter le lecteur directement, il n'a pas "
+"vraiment causé d'ennuis, étant donné qu'il a du ê"
+"tre ajouté une petite fraction du prix du livre qui n'a certes pas "
+"coûté le double, de sorte que la petite addition supplé"
+"mentaire au prix n'était qu'un tout petit fardeau pour les lecteurs. "
+"Les actions limitées par copyright étaient des actions que "
+"vous ne pouviez pas faire, en tant que lecteur ordinaire, et donc, cela n'a "
+"pas posé de problème. Et pour cette raison, on avait pas "
+"besoin de punir sévèrement les lecteurs pour les convaincre de "
+"le tolérer et d'y obéir."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted "
+#| "publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was "
+#| "somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the "
+#| "Atlantic. You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting "
+#| "on a boat for weeks or months."
+msgid ""
+"So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted "
+"publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was "
+"somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the Atlantic. "
+"You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting on a boat for "
+"weeks or months."
+msgstr ""
+"Bien, le copyright était donc un règlement industriel. Il "
+"restreignait les éditeurs et les auteurs mais ne limitait pas le "
+"grand public. C'était comme faire payer un droit d'entrée pour "
+"une traversée en bateau de l'Océan atlantique. Vous savez, il "
+"est facile de percevoir des honoraires quand les gens prennent le bateau "
+"pour des semaines, voire des mois."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor "
+#| "people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of "
+#| "got forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got "
+#| "cheap enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so "
+#| "to some extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost "
+#| "from memory. I heard about this about ten years ago when I started "
+#| "talking about the subject to people."
+msgid ""
+"Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor "
+"people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of got "
+"forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got cheap "
+"enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so to some "
+"extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost from memory. "
+"I heard about this about ten years ago when I started talking about the "
+"subject to people."
+msgstr ""
+"Avec le temps, l'impression est devenue plus efficace. Par la suite, les "
+"pauvres gens n'ont plus été obligés de copier les "
+"livres à la main et ce genre d'idée est tombée dans "
+"l'oubli. Je pense que c'est au XIXème siècle que l'impression "
+"est devenue suffisamment bon marché pour que la plupart ait les "
+"moyens d'acheter des livres, aussi l'idée des pauvres de copier les "
+"livres à la main a été a été oublié"
+"e Je n'en ai entendu parler qu'il y a dix ans environ quand j'ai "
+"commencé à interroger les gens à ce sujet."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of "
+#| "censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get "
+#| "approval from the government but the idea began to change and it a "
+#| "different idea was expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the "
+#| "US constitution was written there was a proposal that authors should be "
+#| "entitled to a monopoly on copying their books. This idea was rejected. "
+#| "Instead, a different idea of the philosophy of copyright was put into the "
+#| "constitution. The idea that a copyright system could be… well, the "
+#| "idea is that people have the natural right to copy things but copyright "
+#| "as an artificial restriction on copying can be authorised for the sake of "
+#| "promoting progress."
+msgid ""
+"So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of "
+"censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get "
+"approval from the government but the idea began to change and it a different "
+"idea was expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the US "
+"constitution was written there was a proposal that authors should be "
+"entitled to a monopoly on copying their books. This idea was rejected. "
+"Instead, a different idea of the philosophy of copyright was put into the "
+"constitution. The idea that a copyright system could be… well, the "
+"idea is that people have the natural right to copy things but copyright as "
+"an artificial restriction on copying can be authorised for the sake of "
+"promoting progress."
+msgstr ""
+"En Angleterre, à l'origine, le copyright a été en "
+"partie prévu comme une mesure de censure. Les gens qui voulaient "
+"publier des livres devaient obtenir l'autorisation du gouvernement, mais les "
+"idées ont commencé à changer et c'est une toute autre "
+"idée qui a été explicitement exprimée dans la "
+"constitution des États-Unis. Quand la Constitution américaine "
+"a été écrite, il a été proposé que "
+"les auteurs devaient avoir le monopole sur la copie de leurs livres. Cette "
+"idée a été rejetée. À la place, une "
+"idée différente de celle de la philosophie du copyright a "
+"été mise dans la Constitution. L'idée que le "
+"système du copyright pouvait être... bon, l'idée é"
+"tait que les gens avaient un droit naturel à copier les choses, mais "
+"le copyright en tant que frein artificiel à la copie pouvait ê"
+"tre autorisé dans l'intention de favoriser le progrès."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either "
+#| "way, but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify "
+#| "copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not "
+#| "as an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify "
+#| "the behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The "
+#| "benefit consists of more books being written and published and this is "
+#| "intended to contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading "
+#| "ideas, and as a means to this end… in other words as a means to "
+#| "this end copyright exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between "
+#| "the public and authors; that the public gives up its natural right to "
+#| "make copies of anything in exchange for the progress that is brought "
+#| "about indirectly, by encouraging more people to write."
+msgid ""
+"So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either way, "
+"but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify "
+"copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not "
+"as an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify "
+"the behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The benefit "
+"consists of more books being written and published and this is intended to "
+"contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a "
+"means to this end… in other words as a means to this end copyright "
+"exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between the public and "
+"authors; that the public gives up its natural right to make copies of "
+"anything in exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by "
+"encouraging more people to write."
+msgstr ""
+"Donc le système de copyright allait être le même d'une "
+"façon ou d'une autre, mais il y avait une déclaration en "
+"rapport avec ledit but pour justifier du copyright. Il est explicitement "
+"justifié comme un moyen de favoriser le progrès, pas comme un "
+"droit pour les propriétaires. Ainsi le système est "
+"censé modifier le comportement des propriétaires de copyrights "
+"pour en faire bénéficier le public. L'avantage consiste "
+"à écrire et éditer plus de livres et ceci dans "
+"l'intention de contribuer au progrès de la civilisation, à la "
+"propagation des idées, et en tant que moyen à cet "
+"effet… en d'autres termes c'est en tant que moyen à cet effet "
+"que le copyright existe. Donc, c'est aussi en pensant à un "
+"marché entre le public et les auteurs ; tel que le public "
+"renonce à son droit naturel de faire des copies de n'importe quoi en "
+"échange du progrès qui est apporté indirectement, en "
+"encourageant plus de personnes à écrire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose "
+#| "of copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most "
+#| "important thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and "
+#| "how. If you forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so "
+#| "ever since that decision was made, the authors and especially the "
+#| "publishers most recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it "
+#| "under the rug. There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the "
+#| "idea that was rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright "
+#| "exists as an entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed "
+#| "in almost everything they say about it starting and ending with the word "
+#| "“pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an "
+#| "unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and "
+#| "kidnapping or killing the people on board."
+msgid ""
+"Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose of "
+"copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most important "
+"thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and how. If you "
+"forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so ever since "
+"that decision was made, the authors and especially the publishers most "
+"recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it under the rug. "
+"There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the idea that was "
+"rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an "
+"entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost "
+"everything they say about it starting and ending with the word “"
+"pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an "
+"unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and kidnapping "
+"or killing the people on board."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant il peut sembler obscur de demander « quel est le but "
+"du copyright ? ». Mais connaître le but d'une "
+"activité est une chose essentielle pour décider si cette "
+"activité a besoin d'être changée, et comment. Si vous "
+"oubliez l'objectif, vous êtes sûr de vous tromper, or depuis que "
+"cette décision a été prise, les auteurs et plus "
+"particulièrement les éditeurs ont jusqu'à ré"
+"cemment essayé de la dénaturer et de la balayer sous le tapis. "
+"Il y a eu des décennies de campagne pour tenter de répandre "
+"l'idée qui a été rejetée dans la constitution "
+"des États-Unis d'Amérique. L'idée que le copyright "
+"existe en tant que droit pour les propriétaires de copyrights. Et "
+"vous pouvez la retrouver dans presque tout ce qu'il disent à ce sujet "
+"commençant et se terminant par le mot «pirate», qui est "
+"utilisé pour donner l'impression que faire une copie non "
+"autorisée est l'équivalent moral d'une attaque de bateau, et "
+"du kidnapping et du meurtre des personnes à bord."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you look at the statements being made by publishers you find lots of "
+"implicit assumptions of this sort which you have to drag into the open and "
+"then start questioning."
+msgstr ""
+"Aussi, si vous regardez les déclarations qui sont faites par les "
+"éditeurs vous trouverez un bon nombre de postulats de ce genre que "
+"vous devez mettre en lumière et commencer à interroger."
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a certificate of "
-"having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up how many times you "
-"had done it and give you a certificate that says “I sent so much to "
-"these artists”. There are various ways we could encourage people who "
-"want to do it."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Recent events and problems"
+msgstr "Récents événements et problèmes"
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and kind: “"
-"Have you sent a dollar to some artists today? Why not? It's only a "
-"dollar—you'll never miss it and don't you love what they're doing? "
-"Push the button!” It will make people feel good, and they'll think "
-"“Yeah, I love what I just watched. I'll send a dollar.”"
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[brightens]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[il s'éclaire]</em>"
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"This is already starting to work to some extent. There's a Canadian singer "
-"who used to be called Jane Siberry. She put her music on her website and "
-"invited people to download it and pay whatever amount they wished. She "
-"reported getting an average of more than a dollar per copy, which is "
-"interesting because the major record companies charge just under a dollar "
-"per copy. By letting people decide whether and how much to pay, she got "
-"more—she got even more per visitor who was actually downloading "
-"something. But this might not even count whether there was an effect of "
-"bringing more people to come, and [thus] increasing the total number that "
-"this average was against."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was "
+#| "painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the "
+#| "printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox "
+#| "machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as "
+#| "computer networks have come into use the situation has changed "
+#| "drastically. We are now in a situation technologically more like the "
+#| "ancient world, where anybody who could read something could also make a "
+#| "copy of it that was essentially as good as the best copies anyone could "
+#| "make."
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was "
+"painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the "
+"printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox "
+"machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as "
+"computer networks have come into use the situation has changed drastically. "
+"We are now in a situation technologically more like the ancient world, where "
+"anybody who could read something could also make a copy of it that was "
+"essentially as good as the best copies anyone could make."
+msgstr ""
+"Quoi qu'il en soit, aussi longtemps que l'âge de la presse a "
+"duré, le copyright était indolore, facile à imposer, et "
+"probablement une bonne idée. Mais l'âge de la presse a "
+"commencé à changer il y a quelques décennies quand des "
+"choses comme les photocopieurs et les magnétoscopes sont devenues "
+"disponibles, et plus récemment quand les réseaux informatiques "
+"sont devenus opérationnels, la situation a changé de "
+"manière drastique. Nous sommes aujourd'hui dans une situation "
+"technologique plus proche de l'antiquité, où quiconque pouvait "
+"lire quelque chose pouvait aussi en faire une copie, qui était aussi "
+"bonne que les meilleures copies de n'importe qui d'autre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[murmuring in the audience]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[murmures dans l'assistance]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies "
+#| "themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass "
+#| "production, as in the printing press. Now this change in technology "
+#| "changes the situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the "
+#| "bargain was that the public trades away its natural right to make copies, "
+#| "and in exchange gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a "
+#| "bad one. It depends on the worth of what you are giving up. And the "
+#| "worth of what you are getting. In the age of the printing press the "
+#| "public traded away a freedom that it was unable to use."
+msgid ""
+"A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies "
+"themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass production, "
+"as in the printing press. Now this change in technology changes the "
+"situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the bargain was that "
+"the public trades away its natural right to make copies, and in exchange "
+"gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a bad one. It "
+"depends on the worth of what you are giving up. And the worth of what you "
+"are getting. In the age of the printing press the public traded away a "
+"freedom that it was unable to use."
+msgstr ""
+"Une situation maintenant où, à nouveau, les lecteurs "
+"ordinaires peuvent faire des copies eux-même. Il n'est plus né"
+"cessaire de passer par une production de masse centralisée comme dans "
+"la presse. Ce changement de technologie change la situation dans laquelle la "
+"loi sur le copyright s'exerce. L'idée du marché était "
+"que le public négociait son droit de faire des copies, contre un "
+"avantage. Bon, une affaire peut être bonne ou mauvaise. Cela dé"
+"pend de la valeur de ce à quoi on renonce. Et de la valeur de ce que "
+"vous obtenez. À l'âge de la presse, le public a é"
+"changé une liberté dont il ne pouvait pas user."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's like finding a way of selling shit: what have you got to lose? You've "
+"got it on hand anyway, if you get something for it, it can hardly be a bad "
+"deal."
+msgstr ""
+"C'est comme trouver un moyen de vendre de la merde : qu'avez-vous "
+"à perdre ? Vous l'avez à disposition de toute maniè"
+"re. Si vous trouvez le moyen de la négocier, cela ne peut pas ê"
+"tre une mauvaise affaire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[faint laughter]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[rires tièdes]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another star. "
+#| "You're not going to do it anyway"
+msgid ""
+"It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another star. "
+"You're not going to do it anyway"
+msgstr ""
+"C'est comme accepter de l'argent en retour de votre promesse de ne pas "
+"voyager vers autre étoile. Vous n'allez pas le faire de toute "
+"façon."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[hearty laughter]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[rires copieux]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to "
+#| "pay you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take "
+#| "the deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not "
+#| "think that deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to "
+#| "sell because it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to "
+#| "reconsider the desirability of those old deals that used to be "
+#| "advantageous. Typically in a such a situation you decide that “I'm "
+#| "not going to sell all of this any more; I'm going to keep some of it and "
+#| "use it.” So if you were giving up a freedom that you couldn't "
+#| "exercise and now you can exercise it, you probably want to start "
+#| "retaining the right to exercise it at least partially. You might still "
+#| "trade part of the freedom: and there are many alternatives of different "
+#| "bargains which trade parts of the freedom and keep other parts. So, "
+#| "precisely what you want to do requires thought, but in any case you want "
+#| "to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably want to sell less of what "
+#| "you sold in the past."
+msgid ""
+"at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to pay "
+"you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take the "
+"deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not think that "
+"deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to sell because "
+"it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to reconsider the "
+"desirability of those old deals that used to be advantageous. Typically in "
+"a such a situation you decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this "
+"any more; I'm going to keep some of it and use it.” So if you were "
+"giving up a freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you can exercise it, "
+"you probably want to start retaining the right to exercise it at least "
+"partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there are many "
+"alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the freedom and keep "
+"other parts. So, precisely what you want to do requires thought, but in any "
+"case you want to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably want to sell "
+"less of what you sold in the past."
+msgstr ""
+"Du moins pas de notre vivant. Donc si quelqu'un vous paye pour que vous "
+"promettiez de ne pas voyager vers une autre étoile, vous pouvez "
+"très bien faire affaire. Mais si je m'étais pré"
+"senté à vous avec un astronef, vous ne pourriez plus penser "
+"que c'était une bonne affaire. Alors que vous aviez l'habitude de "
+"vendre une chose inutile, vous découvrez une utilisation pour "
+"elle ; vous allez donc reconsidérer les charmes des anciens "
+"marchés dont vous tiriez avantage. Typiquement dans une telle "
+"situation vous décidez que « je ne vais plus tout vendre "
+"de ce que j'ai; je vais en garder une partie et m'en servir ». "
+"Aussi, si vous aviez l'habitude de troquer une liberté dont vous ne "
+"pouviez rien faire, mais qu'à présent vous pouvez l'exercer, "
+"vous voudrez sans doute commencer à vous réserver au moins le "
+"droit de l'exercer partiellement. Vous pourriez encore négocier une "
+"partie de cette liberté : il y a de nombreuses alternatives aux "
+"différents marchés qui échangent une partie de la "
+"liberté tout en la maintenant sur d'autres plans. Ainsi, ce que vous "
+"voulez faire précisément exige une réflexion, mais dans "
+"tous les cas vous voudrez reconsidérer l'ancien marché, et "
+"probablement vendre moins que ce vous vendiez auparavant."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the "
+#| "time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it, "
+#| "the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You "
+#| "see copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the "
+#| "uses of a copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in "
+#| "recent times the publishers have been pushing to extend it further and "
+#| "further. Ending up most recently with things like the Digital Millennium "
+#| "Copyright Act in the US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty "
+#| "through the World Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially "
+#| "an organisation representing the owners of copyrights and patents and "
+#| "which works to try to increase their power, and pretends to be doing so "
+#| "in the name of humanity rather than in the name of these particular "
+#| "companies."
+msgid ""
+"But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the "
+"time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it, "
+"the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You see "
+"copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the uses of a "
+"copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in recent times "
+"the publishers have been pushing to extend it further and further. Ending "
+"up most recently with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in "
+"the US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World "
+"Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an organisation "
+"representing the owners of copyrights and patents and which works to try to "
+"increase their power, and pretends to be doing so in the name of humanity "
+"rather than in the name of these particular companies."
+msgstr ""
+"Or les éditeurs essayent de faire exactement l'opposé. Au "
+"moment même où l'intérêt du public est de se "
+"réserver une partie de liberté afin de l'exercer, les é"
+"diteurs font passer des lois qui nous demandent d'y renoncer davantage. Vous "
+"avez vu que le copyright n'a jamais été prévu pour "
+"être un monopole absolu sur les utilisations d'un travail sous "
+"copyright. Il couvrait quelques utilisations et pas d'autres, mais ces "
+"derniers temps les éditeurs ont fait pression pour l'étendre "
+"de plus en plus loin. Pour finir dernièrement avec des choses du "
+"genre la loi sur le copyright du millénaire numériqque aux États-"
+"Unis. Qu'ils essayent également de transformer en traité "
+"à travers l'Organisation mondiale de la propriété "
+"intellectuelle; (OMPI) qui est une organisation représentée "
+"essentiellement par les propriétaires de copyrights et de brevets et "
+"qui travaille à augmenter leur pouvoir, en prétendant le faire "
+"au nom de l'humanité plutôt qu'au nom de ces compagnies "
+"particulières."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting "
+#| "activities that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no "
+#| "longer an industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. "
+#| "For another, because of this, you find the public's starting to object to "
+#| "it You know, when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that "
+#| "are natural in their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. "
+#| "Which means that copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why "
+#| "you see harsher and harsher punishments being adopted by governments that "
+#| "are basically serving the publishers rather than the public."
+msgid ""
+"Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting activities "
+"that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no longer an "
+"industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. For "
+"another, because of this, you find the public's starting to object to it You "
+"know, when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that are natural "
+"in their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. Which means that "
+"copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why you see harsher and "
+"harsher punishments being adopted by governments that are basically serving "
+"the publishers rather than the public."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant, qu'est-ce qui arrive lorsque le copyright commence à "
+"limiter des activités que les lecteurs ordinaires peuvent "
+"faire ? Et bien, d'une part cela n'est plus un règlement "
+"industriel. Cela devient un impôt sur le public. D'autre part, et pour "
+"cette raison, vous verrez le public commencer à s'y opposer. Vous "
+"savez, quand on demande à des gens ordinaires d'arrêter de "
+"faire des choses naturelles dans la vie, ils refusent d'obéir. Ce qui "
+"signifie qu'il n'est plus aussi facile d'imposer le copyright et c'est "
+"pourquoi vous voyez des punitions de plus en plus dures adoptées par "
+"des gouvernements qui à la base servent les éditeurs "
+"plutôt que le public."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still "
+#| "beneficial. Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable "
+#| "for us. Maybe the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made "
+#| "technology fit in well with the technology of the printing press make it "
+#| "fit badly with digital information technology. So, instead of like, "
+#| "charging the fee to cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a "
+#| "fee to cross a street. It's a big nuisance, because people cross the "
+#| "street all along the street, and making them pay is a pain in the neck."
+msgid ""
+"Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still beneficial. "
+"Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable for us. Maybe "
+"the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made technology fit in "
+"well with the technology of the printing press make it fit badly with "
+"digital information technology. So, instead of like, charging the fee to "
+"cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a fee to cross a street. "
+"It's a big nuisance, because people cross the street all along the street, "
+"and making them pay is a pain in the neck."
+msgstr ""
+"En outre, vous vous demandez en quoi un système de copyright est-il "
+"encore bénéfique. En fait, ce que nous avons payé a "
+"maintenant de la valeur pour nous. Aussi l'affaire est-elle une mauvaise "
+"affaire désormais. Et tout ce qui s'adaptait à la technologie "
+"de la presse s'accorde mal avec la technologie numérique de "
+"l'information. C'est comme si au lieu de percevoir des honoraires pour "
+"traverser l'Atlantique en bateau, on percevait des honoraires pour traverser "
+"la rue. Et c'est très embêtant, parce que les gens traversent "
+"la rue tout le long de la rue, et les faire payer revient à leur "
+"casser les pieds."
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"So it can work, but it's a pain in the neck under present circumstances. "
-"You've got to have a credit card to do it, and that means you can't do it "
-"anonymously. And you've got to go find where you're going to pay, and the "
-"payment systems for small amounts, they're not very efficient, so the "
-"artists are only getting half of it. If we set up a good system for this, "
-"it would work far, far better."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "New kinds of copyright"
+msgstr "Nouveau genre de copyright"
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid "So these are my two suggestions."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law "
+#| "in order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? "
+#| "Well the extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't "
+#| "the only possible choice. There are various situations in which we could "
+#| "reduce the power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because "
+#| "there are various different actions that can be done with a copyright and "
+#| "there are various situations in which you might do them, and each of "
+#| "those is an independent question. Should copyright cover this or not? In "
+#| "addition, there is a question of “How long?”. Copyright used "
+#| "to be much shorter in its period or duration, and it's been extended over "
+#| "and over again in the past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears "
+#| "that the owners of copyrights are planning to keep on extending "
+#| "copyrights so that they will never expire again. The US constitution says "
+#| "that “copyright must exist for a limited time” but the "
+#| "publishers have found a way around this: every twenty years they make "
+#| "copyright twenty years longer, and this way, no copyright will ever "
+#| "expire again. Now a thousand years from now, copyright might last for "
+#| "1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright on Mickey Mouse can "
+#| "not expire."
+msgid ""
+"Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law in "
+"order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? Well the "
+"extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't the only "
+"possible choice. There are various situations in which we could reduce the "
+"power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because there are various "
+"different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various "
+"situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent "
+"question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a "
+"question of “How long?”. Copyright used to be much shorter in "
+"its period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the "
+"past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of "
+"copyrights are planning to keep on extending copyrights so that they will "
+"never expire again. The US constitution says that “copyright must "
+"exist for a limited time” but the publishers have found a way around "
+"this: every twenty years they make copyright twenty years longer, and this "
+"way, no copyright will ever expire again. Now a thousand years from now, "
+"copyright might last for 1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright "
+"on Mickey Mouse can not expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant quels sont les changements que nous pourrions faire valoir dans "
+"la loi sur le copyright pour l'adapter à la situation dans laquelle "
+"le public se trouve ? Un changement radical pourrait être de "
+"supprimer la loi sur le copyright mais ce n'est pas le seul choix possible. "
+"Il y a diverses situations dans lesquelles nous pourrions réduire la "
+"puissance du copyright sans la supprimer totalement, parce qu'il y a "
+"plusieurs actions différentes qui pourraient être menées "
+"avec le copyright et il y a diverses situations dans lesquelles vous "
+"pourriez le faire, et chacune d'entre elles est une question indé"
+"pendante. Le copyright pourrait-il les couvrir ou non ? En outre, il y "
+"a la question de savoir « pour combien de temps ? "
+"». Le copyright était à l'époque beaucoup plus "
+"court dans sa période ou sa durée, et il a été "
+"prolongé à plusieurs reprises pendant les cinquante "
+"dernières années et il paraît de plus en plus clairement "
+"que les propriétaires de copyright projettent de maintenir "
+"l'extension des copyrights jusqu'à ce qu'ils n'expirent plus jamais. "
+"La constitution des États-Unis d'Amérique indique que le "
+"« copyright doit exister pour un temps limité » "
+"mais les éditeurs ont trouvé une manière de le "
+"contourner : tous les vingt ans ils le prolongent de vingt ans, et de "
+"cette façon, aucun copyright n'expirera plus jamais. Maintenant, dans "
+"mille ans, le copyright pourrait durer 1200 années, en fait juste "
+"assez pour que le copyright sur la souris Mickey ne puisse plus expirer."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to "
+#| "extend copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the "
+#| "President too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if "
+#| "they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly "
+#| "to campaigns is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So "
+#| "they passed the Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sunny "
+#| "Bono was a congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which "
+#| "uses copyrights to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have "
+#| "their pet congressman and they pushed very hard for increased copyright "
+#| "powers."
+msgid ""
+"Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to extend "
+"copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the "
+"President too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if "
+"they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly to "
+"campaigns is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So they "
+"passed the Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sunny Bono "
+"was a congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which uses "
+"copyrights to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have their pet "
+"congressman and they pushed very hard for increased copyright powers."
+msgstr ""
+"C'est pourquoi, les gens croient que le Congrès américain a "
+"passéune loi pour prolonger le copyright pendant vingt ans. Disney "
+"les apayés, et a payé le Président aussi, avec les "
+"fonds de campagneévidemment, pour rendre ça légal. "
+"Voyez-vous, s'ils avaient juste payé enliquide, cela aurait é"
+"té un crime, mais contribuer indirectement auxcampagnes est lé"
+"gal et c'est ce qu'ils font : acheter les législateurs.Aussi ils "
+"ont adopté la loi «Sunny Bono» sur le copyright. "
+"Maintenant ce qui est intéressant, c'est que Sunny Bono était "
+"un membre du Congrès et un membre de l'Église de Scientologie, "
+"qui utilisait le copyright pour supprimer les informations sur ses "
+"activités. Ainsi, ils ont leur petit chouchou au Congrès et "
+"ont poussé très fort pour accroître les pouvoirs du "
+"copyright."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they "
+#| "passed the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being "
+#| "challenged by the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that "
+#| "people hope to go to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old "
+#| "copyrights tossed out. In any case, there are all these different "
+#| "situations and questions where we could reduce the scope of copyright."
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they passed "
+"the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being challenged by "
+"the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that people hope to go "
+"to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old copyrights tossed out. "
+"In any case, there are all these different situations and questions where we "
+"could reduce the scope of copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"Quoi qu'il en soit, nous avons eu la chance que Sunny Bono soit mort, mais "
+"en son nom ils ont passé la Loi sur le copyright de la souris Mickey, "
+"en 1998 je crois. C'est remis en question cela dit, en raison de l'existence "
+"d'une possibilité juridique de voir par la Cour Suprême les "
+"demandes d'extension de vieux droits rejetées. Dans tous les cas, il "
+"y a des tas de situations et questions différentes où nous "
+"pourrions réduire la portée du copyright."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different "
+#| "contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at "
+#| "one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your "
+#| "friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, "
+#| "there's broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the "
+#| "website, there's handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and "
+#| "some of these things could be done either commercially or non-"
+#| "commercially. You know, you could imagine a company handing out copies to "
+#| "its staff or you could imagine a school doing it, or some private, non-"
+#| "profit organisation doing it. Different situations, and we don't have to "
+#| "treat them all the same. So one way in we could reclaim the… in "
+#| "general though, the activities that are the most private are those that "
+#| "are most crucial to our freedom and our way of life, whereas the most "
+#| "public and commercial are those that are most useful for providing some "
+#| "sort of income for authors so it's a natural situation for a compromise "
+#| "in which the limits of copyright are put somewhere in the middle so that "
+#| "a substantial part of the activity still is covered and provides an "
+#| "income for authors, while the activities that are most directly relevant "
+#| "to peoples' private lives become free again. And this is the sort of "
+#| "thing that I propose doing with copyright for things such as novels and "
+#| "biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at the very minimum, "
+#| "people should always have a right to share a copy with a friend. It's "
+#| "when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that they have to "
+#| "start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh punishments. The "
+#| "only way basically to stop people in their private lives from sharing is "
+#| "with a police state, but public commercial activities can be regulated "
+#| "much more easily and much more painlessly."
+msgid ""
+"So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different "
+"contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at "
+"one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your "
+"friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, there's "
+"broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the website, there's "
+"handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and some of these "
+"things could be done either commercially or non-commercially. You know, you "
+"could imagine a company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine "
+"a school doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing it. "
+"Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same. So one "
+"way in we could reclaim the… in general though, the activities that "
+"are the most private are those that are most crucial to our freedom and our "
+"way of life, whereas the most public and commercial are those that are most "
+"useful for providing some sort of income for authors so it's a natural "
+"situation for a compromise in which the limits of copyright are put "
+"somewhere in the middle so that a substantial part of the activity still is "
+"covered and provides an income for authors, while the activities that are "
+"most directly relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And "
+"this is the sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things "
+"such as novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at "
+"the very minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy with a "
+"friend. It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that "
+"they have to start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh "
+"punishments. The only way basically to stop people in their private lives "
+"from sharing is with a police state, but public commercial activities can be "
+"regulated much more easily and much more painlessly."
+msgstr ""
+"Quels sont-ils pour certains ? Et bien tout d'abord, il y a plusieurs "
+"contextes différents pour la copie. Il y a la vente commerciale de "
+"copies dans des magasins à d'un côté, et de l'autre il y "
+"a la copie privée pour un ami de temps à autre, et entre les "
+"deux il y a d'autres choses comme sa radio- ou télé-diffusion, "
+"son placement sur un site web, sa distribution collective dans une "
+"organisation, et toutes ces choses que l'on peut faire de façon "
+"commerciale ou non-commerciale. Vous savez, vous pouvez imaginer une "
+"entreprise qui distribue des copies à son équipe ou vous "
+"pouvez encore imaginer une école, ou quelque organisation privé"
+"e, non-commerciale le faire. Différentes situations que nous n'avons "
+"pas à traiter toutes de la même manière. Aussi la "
+"façon dont nous pourrions récupérer le... comme en "
+"général, les activités qui sont les plus intimes sont "
+"les plus importantes pour notre liberté et notre façon de "
+"vivre, et que les plus publiques et commerciales sont les plus utiles "
+"à fournir un certain type de revenus pour les auteurs, il y a une "
+"situation naturelle de compromis dans lequel les limites du copyright sont "
+"posées quelquepart au milieu, de sorte qu'une part substantielle de "
+"l'activité reste couverte et fournisse toujours un revenu pour les "
+"auteurs, pendant que celle qui relève le plus directement de la vie "
+"privée des gens redevient libre. Et c'est ce genre de chose que je "
+"propose de faire avec le copyright pour des choses comme les romans, les "
+"biographies, les mémoires, les essais, etc. Qu'au strict minimum, les "
+"gens aient toujours le droit de partager une copie avec un ami. C'est quand "
+"les gouvernements ont à empêcher ce genre d'activité "
+"qu'ils commencent à s'introduire dans la vie privée des gens "
+"et user de punitions sévères. La seule façon "
+"d'empêcher les gens de partager dans leur vie privée c'est avec "
+"un état policier, mais des activités commerciales et publiques "
+"peuvent être réglées de façon beaucoup plus "
+"efficace et indolore."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of "
+#| "work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until "
+#| "today we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly "
+#| "alike except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. "
+#| "But there's no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the "
+#| "practical consequences. We can treat different kinds of works "
+#| "differently. I propose a classification broadly into three kinds of "
+#| "works: functional works, works that express personal position, and works "
+#| "that are fundamentally aesthetic."
+msgid ""
+"Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of "
+"work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until "
+"today we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly "
+"alike except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. But "
+"there's no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the practical "
+"consequences. We can treat different kinds of works differently. I propose "
+"a classification broadly into three kinds of works: functional works, works "
+"that express personal position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant, l'endroit où nous pourrions tracer ces limites dé"
+"pend, je crois, du style de travail. Différents travaux ré"
+"pondent à différents besoinspour leurs utilisateurs. "
+"Jusqu'à aujourd'hui nous avons eu un système de copyright qui "
+"traitait presque tout de la même manière excepté la "
+"musique : il y a beaucoup d'exceptions juridiques pour la musique. Mais "
+"il n'y a aucune raison de placer la simplicité au dessus des "
+"conséquences pratiques. Nous pouvons traiter les différents "
+"types de travaux différemment. Je propose une classification gé"
+"néralement dans trois types de travaux : les travaux "
+"fonctionnels, les travaux qui expriment la position personnelle et les "
+"travaux fondamentalement esthétiques."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; "
+#| "dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs "
+#| "done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, "
+#| "including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am "
+#| "going to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of "
+#| "functional works in the same way. So, this criterion of free… "
+#| "because it necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version "
+#| "this means we have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free "
+#| "software movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is "
+#| "supposedly the justification for society having copyright can happen in "
+#| "other ways. We don't have to give up these important freedoms to have "
+#| "progress. Now the publishers are always asking us to presuppose that "
+#| "their there is no way to get progress without giving up our crucial "
+#| "freedoms and the most important thing I think about the free software "
+#| "movement is to show them that their pre-supposition is unjustified."
+msgid ""
+"Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; "
+"dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs "
+"done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, "
+"including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am "
+"going to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of "
+"functional works in the same way. So, this criterion of free… "
+"because it necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version this "
+"means we have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free "
+"software movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is "
+"supposedly the justification for society having copyright can happen in "
+"other ways. We don't have to give up these important freedoms to have "
+"progress. Now the publishers are always asking us to presuppose that their "
+"there is no way to get progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and "
+"the most important thing I think about the free software movement is to show "
+"them that their pre-supposition is unjustified."
+msgstr ""
+"Les travaux fonctionnels incluent : les logiciels d'ordinateur ; "
+"les recettes ; les manuels ; les dictionnaires et autres travaux "
+"de référence ; tout ce que vous utilisez pour que le "
+"travail soit fait. Pour les travaux fonctionnels, je pense que les gens ont "
+"besoin d'une liberté très large, y compris la liberté "
+"de publier des versions modifiées. Aussi tout ce que je dirais demain "
+"à propos des logiciels d'ordinateur s'applique de façon "
+"identique aux autres genres de travaux fontionnels. Ainsi, ce critère "
+"de libre... parce qu'il est nécessaire d'avoir la "
+"liberté de publier une version modifiée. Cela signifie que "
+"nous devons nous débarrasser presque totalement du copyright. Mais le "
+"mouvement du logiciel libre est en train de prouver que le progrès "
+"que la société veut, la soi-disant justification du copyright, "
+"peut arriver d'une autre manière. Nous n'avons pas à renoncer "
+"à ces importantes libertés pour avoir le progrès. "
+"Aujourd'hui, les éditeurs nous demandent toujours de pré"
+"supposer qu'il n'y a aucune possibilité de progrès sans "
+"renoncer à ces libertés fondamentales. Et la chose la plus "
+"importante, je pense, pour le mouvement du logiciel libre est de prouver que "
+"leur présuppositions sont injustifiées."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress "
+#| "without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is "
+#| "that we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be "
+#| "dismissed. The public should not suppose that the only way to get "
+#| "progress is to have copyright but even for these kinds of works there can "
+#| "be some kinds of compromise copyright systems that are consistent with "
+#| "giving people the freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for "
+#| "example, at the GNU free documentation license, which is used to make a "
+#| "book free. It allows anyone to make and sell copies of a modified "
+#| "version, but it requires giving credit in certain ways to the original "
+#| "authors and publishers in a way that can give them a commercial advantage "
+#| "and thus I believe make it possible to have commercial publishing of free "
+#| "textbooks, and if this works people are just beginning to try it "
+#| "commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been selling lots of "
+#| "copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now and it's been "
+#| "successful for us. At this point though, commercial publishers are just "
+#| "beginning to try this particular approach, but I think that even for "
+#| "functional works where the freedom to publish modified works is "
+#| "essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out, "
+#| "which permits everyone that freedom."
+msgid ""
+"I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress "
+"without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is that "
+"we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be dismissed. "
+"The public should not suppose that the only way to get progress is to have "
+"copyright but even for these kinds of works there can be some kinds of "
+"compromise copyright systems that are consistent with giving people the "
+"freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for example, at the GNU free "
+"documentation license, which is used to make a book free. It allows anyone "
+"to make and sell copies of a modified version, but it requires giving credit "
+"in certain ways to the original authors and publishers in a way that can "
+"give them a commercial advantage and thus I believe make it possible to have "
+"commercial publishing of free textbooks, and if this works people are just "
+"beginning to try it commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been "
+"selling lots of copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now "
+"and it's been successful for us. At this point though, commercial "
+"publishers are just beginning to try this particular approach, but I think "
+"that even for functional works where the freedom to publish modified works "
+"is essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out, "
+"which permits everyone that freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"Je ne peux pas dire que je suis sûr que dans tous ces domaines on ne peut "
+"pas apporter de progrès sans restriction de copyright pour bloquer les gens,
"
+"mais ce que nous avons prouvé c'est que nous avons une chance : ce "
+"n'est pas une idée ridicule. Elle ne devrait pas être écartée. Le public
ne "
+"devrait pas supposer que la seule façon d'obtenir le progrès est d'avoir du
"
+"copyright. Mais même pour ce genre de travaux il peut y avoir quelques types
"
+"de compromis avec le système de copyright, compatibles avec le fait de "
+"donner aux gens la liberté de publier des versions modifiées. Regardez par "
+"exemple, la documentation libre de la licence GNU utilisée pour fabriquer un
"
+"livre libre. Elle permet à n'importe qui de faire et de vendre des copies "
+"d'une version modifiée, mais elle exige de donner du crédit d'une certaine "
+"manière aux auteurs et éditeurs d'origine d'une façon qui leur donne un "
+"avantage commercial, et ainsi je crois rendre possible la publication "
+"commerciale des manuels libres. Et ça fonctionne, les gens commencent tout "
+"juste à l'essayer commercialement. La Free Software Foundation a vendu un "
+"bon nombre de copies de divers livres libres pendant presque quinze ans "
+"maintenant, et cela a été un succès pour nous. En ce moment, cependant,
les "
+"éditeurs commerciaux commencent tout juste à essayer cette approche "
+"particulière, mais je crois que même pour ces travaux fonctionnels où la "
+"liberté de publier des travaux modifiés est essentielle, un certain genre
de "
+"compromis avec le système de copyright peut être trouvé, qui permet Ã
chacun "
+"cette liberté."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, "
+#| "because the works are used differently. The second category of works is "
+#| "works that express someone's positions or views or experiences. For "
+#| "example, essays, offers to do business with people, statements of one's "
+#| "legal position, memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what "
+#| "you think or you want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant "
+#| "reviews are also in this category: it's expressing a personal opinion or "
+#| "position. Now for these kinds of works, making a modified version is not "
+#| "a useful thing to do. So I see no reason why people should need to have "
+#| "the freedom to publish modified versions of these works. Verbatim copying "
+#| "is the only thing that people need to have the freedom to do and because "
+#| "of this we can consider the idea that the freedom to distribute copies "
+#| "should only apply in some situations, for example if it were limited to "
+#| "non-commercial distribution that would be OK I think. Ordinary citizen's "
+#| "lives would no longer be restricted but publishers would still be covered "
+#| "by copyright for these things."
+msgid ""
+"For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, because "
+"the works are used differently. The second category of works is works that "
+"express someone's positions or views or experiences. For example, essays, "
+"offers to do business with people, statements of one's legal position, "
+"memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what you think or you "
+"want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant reviews are also in this "
+"category: it's expressing a personal opinion or position. Now for these "
+"kinds of works, making a modified version is not a useful thing to do. So I "
+"see no reason why people should need to have the freedom to publish modified "
+"versions of these works. Verbatim copying is the only thing that people "
+"need to have the freedom to do and because of this we can consider the idea "
+"that the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in some situations, "
+"for example if it were limited to non-commercial distribution that would be "
+"OK I think. Ordinary citizen's lives would no longer be restricted but "
+"publishers would still be covered by copyright for these things."
+msgstr ""
+"Pour d'autres genres de travaux, les questions d'éthique s'appliquent "
+"différemment, parce que les travaux sont utilisés diffé"
+"remment. La seconde catégorie de travaux est celle des travaux qui "
+"expriment la position de quelqu'un ou ses points de vue ou ses expé"
+"riences. Par exemple, essais, propositions d'affaires, déclarations "
+"de sa situation légale, mémoires, tout ce qui est dit, dont la "
+"question est de dire ce que vous pensez ou ce que vous aimez. Les revues "
+"littéraires, les revues hôtelières sont aussi dans cette "
+"catégorie : ils expriment une opinion personnelle, un point de "
+"vue. Maintenant pour ce genre de travaux, faire une version modifiée "
+"n'est pas une chose utile. Aussi, je ne vois pas de raison à ce que "
+"les gens aient la liberté de publier des versions modifiées de "
+"ces travaux. La copie intégrale est la seule chose que les gens ont "
+"besoin d'avoir la liberté de faire et pour cette raison nous pouvons "
+"considérer l'idée que la liberté de distribuer des "
+"copies ne devrait s'appliquer que dans certaines situations, par exemple si "
+"c'était limité à la distribution non-commerciale ce "
+"serait pas mal, je pense. La vie des citoyens ordinaires ne serait plus "
+"restreinte, mais les éditeurs voudraient être encore couvert "
+"par le copyright pour ça."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[drinks water]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[il boit de l'eau]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people "
+#| "to privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe "
+#| "it would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by "
+#| "copyright for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced "
+#| "me that that's not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots "
+#| "of people both want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not "
+#| "commercially redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so "
+#| "useful, then it's wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still "
+#| "be acceptable I think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this "
+#| "work, because that would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't "
+#| "block the useful activities that people should be doing with these works."
+msgid ""
+"Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people to "
+"privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe it "
+"would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by copyright "
+"for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced me that that's "
+"not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots of people both "
+"want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not commercially "
+"redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then it's "
+"wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be acceptable I "
+"think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this work, because that "
+"would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't block the useful "
+"activities that people should be doing with these works."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant, je pensais que peut-être il serait suffisant de permettre "
+"aux gens de redistribuer en privé des copies à l'occasion. Je "
+"pensais que peut-être ça serait pas mal si toutes les "
+"redistributions publiques étaient encore limitées par "
+"copyright pour ce genre de travaux, mais l'expérience avec Napster "
+"m'a convaincu que non. Et la raison est que cela montre que beaucoup, "
+"beaucoup de gens veulent redistribuer de façon publique — "
+"redistribuer publiquement mais pas commercialement — et c'est "
+"très utile. Et si c'est si utile, c'est une erreur d'arrêter "
+"les gens de le faire. Mais cela serait encore acceptable je pense, de "
+"limiter la redistribution commerciale de ces travaux, parce que cela serait "
+"juste une régulation industrielle et ça ne bloquerait pas les "
+"activités utiles que les gens devraient faire avec ces travaux."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into "
+#| "this category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good "
+#| "thing to do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be "
+#| "distributed verbatim, so scientific papers should be freely "
+#| "redistributable by anyone because we should be encouraging their "
+#| "redistribution, and I hope you will never agree to publish a scientific "
+#| "paper in a way that restricts verbatim redistribution on the net. Tell "
+#| "the journal that you won't do that."
+msgid ""
+"Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into this "
+"category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good thing to "
+"do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be distributed verbatim, "
+"so scientific papers should be freely redistributable by anyone because we "
+"should be encouraging their redistribution, and I hope you will never agree "
+"to publish a scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim "
+"redistribution on the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that."
+msgstr ""
+"Ah, aussi, les documents scientifiques, ou les documents érudits en "
+"général tombent dans cette catégorie parce que la "
+"publication de leurs versions modifiées n'est pas une bonne chose "
+"à faire : cela fausse le registre; elles devraient donc ê"
+"tre distribuées uniquement dans leur intégralité. Ainsi "
+"les documents scientifiques devraient être redistributable librement "
+"par n'importe qui parce que nous devrions encourager leur redistribution, et "
+"j'espère que vous n'accepterez jamais de publier un document "
+"scientifique d'une façon qui limiterait sa redistribution inté"
+"grale sur le net. Dites au journal que vous ne ferez pas cela."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination "
+#| "of scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they "
+#| "are nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access "
+#| "and restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They "
+#| "are the enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies "
+#| "of science, and this practice must come to an end."
+msgid ""
+"Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination of "
+"scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they are "
+"nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access and "
+"restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the "
+"enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of science, "
+"and this practice must come to an end."
+msgstr ""
+"Parce que les journaux scientifiques sont devenus un obstacle à la "
+"diffusion des résultats scientifiques. Ils étaient un mé"
+"canisme nécessaire. Maintenant ils ne sont rien d'autre qu'une "
+"obstruction. Et ces journaux qui limitent l'accès et limitent la "
+"redistribution <em>[insistance]</em> doivent être supprimés. "
+"Ils sont les ennemis de la diffusion de la connaissance; ils sont les "
+"ennemis de la science, et cette pratique doit cesser."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose "
+#| "main use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many "
+#| "cases, typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. "
+#| "Now, they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and "
+#| "improve them, the way people have the need to do that with functional "
+#| "works. So it's a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the "
+#| "freedom to publish modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one "
+#| "hand you have authors with a lot of ego attachment saying"
+msgid ""
+"Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose main "
+"use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many cases, "
+"typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. Now, "
+"they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and improve "
+"them, the way people have the need to do that with functional works. So "
+"it's a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the freedom to "
+"publish modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one hand you have "
+"authors with a lot of ego attachment saying"
+msgstr ""
+"Il y a maintenant une troisième catégorie de travaux, qui est "
+"celle des travaux esthétiques, dont l'utilisation principale est "
+"d'être appréciée: romans, jeux, poésies, "
+"graphismes dans beaucoup de cas, et musiques pour la plupart. C'est "
+"typiquement fait pour être apprécié. Maintenant, ils ne "
+"sont pas fonctionnels; les gens n'ont pas la nécessité de les "
+"modifier et de les améliorer, comme c'est nécessaire avec les "
+"travaux fonctionnels. Aussi c'est une question difficile : il est "
+"essentiel pour les gens d'avoir la liberté de publier des versions "
+"modifiées d'un travail esthétique. D'une part vous avez des "
+"auteurs qui font preuve de pas mal d'égotisme."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[accent anglais, gestuelle dramatique]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "“Oh this is my creation.”"
+msgstr "« Oh, c'est ma création. »"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[Back to Boston]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[retour à Boston]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand "
+#| "you have the folk process which shows that a series of people "
+#| "sequentially modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then "
+#| "comparing versions can produce something tremendously rich, and not only "
+#| "beautiful songs and short poems, but even long epics have been produced "
+#| "in this way, and there was a time back before the mystique of the artist "
+#| "as creator, semi-divine figure was so powerful when even great writers "
+#| "reworked stories that had been written by others. Some of the plays of "
+#| "Shakespeare involve stories that were taken from other plays written "
+#| "often a few decades before. If today's copyright laws had been in effect "
+#| "they would have called Shakespeare a quote pirate unquote for writing "
+#| "some of his great work and so of course you would have had the other "
+#| "authors saying"
+msgid ""
+"“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand you "
+"have the folk process which shows that a series of people sequentially "
+"modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then comparing versions can "
+"produce something tremendously rich, and not only beautiful songs and short "
+"poems, but even long epics have been produced in this way, and there was a "
+"time back before the mystique of the artist as creator, semi-divine figure "
+"was so powerful when even great writers reworked stories that had been "
+"written by others. Some of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that "
+"were taken from other plays written often a few decades before. If today's "
+"copyright laws had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote "
+"pirate unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would "
+"have had the other authors saying"
+msgstr ""
+"« Qui oserait en changer une ligne ? ». De "
+"l'autre côté, vous avez le processus folklorique qui prouve "
+"qu'une série de personnes modifiant un travail de façon "
+"séquentielle, ou peut-être même en parallèle et en "
+"comparant alors les versions, peut produire quelque chose d'extrê"
+"mement riche. Et non seulement de belles chansons et de courtes poé"
+"sies, mais même de longues épopées ont été "
+"produites de cette façon. Il y eût un temps déjà, "
+"avant que la mystique de l'artiste créateur — figure semi-"
+"divine — ait tant de pouvoir, où même de grands é"
+"crivains ont retouché des histoires qui avaient été "
+"écrites par d'autres. Certaines scènes de Shakespeare nouent "
+"des intrigues qui ont été tirées de scènes "
+"écrites souvent plusieurs décennies auparavant. Si les lois "
+"contemporaines sur le copyright avaient été effectives, ils "
+"auraient appellé Shakespeare entre guillemets : « "
+"pirate » pour avoir écrit ainsi une partie de son immense "
+"travail, et évidemment vous auriez eu les dires des autres auteurs."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[accent anglais]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly "
+#| "make it better.“"
+msgid ""
+"“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly "
+"make it better.“"
+msgstr ""
+"« Comment ose-t-il changer une ligne de ma création. Il "
+"est impossible de le faire mieux. »"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[faible brouhaha de l'assistance]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I "
+#| "am not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
+#| "aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
+#| "music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
+#| "but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask "
+#| "permission to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these "
+#| "works, either modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might "
+#| "have to pay some money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult "
+#| "question what to do about publishing modified versions of these aesthetic "
+#| "works and I don't have an answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
+msgid ""
+"You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I am "
+"not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
+"aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
+"music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
+"but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask permission "
+"to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these works, either "
+"modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might have to pay some "
+"money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about "
+"publishing modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an "
+"answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous entendrez des personnes ridiculiser l'idée exactement dans ces "
+"termes. Bien. Je ne suis pas sûr de ce que nous pourrions faire "
+"à propos de la publication de versions modifiées des travaux "
+"esthétiques. Une des possibilités est de faire comme ce qui "
+"est fait en musique, où n'importe qui peut en réarranger et "
+"jouer un morceau. Ils peuvent avoir à payer pour ça, mais ils "
+"n'ont pas à demander la permission de l'exécuter. Peut-ê"
+"tre que pour la publication commmerciale de ces travaux, modifiés ou "
+"non, s'ils font de l'argent avec, ils pourraient devoir payer une certaine "
+"somme d'argent. C'est une possibilité. C'est une question difficile "
+"de savoir quoi faire au sujet de la publication de versions modifiées "
+"de ces travaux esthétiques, et je n'ai pas de réponse dont je "
+"suis entièrement satisfait."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible"
+msgstr "Un membre de l'audience pose une question (MA1), inaudible."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so "
+#| "fast you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind "
+#| "of category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that "
+#| "the game engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so fast "
+"you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind of "
+"category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that the game "
+"engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Laissez-moi répéter la question "
+"parce qu'il l'a dite tellement vite que vous ne pouviez pas l'avoir "
+"comprise. Il a dit « dans quel genre de catégorie rentrent "
+"les jeux d'ordinateur ? » Bien, je dirais que le moteur de "
+"jeu est fonctionnel et que le scénario est esthétique."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?"
+msgstr "<strong>MA1</strong> : Et les graphismes ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The "
+#| "specific pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas "
+#| "the software for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that "
+#| "if they combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing "
+#| "then the software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing "
+#| "to separate the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to "
+#| "say, well the engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The specific "
+"pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas the software "
+"for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that if they "
+"combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing then the "
+"software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing to separate "
+"the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to say, well the "
+"engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Ceux-ci font probablement partie du scé"
+"nario. Les images spécifiques font partie du scénario; elles "
+"sont esthétiques, tandis que le logiciel pour visualiser les "
+"scènes est fonctionnel. Ainsi je dirais que si elles combinent "
+"l'esthétique et le fonctionnel en une seule et même chose "
+"continue, alors le logiciel est traité comme fonctionnel. Mais si "
+"ellessont disposées à séparer la machine et le "
+"scénario alors il serait légitime de dire, bien, que la "
+"machine est fonctionnelle mais le scénario esthétique."
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"And in mecenatglobal.org, you can find another scheme that combines aspects "
-"of the two, which was invented by Francis Muguet and designed to fit in with "
-"existing legal systems better to make it easier to enact."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Copyright: possible solutions"
+msgstr "Copyright : les solutions possibles"
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights holders”, "
-"because when they say 'compensate', they're trying to presume that if you "
-"have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that "
-"you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say 'rights "
-"holders', it's supposed to make you think it's supporting artists while in "
-"fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically "
-"exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so "
-"popular that they have clout)."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
+#| "publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today "
+#| "in the US most books that are published are out of print within three "
+#| "years. They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that "
+#| "there's not real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's "
+#| "ridiculous. In fact, it's clear that ten year copyright would be "
+#| "sufficient to keep the activity of publishing going. But it should be ten "
+#| "years from date of publication, but it would make sense to allow an "
+#| "additional period before publication which could even be longer than ten "
+#| "years which as you see, as long as the book has not been published the "
+#| "copyright on it is not restricting the public. It's basically just giving "
+#| "the author to have it published eventually but I think that once the book "
+#| "is published copyright should run for some ten years or so, then that's "
+#| "it."
+msgid ""
+"Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
+"publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today in "
+"the US most books that are published are out of print within three years. "
+"They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that there's not "
+"real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's ridiculous. In fact, "
+"it's clear that ten year copyright would be sufficient to keep the activity "
+"of publishing going. But it should be ten years from date of publication, "
+"but it would make sense to allow an additional period before publication "
+"which could even be longer than ten years which as you see, as long as the "
+"book has not been published the copyright on it is not restricting the "
+"public. It's basically just giving the author to have it published "
+"eventually but I think that once the book is published copyright should run "
+"for some ten years or so, then that's it."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant, combien de temps le copyright devrait-il durer ? Et bien de "
+"nos jours la tendance dans l'édition est, en ce qui concerne les "
+"livres, de s'éloigner du copyright de plus en plus vite. Aujourd'hui "
+"aux USA la plupart des livres qui sont édités sortent du "
+"circuit de l'impression en moins de trois ans. Ils ont été "
+"soldés et se retirent de la vente. Ainsi il est clair qu'on a "
+"réellement besoin que le copyright dure 95 ans par exemple : "
+"c'est ridicule. En fait, il est clair qu'un copyright de dix ans serait "
+"suffisant pour que l'activité de l'édition tienne le coup. "
+"Mais dix ans à partir de la date de publication. On comprendrait que "
+"puisse être accordée une période additionnelle avant la "
+"publication, ce qui pourrait faire plus long que dix ans ; comme vous "
+"le voyez aussi longtemps que le livre n'a pas été é"
+"dité, le copyright sur lui ne limite pas le public. C'est juste "
+"à la base pour l'auteur le temps qu'il soit édité. Mais "
+"je pense qu'une fois que le livre est édité, le copyright "
+"devrait fonctionner pendant environ dix ans et c'est tout."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
+#| "writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
+#| "ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was "
+#| "an awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the "
+#| "difficulty of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words "
+#| "are leaking into my English, of, of regaining the rights from the "
+#| "publisher who'd let his books go out of print for practical purposes but "
+#| "was dragging his heels about obeying the contract, which says that when "
+#| "the book is out of print the rights revert to the author."
+msgid ""
+"Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
+"writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
+"ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was an "
+"awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the difficulty "
+"of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words are leaking into "
+"my English, of, of regaining the rights from the publisher who'd let his "
+"books go out of print for practical purposes but was dragging his heels "
+"about obeying the contract, which says that when the book is out of print "
+"the rights revert to the author."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant, j'ai proposé ça une fois dans un débat "
+"où les autres personnes étaient toutes des auteurs. Et l'un "
+"d'entre eux a dit : « dix ans de copyright ? Pourquoi "
+"c'est ridicule ! Quelque chose de plus de cinq ans est intolé"
+"rable. » C'était un auteur de science-fiction ré"
+"compensé, qui se plaignait des problèmes du "
+"retrouving , du retrait — c'est drôle, des mots de "
+"français s'infiltrent dans mon anglais — de, de regagner les "
+"droits de l'éditeur quand celui-ci a laissé les livres sortir "
+"du circuit de l'impression pour des raisons pratiques mais qui traîne "
+"des pieds pour obéir au contrat, qui stipule que quand le livre est "
+"sorti, les droits retournent à l'auteur."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
+#| "demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along "
+#| "a few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that "
+#| "they can get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that "
+#| "the power is really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not "
+#| "famous and are not rich and have no particular clout are being treated "
+#| "horribly by the publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I "
+#| "recommend all of you to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon "
+#| "magazine right?"
+msgid ""
+"The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
+"demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along a "
+"few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that they can "
+"get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that the power is "
+"really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not famous and are "
+"not rich and have no particular clout are being treated horribly by the "
+"publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I recommend all of you "
+"to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon magazine right?"
+msgstr ""
+"Les éditeurs traitent les auteurs d'une façon terrible il faut "
+"le savoir. Ils exigent toujours plus de pouvoir au nom des auteurs et ils "
+"apporteront un petit nombre d'auteurs à gros succès, trè"
+"s connus, qui ont tellement le bras long qu'ils peuvent obtenir des contrats "
+"qui les traitent très bien pour confirmer les dires comme quoi le "
+"pouvoir est vraiment dans leur intérêt. En attendant la plupart "
+"des auteurs qui ne sont pas célèbres, ne sont pas riches et "
+"n'ont pas de relations particulières, sont traités de "
+"façon horrible par l'industrie de l'édition, et c'est encore "
+"pire dans la musique. Je recommande à tous de lire l'article de "
+"Courtney Love's : il est dans Salon magazine, c'est ça ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes"
+msgstr "<strong>MA2</strong> : (Membre de l'audience 2) Oui"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies "
+#| "quote pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In "
+#| "any case we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various "
+#| "lengths, we could see, we could find out empirically what length of "
+#| "copyright is needed to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since "
+#| "almost books are out of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be "
+#| "long enough. But it doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. "
+#| "For example, maybe some aspects of copyright for movies should last for "
+#| "longer, like the rights to sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures "
+#| "and characters on them. You know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly "
+#| "matters if that is limited to one company in most cases. Maybe the "
+#| "copyright on the movies themselves, maybe that's legitimate for that to "
+#| "last twenty years. Meanwhile for software, I suspect that a three year "
+#| "copyright would be enough. you see if each version of the programme "
+#| "remains copyrighted for three years after its release well, unless the "
+#| "company is in real bad trouble they should have a new version before "
+#| "those three years are up and there will be a lot of people who will want "
+#| "to use the newer version, so if older versions are all becoming free "
+#| "software automatically, the company would still have a business with the "
+#| "newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, because it is a "
+#| "system in which not all software is free, but it might be an acceptable "
+#| "compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in some cases for "
+#| "programs to become free… well, that's no disaster. To be using "
+#| "three years old software is not a disaster."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies quote "
+"pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In any case "
+"we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various lengths, we "
+"could see, we could find out empirically what length of copyright is needed "
+"to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since almost books are out "
+"of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be long enough. But it "
+"doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some "
+"aspects of copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to "
+"sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You "
+"know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is limited to "
+"one company in most cases. Maybe the copyright on the movies themselves, "
+"maybe that's legitimate for that to last twenty years. Meanwhile for "
+"software, I suspect that a three year copyright would be enough. You see if "
+"each version of the programme remains copyrighted for three years after its "
+"release well, unless the company is in real bad trouble they should have a "
+"new version before those three years are up and there will be a lot of "
+"people who will want to use the newer version, so if older versions are all "
+"becoming free software automatically, the company would still have a "
+"business with the newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, "
+"because it is a system in which not all software is free, but it might be an "
+"acceptable compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in some "
+"cases for programs to become free… well, that's no disaster. To be "
+"using three years old software is not a disaster."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Au départ, elle a appellé les "
+"sociétés d'enregistrement entre guillemets « "
+"pirates » pour la façon dont ils traitaient les musiciens. "
+"Dans tous les cas, nous pouvons raccourcir le copyright plus ou moins. Nous "
+"pourrions essayer diverses longueurs, nous pourrions voir, nous pourrions "
+"découvrir empiriquement quelle durée de copyright est né"
+"cessaire pour maintenir la publication vigoureuse. Je dirais que, puisque "
+"les livres sont quasi hors de circuit au bout de dix ans, clairement dix ans "
+"devraient être assez longs. Mais ce ne doit pas être pareil pour "
+"tous les genres de travail. Par exemple, peut-être que certains "
+"aspects du copyright sur les films pourraient durer plus longtemps, comme "
+"les droits de vendre tout l'attirail d'images et de personnages affé"
+"rents. Vous savez, c'est tellement grossièrement commercial qu'il "
+"importe peu que ce cela soit limité à une seule socié"
+"té souvent. Peut-être que le copyright sur les films eux-"
+"mêmes est légitimé pour que ça dure vingt ans. En "
+"attendant pour le logiciel, je pense qu'un copyright de trois ans serait "
+"suffisant. Vous voyez, si chaque version de programme conserve un copyright "
+"de trois ans après sa sortie, à moins que la compagnie ne soit "
+"en très mauvaise posture, ils devraient avoir une nouvelle version "
+"avant que les trois ans soient achevés. Et il y aura beaucoup de gens "
+"désireux de l'utiliser. Aussi si les anciennes versions devenaient "
+"automatiquement libres, ils continueraient quand même de faire des "
+"affaires sur la nouvelle. Maintenant c'est un compromis comme je les vois , "
+"parce que c'est un système où tous les logiciels ne sont pas "
+"libres. Mais ce serait un compromis acceptable après tout, si nous "
+"devions attendre trois ans en général pour que les logiciels "
+"deviennent libres… bien, il n'y a pas de désastre. Que l'on "
+"utilise des logiciels vieux de trois ans n'est pas un désastre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour "
+"feature creep?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA3</strong> : Ne pensez-vous pas que c'est un système "
+"qui encouragerait la dégradation des fonctions ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
+#| "issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
+#| "encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
+#| "system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
+#| "activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also "
+#| "encourages a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I "
+#| "would say."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
+"issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
+"encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
+"system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
+"activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also encourages "
+"a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I would say."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[désinvolte]</em> Ah, c'est exact. "
+"C'est un effet secondaire mineur, comparé aux questions de "
+"liberté qu'il soulève. Chaque système entraîne "
+"quelques déviations artificielles chez certaines personnes, et notre "
+"système actuel encourage certainement diverses sortes de dé"
+"viations artificielles dans l'activité couverte par le copyright. "
+"Ainsi, si un système parce qu'il change, encourage en même "
+"temps quelques déformations secondaires, ce n'est pas une grosse "
+"affaire je dirais."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws for "
+"three would be that you wouldn't get the sources."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA4</strong> : Le problème avec ce changement des lois "
+"sur le copyright pour trois ans, c'est que vous n'obtiendriez pas les "
+"sources."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a "
+#| "law that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code "
+#| "must be deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. "
+#| "So it could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and "
+#| "I think other countries have similar institutions where copies of "
+#| "published books get placed, and they could also received the source code "
+#| "and after three years, publish it. And of course, if the source code "
+#| "didn't correspond to the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if "
+#| "it really corresponds then they ought to be able to check that very "
+#| "easily when the work is published initially so you're publishing the "
+#| "source code and somebody there says alright “dot slash configure "
+#| "dot slash make” and sees if produces the same executables and uh."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a law "
+"that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code must be "
+"deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. So it "
+"could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and I think "
+"other countries have similar institutions where copies of published books "
+"get placed, and they could also received the source code and after three "
+"years, publish it. And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to "
+"the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds "
+"then they ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is "
+"published initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there "
+"says alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if "
+"produces the same executables and uh."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. Il y aurait là aussi une "
+"condition. Une loi qui dirait que pour pouvoir vendre des copies de logiciel "
+"au public, le code source doit être déposé quelque part "
+"de sorte que trois ans plus tard il puisse être libéré. "
+"Ainsi il pourrait être déposé à la "
+"bibliothèque du Congrès aux USA; et je pense que d'autres pays "
+"ont des établissements semblables où les copies des livres "
+"publiés prennent place. Et ils pourraient également accueillir "
+"le code source et après trois ans, le publier. Et naturellement, si "
+"le code source ne correspondait pas à l'exécutable il y aurait "
+"fraude. En fait si cela correspond vraiment, on devrait pouvoir très "
+"facilement le vérifier quand le travail est publié au dé"
+"part. Ainsi vous éditez le code source et quelqu'un dit que c'est bon "
+"« dot slash configure dot slash make » et voit si cela "
+"produit les mêmes executables et hue."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software free."
+msgstr ""
+"Aussi vous avez raison, éliminer le copyright ne rendrait pas le "
+"logiciel « free »."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre"
+msgstr "<strong>MA5</strong> : Heu…libre"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
+#| "wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
+#| "might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making "
+#| "software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a "
+#| "more complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply "
+#| "abolished from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft "
+#| "to protect the free status of a program but meanwhile the software "
+#| "privateers could use other methods—contracts or withholding the "
+#| "source to make software proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release "
+#| "a free program some greedy bastard could make a modified version and "
+#| "publish just the binaries and make people sign non-disclosure agreements "
+#| "for them. We would no longer have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to "
+#| "change the law that all software that was published had to be free we "
+#| "would have to do it in some more complex way, not just by turning "
+#| "copyright for software."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
+"wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
+"might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making "
+"software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a more "
+"complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply abolished "
+"from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft to protect the "
+"free status of a program but meanwhile the software privateers could use "
+"other methods—contracts or withholding the source to make software "
+"proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release a free program some "
+"greedy bastard could make a modified version and publish just the binaries "
+"and make people sign non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer "
+"have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all "
+"software that was published had to be free we would have to do it in some "
+"more complex way, not just by turning copyright for software."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. C'est dans ce seul sens que j'emploie le "
+"terme. Ça ne le ferait pas, parce que le code source ne pourrait pas "
+"être disponible, ou à la place ils pourraient tenter d'user de "
+"contrats pour restreindre les utilisateurs. Ainsi, rendre le logiciel libre "
+"n'est pas aussi simple que de mettre fin au copyright sur le logiciel : "
+"c'est une situation plus complexe que ça. En fait, si le copyright "
+"sur le logiciel était simplement supprimé, nous ne pourrions "
+"plus utiliser le copyleft pour protéger le statut libre d'un "
+"programme. En même temps, les adeptes du logiciel propriétaire "
+"pourraient utiliser d'autres méthodes — des contrats ou des "
+"dissimulations sur la source pour rendre le logiciel propriétaire. "
+"Ainsi ça pourrait signifier qu'à la sortie d'un programme "
+"libre quelque bâtard avide pourrait en faire une version modifié"
+"e et n'en publier que les binaires, et inciter des personnes à signer "
+"des accords de non-divulgation sur eux. Nous pourrions ne plus avoir les "
+"moyens de les arrêter. Aussi, si nous voulions changer la loi pour que "
+"tout logiciel publié devienne libre, nous devrions le faire de "
+"façon encore plus complexe. Pas simplement en changeant le copyright "
+"sur le logiciel."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and "
+#| "the various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw "
+#| "the line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for "
+#| "making use of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some "
+#| "kind of fairly painless kind of copyright for general public that is "
+#| "still of benefit to authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright "
+#| "system to the circumstances where we find it we find ourselves and have a "
+#| "system that doesn't require putting people in prison for years because "
+#| "they shared with their friends, but still does in various ways encourage "
+#| "people to write more. We can also I believe look for other ways of "
+#| "encouraging writing other ways of facilitating authors making money. For "
+#| "example, suppose that verbatim redistribution of a work is permitted and "
+#| "suppose that the work comes with something, so that when you are playing "
+#| "with it or reading it, there is a box on the side that says “click "
+#| "here to send one dollar to the authors or the musicians or "
+#| "whatever” I think that in the wealthier parts of the world a lot of "
+#| "people will send it because people often really love the authors and "
+#| "musicians that made the things that they like to read and listen to. And "
+#| "the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get now is such a "
+#| "small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something they're "
+#| "probably not getting more than one anyway."
+msgid ""
+"So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and the "
+"various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw the "
+"line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for making use "
+"of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some kind of fairly "
+"painless kind of copyright for general public that is still of benefit to "
+"authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright system to the circumstances "
+"where we find it we find ourselves and have a system that doesn't require "
+"putting people in prison for years because they shared with their friends, "
+"but still does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also "
+"I believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of "
+"facilitating authors making money. For example, suppose that verbatim "
+"redistribution of a work is permitted and suppose that the work comes with "
+"something, so that when you are playing with it or reading it, there is a "
+"box on the side that says “click here to send one dollar to the "
+"authors or the musicians or whatever” I think that in the wealthier "
+"parts of the world a lot of people will send it because people often really "
+"love the authors and musicians that made the things that they like to read "
+"and listen to. And the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get "
+"now is such a small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something "
+"they're probably not getting more than one anyway."
+msgstr ""
+"Ainsi, globalement je recommande à ce que nous examinions les "
+"diverses sortes de travaux et les diverses sortes de variétés "
+"d'utilisation, et chercher là un nouvel endroit pour tracer les "
+"limites : celles qui donneraient au public les libertés les plus "
+"importantes pour trouver une utilisation à chaque nouveau genre de "
+"travail, en maintenant si possible pendant ce temps une sorte de copyright "
+"d'un genre indolore pour le grand public qui soit toujours un avantage pour "
+"les auteurs. De cette façon, nous pouvons adapter le système "
+"de copyright aux circonstances dans lesquelles nous le trouvons en nous "
+"trouvant nous-même. Et avoir un système qui n'exige pas de "
+"mettre des gens en prison pour des années parce qu'ils auront "
+"partagé avec leurs amis, mais encourageant toujours de diverses "
+"manières les auteurs à écrire plus. Nous pouvons "
+"également je crois, chercher d'autres façons d'encourager "
+"l'écriture, d'autres façons d'encourager les auteurs à "
+"gagner de l'argent. Par exemple, supposez que la reproduction inté"
+"grale d'un travail soit autorisée et supposez que ce travail va avec "
+"quelquechose, du genre lorsque vous êtes en train de jouer avec, ou de "
+"le lire, il y a une boîte sur le côté qui dit: «"
+" cliquez ici pour envoyer 1 dollar à l'auteur ou au musicien ou "
+"tout ce que vous voudrez ». Je pense que dans les parties les "
+"plus riches du monde beaucoup de gens l'enverraient parce que souvent les "
+"gens adorent les auteurs ou les musiciens qui ont créé ce "
+"qu'ils ont aimé lire ou écouter. Et la chose inté"
+"ressante est que la redevance qu'ils auront obtenue est maintenant une si "
+"petite fraction, que si vous payez vingt dollars ils n'en obtiendront pas "
+"plus d'un de toute façon."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing "
+#| "will be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping "
+#| "the author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons "
+#| "to send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people "
+#| "don't just send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck "
+#| "to do it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you "
+#| "going to mail the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which "
+#| "might not be easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which "
+#| "makes it efficient to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into "
+#| "all the copies, and then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to "
+#| "work well. It may take five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, "
+#| "because it's a cultural thing, you know, at first people might find it a "
+#| "little surprising but once it gets normal people would become accustomed "
+#| "to sending the money, and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what "
+#| "it costs to buy books today."
+msgid ""
+"So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing will "
+"be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping the "
+"author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons to "
+"send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people don't "
+"just send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck to do "
+"it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you going to "
+"mail the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which might not be "
+"easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which makes it "
+"efficient to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into all the "
+"copies, and then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to work well. It "
+"may take five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a "
+"cultural thing, you know, at first people might find it a little surprising "
+"but once it gets normal people would become accustomed to sending the money, "
+"and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what it costs to buy books "
+"today."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce sera un système bien plus efficace ainsi. Et ce qui sera "
+"intéressant c'est que quand les gens redistribueront ces copies, ils "
+"aident l'auteur. En faisant essentiellement de la publicité pour eux, "
+"en diffusant autour d'eux des raisons de leur envoyer un dollar. Maintenant, "
+"en ce moment, la plus grande raison pour laquelle pas plus de personne "
+"n'envoie de l'argent directement aux auteurs, c'est que c'est un emmerdement "
+"de le faire. Qu'allez-vous faire ? Envoyer un chèque ? "
+"Alors à qui allez-vous expédier le chèque ? Vous "
+"auriez à dénicher leur adresse, ce qui pourrait ne pas ê"
+"tre facile. Mais avec un système commode de paiement sur Internet qui "
+"le rend efficace pour payer un dollar à quelqu'un, que nous pourrions "
+"mettre dans toutes les copies, alors je pense que vous auriez là un "
+"mécanisme qui commence à bien marcher. Il peut prendre cinq "
+"à dix ans pour que l'idée soit propagée partout, "
+"parceque c'est une chose culturelle, vous savez. Au départ, les gens "
+"pourraient la trouver surprenante mais un jour ça devient naturel. "
+"Les gens s'habitueraient à envoyer de l'argent, et ça ne "
+"représenterait pas beaucoup d'argent comparé à ce que "
+"cela coûte d'acheter des livres aujourd'hui."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[il boit]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
+#| "aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work "
+#| "for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person "
+#| "after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the "
+#| "boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's "
+#| "easy to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain "
+#| "author, or certain group of authors, and they can just agree together "
+#| "what they're going to do and click on the box, if no-one is publishing "
+#| "modified versions then every copy will contain the same box with the same "
+#| "URL directing money to the same people but when you have different "
+#| "version which have been worked on by different people there's no simple "
+#| "automatic way of working out who ought to get what fraction of what users "
+#| "donate for this version or that version. It's philosophically hard to "
+#| "decide how important each contribution is, and all the obvious ways of "
+#| "trying to measure it are <em>[emphasis]</em> obviously <em>[/emphasis]</"
+#| "em> wrong in some cases, they're obviously closing their eyes to some "
+#| "important part of the facts so I think that this kind of solution is "
+#| "probably not feasible when everybody is free to publish modified "
+#| "versions. But for those kinds of works where it is not crucial to have "
+#| "the freedom to publish modified versions then this solution can be "
+#| "applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment system "
+#| "to base it on."
+msgid ""
+"So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
+"aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work "
+"for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person "
+"after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the "
+"boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's easy "
+"to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain author, or "
+"certain group of authors, and they can just agree together what they're "
+"going to do and click on the box, if no-one is publishing modified versions "
+"then every copy will contain the same box with the same URL directing money "
+"to the same people but when you have different version which have been "
+"worked on by different people there's no simple automatic way of working out "
+"who ought to get what fraction of what users donate for this version or that "
+"version. It's philosophically hard to decide how important each "
+"contribution is, and all the obvious ways of trying to measure it are <em>"
+"[emphasis]</em> obviously <em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases, they're "
+"obviously closing their eyes to some important part of the facts so I think "
+"that this kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody is free "
+"to publish modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it is not "
+"crucial to have the freedom to publish modified versions then this solution "
+"can be applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment "
+"system to base it on."
+msgstr ""
+"Aussi je pense que de cette façon, pour les travaux d'expression, et "
+"peut-être les travaux esthétiques, ce pourrait être une "
+"méthode réussie. Mais cela ne fonctionnera pas pour les "
+"travaux fonctionnels. Et la raison pour ça, c'est que, si une "
+"personne après une autre fait une version modifiée et la "
+"publie, sur qui les boîtes se dirigeraient-elles? Et combien d'argent "
+"devraient-elle envoyer ? Et vous savez, il est facile de faire ç"
+"a quand le travail a été publié simplement par le "
+"passé, par un certain auteur, ou un certain groupe d'auteurs, et ils "
+"peuvent juste convenir ensemble de ce qu'ils vont faire et cliquer sur la "
+"boîte. Si personne ne publie de versions modifiées alors chaque "
+"copie contiendra la même boîte avec le même URL dirigeant "
+"l'argent vers les mêmes personnes. Mais quand vous avezdiffé"
+"rentes versions qui ont été travaillées par diffé"
+"rentes personnes, il n'y a pas de simple façon automatique de "
+"calculer qui, doit obtenir quelle fraction, de ce que quel utilisateur "
+"donne, pour cette version ou celle-là. Il est philosophiquement "
+"difficile de décider de l'importance de chaque contribution, et de "
+"toutes les manières évidentes d'essayer de la mesurer "
+"certaines sont <em>[emphase ]</em> évidemment <em>[/emphase ]</em> "
+"mauvaises dans certains cas, en fermant évidemment les yeux à "
+"une partie importante des faits, aussi je pense que ce genre de solution "
+"n'est probablement pas faisable quand tout le monde est libre de publier des "
+"versions modifiées. Mais pour le genre de travaux où il n'est "
+"pas crucial d'avoir la liberté de publier des versions modifié"
+"es, alors cette solution peut être appliqué très "
+"simplement, une fois que nous avons le système pratique de paiement "
+"sur Internet pour la baser dessus."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
+#| "commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a "
+#| "modified version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with "
+#| "the original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to "
+#| "those works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be "
+#| "some standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I "
+#| "think in some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in "
+#| "some way publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be "
+#| "possible still to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
+msgid ""
+"With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
+"commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a modified "
+"version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with the "
+"original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to those "
+"works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be some "
+"standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I think in "
+"some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in some way "
+"publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be possible still "
+"to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
+msgstr ""
+"En ce qui concerne les travaux esthétiques. S'il y a un systè"
+"me où ceux qui redistribuent commercialement - ou peut-être "
+"même ceux qui publient une version modifiée - peuvent avoir "
+"à négocier le partage des paiements avec le producteur de la "
+"version originale, alors ce genre d'arrangement pourrait être "
+"prolongé aussi à ces travaux; même si des versions "
+"modifiées sont autorisées, il pourrait y avoir une certaine "
+"formule standard qui pourrait être renégociée dans "
+"certains cas. Ainsi je pense que dans certains cas, probablement possibles "
+"même avec un système qui permet de publier des versions "
+"modifiées des travaux esthétiques, il serait possible d'avoir "
+"ce genre de système volontaire de paiement."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary "
+#| "payment systems. I heard of something called the street performer's "
+#| "protocol. I don't know the details of it. And I believe there is "
+#| "something called GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</"
+#| "em> I believe the people there are trying to set up something more or "
+#| "less like this. I think that what they are hoping to do is collect a "
+#| "bunch of payments that you make to various different people, and "
+#| "eventually charge your credit card once it gets to be big enough so that "
+#| "it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems work smoothly enough in "
+#| "practice that they'll get going is not clear, and whether they will "
+#| "become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal cultural "
+#| "practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary "
+#| "payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need "
+#| "to see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta "
+#| "pay“ once in a while. We'll see."
+msgid ""
+"Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary payment "
+"systems. I heard of something called the street performer's protocol. I "
+"don't know the details of it. And I believe there is something called "
+"GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</em> I believe the "
+"people there are trying to set up something more or less like this. I think "
+"that what they are hoping to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make "
+"to various different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it "
+"gets to be big enough so that it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems "
+"work smoothly enough in practice that they'll get going is not clear, and "
+"whether they will become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal "
+"cultural practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary "
+"payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need to "
+"see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta pay“ "
+"once in a while. We'll see."
+msgstr ""
+"Maintenant je crois qu'il y a des gens qui essayent d'installer de genre de "
+"systèmes volontaires de paiement. J'ai entendu parler de quelque "
+"chose appelé « le protocole de l'artiste de rue "
+"». Je n'en connais pas les détails. Et je crois qu'il y a "
+"quelque chose appelé GreenWitch.com <em>[la note du "
+"transcripteur : URL incertaine]</em>. Je crois que ces gens essayent "
+"d'installer quelque chose de plus ou moins comme ça. Je pense que ce "
+"qu'il espèrent faire, c'est de rassembler un bouquet de paiements que "
+"vous effectuez à diverses personnes, et charger éventuellement "
+"par la suite votre carte de crédit une fois qu'il est assez important "
+"pour être efficace. Si ce genre de système fonctionne sans "
+"heurt dans la pratique, ce qu'ils vont devenir n'est pas clair; et s'ils "
+"sont adoptés assez largement, à ce qu'ils deviennent une "
+"pratique culturelle normale n'est pas clair. Il est possible que pour que "
+"ces paiements volontaires se propagent vraiment, nous ayons besoin d'un "
+"certain genre de… vous avez besoin de voir l'idée partout "
+"pour…« ouais, j'ai pas à payer ! » "
+"de temps à autre. On verra."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at "
+#| "for example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by "
+#| "donations from listeners, you have I believe, millions of people "
+#| "donating, I'm not sure how many exactly but there are many public radio "
+#| "stations which are supported by their listeners and they seem to be "
+#| "finding it easier to get donations as time goes on. Ten years ago they "
+#| "would have maybe six weeks of the year when they were spending most of "
+#| "their time asking people “Please send some money, don't you think "
+#| "we're important enough” and so on 24 hours a day, and now a lot of "
+#| "them have found that they can raise the contributions by sending people "
+#| "mail who sent them donations in the past, and they don't have to spend "
+#| "their airtime drumming up the donations."
+msgid ""
+"There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at for "
+"example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by donations from "
+"listeners, you have I believe, millions of people donating, I'm not sure how "
+"many exactly but there are many public radio stations which are supported by "
+"their listeners and they seem to be finding it easier to get donations as "
+"time goes on. Ten years ago they would have maybe six weeks of the year "
+"when they were spending most of their time asking people “Please send "
+"some money, don't you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours "
+"a day, and now a lot of them have found that they can raise the "
+"contributions by sending people mail who sent them donations in the past, "
+"and they don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est évident que des idées comme celles-là ne sont "
+"pas déraisonnables. Si vous regardez par exemple la radio publique "
+"aux USA, qui est la plupart du temps soutenue par les dons de ses auditeurs. "
+"Vous avez, je crois, des millions de personnes qui donnent. Je ne sais pas "
+"combien exactement mais il y a beaucoup de stations de radio publiques qui "
+"sont soutenues par leurs auditeurs. Et il semble qu'elles trouvent plus "
+"facile d'obtenir des dons au fil des ans. Il y a dix ans elles auraient eu "
+"peut-être six semaines par an à passer la majeure partie du "
+"temps à demander aux gens « d'envoyer svp un peu d'argent, "
+"vous ne pensez pas que nous sommes assez importants pour vous » "
+"et ainsi de suite 24 heures sur 24. Et maintenant beaucoup d'entre elles ont "
+"constaté qu'elles peuvent augmenter les contributions en envoyant des "
+"mails aux gens qui leur ont envoyé des dons par le passé. Et "
+"elles n'ont pas à dépenser leur temps d'antenne à "
+"racoler pour les dons."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is "
+#| "a worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it "
+#| "that are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works "
+#| "whose developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital "
+#| "technology is providing us with solutions to the problem as well as "
+#| "creating a context where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end "
+#| "of this talk, and are there questions?"
+msgid ""
+"Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is a "
+"worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it that "
+"are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works whose "
+"developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital technology is "
+"providing us with solutions to the problem as well as creating a context "
+"where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end of this talk, and are "
+"there questions?"
+msgstr ""
+"Fondamentalement, le but déclaré du copyright : "
+"encourager le redressement est un but valable, mais nous devons examiner les "
+"façons d'y parvenir qui ne sont pas si dures, et sans trop "
+"restreindre l'utilisation des travaux dont nous avons encouragé les "
+"développements. Et je crois que la technologie numérique nous "
+"fournit des solutions au problème en plus de créer le contexte "
+"où nous devons résoudre le problème. Aussi c'est la fin "
+"de cet entretien; et il a des questions ?"
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to “"
-"compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful thing to "
-"do. That was the motivation for copyright back when copyright fit in with "
-"the technology of the day. Today copyright is a bad way to do it, but it's "
-"still good to do it other ways that respect our freedom."
-msgstr ""
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Questions and discussion"
+msgstr "Questions et discussion"
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright "
-"Act. They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment, because sharing "
-"is good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to "
-"break DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty "
-"between various countries, for all of these countries to attack their "
-"citizens, and we don't know how because they won't tell us."
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?"
msgstr ""
+"Tout d'abord, quand est le prochain entretien ? Quelle heure est-il "
+"maintenant ?"
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<a href=\"/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html\">Click here</a> "
-"for an older version of this talk from 2000."
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three."
+msgstr "<strong>Moi</strong> : Il est trois heures et quart."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie "
+"will permit me to accept a few questions."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh vraiment ? Donc je suis dé"
+"jà en retard ? Bon, j'espère que Mélanie me "
+"permettra d'accepter quelques questions."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of your "
+"three categories will a work fit?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Qui décidera dans lesquelles de vos trois "
+"catégories un travail rentrera ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of "
+#| "deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect "
+#| "judges can tell a novel when they see one too."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of "
+"deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect judges "
+"can tell a novel when they see one too."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je suis sûr qu'il y a "
+"diverses manières de décider. Vous pouvez probablement "
+"reconnaître un roman quand vous en voyez un. Je subodore que les juges "
+"peuvent aussi reconnaître un roman quand ils en voient un."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of "
+"encryption devices with copyrighted materials?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA7</strong> : Des commentaires sur le chiffrement ? Et "
+"sur l'interaction des dispositifs de chiffrement avec les contenus sous "
+"copyright ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
+#| "controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various "
+#| "encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from "
+#| "copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really "
+#| "they all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and "
+#| "without those laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so "
+#| "they are all based on direct government intervention to stop people from "
+#| "copying and I object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those "
+#| "media. If as a practical matter the means to copy something are not "
+#| "available to me I won't buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
+"controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various "
+"encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from "
+"copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really they "
+"all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and without those "
+"laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so they are all "
+"based on direct government intervention to stop people from copying and I "
+"object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those media. If as a "
+"practical matter the means to copy something are not available to me I won't "
+"buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bon, le chiffrement est employé en tant "
+"que moyen pour contrôler le public. Les éditeurs essayent "
+"d'imposer divers systèmes de chiffrement au public afin de "
+"l'empêcher de copier. Maintenant ils appellent ces choses des mé"
+"thodes technologiques, mais réellement elles s'appuient toutes sur "
+"des lois interdisant aux gens de les contourner. Et sans ces lois aucune de "
+"ces méthodes n'accomplirait son but. Aussi elles sont toutes sont "
+"basées sur l'interposition directe du gouvernement pour que les gens "
+"arrêtent de copier. Et je m'oppose à elles très "
+"fortement, et je n'accepterai pas ces médias. Si pour une question "
+"pratique les moyens de copier quelque chose ne sont pas à ma "
+"disposition je ne l'achèterai pas. Et j'espère que vous ne "
+"l'achèterez pas non plus."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the "
+"media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup purpose"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA8</strong> : En France nous avons une loi qui dit que mê"
+"me si le support est protégé vous avez le droit de le copier "
+"à nouveau pour le sauvegarder."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well until 2 "
+"years ago."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui, c'était aussi comme ça aux "
+"USA jusqu'à il y a deux ans."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in "
+"France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a mouse…"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA8</strong> : Très souvent vous signez un accord qui "
+"est illégal en France… le contrat que vous êtes "
+"censé signer avec une souris…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, peut-être qu'ils ne le sont pas."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?"
+msgstr "<strong>MA8</strong> : Comment pouvons-nous le contester ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to "
+#| "challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how "
+#| "would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, "
+#| "“They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it "
+#| "is an invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the "
+#| "distributor is in the US. French law about what is a valid contract "
+#| "couldn't be used to stop them in the US. On the other hand you could "
+#| "also say “I signed this contract but it's not valid in France so I "
+#| "am publicly disobeying, and I challenge them to sue me.” Now that "
+#| "you might consider doing, and if you're right and the laws are not valid "
+#| "in France then the case would get thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is "
+#| "a good idea to do, I don't know whether, what its effects politically "
+#| "would be. I know that there was just a couple of years ago a law was "
+#| "passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of private copying of music, and "
+#| "the record companies trotted out some famous very popular musicians to "
+#| "push for this law and they got it, so it's clear that they have a lot of "
+#| "influence here too, and it's possible that they will get more, just pass "
+#| "another law to change this. We have to think about the political "
+#| "strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and the "
+#| "actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no expert "
+#| "on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should think "
+#| "about."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to "
+"challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how "
+"would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, “"
+"They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it is an "
+"invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the distributor is in "
+"the US. French law about what is a valid contract couldn't be used to stop "
+"them in the US. On the other hand you could also say “I signed this "
+"contract but it's not valid in France so I am publicly disobeying, and I "
+"challenge them to sue me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if "
+"you're right and the laws are not valid in France then the case would get "
+"thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know "
+"whether, what its effects politically would be. I know that there was just "
+"a couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of "
+"private copying of music, and the record companies trotted out some famous "
+"very popular musicians to push for this law and they got it, so it's clear "
+"that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's possible that they will "
+"get more, just pass another law to change this. We have to think about the "
+"political strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and "
+"the actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no "
+"expert on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should "
+"think about."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[rhéthoriquement]</em> Bien, vous allez les "
+"contester ? Ca coûte de l'argent, il faut se donner du mal, et "
+"pas seulement ça. Comment le feriez-vous ? Bon, vous pourriez "
+"toujours aller au tribunal et dire, « ils n'ont aucun droit de "
+"demander à des personnes de signer ce contrat parce que c'est un "
+"contrat invalide » mais ça pourrait être difficile "
+"si le distributeur est aux USA. La loi française au sujet de ce qui "
+"est un contrat valide ne pourrait pas être utilisée pour les
arrê"
+"ter aux USA. D'autre part vous pourriez également dire que «"
+" j'ai signéce contrat mais il n'est pas valide en France, aussi "
+"je désobéis publiquement et je les défie de me "
+"poursuivre ». Maintenant si c'est ce que vous envisagez de faire, "
+"si vous avez raison et si les lois ne sont pas valides en France alors le "
+"cas serait rejeté. Je ne sais pas. Peut-être que c'est une "
+"bonne idée. Je ne sais pas quels en seraient les effets politiques. "
+"Je sais qu'il y a juste deux ans une loi a été votée en "
+"Europe pour interdire un certain genre de copie privée pour la "
+"musique, et les compagnies d'enregistrement ont rabâché "
+"à quelques musiciens célèbres très populaires de "
+"faire pression sur cette loi, et ils l'ont obtenue. Aussi, il est clair "
+"qu'ils ont beaucoup d'influence ici aussi, et il est possible qu'ils en "
+"obtiendront plus, voter justement une autre loi pour changer ça. Nous "
+"devons penser à une stratégie politique pour construire un "
+"collège électoral qui puisse résister à de tels "
+"changements. Et les mesures que nous prenons devraient être conç"
+"ues pour accomplir ça. Maintenant je ne suis pas un expert sur la "
+"façon de le réaliser en Europe, mais c'est à ça "
+"que les gens devraient penser."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private correspondence?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Que dites-vous de la protection de la "
+"correspondance privée ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em> publishing <em>"
+"[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different issue."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous n'êtes pas <em>[emphase]</"
+"em> publié <em>[/emphase]</em>, c'est une question complè"
+"tement différente."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody, that's "
+"automatically under my copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, mais si j'envoie un email à "
+"quelqu'un, c'est automatiquement sous mon copyright."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely irrelevant "
+"actually."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[énergiquement]</em> C'est "
+"entièrement non pertinent en réalité."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to "
+#| "publish it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to publish "
+"it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, je ne l'accepte pas. S'ils vont l'é"
+"diter dans un journal, à ce moment là mon recours est mon "
+"copyright."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents "
+#| "and I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice "
+#| "in that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue "
+#| "him and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my "
+#| "threat is copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it "
+#| "would even be upheld."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents and "
+"I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice in "
+"that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue him "
+"and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my threat is "
+"copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it would even be "
+"upheld."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, vous ne pouvez pas lui faire tenir secret "
+"les contenus et je n'en suis pas sûr réellement. Je veux dire, "
+"je pense qu'il y a de l'injustice à cela. Si par exemple vous envoyez "
+"une lettre à quelqu'un menaçant de le poursuivre en justice, "
+"et alors vous lui dites que vous ne pouvez dire à personne que c'est "
+"moi qui l'ai fait parce que ma menace est garantie par les droits d'auteur, "
+"ça serait assez désagréable. Et je ne suis pas sû"
+"r que cela serait même confirmé."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to "
+"correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Bon, il y a des circonstances où je veux "
+"correspondre avec quelqu'un et garder ma (et leur) réponse, "
+"entièrement privée."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then "
+#| "that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be "
+#| "linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's "
+#| "another talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake "
+#| "for copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations "
+#| "are completely different from the ethics of published works and so they "
+#| "should be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then "
+"that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be "
+"linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's another "
+"talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake for "
+"copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations are "
+"completely different from the ethics of published works and so they should "
+"be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous et eux acceptez de la maintenir "
+"privé, alors c'est une question entièrement différente. "
+"Je suis désolé que les deux questions ne puissent pas ê"
+"tre liées, et je n'ai pas le temps de considérer cette "
+"question aujourd'hui. Il y a un autre entretien programmé pour "
+"commencer bientôt. Mais je pense que c'est une erreur totale que le "
+"copyright s'applique à de telles situations. L'éthique de ces "
+"situations est complètement différente de l'éthique des "
+"travaux publiés. Et elles devraient être traitées d'une "
+"manière appropriée, qui est complètement diffé"
+"rente."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the only redress "
+"one has is copyright…"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : C'est assez loyal, mais pour l'instant le seul "
+"recours est le copyright…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people "
+#| "have agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In "
+#| "Europe there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a "
+#| "right to force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force "
+#| "him to paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people have "
+"agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In Europe "
+"there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a right to "
+"force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force him to "
+"paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[il interrompt]</em> Non, vous avez tort. Si "
+"les gens sont d'acccord pour garder quelque chose secret alors vous avez un "
+"autre recours. En Europe il y a des lois sur la vie privée. Et "
+"l'autre chose, est que vous ne pouvez pas avoir le droit de forcer quelqu'un "
+"à garder des secrets pour vous. Tout au plus, vous pourriez le forcer "
+"à paraphraser, parce qu'il a le droit de dire aux gens ce que vous "
+"faites."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at either end "
+"are both in reasonable agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Oui, mais en supposant que les deux personnes "
+"à chaque extrémité sont toutes deux d'accord de "
+"façon raisonnable."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
+#| "recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper "
+#| "is he?"
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
+"recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper is "
+"he?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien et alors, ne dîtes pas que le "
+"copyright est votre seul recours. S'il est d'accord il ne va pas le donner "
+"à un journal, si ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about "
+"interception."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, heu, vous évitez ma question au "
+"sujet de l'interception."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… "
+#| "<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the "
+#| "first time you mentioned interception…"
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… "
+"<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the first "
+"time you mentioned interception…"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh, interception. C'est complètement "
+"différent… <em>[âprement]</em> non vous n'avez pas "
+"demandé à propos de l'interception. C'est la première "
+"fois que vous avez mentionné l'interception…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time."
+msgstr "<strong>MA6</strong> : Non c'est la deuxième fois."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA9</strong> : <em>[murmure son assentiment à MA6]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you "
+"before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh how "
+"can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a waffle "
+"iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[toujours irrité]</em> Je ne vous "
+"avais pas entendu avant… c'est totalement idiot… c'est comme "
+"essayer de… oh à quoi puis-je comparer ?…c'est "
+"comme essayer de tuer un éléphant avec un moule à "
+"gaufres, je veux dire qu'ils n'ont rien à faire l'un avec l'autre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[un ininterprétable silence tombe]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in "
+"trade secrets?]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA10</strong> : Vous avez pensé aux changements <em>"
+"[inaudible, des secrets commerciaux ?]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very "
+#| "ominous and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant "
+#| "that you wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and "
+#| "later on it was something that was done within a business telling just a "
+#| "few people something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, "
+#| "it's turning into something where the public in general is becoming "
+#| "conscripted into keeping secrets for business even if they have never "
+#| "agreed in any way to keep these secrets and that's a pressure. So those "
+#| "who pretend that trade secrecy is just carrying out some natural right of "
+#| "theirs; that's just not true any more. They're getting explicit "
+#| "government help in forcing other people to keep their secrets. And we "
+#| "might want to consider whether non-disclosure agreements should in "
+#| "general be considered legitimate contracts because of the anti-social "
+#| "nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be considered automatic that just "
+#| "because somebody has promised to keep a secret that that means it's "
+#| "binding."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very ominous "
+"and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant that you "
+"wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and later on it "
+"was something that was done within a business telling just a few people "
+"something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, it's turning "
+"into something where the public in general is becoming conscripted into "
+"keeping secrets for business even if they have never agreed in any way to "
+"keep these secrets and that's a pressure. So those who pretend that trade "
+"secrecy is just carrying out some natural right of theirs; that's just not "
+"true any more. They're getting explicit government help in forcing other "
+"people to keep their secrets. And we might want to consider whether non-"
+"disclosure agreements should in general be considered legitimate contracts "
+"because of the anti-social nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be "
+"considered automatic that just because somebody has promised to keep a "
+"secret that that means it's binding."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : hmm, oui : les secrets commerciaux se sont "
+"développés dans une direction inquiétante et "
+"menaçante. Le secret commercial signifiait que vous vouliez maintenir "
+"secret quelque chose, donc vous ne l'avez dit à personne, et plus "
+"tard, ça s'est fait dans les affaires de dire juste à quelques "
+"personnes quelque chose et ils devaient accepter de le maintenir secret. "
+"Mais maintenant, ça prend une tournure où le public en "
+"général devient enrôlé dans le fait de garder des "
+"secrets d'affaires, même s'ils n'ont jamais convenu de quelque "
+"façon que ce soit de garder ces secrets. Et c'est une pression. Ainsi "
+"à ceux qui feignent de croire que le secret commercial est juste un "
+"transposition sur l'extérieur de certains de leurs droits, ce n'est "
+"justement pas vrai. Ils obtiennent l'aide explicite du gouvernement en "
+"vigueur en forçant les autres personnes à garder leurs "
+"secrets. Et nous pourrions nous demander si les accords de non-divulgation "
+"devraient d'une façon générale être considé"
+"rés comme des contrats légitimes à cause de la nature "
+"antisociale du secret commercial. Il ne devrait pas être considé"
+"ré comme automatique, juste parce que quelqu'un a promis de garder un "
+"secret, que c'est obligatoire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be. If "
+"there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should "
+"invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed with "
+"customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business supplies "
+"secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its customers, no."
+msgstr ""
+"Peut-être que dans certains cas, ça devrait, et dans d'autres "
+"non. S'il y a un avantage public clair de savoir alors peut-être que "
+"ça devrait invalider le contrat. Ou peut-être devrait-il ê"
+"tre valide quand il est signé avec des clients. Ou peut-être "
+"entre une société et un <em>[…]</em>. Peut-être "
+"que ça devrait être légitime quand une socié"
+"té fournit des secrets à ses fournisseurs. Mais à ses "
+"clients, non."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
+#| "anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
+#| "bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe "
+#| "it still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
+msgid ""
+"There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
+"anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
+"bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe it "
+"still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
+msgstr ""
+"Il y a diverses possibilités auxquelles chacun peut penser, mais tout "
+"au début quiconque n'a pas accepté volontairement de garder "
+"les secrets ne devrait pas être lié par le secret commercial. "
+"C'était comme ça il n'y a pas si longtemps encore. Peut-ê"
+"tre que c'est toujours comme ça en Europe, je ne suis pas sûr."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA11</strong> : Est-ce qu'une entreprise peut le demander "
+"à ses…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?"
+msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : employés ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no"
+msgstr "<strong>MA11</strong> : Non non"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?"
+msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : fournisseurs ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
+#| "supplier?"
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
+"supplier?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA11</strong> : oui, fournisseurs. Et si le client est un autre "
+"fournisseur ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[espace pendant que le minidisque est changé]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it."
+msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : Commençons par ne pas l'encourager."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
+#| "scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
+#| "official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
+#| "copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
+#| "internet access."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
+"scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
+"official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
+"copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
+"internet access."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA12</strong> : J'ai une question concernant votre avis sur le "
+"travail scientifique des journaux et des manuels. Dans ma profession au "
+"moins un Journal officiel et un manuel sont disponibles en ligne. Ils "
+"maintiennent le copyright, mais il y a un libre accès aux ressources "
+"pourvu qu'on ait l'accès à Internet."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals "
+#| "where it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access "
+#| "unless you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should "
+#| "all start opening up access on the web."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals where "
+"it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access unless "
+"you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should all start "
+"opening up access on the web."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Ok, c'est bon. Mais il y a beaucoup de journaux "
+"où ce n'est pas comme ça. Par exemple, les journaux d'ACM "
+"auxquels vous ne pouvez pas accéder à part si vous êtes "
+"abonné : ils sont bloqués. Aussi je pense que les "
+"journaux devraient tout commencer à en ouvrir l'accès sur le "
+"Web."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance of "
+"copyright on the public when you basically don't interfere with providing "
+"free access on the web."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA12</strong> : Aussi, quel impact cela a t-il sur le sens du "
+"copyright sur le public, quand fondamentalement vous n'intervenez pas en "
+"proposant un libre accès sur le net ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
+#| "essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
+#| "also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim "
+#| "copies of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get "
+#| "lost. Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, "
+#| "natural disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic "
+#| "disasters, fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that "
+#| "one site to disappear. So really what the scholarly community should "
+#| "logically be doing is carefully arranging to have a wide network of "
+#| "mirror sites making sure that every paper is available on every "
+#| "continent, from places near the ocean to places that are far inland and "
+#| "you know this is exactly the kind of thing that major libraries will feel "
+#| "is their mission if only they were not being stopped."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
+"essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
+"also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim copies "
+"of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get lost. "
+"Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, natural "
+"disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic disasters, "
+"fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that one site to "
+"disappear. So really what the scholarly community should logically be doing "
+"is carefully arranging to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure "
+"that every paper is available on every continent, from places near the ocean "
+"to places that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing "
+"that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not being "
+"stopped."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, tout d'abord je suis en désaccord. "
+"Les sites miroir sont essentiels. Ainsi, le journal devrait non seulement "
+"offrir un accès libre mais devrait également donner à "
+"chacun la liberté d'installer des sites en miroir avec les copies "
+"intégrales de ces articles. Sinon, il y a un danger qu'ils soient "
+"perdus. Divers genres de calamités pourraient causer leur perte, vous "
+"savez, des désastres naturels, désastres politiques, dé"
+"sastres techniques, désastres bureaucratiques, désastres "
+"fiscaux… Toutes sortes de choses qui pourraient provoquer leur "
+"dispararition du site. C'est tellement vrai, que ce que la communauté "
+"savante devrait logiquement faire, c'est se charger soigneusement d'avoir un "
+"large réseau de sites en miroir en s'assurant que chaque papier est "
+"disponible sur chaque continent; depuis le bord de l'océan "
+"jusqu'à l'intérieur des terres. Et vous savez que c'est "
+"exactement le genre de chose que les bibliothèques principales "
+"sentiront que c'est dans leur mission de faire, si seulement elles n'é"
+"taient pas arrêtées."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step "
+#| "further. In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should "
+#| "be saying, everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have "
+#| "to do the whole publication of this journal, together with our "
+#| "advertisements, now that would still at least do the job of making the "
+#| "availability redundant so that it's not in danger, and other institutions "
+#| "would set up mirror sites, and I predict that you would find ten years "
+#| "down the road, a very well organised unofficial system of co-ordinating "
+#| "the mirroring to make sure that nothing was getting left out. At this "
+#| "point the amount that it costs to set up the mirror site for years of a "
+#| "journal is so little that it doesn't require any special funding; nobody "
+#| "has to work very hard: just let librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was "
+#| "some other thing that this raised and I can't remember what it is. Oh "
+#| "well, I'll just have to let it go."
+msgid ""
+"So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step further. "
+"In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should be saying, "
+"everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have to do the "
+"whole publication of this journal, together with our advertisements, now "
+"that would still at least do the job of making the availability redundant so "
+"that it's not in danger, and other institutions would set up mirror sites, "
+"and I predict that you would find ten years down the road, a very well "
+"organised unofficial system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that "
+"nothing was getting left out. At this point the amount that it costs to set "
+"up the mirror site for years of a journal is so little that it doesn't "
+"require any special funding; nobody has to work very hard: just let "
+"librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was some other thing that this raised "
+"and I can't remember what it is. Oh well, I'll just have to let it go."
+msgstr ""
+"Aussi, ce qui devrait être fait, c'est que ces journaux devraient "
+"faire un pas de plus en avant. En plus de dire « tout le monde "
+"peut accéder au site », ils devraient dire « "
+"chacun peut installer un site miroir ». Même s'ils disaient "
+"« vous devez faire la publication entière de ce journal, "
+"en même temps que nos annonces », néanmoins ç"
+"a ne ferait que rendre la disponibilité superflue, au lieu de la "
+"mettre en danger. Et d'autres établissements installeraient des sites "
+"en miroir. Et je prévois que vous trouveriez dans un peu plus de dix "
+"ans, un système officieux très bien organisé de "
+"coordinateurs pour s'assurer que rien ne serait oublié. En ce moment, "
+"ce que cela coûte d'installer pour des années un site en miroir "
+"d'un journal est si faible qu'il n'exige pas de financement spécial; "
+"personne n'a à travailler très dur : il y a juste "
+"à laisser les bibliothécaires le faire. Quoi qu'il en soit, "
+"oh, il y avait autre chose que ça a soulevé… et je ne "
+"me souviens pas ce que c'était. Oh ,bon, j'ai oublié."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
+#| "works… do you think the dynamics could be… <em>[inaudible]</"
+#| "em> although I understand the problems of… I mean who's "
+#| "contributing? and who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free software "
+#| "<em>[inaudible]</em>"
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
+"works… do you think the dynamics could be… <em>[inaudible]</"
+"em> although I understand the problems of… I mean who's contributing? "
+"And who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free software <em>[inaudible]</"
+"em>"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA13</strong> : Le problème de financement pour les "
+"travaux esthétiques… pensez-vous que la dynamique pourrait "
+"être… <em>[inaudible]</em> bien que je comprenne les "
+"problèmes de… Je veux dire qui contribue ? Et qui sera "
+"récompensé ? Est-ce que l'esprit du logiciel libre <em>"
+"[inaudible]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
+#| "people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to "
+#| "get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know "
+#| "how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get "
+#| "governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of "
+#| "world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I "
+#| "think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate "
+#| "and the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak "
+#| "out and say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these "
+#| "published works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. "
+#| "And sharing with your friend is more important than how much money these "
+#| "companies get. The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these "
+#| "companies. We have to keep on… because you see the idea that "
+#| "they've spread—that anything that reduces their income is immoral "
+#| "and therefore people must be restricted in any way it takes to guarantee "
+#| "for them to be paid for everything… that is the fundamental thing "
+#| "that we have to start attacking directly. People have mostly tried "
+#| "tactics of concentrating on secondary issues, you know, to when people, "
+#| "you know when the publishers demand increased power usually people saying "
+#| "it will cause some secondary kind of harm and arguing based on that but "
+#| "you rarely find anybody (except me) saying that the whole point of the "
+#| "change is wrong, that it's wrong to restrict it in that way, that it's "
+#| "legitimate for people to want to change copies and that they should be "
+#| "allowed to. We have to have more of this. We have to start cutting the "
+#| "root of their dominion not just hacking away at a few leaves."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
+"people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to "
+"get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know "
+"how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get "
+"governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of "
+"world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I "
+"think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and "
+"the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and "
+"say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published "
+"works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing "
+"with your friend is more important than how much money these companies get. "
+"The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies. We have to "
+"keep on… because you see the idea that they've spread—that "
+"anything that reduces their income is immoral and therefore people must be "
+"restricted in any way it takes to guarantee for them to be paid for "
+"everything… that is the fundamental thing that we have to start "
+"attacking directly. People have mostly tried tactics of concentrating on "
+"secondary issues, you know, to when people, you know when the publishers "
+"demand increased power usually people saying it will cause some secondary "
+"kind of harm and arguing based on that but you rarely find anybody (except "
+"me) saying that the whole point of the change is wrong, that it's wrong to "
+"restrict it in that way, that it's legitimate for people to want to change "
+"copies and that they should be allowed to. We have to have more of this. "
+"We have to start cutting the root of their dominion not just hacking away at "
+"a few leaves."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. L'idée vient certainement "
+"à l'esprit des gens. Nous verrons. Je n'ai pas les réponses. "
+"Je ne sais pas comment nous allons les avoir. J'essaye de penser à "
+"peu près où nous pourrions les obtenir. Je ne sais pas comment "
+"nous pourrions y arriver. Les éditeurs sont si puissants… ils "
+"peuvent obtenir des gouvernements qu'ils exécutent leurs ordres. "
+"Comment allons-nous construire ce genre de monde où le public refuse "
+"de tolérer ça plus longtemps, je ne sais pas. Je pense que la "
+"première chose que nous devons faire est de rejeter clairement le mot "
+"pirate et les images qui vont avec. Tous les jours on nous dit d'oser "
+"prendre la parole, et dire que c'est de la propagande, qu'il n'est pas "
+"mauvais pour les gens de partager ces travaux publiés avec les "
+"autres, que c'est partager avec votre ami, et que c'est bien. Et que "
+"partager avec votre ami, c'est plus important que l'argent que ces "
+"compagnies gagnent. Que la société ne devrait pas être "
+"façonnée sur leurs intérêts. Nous devons "
+"continuer… parce que vous voyez, l'idée qu'elles ont ré"
+"pandu — que tout ce qui réduit leur revenu est immoral et donc "
+"que les gens doivent être limités quelqu'en soit le moyen pour "
+"garantir qu'ils seront payés pour tout… c'est la chose "
+"fondamentale que nous devons commencer à attaquer directement. Les "
+"gens ont la plupart du temps essayé la tactique de la concentration "
+"sur les questions secondaires, vous savez… Quand les éditeurs "
+"exigent plus de pouvoir, les gens habituellement disent que cela causera un "
+"certain type de mal secondaire, et basent leurs arguments la-dessus. Mais "
+"vous trouvez rarement quelqu'un (excepté moi) qui dit que le point "
+"entier du changement est erroné, que c'est une erreur de le limiter "
+"de cette façon, qu'il est légitime pour les gens de vouloir "
+"changer les copies et que ça devrait leur être permis. Nous "
+"devrions en avoir plus. Nous devons commencer à couper la racine de "
+"leur domination et pas simplement entailler loin quelques feuilles."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to "
+"concentrate on the donations system for music."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA14</strong> : <em>[inaudible]</em> ce qui est important, "
+"c'est de se concentrer sur le système de donation pour la musique."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents "
+#| "covering the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents covering "
+"the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui. Bien que malheureusement, il y ait des "
+"brevets couvrant la technique qui semblent être très "
+"probablement utilisables."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>"
+msgstr "<em>[rires, on crie «non» dans l'audience]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Cela peut mettre dix ans avant que ça "
+"puisse se faire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>MA15</strong> : On prendra seulement les lois françaises."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor "
+#| "over to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. and uh so"
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor over "
+"to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. And uh so"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je pense que je devrais rendre "
+"la parole à Mélanie dont l'entretien devait commencer à "
+"trois heures. Et hue ! donc."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. "
+#| "RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead "
+#| "projector at the beginning of the talk."
+msgid ""
+"RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. "
+"RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead "
+"projector at the beginning of the talk."
+msgstr ""
+"RMS reste silencieux. Il y a une pause avant le déclenchement des "
+"applaudissements. RMS se tourne pour applaudir le Gnu bourré de tissu "
+"qu'il a placé sur le rétro-projecteur au début de "
+"l'entretien."
# type: Content of: <div>
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
@@ -1327,12 +3306,19 @@
msgstr " "
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
-"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-"corrections (or suggestions) to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
+#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+#| "corrections (or suggestions) to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
href=\"/contact/"
@@ -1352,13 +3338,11 @@
"la soumission de traductions de cet article."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-# type: Content of: <div><address>
-msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-
# type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
@@ -1384,2466 +3368,6 @@
msgid "Translations of this page"
msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
-# type: Content of: <pre>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "\n"
-#~ "This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas\n"
-#~ "Carnall, July 2000.\n"
-#~ "\n"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "\n"
-#~ "Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio
réalisé par\n"
-#~ "Douglas Carnall, en juillet 2000.\n"
-#~ "\n"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of "
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-#~ "Boston accent.</em>"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<em>M. Stallman arrive quelques minutes après l'heure pré"
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-#~ "précision et presque sans hésitation avec un accent "
-#~ "prononcé de Boston.</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a strangler."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS </strong>: Ceci est fait pour quelqu'un qui porte un "
-#~ "strangler."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification "
-#~ "system]</em>"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<em>[il indique le micro à agrafe du système "
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-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Je ne porte pas de strangler, alors il n'y a pas de place pour le mettre"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ msgstr "<em>[Il l'accroche à son T-shirt]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ "me?"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui ! <em>[irrité]</em> Combien "
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-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ msgstr "Bon, je suppose que je dois parler aujourd'hui."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<em>[long pause]</em>"
-#~ msgstr "<em>[longue pause]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "à propos du copyright contre la Communauté. C'est trop fort."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ msgstr "<em>[il indique le micro à agrafe]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "What can I do?"
-#~ msgstr "Que puis-je faire ?"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "Let's see… there's no volume control…"
-#~ msgstr "Regardez… il n'y a pas de contrôle de volume…"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ msgstr "ça paraît mieux"
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-# type: Content of: <p>
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-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ "And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it "
-#~ "didn't cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a "
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-#~ "that small extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the "
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-#~ "Et en fait, en plus de ne pas limiter le lecteur directement, il n'a pas "
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-#~ "ce que vous pensez ou ce que vous aimez. Les revues littéraires, "
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-#~ "cette raison nous pouvons considérer l'idée que la "
-#~ "liberté de distribuer des copies ne devrait s'appliquer que dans "
-#~ "certaines situations, par exemple si c'était limité "
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-#~ "Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people "
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-#~ "it would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by "
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-#~ "be acceptable I think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this "
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-#~ "Shakespeare entre guillemets : « pirate » pour "
-#~ "avoir écrit ainsi une partie de son immense travail, et é"
-#~ "videmment vous auriez eu les dires des autres auteurs."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>"
-#~ msgstr "<em>[accent anglais]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly "
-#~ "make it better.“"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "« Comment ose-t-il changer une ligne de ma création. Il "
-#~ "est impossible de le faire mieux. »"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>"
-#~ msgstr "<em>[faible brouhaha de l'assistance]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
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-#~ "You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I "
-#~ "am not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
-#~ "aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
-#~ "music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
-#~ "but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask "
-#~ "permission to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these "
-#~ "works, either modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might "
-#~ "have to pay some money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult "
-#~ "question what to do about publishing modified versions of these aesthetic "
-#~ "works and I don't have an answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Vous entendrez des personnes ridiculiser l'idée exactement dans "
-#~ "ces termes. Bien. Je ne suis pas sûr de ce que nous pourrions faire "
-#~ "à propos de la publication de versions modifiées des "
-#~ "travaux esthétiques. Une des possibilités est de faire "
-#~ "comme ce qui est fait en musique, où n'importe qui peut en "
-#~ "réarranger et jouer un morceau. Ils peuvent avoir à payer "
-#~ "pour ça, mais ils n'ont pas à demander la permission de "
-#~ "l'exécuter. Peut-être que pour la publication commmerciale "
-#~ "de ces travaux, modifiés ou non, s'ils font de l'argent avec, ils "
-#~ "pourraient devoir payer une certaine somme d'argent. C'est une "
-#~ "possibilité. C'est une question difficile de savoir quoi faire au "
-#~ "sujet de la publication de versions modifiées de ces travaux "
-#~ "esthétiques, et je n'ai pas de réponse dont je suis "
-#~ "entièrement satisfait."
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-#~ msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible"
-#~ msgstr "Un membre de l'audience pose une question (MA1), inaudible."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so "
-#~ "fast you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind "
-#~ "of category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that "
-#~ "the game engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Laissez-moi répéter la question "
-#~ "parce qu'il l'a dite tellement vite que vous ne pouviez pas l'avoir "
-#~ "comprise. Il a dit « dans quel genre de catégorie "
-#~ "rentrent les jeux d'ordinateur ? » Bien, je dirais que le "
-#~ "moteur de jeu est fonctionnel et que le scénario est esthé"
-#~ "tique."
-
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-#~ msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?"
-#~ msgstr "<strong>MA1</strong> : Et les graphismes ?"
-
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The "
-#~ "specific pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas "
-#~ "the software for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that "
-#~ "if they combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing "
-#~ "then the software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing "
-#~ "to separate the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to "
-#~ "say, well the engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Ceux-ci font probablement partie du scé"
-#~ "nario. Les images spécifiques font partie du scénario; "
-#~ "elles sont esthétiques, tandis que le logiciel pour visualiser les "
-#~ "scènes est fonctionnel. Ainsi je dirais que si elles combinent "
-#~ "l'esthétique et le fonctionnel en une seule et même chose "
-#~ "continue, alors le logiciel est traité comme fonctionnel. Mais si "
-#~ "ellessont disposées à séparer la machine et le "
-#~ "scénario alors il serait légitime de dire, bien, que la "
-#~ "machine est fonctionnelle mais le scénario esthétique."
-
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-#~ msgid "Copyright: possible solutions"
-#~ msgstr "Copyright : les solutions possibles"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
-#~ "publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today "
-#~ "in the US most books that are published are out of print within three "
-#~ "years. They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that "
-#~ "there's not real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's "
-#~ "ridiculous. In fact, it's clear that ten year copyright would be "
-#~ "sufficient to keep the activity of publishing going. But it should be ten "
-#~ "years from date of publication, but it would make sense to allow an "
-#~ "additional period before publication which could even be longer than ten "
-#~ "years which as you see, as long as the book has not been published the "
-#~ "copyright on it is not restricting the public. It's basically just giving "
-#~ "the author to have it published eventually but I think that once the book "
-#~ "is published copyright should run for some ten years or so, then that's "
-#~ "it."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Maintenant, combien de temps le copyright devrait-il durer ? Et bien "
-#~ "de nos jours la tendance dans l'édition est, en ce qui concerne "
-#~ "les livres, de s'éloigner du copyright de plus en plus vite. "
-#~ "Aujourd'hui aux USA la plupart des livres qui sont édités "
-#~ "sortent du circuit de l'impression en moins de trois ans. Ils ont é"
-#~ "té soldés et se retirent de la vente. Ainsi il est clair "
-#~ "qu'on a réellement besoin que le copyright dure 95 ans par "
-#~ "exemple : c'est ridicule. En fait, il est clair qu'un copyright de "
-#~ "dix ans serait suffisant pour que l'activité de l'édition "
-#~ "tienne le coup. Mais dix ans à partir de la date de publication. "
-#~ "On comprendrait que puisse être accordée une période "
-#~ "additionnelle avant la publication, ce qui pourrait faire plus long que "
-#~ "dix ans ; comme vous le voyez aussi longtemps que le livre n'a pas "
-#~ "été édité, le copyright sur lui ne limite pas "
-#~ "le public. C'est juste à la base pour l'auteur le temps qu'il soit "
-#~ "édité. Mais je pense qu'une fois que le livre est é"
-#~ "dité, le copyright devrait fonctionner pendant environ dix ans et "
-#~ "c'est tout."
-
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-#~ "Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
-#~ "writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
-#~ "ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was "
-#~ "an awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the "
-#~ "difficulty of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words "
-#~ "are leaking into my English, of, of regaining the rights from the "
-#~ "publisher who'd let his books go out of print for practical purposes but "
-#~ "was dragging his heels about obeying the contract, which says that when "
-#~ "the book is out of print the rights revert to the author."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Maintenant, j'ai proposé ça une fois dans un débat "
-#~ "où les autres personnes étaient toutes des auteurs. Et l'un "
-#~ "d'entre eux a dit : « dix ans de copyright ? "
-#~ "Pourquoi c'est ridicule ! Quelque chose de plus de cinq ans est "
-#~ "intolérable. » C'était un auteur de science-"
-#~ "fiction récompensé, qui se plaignait des problèmes "
-#~ "du retrouving , du retrait — c'est drôle, des mots "
-#~ "de français s'infiltrent dans mon anglais — de, de regagner "
-#~ "les droits de l'éditeur quand celui-ci a laissé les livres "
-#~ "sortir du circuit de l'impression pour des raisons pratiques mais qui "
-#~ "traîne des pieds pour obéir au contrat, qui stipule que "
-#~ "quand le livre est sorti, les droits retournent à l'auteur."
-
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-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
-#~ "demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along "
-#~ "a few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that "
-#~ "they can get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that "
-#~ "the power is really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not "
-#~ "famous and are not rich and have no particular clout are being treated "
-#~ "horribly by the publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I "
-#~ "recommend all of you to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon "
-#~ "magazine right?"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Les éditeurs traitent les auteurs d'une façon terrible il "
-#~ "faut le savoir. Ils exigent toujours plus de pouvoir au nom des auteurs "
-#~ "et ils apporteront un petit nombre d'auteurs à gros succès, "
-#~ "très connus, qui ont tellement le bras long qu'ils peuvent obtenir "
-#~ "des contrats qui les traitent très bien pour confirmer les dires "
-#~ "comme quoi le pouvoir est vraiment dans leur intérêt. En "
-#~ "attendant la plupart des auteurs qui ne sont pas célèbres, "
-#~ "ne sont pas riches et n'ont pas de relations particulières, sont "
-#~ "traités de façon horrible par l'industrie de l'é"
-#~ "dition, et c'est encore pire dans la musique. Je recommande à tous "
-#~ "de lire l'article de Courtney Love's : il est dans Salon magazine, "
-#~ "c'est ça ?"
-
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-#~ msgstr "<strong>MA2</strong> : (Membre de l'audience 2) Oui"
-
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies "
-#~ "quote pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In "
-#~ "any case we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various "
-#~ "lengths, we could see, we could find out empirically what length of "
-#~ "copyright is needed to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since "
-#~ "almost books are out of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be "
-#~ "long enough. But it doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. "
-#~ "For example, maybe some aspects of copyright for movies should last for "
-#~ "longer, like the rights to sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures "
-#~ "and characters on them. You know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly "
-#~ "matters if that is limited to one company in most cases. Maybe the "
-#~ "copyright on the movies themselves, maybe that's legitimate for that to "
-#~ "last twenty years. Meanwhile for software, I suspect that a three year "
-#~ "copyright would be enough. you see if each version of the programme "
-#~ "remains copyrighted for three years after its release well, unless the "
-#~ "company is in real bad trouble they should have a new version before "
-#~ "those three years are up and there will be a lot of people who will want "
-#~ "to use the newer version, so if older versions are all becoming free "
-#~ "software automatically, the company would still have a business with the "
-#~ "newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, because it is a "
-#~ "system in which not all software is free, but it might be an acceptable "
-#~ "compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in some cases for "
-#~ "programs to become free… well, that's no disaster. To be using "
-#~ "three years old software is not a disaster."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Au départ, elle a appellé les "
-#~ "sociétés d'enregistrement entre guillemets « "
-#~ "pirates » pour la façon dont ils traitaient les "
-#~ "musiciens. Dans tous les cas, nous pouvons raccourcir le copyright plus "
-#~ "ou moins. Nous pourrions essayer diverses longueurs, nous pourrions voir, "
-#~ "nous pourrions découvrir empiriquement quelle durée de "
-#~ "copyright est nécessaire pour maintenir la publication vigoureuse. "
-#~ "Je dirais que, puisque les livres sont quasi hors de circuit au bout de "
-#~ "dix ans, clairement dix ans devraient être assez longs. Mais ce ne "
-#~ "doit pas être pareil pour tous les genres de travail. Par exemple, "
-#~ "peut-être que certains aspects du copyright sur les films "
-#~ "pourraient durer plus longtemps, comme les droits de vendre tout "
-#~ "l'attirail d'images et de personnages afférents. Vous savez, c'est "
-#~ "tellement grossièrement commercial qu'il importe peu que ce cela "
-#~ "soit limité à une seule société souvent. Peut-"
-#~ "être que le copyright sur les films eux-mêmes est lé"
-#~ "gitimé pour que ça dure vingt ans. En attendant pour le "
-#~ "logiciel, je pense qu'un copyright de trois ans serait suffisant. Vous "
-#~ "voyez, si chaque version de programme conserve un copyright de trois ans "
-#~ "après sa sortie, à moins que la compagnie ne soit en "
-#~ "très mauvaise posture, ils devraient avoir une nouvelle version "
-#~ "avant que les trois ans soient achevés. Et il y aura beaucoup de "
-#~ "gens désireux de l'utiliser. Aussi si les anciennes versions "
-#~ "devenaient automatiquement libres, ils continueraient quand même de "
-#~ "faire des affaires sur la nouvelle. Maintenant c'est un compromis comme "
-#~ "je les vois , parce que c'est un système où tous les "
-#~ "logiciels ne sont pas libres. Mais ce serait un compromis acceptable "
-#~ "après tout, si nous devions attendre trois ans en gé"
-#~ "néral pour que les logiciels deviennent libres… bien, il "
-#~ "n'y a pas de désastre. Que l'on utilise des logiciels vieux de "
-#~ "trois ans n'est pas un désastre."
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-#~ "<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour "
-#~ "feature creep?"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>MA3</strong> : Ne pensez-vous pas que c'est un systè"
-#~ "me qui encouragerait la dégradation des fonctions ?"
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
-#~ "issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
-#~ "encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
-#~ "system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
-#~ "activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also "
-#~ "encourages a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I "
-#~ "would say."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[désinvolte]</em> Ah, c'est exact. "
-#~ "C'est un effet secondaire mineur, comparé aux questions de "
-#~ "liberté qu'il soulève. Chaque système entraîne "
-#~ "quelques déviations artificielles chez certaines personnes, et "
-#~ "notre système actuel encourage certainement diverses sortes de "
-#~ "déviations artificielles dans l'activité couverte par le "
-#~ "copyright. Ainsi, si un système parce qu'il change, encourage en "
-#~ "même temps quelques déformations secondaires, ce n'est pas "
-#~ "une grosse affaire je dirais."
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-#~ "<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws "
-#~ "for three would be that you wouldn't get the sources."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>MA4</strong> : Le problème avec ce changement des "
-#~ "lois sur le copyright pour trois ans, c'est que vous n'obtiendriez pas "
-#~ "les sources."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a "
-#~ "law that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code "
-#~ "must be deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. "
-#~ "So it could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and "
-#~ "I think other countries have similar institutions where copies of "
-#~ "published books get placed, and they could also received the source code "
-#~ "and after three years, publish it. And of course, if the source code "
-#~ "didn't correspond to the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if "
-#~ "it really corresponds then they ought to be able to check that very "
-#~ "easily when the work is published initially so you're publishing the "
-#~ "source code and somebody there says alright “dot slash configure "
-#~ "dot slash make” and sees if produces the same executables and uh."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. Il y aurait là aussi une "
-#~ "condition. Une loi qui dirait que pour pouvoir vendre des copies de "
-#~ "logiciel au public, le code source doit être déposé "
-#~ "quelque part de sorte que trois ans plus tard il puisse être "
-#~ "libéré. Ainsi il pourrait être déposé "
-#~ "à la bibliothèque du Congrès aux USA; et je pense "
-#~ "que d'autres pays ont des établissements semblables où les "
-#~ "copies des livres publiés prennent place. Et ils pourraient "
-#~ "également accueillir le code source et après trois ans, le "
-#~ "publier. Et naturellement, si le code source ne correspondait pas "
-#~ "à l'exécutable il y aurait fraude. En fait si cela "
-#~ "correspond vraiment, on devrait pouvoir très facilement le "
-#~ "vérifier quand le travail est publié au départ. "
-#~ "Ainsi vous éditez le code source et quelqu'un dit que c'est bon "
-#~ "« dot slash configure dot slash make » et voit si "
-#~ "cela produit les mêmes executables et hue."
-
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-#~ "So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software free."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Aussi vous avez raison, éliminer le copyright ne rendrait pas le "
-#~ "logiciel « free »."
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-#~ msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre"
-#~ msgstr "<strong>MA5</strong> : Heu…libre"
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
-#~ "wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
-#~ "might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making "
-#~ "software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a "
-#~ "more complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply "
-#~ "abolished from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft "
-#~ "to protect the free status of a program but meanwhile the software "
-#~ "privateers could use other methods—contracts or withholding the "
-#~ "source to make software proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release "
-#~ "a free program some greedy bastard could make a modified version and "
-#~ "publish just the binaries and make people sign non-disclosure agreements "
-#~ "for them. We would no longer have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to "
-#~ "change the law that all software that was published had to be free we "
-#~ "would have to do it in some more complex way, not just by turning "
-#~ "copyright for software."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. C'est dans ce seul sens que j'emploie "
-#~ "le terme. Ça ne le ferait pas, parce que le code source ne "
-#~ "pourrait pas être disponible, ou à la place ils pourraient "
-#~ "tenter d'user de contrats pour restreindre les utilisateurs. Ainsi, "
-#~ "rendre le logiciel libre n'est pas aussi simple que de mettre fin au "
-#~ "copyright sur le logiciel : c'est une situation plus complexe que "
-#~ "ça. En fait, si le copyright sur le logiciel était "
-#~ "simplement supprimé, nous ne pourrions plus utiliser le copyleft "
-#~ "pour protéger le statut libre d'un programme. En même temps, "
-#~ "les adeptes du logiciel propriétaire pourraient utiliser d'autres "
-#~ "méthodes — des contrats ou des dissimulations sur la source "
-#~ "pour rendre le logiciel propriétaire. Ainsi ça pourrait "
-#~ "signifier qu'à la sortie d'un programme libre quelque bâtard "
-#~ "avide pourrait en faire une version modifiée et n'en publier que "
-#~ "les binaires, et inciter des personnes à signer des accords de non-"
-#~ "divulgation sur eux. Nous pourrions ne plus avoir les moyens de les "
-#~ "arrêter. Aussi, si nous voulions changer la loi pour que tout "
-#~ "logiciel publié devienne libre, nous devrions le faire de "
-#~ "façon encore plus complexe. Pas simplement en changeant le "
-#~ "copyright sur le logiciel."
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-#~ "So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and "
-#~ "the various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw "
-#~ "the line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for "
-#~ "making use of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some "
-#~ "kind of fairly painless kind of copyright for general public that is "
-#~ "still of benefit to authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright "
-#~ "system to the circumstances where we find it we find ourselves and have a "
-#~ "system that doesn't require putting people in prison for years because "
-#~ "they shared with their friends, but still does in various ways encourage "
-#~ "people to write more. We can also I believe look for other ways of "
-#~ "encouraging writing other ways of facilitating authors making money. For "
-#~ "example, suppose that verbatim redistribution of a work is permitted and "
-#~ "suppose that the work comes with something, so that when you are playing "
-#~ "with it or reading it, there is a box on the side that says “click "
-#~ "here to send one dollar to the authors or the musicians or "
-#~ "whatever” I think that in the wealthier parts of the world a lot of "
-#~ "people will send it because people often really love the authors and "
-#~ "musicians that made the things that they like to read and listen to. And "
-#~ "the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get now is such a "
-#~ "small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something they're "
-#~ "probably not getting more than one anyway."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Ainsi, globalement je recommande à ce que nous examinions les "
-#~ "diverses sortes de travaux et les diverses sortes de variété"
-#~ "s d'utilisation, et chercher là un nouvel endroit pour tracer les "
-#~ "limites : celles qui donneraient au public les libertés les "
-#~ "plus importantes pour trouver une utilisation à chaque nouveau "
-#~ "genre de travail, en maintenant si possible pendant ce temps une sorte de "
-#~ "copyright d'un genre indolore pour le grand public qui soit toujours un "
-#~ "avantage pour les auteurs. De cette façon, nous pouvons adapter le "
-#~ "système de copyright aux circonstances dans lesquelles nous le "
-#~ "trouvons en nous trouvant nous-même. Et avoir un système qui "
-#~ "n'exige pas de mettre des gens en prison pour des années parce "
-#~ "qu'ils auront partagé avec leurs amis, mais encourageant toujours "
-#~ "de diverses manières les auteurs à écrire plus. Nous "
-#~ "pouvons également je crois, chercher d'autres façons "
-#~ "d'encourager l'écriture, d'autres façons d'encourager les "
-#~ "auteurs à gagner de l'argent. Par exemple, supposez que la "
-#~ "reproduction intégrale d'un travail soit autorisée et "
-#~ "supposez que ce travail va avec quelquechose, du genre lorsque vous "
-#~ "êtes en train de jouer avec, ou de le lire, il y a une boîte "
-#~ "sur le côté qui dit: « cliquez ici pour envoyer 1 "
-#~ "dollar à l'auteur ou au musicien ou tout ce que vous voudrez "
-#~ "». Je pense que dans les parties les plus riches du monde beaucoup "
-#~ "de gens l'enverraient parce que souvent les gens adorent les auteurs ou "
-#~ "les musiciens qui ont créé ce qu'ils ont aimé lire "
-#~ "ou écouter. Et la chose intéressante est que la redevance "
-#~ "qu'ils auront obtenue est maintenant une si petite fraction, que si vous "
-#~ "payez vingt dollars ils n'en obtiendront pas plus d'un de toute faç"
-#~ "on."
-
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-#~ "So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing "
-#~ "will be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping "
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-#~ "Ce sera un système bien plus efficace ainsi. Et ce qui sera "
-#~ "intéressant c'est que quand les gens redistribueront ces copies, "
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-#~ msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>"
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-#~ "So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
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-#~ "after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the "
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-#~ "easy to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain "
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-#~ "applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment system "
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-#~ "Aussi je pense que de cette façon, pour les travaux d'expression, "
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-#~ "With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
-#~ "commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a "
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-#~ "those works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be "
-#~ "some standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I "
-#~ "think in some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in "
-#~ "some way publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be "
-#~ "possible still to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
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-#~ "En ce qui concerne les travaux esthétiques. S'il y a un "
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-#~ "Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary "
-#~ "payment systems. I heard of something called the street performer's "
-#~ "protocol. I don't know the details of it. And I believe there is "
-#~ "something called GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</"
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-#~ "less like this. I think that what they are hoping to do is collect a "
-#~ "bunch of payments that you make to various different people, and "
-#~ "eventually charge your credit card once it gets to be big enough so that "
-#~ "it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems work smoothly enough in "
-#~ "practice that they'll get going is not clear, and whether they will "
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-#~ "payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need "
-#~ "to see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta "
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-#~ "Maintenant je crois qu'il y a des gens qui essayent d'installer de genre "
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-#~ "rue ». Je n'en connais pas les détails. Et je crois "
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-#~ "transcripteur : URL incertaine]</em>. Je crois que ces gens essayent "
-#~ "d'installer quelque chose de plus ou moins comme ça. Je pense que "
-#~ "ce qu'il espèrent faire, c'est de rassembler un bouquet de "
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-#~ "éventuellement par la suite votre carte de crédit une fois "
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-#~ "devenir n'est pas clair; et s'ils sont adoptés assez largement, "
-#~ "à ce qu'ils deviennent une pratique culturelle normale n'est pas "
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-#~ "avez besoin de voir l'idée partout pour…« ouais, "
-#~ "j'ai pas à payer ! » de temps à autre. On "
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-#~ "There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at "
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-#~ "stations which are supported by their listeners and they seem to be "
-#~ "finding it easier to get donations as time goes on. Ten years ago they "
-#~ "would have maybe six weeks of the year when they were spending most of "
-#~ "their time asking people “Please send some money, don't you think "
-#~ "we're important enough” and so on 24 hours a day, and now a lot of "
-#~ "them have found that they can raise the contributions by sending people "
-#~ "mail who sent them donations in the past, and they don't have to spend "
-#~ "their airtime drumming up the donations."
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-#~ "Il est évident que des idées comme celles-là ne sont "
-#~ "pas déraisonnables. Si vous regardez par exemple la radio publique "
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-#~ "auditeurs. Vous avez, je crois, des millions de personnes qui donnent. Je "
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-#~ "publiques qui sont soutenues par leurs auditeurs. Et il semble qu'elles "
-#~ "trouvent plus facile d'obtenir des dons au fil des ans. Il y a dix ans "
-#~ "elles auraient eu peut-être six semaines par an à passer la "
-#~ "majeure partie du temps à demander aux gens « d'envoyer "
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-#~ "pour vous » et ainsi de suite 24 heures sur 24. Et maintenant "
-#~ "beaucoup d'entre elles ont constaté qu'elles peuvent augmenter les "
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-#~ "Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is "
-#~ "a worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it "
-#~ "that are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works "
-#~ "whose developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital "
-#~ "technology is providing us with solutions to the problem as well as "
-#~ "creating a context where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end "
-#~ "of this talk, and are there questions?"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Fondamentalement, le but déclaré du copyright : "
-#~ "encourager le redressement est un but valable, mais nous devons examiner "
-#~ "les façons d'y parvenir qui ne sont pas si dures, et sans trop "
-#~ "restreindre l'utilisation des travaux dont nous avons encouragé "
-#~ "les développements. Et je crois que la technologie numé"
-#~ "rique nous fournit des solutions au problème en plus de cré"
-#~ "er le contexte où nous devons résoudre le problème. "
-#~ "Aussi c'est la fin de cet entretien; et il a des questions ?"
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-#~ msgid "Questions and discussion"
-#~ msgstr "Questions et discussion"
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-#~ msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?"
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-#~ "Tout d'abord, quand est le prochain entretien ? Quelle heure est-il "
-#~ "maintenant ?"
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-#~ msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three."
-#~ msgstr "<strong>Moi</strong> : Il est trois heures et quart."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie "
-#~ "will permit me to accept a few questions."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh vraiment ? Donc je suis dé"
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-#~ "permettra d'accepter quelques questions."
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-#~ "<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of "
-#~ "your three categories will a work fit?"
-#~ msgstr ""
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-#~ "trois catégories un travail rentrera ?"
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-#~ "<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of "
-#~ "encryption devices with copyrighted materials?"
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-#~ "<strong>MA7</strong> : Des commentaires sur le chiffrement ? Et "
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
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-#~ "copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really "
-#~ "they all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and "
-#~ "without those laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so "
-#~ "they are all based on direct government intervention to stop people from "
-#~ "copying and I object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those "
-#~ "media. If as a practical matter the means to copy something are not "
-#~ "available to me I won't buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
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-#~ "essayent d'imposer divers systèmes de chiffrement au public afin "
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-#~ "<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the "
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-#~ "<strong>MA8</strong> : En France nous avons une loi qui dit que "
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-#~ "<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in "
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-#~ "<strong>MA8</strong> : Très souvent vous signez un accord qui "
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-#~ msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?"
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-#~ "also say “I signed this contract but it's not valid in France so I "
-#~ "am publicly disobeying, and I challenge them to sue me.” Now that "
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-#~ "a good idea to do, I don't know whether, what its effects politically "
-#~ "would be. I know that there was just a couple of years ago a law was "
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-#~ "the record companies trotted out some famous very popular musicians to "
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-#~ "influence here too, and it's possible that they will get more, just pass "
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-#~ "strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and the "
-#~ "actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no expert "
-#~ "on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should think "
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-#~ "him and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my "
-#~ "threat is copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it "
-#~ "would even be upheld."
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-#~ "à personne que c'est moi qui l'ai fait parce que ma menace est "
-#~ "garantie par les droits d'auteur, ça serait assez dé"
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-#~ "correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private."
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-#~ "veux correspondre avec quelqu'un et garder ma (et leur) réponse, "
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-#~ "linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's "
-#~ "another talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake "
-#~ "for copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations "
-#~ "are completely different from the ethics of published works and so they "
-#~ "should be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
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-#~ "right to force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force "
-#~ "him to paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[il interrompt]</em> Non, vous avez tort. "
-#~ "Si les gens sont d'acccord pour garder quelque chose secret alors vous "
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-#~ "quelqu'un à garder des secrets pour vous. Tout au plus, vous "
-#~ "pourriez le forcer à paraphraser, parce qu'il a le droit de dire "
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-#~ "end are both in reasonable agreement."
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-#~ "à chaque extrémité sont toutes deux d'accord de "
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
-#~ "recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper "
-#~ "is he?"
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien et alors, ne dîtes pas que le "
-#~ "copyright est votre seul recours. S'il est d'accord il ne va pas le "
-#~ "donner à un journal, si ?"
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-#~ "first time you mentioned interception…"
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh, interception. C'est complètement "
-#~ "différent… <em>[âprement]</em> non vous n'avez pas "
-#~ "demandé à propos de l'interception. C'est la premiè"
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you "
-#~ "before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh "
-#~ "how can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a "
-#~ "waffle iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[toujours irrité]</em> Je ne vous "
-#~ "avais pas entendu avant… c'est totalement idiot… c'est "
-#~ "comme essayer de… oh à quoi puis-je comparer ?…"
-#~ "c'est comme essayer de tuer un éléphant avec un moule "
-#~ "à gaufres, je veux dire qu'ils n'ont rien à faire l'un avec "
-#~ "l'autre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>"
-#~ msgstr "<em>[un ininterprétable silence tombe]</em>"
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-#~ "<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in "
-#~ "trade secrets?]</em>"
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-#~ "<strong>MA10</strong> : Vous avez pensé aux changements <em>"
-#~ "[inaudible, des secrets commerciaux ?]</em>"
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very "
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-#~ "later on it was something that was done within a business telling just a "
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-#~ "agreed in any way to keep these secrets and that's a pressure. So those "
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-#~ "theirs; that's just not true any more. They're getting explicit "
-#~ "government help in forcing other people to keep their secrets. And we "
-#~ "might want to consider whether non-disclosure agreements should in "
-#~ "general be considered legitimate contracts because of the anti-social "
-#~ "nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be considered automatic that just "
-#~ "because somebody has promised to keep a secret that that means it's "
-#~ "binding."
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-#~ "sont développés dans une direction inquiétante et "
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-#~ "Peut-être que dans certains cas, ça devrait, et dans "
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-#~ "There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
-#~ "anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
-#~ "bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe "
-#~ "it still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
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-#~ "Il y a diverses possibilités auxquelles chacun peut penser, mais "
-#~ "tout au début quiconque n'a pas accepté volontairement de "
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-#~ "encore. Peut-être que c'est toujours comme ça en Europe, je "
-#~ "ne suis pas sûr."
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-#~ msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…"
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-#~ "à ses…"
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-#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?"
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-#~ msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no"
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-#~ "<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
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-
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-#~ msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>"
-#~ msgstr "<em>[espace pendant que le minidisque est changé]</em>"
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-#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Commençons par ne pas l'encourager."
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-#~ "<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
-#~ "scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
-#~ "official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
-#~ "copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
-#~ "internet access."
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-#~ "<strong>MA12</strong> : J'ai une question concernant votre avis sur "
-#~ "le travail scientifique des journaux et des manuels. Dans ma profession "
-#~ "au moins un Journal officiel et un manuel sont disponibles en ligne. Ils "
-#~ "maintiennent le copyright, mais il y a un libre accès aux "
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals "
-#~ "where it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access "
-#~ "unless you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should "
-#~ "all start opening up access on the web."
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Ok, c'est bon. Mais il y a beaucoup de "
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-#~ "<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance "
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-#~ "<strong>MA12</strong> : Aussi, quel impact cela a t-il sur le sens "
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
-#~ "essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
-#~ "also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim "
-#~ "copies of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get "
-#~ "lost. Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, "
-#~ "natural disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic "
-#~ "disasters, fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that "
-#~ "one site to disappear. So really what the scholarly community should "
-#~ "logically be doing is carefully arranging to have a wide network of "
-#~ "mirror sites making sure that every paper is available on every "
-#~ "continent, from places near the ocean to places that are far inland and "
-#~ "you know this is exactly the kind of thing that major libraries will feel "
-#~ "is their mission if only they were not being stopped."
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-#~ "donner à chacun la liberté d'installer des sites en miroir "
-#~ "avec les copies intégrales de ces articles. Sinon, il y a un "
-#~ "danger qu'ils soient perdus. Divers genres de calamités pourraient "
-#~ "causer leur perte, vous savez, des désastres naturels, dé"
-#~ "sastres politiques, désastres techniques, désastres "
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-#~ "vrai, que ce que la communauté savante devrait logiquement faire, "
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-#~ "rieur des terres. Et vous savez que c'est exactement le genre de chose "
-#~ "que les bibliothèques principales sentiront que c'est dans leur "
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-#~ "would set up mirror sites, and I predict that you would find ten years "
-#~ "down the road, a very well organised unofficial system of co-ordinating "
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-#~ "point the amount that it costs to set up the mirror site for years of a "
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-#~ "has to work very hard: just let librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was "
-#~ "some other thing that this raised and I can't remember what it is. Oh "
-#~ "well, I'll just have to let it go."
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-#~ "Aussi, ce qui devrait être fait, c'est que ces journaux devraient "
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-#~ "anmoins ça ne ferait que rendre la disponibilité superflue, "
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-#~ "trouveriez dans un peu plus de dix ans, un système officieux "
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-#~ "<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
-#~ "works… do you think the dynamics could be… <em>[inaudible]</"
-#~ "em> although I understand the problems of… I mean who's "
-#~ "contributing? and who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free software "
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-#~ "<strong>MA13</strong> : Le problème de financement pour les "
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-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
-#~ "people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to "
-#~ "get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know "
-#~ "how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get "
-#~ "governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of "
-#~ "world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I "
-#~ "think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate "
-#~ "and the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak "
-#~ "out and say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these "
-#~ "published works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. "
-#~ "And sharing with your friend is more important than how much money these "
-#~ "companies get. The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these "
-#~ "companies. We have to keep on… because you see the idea that "
-#~ "they've spread—that anything that reduces their income is immoral "
-#~ "and therefore people must be restricted in any way it takes to guarantee "
-#~ "for them to be paid for everything… that is the fundamental thing "
-#~ "that we have to start attacking directly. People have mostly tried "
-#~ "tactics of concentrating on secondary issues, you know, to when people, "
-#~ "you know when the publishers demand increased power usually people saying "
-#~ "it will cause some secondary kind of harm and arguing based on that but "
-#~ "you rarely find anybody (except me) saying that the whole point of the "
-#~ "change is wrong, that it's wrong to restrict it in that way, that it's "
-#~ "legitimate for people to want to change copies and that they should be "
-#~ "allowed to. We have to have more of this. We have to start cutting the "
-#~ "root of their dominion not just hacking away at a few leaves."
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-#~ "exécutent leurs ordres. Comment allons-nous construire ce genre de "
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-#~ "que c'est de la propagande, qu'il n'est pas mauvais pour les gens de "
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-#~ "avec votre ami, et que c'est bien. Et que partager avec votre ami, c'est "
-#~ "plus important que l'argent que ces compagnies gagnent. Que la "
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-#~ "questions secondaires, vous savez… Quand les éditeurs "
-#~ "exigent plus de pouvoir, les gens habituellement disent que cela causera "
-#~ "un certain type de mal secondaire, et basent leurs arguments la-dessus. "
-#~ "Mais vous trouvez rarement quelqu'un (excepté moi) qui dit que le "
-#~ "point entier du changement est erroné, que c'est une erreur de le "
-#~ "limiter de cette façon, qu'il est légitime pour les gens de "
-#~ "vouloir changer les copies et que ça devrait leur être "
-#~ "permis. Nous devrions en avoir plus. Nous devons commencer à "
-#~ "couper la racine de leur domination et pas simplement entailler loin "
-#~ "quelques feuilles."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to "
-#~ "concentrate on the donations system for music."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>MA14</strong> : <em>[inaudible]</em> ce qui est important, "
-#~ "c'est de se concentrer sur le système de donation pour la musique."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents "
-#~ "covering the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui. Bien que malheureusement, il y ait des "
-#~ "brevets couvrant la technique qui semblent être très "
-#~ "probablement utilisables."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>"
-#~ msgstr "<em>[rires, on crie «non» dans l'audience]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Cela peut mettre dix ans avant que ça "
-#~ "puisse se faire."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>MA15</strong> : On prendra seulement les lois franç"
-#~ "aises."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor "
-#~ "over to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. and uh so"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je pense que je devrais "
-#~ "rendre la parole à Mélanie dont l'entretien devait "
-#~ "commencer à trois heures. Et hue ! donc."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. "
-#~ "RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead "
-#~ "projector at the beginning of the talk."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "RMS reste silencieux. Il y a une pause avant le déclenchement des "
-#~ "applaudissements. RMS se tourne pour applaudir le Gnu bourré de "
-#~ "tissu qu'il a placé sur le rétro-projecteur au début "
-#~ "de l'entretien."
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#~ msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+#~ msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
Index: po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po 1 Dec 2009 21:26:44 -0000 1.6
+++ po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po 2 Dec 2009 21:26:15 -0000 1.7
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: copyright-versus-community.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-02 16:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-03-29 18:44+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <cedric.corazza AT wanadoo.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -317,9 +317,9 @@
msgid ""
"It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against "
"publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a "
-"book—you go to a bookstore and say 'where do these copies come "
-"from?'. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer "
-"to do that."
+"book—you go to a bookstore and say “where do these copies come "
+"from?”. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's "
+"computer to do that."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several "
-"countries whose basic platform is 'freedom to share'."
+"countries whose basic platform is “freedom to share”."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1004,18 +1004,20 @@
"freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll "
"notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and "
"changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would "
-"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called 'recipe piracy'."
+"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called “recipe "
+"piracy”."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"The term 'pirate' is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of "
-"music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't "
-"do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So it's not music "
-"'piracy', because piracy is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you "
-"get from being the moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking "
-"ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly "
-"denounce that propaganda term 'piracy' whenever we hear it."
+"The term “pirate” is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I "
+"think of music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack "
+"they don't do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So "
+"it's not music “piracy”, because piracy is attacking ships, and "
+"sharing is as far as you get from being the moral equivalent of attacking "
+"ships”. Attacking ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so "
+"we should firmly denounce that propaganda term “piracy” whenever "
+"we hear it."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1287,13 +1289,13 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights holders”, "
-"because when they say 'compensate', they're trying to presume that if you "
-"have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that "
-"you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say 'rights "
-"holders', it's supposed to make you think it's supporting artists while in "
-"fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically "
-"exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so "
-"popular that they have clout)."
+"because when they say “compensate”, they're trying to presume "
+"that if you have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to "
+"somebody, and that you have to “compensate” that somebody. When "
+"they say “rights holders”, it's supposed to make you think it's "
+"supporting artists while in fact it's going to the publishers—the same "
+"publishers who basically exploit all the artists (except the few that you've "
+"all heard of, who are so popular that they have clout)."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1327,12 +1329,19 @@
msgstr " "
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
-"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-"corrections (or suggestions) to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
+#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+#| "corrections (or suggestions) to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
href=\"/contact/"
@@ -1352,13 +1361,11 @@
"la soumission de traductions de cet article."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-# type: Content of: <div><address>
-msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-
# type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
@@ -1384,6 +1391,10 @@
msgid "Translations of this page"
msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#~ msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+#~ msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+
# type: Content of: <pre>
#~ msgid ""
#~ "\n"
@@ -1392,7 +1403,8 @@
#~ "\n"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "\n"
-#~ "Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio
réalisé par\n"
+#~ "Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio ré"
+#~ "alisé par\n"
#~ "Douglas Carnall, en juillet 2000.\n"
#~ "\n"
Index: po/copyright-versus-community.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- po/copyright-versus-community.pot 1 Dec 2009 21:26:45 -0000 1.4
+++ po/copyright-versus-community.pot 2 Dec 2009 21:26:15 -0000 1.5
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-02 16:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@
msgid ""
"It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against "
"publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a "
-"book—you go to a bookstore and say 'where do these copies come "
-"from?'. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer "
-"to do that."
+"book—you go to a bookstore and say “where do these copies come "
+"from?”. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's "
+"computer to do that."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several "
-"countries whose basic platform is 'freedom to share'."
+"countries whose basic platform is “freedom to share”."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1004,18 +1004,20 @@
"freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll "
"notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and "
"changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would "
-"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called 'recipe piracy'."
+"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called “recipe "
+"piracy”."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"The term 'pirate' is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of "
-"music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't "
-"do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So it's not music "
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-"get from being the moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking "
-"ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly "
-"denounce that propaganda term 'piracy' whenever we hear it."
+"The term “pirate” is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I "
+"think of music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack "
+"they don't do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So "
+"it's not music “piracy”, because piracy is attacking ships, and "
+"sharing is as far as you get from being the moral equivalent of attacking "
+"ships”. Attacking ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so "
+"we should firmly denounce that propaganda term “piracy” whenever "
+"we hear it."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1287,13 +1289,13 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights holders”, "
-"because when they say 'compensate', they're trying to presume that if you "
-"have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that "
-"you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say 'rights "
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-"fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically "
-"exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so "
-"popular that they have clout)."
+"because when they say “compensate”, they're trying to presume "
+"that if you have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to "
+"somebody, and that you have to “compensate” that somebody. When "
+"they say “rights holders”, it's supposed to make you think it's "
+"supporting artists while in fact it's going to the publishers—the same "
+"publishers who basically exploit all the artists (except the few that you've "
+"all heard of, who are so popular that they have clout)."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1329,10 +1331,10 @@
# type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
-"broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <div><p>
@@ -1343,11 +1345,7 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <div><address>
-msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <div><p>
Index: copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html
diff -N copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html 2 Dec 2009 21:26:09 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1076 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des
réseaux
+informatiques - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
+<h2>Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des réseaux
+informatiques</h2>
+
+<pre><!-- It seems this location is no longer accessible
+The original version is hosted at <a
+href="http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html";><http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html></a>
+yavor, Apr 3, 2007 -->
+
+Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio réalisé par
+Douglas Carnall, en juillet 2000.
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of
+commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He
+speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced Boston
+accent.</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS </strong>: Ceci est fait pour quelqu'un qui porte un
+strangler.</p>
+
+<p><em>[il indique le micro à agrafe du système d'amplification
+de la salle de conférence]</em></p>
+
+<p>Je ne porte pas de strangler, alors il n'y a pas de place pour le mettre</p>
+
+<p><em>[Il l'accroche à son T-shirt]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>Moi</strong> : C'est bon pour le micro ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oui ! <em>[irrité]</em> Combien de
+personnes sont sensées me demander ?</p>
+
+<p>Bon, je suppose que je dois parler aujourd'hui.</p>
+
+<p><em>[longue pause]</em></p>
+
+<p>about copyright versus community. This is too loud.</p>
+
+<p><em>[il indique le micro à agrafe]</em></p>
+
+<p>Que puis-je faire ?</p>
+
+<p>Regardez… il n'y a pas de contrôle de volume…</p>
+
+<p><em>[il trouve la commande du volume sur la boîte radio du
micro]</em></p>
+
+<p>ça paraît mieux</p>
+
+<p>OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The
+principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations,
+but to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the facts
+of the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what their
+consequences are, a change in technology never changes the principles of
+ethics, but a change in technology can alter the consequences of the same
+choices, so it can make a difference for the outcome of the question, and
+that has happened in the area of copyright law. We have a situation where
+changes in technology have affected the ethical factors that weigh on
+decisions about copyright law and change the right policy for society.</p>
+<p>Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because
+they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to
+the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them out
+by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read could
+also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day writing
+copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who didn't
+ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. Essentially,
+anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as they could be
+copied in any fashion.</p>
+<p>Dans l'Antiquité, il n'y avait pas d'aussi nette distinction entre
+paternité et copie, comme c'est la tendance aujourd'hui.</p>
+
+<p>There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say,
+writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody
+making copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who
+say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing a
+commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other
+people would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from another
+book, and write something of their own words, and then copy from another
+book, quoting passages of various lengths from many different works, and
+then writing some other works to talk about them more, or relate them. And
+there are many ancient works—now lost—in which part of them
+survived in these quotations in other books that became more popular than
+the book that the original quote <em>[came from]</em>.</p>
+
+<p>There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. There
+were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original writing. I
+don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient world and it
+would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because books could be
+copied by anyone who could read anywhere, anyone who could get some writing
+materials, and a feather to write with. So, that was a rather clear simple
+situation.</p>
+
+<p>Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation
+greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of books,
+provided that they were all identical. And it required specialised, fairly
+expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in effect it
+created a situation in which copies could only feasibly be made by
+specialised businesses, of which the number was not that large. There might
+have been hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of
+thousands, or maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So the
+decrease in the number of places in which copies could be made was
+tremendous.</p>
+
+<p>Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I think
+that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, which was
+a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of copyright but I
+can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. But the system of
+copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press because it became rare
+for ordinary readers to make copies. It still happen. People who were very
+poor or very rich had handmade copies of books. The very rich people did
+this to show off their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show
+that they could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books
+by hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes
+“Time ain't money when all you got is time.” So some poor people
+copied books with a pen. But for the most part the books were all made on
+printing presses by publishers and copyright as a system fitted in very well
+with the technical system. For one thing it was painless for readers,
+because the readers weren't going to make copies anyway, except for the very
+rich ones who could presumably legitimise it, or the very poor ones who were
+making just individual copies and no one was going to go after them with
+lawyers. And the system was fairly easy to enforce again because there were
+only a small number of places where it had to be enforced: only the printing
+presses, and because of this it didn't require, it didn't involve, a
+struggle against the public. You didn't find just about everybody trying to
+copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing it.</p>
+
+<p>And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it didn't
+cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a small
+fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so that small
+extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the readers. The
+actions restricted by copyright were actions that you couldn't do, as an
+ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a problem. And because of
+this there was no need for harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate
+it and to obey.</p>
+
+<p>So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted
+publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was
+somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the Atlantic.
+You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting on a boat for
+weeks or months.</p>
+
+<p>Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor
+people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of got
+forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got cheap
+enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so to some
+extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost from memory.
+I heard about this about ten years ago when I started talking about the
+subject to people.</p>
+
+<p>So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of
+censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get
+approval from the government but the idea began to change and it a different
+idea was expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the US
+constitution was written there was a proposal that authors should be
+entitled to a monopoly on copying their books. This idea was rejected.
+Instead, a different idea of the philosophy of copyright was put into the
+constitution. The idea that a copyright system could be… well, the
+idea is that people have the natural right to copy things but copyright as
+an artificial restriction on copying can be authorised for the sake of
+promoting progress.</p>
+
+<p>So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either way,
+but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify
+copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not
+as an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify
+the behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The benefit
+consists of more books being written and published and this is intended to
+contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a
+means to this end… in other words as a means to this end copyright
+exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between the public and
+authors; that the public gives up its natural right to make copies of
+anything in exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by
+encouraging more people to write.</p>
+
+<p>Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose of
+copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most important
+thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and how. If you
+forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so ever since
+that decision was made, the authors and especially the publishers most
+recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it under the rug.
+There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the idea that was
+rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an
+entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost
+everything they say about it starting and ending with the word
+“pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an
+unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and kidnapping
+or killing the people on board.</p>
+
+<p>Aussi, si vous regardez les déclarations qui sont faites par les
+éditeurs vous trouverez un bon nombre de postulats de ce genre que
+vous devez mettre en lumière et commencer à interroger.</p>
+
+<h3>Récents événements et problèmes</h3>
+<p><em>[il s'éclaire]</em></p>
+
+<p>Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was
+painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the
+printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox
+machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as
+computer networks have come into use the situation has changed drastically.
+We are now in a situation technologically more like the ancient world, where
+anybody who could read something could also make a copy of it that was
+essentially as good as the best copies anyone could make.</p>
+
+<p><em>[murmures dans l'assistance]</em></p>
+
+<p>A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies
+themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass production,
+as in the printing press. Now this change in technology changes the
+situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the bargain was that
+the public trades away its natural right to make copies, and in exchange
+gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a bad one. It
+depends on the worth of what you are giving up. And the worth of what you
+are getting. In the age of the printing press the public traded away a
+freedom that it was unable to use.</p>
+
+<p>C'est comme trouver un moyen de vendre de la merde : qu'avez-vous
+à perdre ? Vous l'avez à disposition de toute
+manière. Si vous trouvez le moyen de la négocier, cela ne peut
+pas être une mauvaise affaire.</p>
+
+<p><em>[rires tièdes]</em></p>
+
+<p>It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another star.
+You're not going to do it anyway</p>
+
+<p><em>[rires copieux]</em></p>
+
+<p>at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to pay
+you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take the
+deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not think that
+deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to sell because
+it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to reconsider the
+desirability of those old deals that used to be advantageous. Typically in
+a such a situation you decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this
+any more; I'm going to keep some of it and use it.” So if you were
+giving up a freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you can exercise it,
+you probably want to start retaining the right to exercise it at least
+partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there are many
+alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the freedom and keep
+other parts. So, precisely what you want to do requires thought, but in any
+case you want to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably want to sell
+less of what you sold in the past.</p>
+
+<p>But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the
+time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it,
+the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You see
+copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the uses of a
+copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in recent times
+the publishers have been pushing to extend it further and further. Ending
+up most recently with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in
+the US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World
+Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an organisation
+representing the owners of copyrights and patents and which works to try to
+increase their power, and pretends to be doing so in the name of humanity
+rather than in the name of these particular companies.</p>
+
+<p>Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting activities
+that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no longer an
+industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. For
+another, because of this, you find the public's starting to object to it You
+know, when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that are natural
+in their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. Which means that
+copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why you see harsher and
+harsher punishments being adopted by governments that are basically serving
+the publishers rather than the public.</p>
+
+<p>Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still beneficial.
+Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable for us. Maybe
+the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made technology fit in
+well with the technology of the printing press make it fit badly with
+digital information technology. So, instead of like, charging the fee to
+cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a fee to cross a street.
+It's a big nuisance, because people cross the street all along the street,
+and making them pay is a pain in the neck.</p>
+
+<h3>Nouveau genre de copyright</h3>
+
+<p>Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law in
+order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? Well the
+extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't the only
+possible choice. There are various situations in which we could reduce the
+power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because there are various
+different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various
+situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent
+question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a
+question of “How long?”. Copyright used to be much shorter in
+its period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the
+past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of
+copyrights are planning to keep on extending copyrights so that they will
+never expire again. The US constitution says that “copyright must
+exist for a limited time” but the publishers have found a way around
+this: every twenty years they make copyright twenty years longer, and this
+way, no copyright will ever expire again. Now a thousand years from now,
+copyright might last for 1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright
+on Mickey Mouse can not expire.</p>
+
+<p>Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to extend
+copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the
+President too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if
+they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly to
+campaigns is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So they
+passed the Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sunny Bono
+was a congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which uses
+copyrights to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have their pet
+congressman and they pushed very hard for increased copyright powers.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they passed
+the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being challenged by
+the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that people hope to go
+to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old copyrights tossed out.
+In any case, there are all these different situations and questions where we
+could reduce the scope of copyright.</p>
+
+<p>So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different
+contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at
+one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your
+friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, there's
+broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the website, there's
+handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and some of these
+things could be done either commercially or non-commercially. You know, you
+could imagine a company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine
+a school doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing it.
+Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same. So one
+way in we could reclaim the… in general though, the activities that
+are the most private are those that are most crucial to our freedom and our
+way of life, whereas the most public and commercial are those that are most
+useful for providing some sort of income for authors so it's a natural
+situation for a compromise in which the limits of copyright are put
+somewhere in the middle so that a substantial part of the activity still is
+covered and provides an income for authors, while the activities that are
+most directly relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And
+this is the sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things
+such as novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at
+the very minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy with a
+friend. It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that
+they have to start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh
+punishments. The only way basically to stop people in their private lives
+from sharing is with a police state, but public commercial activities can be
+regulated much more easily and much more painlessly.</p>
+
+<p>Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of
+work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until
+today we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly
+alike except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. But
+there's no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the practical
+consequences. We can treat different kinds of works differently. I propose
+a classification broadly into three kinds of works: functional works, works
+that express personal position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic.</p>
+
+<p>Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks;
+dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs
+done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom,
+including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am
+going to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of
+functional works in the same way. So, this criterion of free…
+because it necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version this
+means we have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free
+software movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is
+supposedly the justification for society having copyright can happen in
+other ways. We don't have to give up these important freedoms to have
+progress. Now the publishers are always asking us to presuppose that their
+there is no way to get progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and
+the most important thing I think about the free software movement is to show
+them that their pre-supposition is unjustified.</p>
+
+<p>I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress
+without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is that
+we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be dismissed.
+The public should not suppose that the only way to get progress is to have
+copyright but even for these kinds of works there can be some kinds of
+compromise copyright systems that are consistent with giving people the
+freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for example, at the GNU free
+documentation license, which is used to make a book free. It allows anyone
+to make and sell copies of a modified version, but it requires giving credit
+in certain ways to the original authors and publishers in a way that can
+give them a commercial advantage and thus I believe make it possible to have
+commercial publishing of free textbooks, and if this works people are just
+beginning to try it commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been
+selling lots of copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now
+and it's been successful for us. At this point though, commercial
+publishers are just beginning to try this particular approach, but I think
+that even for functional works where the freedom to publish modified works
+is essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out,
+which permits everyone that freedom.</p>
+
+<p>For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, because
+the works are used differently. The second category of works is works that
+express someone's positions or views or experiences. For example, essays,
+offers to do business with people, statements of one's legal position,
+memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what you think or you
+want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant reviews are also in this
+category: it's expressing a personal opinion or position. Now for these
+kinds of works, making a modified version is not a useful thing to do. So I
+see no reason why people should need to have the freedom to publish modified
+versions of these works. Verbatim copying is the only thing that people
+need to have the freedom to do and because of this we can consider the idea
+that the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in some situations,
+for example if it were limited to non-commercial distribution that would be
+OK I think. Ordinary citizen's lives would no longer be restricted but
+publishers would still be covered by copyright for these things.</p>
+
+<p><em>[il boit de l'eau]</em></p>
+
+<p>Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people to
+privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe it
+would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by copyright
+for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced me that that's
+not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots of people both
+want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not commercially
+redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then it's
+wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be acceptable I
+think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this work, because that
+would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't block the useful
+activities that people should be doing with these works.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into this
+category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good thing to
+do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be distributed verbatim,
+so scientific papers should be freely redistributable by anyone because we
+should be encouraging their redistribution, and I hope you will never agree
+to publish a scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim
+redistribution on the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that.</p>
+
+<p>Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination of
+scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they are
+nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access and
+restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the
+enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of science,
+and this practice must come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose main
+use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many cases,
+typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. Now,
+they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and improve
+them, the way people have the need to do that with functional works. So
+it's a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the freedom to
+publish modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one hand you have
+authors with a lot of ego attachment saying</p>
+
+<p><em>[accent anglais, gestuelle dramatique]</em></p>
+
+<p>« Oh, c'est ma création. »</p>
+
+<p><em>[retour à Boston]</em></p>
+
+<p>“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand you
+have the folk process which shows that a series of people sequentially
+modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then comparing versions can
+produce something tremendously rich, and not only beautiful songs and short
+poems, but even long epics have been produced in this way, and there was a
+time back before the mystique of the artist as creator, semi-divine figure
+was so powerful when even great writers reworked stories that had been
+written by others. Some of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that
+were taken from other plays written often a few decades before. If today's
+copyright laws had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote
+pirate unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would
+have had the other authors saying</p>
+
+<p><em>[accent anglais]</em></p>
+
+<p>“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly
+make it better.“</p>
+
+<p><em>[faible brouhaha de l'assistance]</em></p>
+
+<p>You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I am
+not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these
+aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in
+music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music,
+but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask permission
+to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these works, either
+modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might have to pay some
+money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about
+publishing modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an
+answer that I'm fully satisfied with.</p>
+
+<p>Un membre de l'audience pose une question (MA1), inaudible.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so fast
+you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind of
+category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that the game
+engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA1</strong> : Et les graphismes ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The specific
+pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas the software
+for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that if they
+combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing then the
+software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing to separate
+the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to say, well the
+engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyright : les solutions possibles</h3>
+
+<p>Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in
+publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today in
+the US most books that are published are out of print within three years.
+They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that there's not
+real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's ridiculous. In fact,
+it's clear that ten year copyright would be sufficient to keep the activity
+of publishing going. But it should be ten years from date of publication,
+but it would make sense to allow an additional period before publication
+which could even be longer than ten years which as you see, as long as the
+book has not been published the copyright on it is not restricting the
+public. It's basically just giving the author to have it published
+eventually but I think that once the book is published copyright should run
+for some ten years or so, then that's it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all
+writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's
+ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was an
+awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the difficulty
+of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words are leaking into
+my English, of, of regaining the rights from the publisher who'd let his
+books go out of print for practical purposes but was dragging his heels
+about obeying the contract, which says that when the book is out of print
+the rights revert to the author.</p>
+
+<p>The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always
+demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along a
+few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that they can
+get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that the power is
+really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not famous and are
+not rich and have no particular clout are being treated horribly by the
+publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I recommend all of you
+to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon magazine right?</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA2</strong> : (Membre de l'audience 2) Oui</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies quote
+pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In any case
+we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various lengths, we
+could see, we could find out empirically what length of copyright is needed
+to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since almost books are out
+of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be long enough. But it
+doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some
+aspects of copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to
+sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You
+know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is limited to
+one company in most cases. Maybe the copyright on the movies themselves,
+maybe that's legitimate for that to last twenty years. Meanwhile for
+software, I suspect that a three year copyright would be enough. You see if
+each version of the programme remains copyrighted for three years after its
+release well, unless the company is in real bad trouble they should have a
+new version before those three years are up and there will be a lot of
+people who will want to use the newer version, so if older versions are all
+becoming free software automatically, the company would still have a
+business with the newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it,
+because it is a system in which not all software is free, but it might be an
+acceptable compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in some
+cases for programs to become free… well, that's no disaster. To be
+using three years old software is not a disaster.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA3</strong> : Ne pensez-vous pas que c'est un système
+qui encouragerait la dégradation des fonctions ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side
+issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system
+encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present
+system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in
+activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also encourages
+a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I would say.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA4</strong> : Le problème avec ce changement des lois
+sur le copyright pour trois ans, c'est que vous n'obtiendriez pas les
+sources.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a law
+that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code must be
+deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. So it
+could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and I think
+other countries have similar institutions where copies of published books
+get placed, and they could also received the source code and after three
+years, publish it. And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to
+the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds
+then they ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is
+published initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there
+says alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if
+produces the same executables and uh.</p>
+
+<p>Aussi vous avez raison, éliminer le copyright ne rendrait pas le
+logiciel « free ».</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA5</strong> : Heu…libre</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It
+wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they
+might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making
+software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a more
+complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply abolished
+from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft to protect the
+free status of a program but meanwhile the software privateers could use
+other methods—contracts or withholding the source to make software
+proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release a free program some
+greedy bastard could make a modified version and publish just the binaries
+and make people sign non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer
+have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all
+software that was published had to be free we would have to do it in some
+more complex way, not just by turning copyright for software.</p>
+
+<p>So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and the
+various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw the
+line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for making use
+of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some kind of fairly
+painless kind of copyright for general public that is still of benefit to
+authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright system to the circumstances
+where we find it we find ourselves and have a system that doesn't require
+putting people in prison for years because they shared with their friends,
+but still does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also
+I believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of
+facilitating authors making money. For example, suppose that verbatim
+redistribution of a work is permitted and suppose that the work comes with
+something, so that when you are playing with it or reading it, there is a
+box on the side that says “click here to send one dollar to the
+authors or the musicians or whatever” I think that in the wealthier
+parts of the world a lot of people will send it because people often really
+love the authors and musicians that made the things that they like to read
+and listen to. And the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get
+now is such a small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something
+they're probably not getting more than one anyway.</p>
+
+<p>So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing will
+be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping the
+author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons to
+send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people don't
+just send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck to do
+it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you going to
+mail the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which might not be
+easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which makes it
+efficient to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into all the
+copies, and then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to work well. It
+may take five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a
+cultural thing, you know, at first people might find it a little surprising
+but once it gets normal people would become accustomed to sending the money,
+and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what it costs to buy books
+today.</p>
+
+<p><em>[il boit]</em></p>
+
+<p>So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe
+aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work
+for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person
+after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the
+boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's easy
+to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain author, or
+certain group of authors, and they can just agree together what they're
+going to do and click on the box, if no-one is publishing modified versions
+then every copy will contain the same box with the same URL directing money
+to the same people but when you have different version which have been
+worked on by different people there's no simple automatic way of working out
+who ought to get what fraction of what users donate for this version or that
+version. It's philosophically hard to decide how important each
+contribution is, and all the obvious ways of trying to measure it are
+<em>[emphasis]</em> obviously <em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases,
+they're obviously closing their eyes to some important part of the facts so
+I think that this kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody
+is free to publish modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it
+is not crucial to have the freedom to publish modified versions then this
+solution can be applied very simply once we have the convenient internet
+payment system to base it on.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who
+commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a modified
+version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with the
+original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to those
+works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be some
+standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I think in
+some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in some way
+publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be possible still
+to have this kind of voluntary payment system.</p>
+
+<p>Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary payment
+systems. I heard of something called the street performer's protocol. I
+don't know the details of it. And I believe there is something called
+GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</em> I believe the
+people there are trying to set up something more or less like this. I think
+that what they are hoping to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make
+to various different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it
+gets to be big enough so that it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems
+work smoothly enough in practice that they'll get going is not clear, and
+whether they will become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal
+cultural practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary
+payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need to
+see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta pay“
+once in a while. We'll see.</p>
+
+<p>There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at for
+example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by donations from
+listeners, you have I believe, millions of people donating, I'm not sure how
+many exactly but there are many public radio stations which are supported by
+their listeners and they seem to be finding it easier to get donations as
+time goes on. Ten years ago they would have maybe six weeks of the year
+when they were spending most of their time asking people “Please send
+some money, don't you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours
+a day, and now a lot of them have found that they can raise the
+contributions by sending people mail who sent them donations in the past,
+and they don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations.</p>
+
+<p>Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is a
+worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it that
+are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works whose
+developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital technology is
+providing us with solutions to the problem as well as creating a context
+where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end of this talk, and are
+there questions?</p>
+
+<h3>Questions et discussion</h3>
+<p>Tout d'abord, quand est le prochain entretien ? Quelle heure est-il
+maintenant ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Moi</strong> : Il est trois heures et quart.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oh vraiment ? Donc je suis
+déjà en retard ? Bon, j'espère que Mélanie
+me permettra d'accepter quelques questions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Qui décidera dans lesquelles de vos trois
+catégories un travail rentrera ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of
+deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect judges
+can tell a novel when they see one too.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA7</strong> : Des commentaires sur le chiffrement ? Et
+sur l'interaction des dispositifs de chiffrement avec les contenus sous
+copyright ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of
+controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various
+encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from
+copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really they
+all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and without those
+laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so they are all
+based on direct government intervention to stop people from copying and I
+object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those media. If as a
+practical matter the means to copy something are not available to me I won't
+buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA8</strong> : En France nous avons une loi qui dit que
+même si le support est protégé vous avez le droit de le
+copier à nouveau pour le sauvegarder.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oui, c'était aussi comme ça aux
+USA jusqu'à il y a deux ans.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA8</strong> : Très souvent vous signez un accord qui
+est illégal en France… le contrat que vous êtes
+censé signer avec une souris…</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, peut-être qu'ils ne le sont pas.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA8</strong> : Comment pouvons-nous le contester ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to
+challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how
+would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say,
+“They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it is
+an invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the distributor is
+in the US. French law about what is a valid contract couldn't be used to
+stop them in the US. On the other hand you could also say “I signed
+this contract but it's not valid in France so I am publicly disobeying, and
+I challenge them to sue me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if
+you're right and the laws are not valid in France then the case would get
+thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know
+whether, what its effects politically would be. I know that there was just
+a couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of
+private copying of music, and the record companies trotted out some famous
+very popular musicians to push for this law and they got it, so it's clear
+that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's possible that they will
+get more, just pass another law to change this. We have to think about the
+political strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and
+the actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no
+expert on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should
+think about.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Que dites-vous de la protection de la
+correspondance privée ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous n'êtes pas
+<em>[emphase]</em> publié <em>[/emphase]</em>, c'est une question
+complètement différente.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non, mais si j'envoie un email à
+quelqu'un, c'est automatiquement sous mon copyright.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[énergiquement]</em> C'est
+entièrement non pertinent en réalité.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to publish
+it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents and
+I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice in
+that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue him
+and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my threat is
+copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it would even be
+upheld.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Bon, il y a des circonstances où je veux
+correspondre avec quelqu'un et garder ma (et leur) réponse,
+entièrement privée.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then
+that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be
+linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's another
+talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake for
+copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations are
+completely different from the ethics of published works and so they should
+be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : C'est assez loyal, mais pour l'instant le seul
+recours est le copyright…</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people have
+agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In Europe
+there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a right to
+force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force him to
+paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Oui, mais en supposant que les deux personnes
+à chaque extrémité sont toutes deux d'accord de
+façon raisonnable.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only
+recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper is
+he?</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non, heu, vous évitez ma question au
+sujet de l'interception.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different…
+<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the first
+time you mentioned interception…</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non c'est la deuxième fois.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA9</strong> : <em>[murmure son assentiment à
MA6]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[toujours irrité]</em> Je ne vous
+avais pas entendu avant… c'est totalement idiot… c'est comme
+essayer de… oh à quoi puis-je comparer ?…c'est
+comme essayer de tuer un éléphant avec un moule à
+gaufres, je veux dire qu'ils n'ont rien à faire l'un avec l'autre.</p>
+
+<p><em>[un ininterprétable silence tombe]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>MA10</strong> : Vous avez pensé aux changements
+<em>[inaudible, des secrets commerciaux ?]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very ominous
+and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant that you
+wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and later on it
+was something that was done within a business telling just a few people
+something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, it's turning
+into something where the public in general is becoming conscripted into
+keeping secrets for business even if they have never agreed in any way to
+keep these secrets and that's a pressure. So those who pretend that trade
+secrecy is just carrying out some natural right of theirs; that's just not
+true any more. They're getting explicit government help in forcing other
+people to keep their secrets. And we might want to consider whether
+non-disclosure agreements should in general be considered legitimate
+contracts because of the anti-social nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be
+considered automatic that just because somebody has promised to keep a
+secret that that means it's binding.</p>
+
+<p>Peut-être que dans certains cas, ça devrait, et dans d'autres
+non. S'il y a un avantage public clair de savoir alors peut-être que
+ça devrait invalider le contrat. Ou peut-être devrait-il
+être valide quand il est signé avec des clients. Ou
+peut-être entre une société et un
+<em>[…]</em>. Peut-être que ça devrait être
+légitime quand une société fournit des secrets à
+ses fournisseurs. Mais à ses clients, non.</p>
+
+<p>There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start
+anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be
+bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe it
+still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA11</strong> : Est-ce qu'une entreprise peut le demander
+à ses…</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : employés ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA11</strong> : Non non</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : fournisseurs ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another
+supplier?</p>
+
+<p><em>[espace pendant que le minidisque est changé]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Commençons par ne pas l'encourager.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the
+scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one
+official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain
+copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have
+internet access.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals where
+it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access unless
+you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should all start
+opening up access on the web.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA12</strong> : Aussi, quel impact cela a t-il sur le sens du
+copyright sur le public, quand fondamentalement vous n'intervenez pas en
+proposant un libre accès sur le net ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are
+essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should
+also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim copies
+of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get lost.
+Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, natural
+disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic disasters,
+fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that one site to
+disappear. So really what the scholarly community should logically be doing
+is carefully arranging to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure
+that every paper is available on every continent, from places near the ocean
+to places that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing
+that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not being
+stopped.</p>
+
+<p>So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step further.
+In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should be saying,
+everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have to do the
+whole publication of this journal, together with our advertisements, now
+that would still at least do the job of making the availability redundant so
+that it's not in danger, and other institutions would set up mirror sites,
+and I predict that you would find ten years down the road, a very well
+organised unofficial system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that
+nothing was getting left out. At this point the amount that it costs to set
+up the mirror site for years of a journal is so little that it doesn't
+require any special funding; nobody has to work very hard: just let
+librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was some other thing that this raised
+and I can't remember what it is. Oh well, I'll just have to let it go.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical
+works… do you think the dynamics could be…
+<em>[inaudible]</em> although I understand the problems of… I mean
+who's contributing? And who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free
+software <em>[inaudible]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to
+people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to
+get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know
+how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get
+governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of
+world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I
+think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and
+the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and
+say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published
+works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing
+with your friend is more important than how much money these companies get.
+The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies. We have to
+keep on… because you see the idea that they've spread—that
+anything that reduces their income is immoral and therefore people must be
+restricted in any way it takes to guarantee for them to be paid for
+everything… that is the fundamental thing that we have to start
+attacking directly. People have mostly tried tactics of concentrating on
+secondary issues, you know, to when people, you know when the publishers
+demand increased power usually people saying it will cause some secondary
+kind of harm and arguing based on that but you rarely find anybody (except
+me) saying that the whole point of the change is wrong, that it's wrong to
+restrict it in that way, that it's legitimate for people to want to change
+copies and that they should be allowed to. We have to have more of this.
+We have to start cutting the root of their dominion not just hacking away at
+a few leaves.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA14</strong> : <em>[inaudible]</em> ce qui est important,
+c'est de se concentrer sur le système de donation pour la musique.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents covering
+the technique that seems most likely to be usable.</p>
+
+<p><em>[rires, on crie «non» dans l'audience]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Cela peut mettre dix ans avant que ça
+puisse se faire.</p>
+
+<p><strong>MA15</strong> : On prendra seulement les lois
+françaises.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor over
+to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. And uh so</p>
+
+<p>RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause.
+RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead
+projector at the beginning of the talk.</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
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+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Veuillez consulter le <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
+traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
+de traductions de cet article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
+permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
+préservée.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+Traduction : Miluz.<br /> Révision : <a
+href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Dernière mise à jour :
+
+$Date: 2009/12/02 21:26:09 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
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+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/copyright-versus-community-2000.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: po/copyright-versus-community-2000.pot
diff -N po/copyright-versus-community-2000.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/copyright-versus-community-2000.pot 2 Dec 2009 21:26:15 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1436 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-02 16:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - "
+"Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. It seems this location is no longer accessible
+#. The original version is hosted at <a
+#.
href="http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html";><http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html></a>
+#. yavor, Apr 3, 2007
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas\n"
+"Carnall, July 2000.\n"
+"\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of "
+"commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He "
+"speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced Boston "
+"accent.</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a strangler."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification "
+"system]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "I don't wear stranglers, so there is no place for it to go."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[clips it to his T-shirt]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: Are you OK with the recording?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes! <em>[testy]</em> How many people have to ask
me?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Well, I'm supposed to speak today"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[long pause]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "What can I do?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Let's see… there's no volume control…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[finds volume control on radio microphone box]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "this seems better"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The "
+"principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations, "
+"but to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the facts "
+"of the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what their "
+"consequences are, a change in technology never changes the principles of "
+"ethics, but a change in technology can alter the consequences of the same "
+"choices, so it can make a difference for the outcome of the question, and "
+"that has happened in the area of copyright law. We have a situation where "
+"changes in technology have affected the ethical factors that weigh on "
+"decisions about copyright law and change the right policy for society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because "
+"they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to "
+"the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them out "
+"by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read could "
+"also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day writing "
+"copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who didn't "
+"ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. Essentially, "
+"anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as they could be "
+"copied in any fashion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the ancient world, there wasn't the sharp distinction between authorship "
+"and copying that there tends to be today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say, "
+"writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody "
+"making copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who "
+"say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing a "
+"commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other "
+"people would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from another "
+"book, and write something of their own words, and then copy from another "
+"book, quoting passages of various lengths from many different works, and "
+"then writing some other works to talk about them more, or relate them. And "
+"there are many ancient works—now lost—in which part of them "
+"survived in these quotations in other books that became more popular than "
+"the book that the original quote <em>[came from]</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. There "
+"were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original writing. I "
+"don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient world and it "
+"would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because books could be "
+"copied by anyone who could read anywhere, anyone who could get some writing "
+"materials, and a feather to write with. So, that was a rather clear simple "
+"situation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation "
+"greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of books, "
+"provided that they were all identical. And it required specialised, fairly "
+"expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in effect it "
+"created a situation in which copies could only feasibly be made by "
+"specialised businesses, of which the number was not that large. There might "
+"have been hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of "
+"thousands, or maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So the "
+"decrease in the number of places in which copies could be made was "
+"tremendous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I think "
+"that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, which was "
+"a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of copyright but I "
+"can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. But the system of "
+"copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press because it became rare "
+"for ordinary readers to make copies. It still happen. People who were very "
+"poor or very rich had handmade copies of books. The very rich people did "
+"this to show off their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show "
+"that they could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books "
+"by hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes "
+"“Time ain't money when all you got is time.” So some poor people "
+"copied books with a pen. But for the most part the books were all made on "
+"printing presses by publishers and copyright as a system fitted in very well "
+"with the technical system. For one thing it was painless for readers, "
+"because the readers weren't going to make copies anyway, except for the very "
+"rich ones who could presumably legitimise it, or the very poor ones who were "
+"making just individual copies and no one was going to go after them with "
+"lawyers. And the system was fairly easy to enforce again because there were "
+"only a small number of places where it had to be enforced: only the printing "
+"presses, and because of this it didn't require, it didn't involve, a "
+"struggle against the public. You didn't find just about everybody trying to "
+"copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it didn't "
+"cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a small "
+"fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so that small "
+"extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the readers. The "
+"actions restricted by copyright were actions that you couldn't do, as an "
+"ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a problem. And because of "
+"this there was no need for harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate "
+"it and to obey."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted "
+"publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was "
+"somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the Atlantic. "
+"You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting on a boat for "
+"weeks or months."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor "
+"people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of got "
+"forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got cheap "
+"enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so to some "
+"extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost from memory. "
+"I heard about this about ten years ago when I started talking about the "
+"subject to people."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of "
+"censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get "
+"approval from the government but the idea began to change and it a different "
+"idea was expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the US "
+"constitution was written there was a proposal that authors should be "
+"entitled to a monopoly on copying their books. This idea was rejected. "
+"Instead, a different idea of the philosophy of copyright was put into the "
+"constitution. The idea that a copyright system could be… well, the "
+"idea is that people have the natural right to copy things but copyright as "
+"an artificial restriction on copying can be authorised for the sake of "
+"promoting progress."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either way, "
+"but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify "
+"copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not "
+"as an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify "
+"the behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The benefit "
+"consists of more books being written and published and this is intended to "
+"contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a "
+"means to this end… in other words as a means to this end copyright "
+"exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between the public and "
+"authors; that the public gives up its natural right to make copies of "
+"anything in exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by "
+"encouraging more people to write."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose of "
+"copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most important "
+"thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and how. If you "
+"forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so ever since "
+"that decision was made, the authors and especially the publishers most "
+"recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it under the rug. "
+"There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the idea that was "
+"rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an "
+"entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost "
+"everything they say about it starting and ending with the word "
+"“pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an "
+"unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and kidnapping "
+"or killing the people on board."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you look at the statements being made by publishers you find lots of "
+"implicit assumptions of this sort which you have to drag into the open and "
+"then start questioning."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Recent events and problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[brightens]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was "
+"painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the "
+"printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox "
+"machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as "
+"computer networks have come into use the situation has changed drastically. "
+"We are now in a situation technologically more like the ancient world, where "
+"anybody who could read something could also make a copy of it that was "
+"essentially as good as the best copies anyone could make."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[murmuring in the audience]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies "
+"themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass production, "
+"as in the printing press. Now this change in technology changes the "
+"situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the bargain was that "
+"the public trades away its natural right to make copies, and in exchange "
+"gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a bad one. It "
+"depends on the worth of what you are giving up. And the worth of what you "
+"are getting. In the age of the printing press the public traded away a "
+"freedom that it was unable to use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's like finding a way of selling shit: what have you got to lose? You've "
+"got it on hand anyway, if you get something for it, it can hardly be a bad "
+"deal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[faint laughter]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another star. "
+"You're not going to do it anyway"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[hearty laughter]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to pay "
+"you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take the "
+"deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not think that "
+"deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to sell because "
+"it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to reconsider the "
+"desirability of those old deals that used to be advantageous. Typically in "
+"a such a situation you decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this "
+"any more; I'm going to keep some of it and use it.” So if you were "
+"giving up a freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you can exercise it, "
+"you probably want to start retaining the right to exercise it at least "
+"partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there are many "
+"alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the freedom and keep "
+"other parts. So, precisely what you want to do requires thought, but in any "
+"case you want to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably want to sell "
+"less of what you sold in the past."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the "
+"time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it, "
+"the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You see "
+"copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the uses of a "
+"copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in recent times "
+"the publishers have been pushing to extend it further and further. Ending "
+"up most recently with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in "
+"the US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World "
+"Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an organisation "
+"representing the owners of copyrights and patents and which works to try to "
+"increase their power, and pretends to be doing so in the name of humanity "
+"rather than in the name of these particular companies."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting activities "
+"that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no longer an "
+"industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. For "
+"another, because of this, you find the public's starting to object to it You "
+"know, when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that are natural "
+"in their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. Which means that "
+"copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why you see harsher and "
+"harsher punishments being adopted by governments that are basically serving "
+"the publishers rather than the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still beneficial. "
+"Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable for us. Maybe "
+"the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made technology fit in "
+"well with the technology of the printing press make it fit badly with "
+"digital information technology. So, instead of like, charging the fee to "
+"cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a fee to cross a street. "
+"It's a big nuisance, because people cross the street all along the street, "
+"and making them pay is a pain in the neck."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "New kinds of copyright"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law in "
+"order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? Well the "
+"extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't the only "
+"possible choice. There are various situations in which we could reduce the "
+"power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because there are various "
+"different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various "
+"situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent "
+"question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a "
+"question of “How long?”. Copyright used to be much shorter in "
+"its period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the "
+"past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of "
+"copyrights are planning to keep on extending copyrights so that they will "
+"never expire again. The US constitution says that “copyright must "
+"exist for a limited time” but the publishers have found a way around "
+"this: every twenty years they make copyright twenty years longer, and this "
+"way, no copyright will ever expire again. Now a thousand years from now, "
+"copyright might last for 1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright "
+"on Mickey Mouse can not expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to extend "
+"copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the "
+"President too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if "
+"they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly to "
+"campaigns is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So they "
+"passed the Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sunny Bono "
+"was a congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which uses "
+"copyrights to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have their pet "
+"congressman and they pushed very hard for increased copyright powers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they passed "
+"the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being challenged by "
+"the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that people hope to go "
+"to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old copyrights tossed out. "
+"In any case, there are all these different situations and questions where we "
+"could reduce the scope of copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different "
+"contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at "
+"one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your "
+"friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, there's "
+"broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the website, there's "
+"handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and some of these "
+"things could be done either commercially or non-commercially. You know, you "
+"could imagine a company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine "
+"a school doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing it. "
+"Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same. So one "
+"way in we could reclaim the… in general though, the activities that "
+"are the most private are those that are most crucial to our freedom and our "
+"way of life, whereas the most public and commercial are those that are most "
+"useful for providing some sort of income for authors so it's a natural "
+"situation for a compromise in which the limits of copyright are put "
+"somewhere in the middle so that a substantial part of the activity still is "
+"covered and provides an income for authors, while the activities that are "
+"most directly relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And "
+"this is the sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things "
+"such as novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at "
+"the very minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy with a "
+"friend. It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that "
+"they have to start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh "
+"punishments. The only way basically to stop people in their private lives "
+"from sharing is with a police state, but public commercial activities can be "
+"regulated much more easily and much more painlessly."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of "
+"work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until "
+"today we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly "
+"alike except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. But "
+"there's no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the practical "
+"consequences. We can treat different kinds of works differently. I propose "
+"a classification broadly into three kinds of works: functional works, works "
+"that express personal position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; "
+"dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs "
+"done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, "
+"including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am "
+"going to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of "
+"functional works in the same way. So, this criterion of free… "
+"because it necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version this "
+"means we have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free "
+"software movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is "
+"supposedly the justification for society having copyright can happen in "
+"other ways. We don't have to give up these important freedoms to have "
+"progress. Now the publishers are always asking us to presuppose that their "
+"there is no way to get progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and "
+"the most important thing I think about the free software movement is to show "
+"them that their pre-supposition is unjustified."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress "
+"without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is that "
+"we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be dismissed. "
+"The public should not suppose that the only way to get progress is to have "
+"copyright but even for these kinds of works there can be some kinds of "
+"compromise copyright systems that are consistent with giving people the "
+"freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for example, at the GNU free "
+"documentation license, which is used to make a book free. It allows anyone "
+"to make and sell copies of a modified version, but it requires giving credit "
+"in certain ways to the original authors and publishers in a way that can "
+"give them a commercial advantage and thus I believe make it possible to have "
+"commercial publishing of free textbooks, and if this works people are just "
+"beginning to try it commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been "
+"selling lots of copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now "
+"and it's been successful for us. At this point though, commercial "
+"publishers are just beginning to try this particular approach, but I think "
+"that even for functional works where the freedom to publish modified works "
+"is essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out, "
+"which permits everyone that freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, because "
+"the works are used differently. The second category of works is works that "
+"express someone's positions or views or experiences. For example, essays, "
+"offers to do business with people, statements of one's legal position, "
+"memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what you think or you "
+"want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant reviews are also in this "
+"category: it's expressing a personal opinion or position. Now for these "
+"kinds of works, making a modified version is not a useful thing to do. So I "
+"see no reason why people should need to have the freedom to publish modified "
+"versions of these works. Verbatim copying is the only thing that people "
+"need to have the freedom to do and because of this we can consider the idea "
+"that the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in some situations, "
+"for example if it were limited to non-commercial distribution that would be "
+"OK I think. Ordinary citizen's lives would no longer be restricted but "
+"publishers would still be covered by copyright for these things."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[drinks water]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people to "
+"privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe it "
+"would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by copyright "
+"for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced me that that's "
+"not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots of people both "
+"want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not commercially "
+"redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then it's "
+"wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be acceptable I "
+"think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this work, because that "
+"would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't block the useful "
+"activities that people should be doing with these works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into this "
+"category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good thing to "
+"do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be distributed verbatim, "
+"so scientific papers should be freely redistributable by anyone because we "
+"should be encouraging their redistribution, and I hope you will never agree "
+"to publish a scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim "
+"redistribution on the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination of "
+"scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they are "
+"nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access and "
+"restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the "
+"enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of science, "
+"and this practice must come to an end."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose main "
+"use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many cases, "
+"typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. Now, "
+"they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and improve "
+"them, the way people have the need to do that with functional works. So "
+"it's a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the freedom to "
+"publish modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one hand you have "
+"authors with a lot of ego attachment saying"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "“Oh this is my creation.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[Back to Boston]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand you "
+"have the folk process which shows that a series of people sequentially "
+"modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then comparing versions can "
+"produce something tremendously rich, and not only beautiful songs and short "
+"poems, but even long epics have been produced in this way, and there was a "
+"time back before the mystique of the artist as creator, semi-divine figure "
+"was so powerful when even great writers reworked stories that had been "
+"written by others. Some of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that "
+"were taken from other plays written often a few decades before. If today's "
+"copyright laws had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote "
+"pirate unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would "
+"have had the other authors saying"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly "
+"make it better.“"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I am "
+"not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
+"aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
+"music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
+"but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask permission "
+"to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these works, either "
+"modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might have to pay some "
+"money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about "
+"publishing modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an "
+"answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so fast "
+"you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind of "
+"category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that the game "
+"engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The specific "
+"pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas the software "
+"for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that if they "
+"combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing then the "
+"software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing to separate "
+"the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to say, well the "
+"engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Copyright: possible solutions"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
+"publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today in "
+"the US most books that are published are out of print within three years. "
+"They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that there's not "
+"real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's ridiculous. In fact, "
+"it's clear that ten year copyright would be sufficient to keep the activity "
+"of publishing going. But it should be ten years from date of publication, "
+"but it would make sense to allow an additional period before publication "
+"which could even be longer than ten years which as you see, as long as the "
+"book has not been published the copyright on it is not restricting the "
+"public. It's basically just giving the author to have it published "
+"eventually but I think that once the book is published copyright should run "
+"for some ten years or so, then that's it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
+"writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
+"ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was an "
+"awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the difficulty "
+"of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words are leaking into "
+"my English, of, of regaining the rights from the publisher who'd let his "
+"books go out of print for practical purposes but was dragging his heels "
+"about obeying the contract, which says that when the book is out of print "
+"the rights revert to the author."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
+"demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along a "
+"few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that they can "
+"get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that the power is "
+"really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not famous and are "
+"not rich and have no particular clout are being treated horribly by the "
+"publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I recommend all of you "
+"to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon magazine right?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies quote "
+"pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In any case "
+"we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various lengths, we "
+"could see, we could find out empirically what length of copyright is needed "
+"to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since almost books are out "
+"of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be long enough. But it "
+"doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some "
+"aspects of copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to "
+"sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You "
+"know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is limited to "
+"one company in most cases. Maybe the copyright on the movies themselves, "
+"maybe that's legitimate for that to last twenty years. Meanwhile for "
+"software, I suspect that a three year copyright would be enough. You see if "
+"each version of the programme remains copyrighted for three years after its "
+"release well, unless the company is in real bad trouble they should have a "
+"new version before those three years are up and there will be a lot of "
+"people who will want to use the newer version, so if older versions are all "
+"becoming free software automatically, the company would still have a "
+"business with the newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, "
+"because it is a system in which not all software is free, but it might be an "
+"acceptable compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in some "
+"cases for programs to become free… well, that's no disaster. To be "
+"using three years old software is not a disaster."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour "
+"feature creep?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
+"issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
+"encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
+"system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
+"activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also encourages "
+"a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I would say."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws for "
+"three would be that you wouldn't get the sources."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a law "
+"that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code must be "
+"deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. So it "
+"could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and I think "
+"other countries have similar institutions where copies of published books "
+"get placed, and they could also received the source code and after three "
+"years, publish it. And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to "
+"the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds "
+"then they ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is "
+"published initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there "
+"says alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if "
+"produces the same executables and uh."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software
free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
+"wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
+"might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making "
+"software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a more "
+"complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply abolished "
+"from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft to protect the "
+"free status of a program but meanwhile the software privateers could use "
+"other methods—contracts or withholding the source to make software "
+"proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release a free program some "
+"greedy bastard could make a modified version and publish just the binaries "
+"and make people sign non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer "
+"have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all "
+"software that was published had to be free we would have to do it in some "
+"more complex way, not just by turning copyright for software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and the "
+"various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw the "
+"line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for making use "
+"of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some kind of fairly "
+"painless kind of copyright for general public that is still of benefit to "
+"authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright system to the circumstances "
+"where we find it we find ourselves and have a system that doesn't require "
+"putting people in prison for years because they shared with their friends, "
+"but still does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also "
+"I believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of "
+"facilitating authors making money. For example, suppose that verbatim "
+"redistribution of a work is permitted and suppose that the work comes with "
+"something, so that when you are playing with it or reading it, there is a "
+"box on the side that says “click here to send one dollar to the "
+"authors or the musicians or whatever” I think that in the wealthier "
+"parts of the world a lot of people will send it because people often really "
+"love the authors and musicians that made the things that they like to read "
+"and listen to. And the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get "
+"now is such a small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something "
+"they're probably not getting more than one anyway."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing will "
+"be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping the "
+"author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons to "
+"send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people don't "
+"just send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck to do "
+"it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you going to "
+"mail the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which might not be "
+"easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which makes it "
+"efficient to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into all the "
+"copies, and then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to work well. It "
+"may take five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a "
+"cultural thing, you know, at first people might find it a little surprising "
+"but once it gets normal people would become accustomed to sending the money, "
+"and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what it costs to buy books "
+"today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
+"aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work "
+"for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person "
+"after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the "
+"boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's easy "
+"to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain author, or "
+"certain group of authors, and they can just agree together what they're "
+"going to do and click on the box, if no-one is publishing modified versions "
+"then every copy will contain the same box with the same URL directing money "
+"to the same people but when you have different version which have been "
+"worked on by different people there's no simple automatic way of working out "
+"who ought to get what fraction of what users donate for this version or that "
+"version. It's philosophically hard to decide how important each "
+"contribution is, and all the obvious ways of trying to measure it are "
+"<em>[emphasis]</em> obviously <em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases, "
+"they're obviously closing their eyes to some important part of the facts so "
+"I think that this kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody "
+"is free to publish modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it "
+"is not crucial to have the freedom to publish modified versions then this "
+"solution can be applied very simply once we have the convenient internet "
+"payment system to base it on."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
+"commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a modified "
+"version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with the "
+"original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to those "
+"works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be some "
+"standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I think in "
+"some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in some way "
+"publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be possible still "
+"to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary payment "
+"systems. I heard of something called the street performer's protocol. I "
+"don't know the details of it. And I believe there is something called "
+"GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</em> I believe the "
+"people there are trying to set up something more or less like this. I think "
+"that what they are hoping to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make "
+"to various different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it "
+"gets to be big enough so that it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems "
+"work smoothly enough in practice that they'll get going is not clear, and "
+"whether they will become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal "
+"cultural practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary "
+"payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need to "
+"see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta pay“ "
+"once in a while. We'll see."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at for "
+"example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by donations from "
+"listeners, you have I believe, millions of people donating, I'm not sure how "
+"many exactly but there are many public radio stations which are supported by "
+"their listeners and they seem to be finding it easier to get donations as "
+"time goes on. Ten years ago they would have maybe six weeks of the year "
+"when they were spending most of their time asking people “Please send "
+"some money, don't you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours "
+"a day, and now a lot of them have found that they can raise the "
+"contributions by sending people mail who sent them donations in the past, "
+"and they don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is a "
+"worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it that "
+"are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works whose "
+"developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital technology is "
+"providing us with solutions to the problem as well as creating a context "
+"where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end of this talk, and are "
+"there questions?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Questions and discussion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie "
+"will permit me to accept a few questions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of your "
+"three categories will a work fit?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of "
+"deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect judges "
+"can tell a novel when they see one too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of "
+"encryption devices with copyrighted materials?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
+"controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various "
+"encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from "
+"copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really they "
+"all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and without those "
+"laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so they are all "
+"based on direct government intervention to stop people from copying and I "
+"object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those media. If as a "
+"practical matter the means to copy something are not available to me I won't "
+"buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the "
+"media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup purpose"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well until 2 "
+"years ago."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in "
+"France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a mouse…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to "
+"challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how "
+"would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, "
+"“They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it is "
+"an invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the distributor is "
+"in the US. French law about what is a valid contract couldn't be used to "
+"stop them in the US. On the other hand you could also say “I signed "
+"this contract but it's not valid in France so I am publicly disobeying, and "
+"I challenge them to sue me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if "
+"you're right and the laws are not valid in France then the case would get "
+"thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know "
+"whether, what its effects politically would be. I know that there was just "
+"a couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of "
+"private copying of music, and the record companies trotted out some famous "
+"very popular musicians to push for this law and they got it, so it's clear "
+"that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's possible that they will "
+"get more, just pass another law to change this. We have to think about the "
+"political strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and "
+"the actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no "
+"expert on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should "
+"think about."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private correspondence?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em> publishing "
+"<em>[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody, that's "
+"automatically under my copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely irrelevant "
+"actually."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to publish "
+"it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents and "
+"I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice in "
+"that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue him "
+"and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my threat is "
+"copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it would even be "
+"upheld."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to "
+"correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then "
+"that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be "
+"linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's another "
+"talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake for "
+"copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations are "
+"completely different from the ethics of published works and so they should "
+"be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the only redress "
+"one has is copyright…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people have "
+"agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In Europe "
+"there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a right to "
+"force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force him to "
+"paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at either end "
+"are both in reasonable agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
+"recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper is "
+"he?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about "
+"interception."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… "
+"<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the first "
+"time you mentioned interception…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you "
+"before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh how "
+"can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a waffle "
+"iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in "
+"trade secrets?]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very ominous "
+"and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant that you "
+"wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and later on it "
+"was something that was done within a business telling just a few people "
+"something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, it's turning "
+"into something where the public in general is becoming conscripted into "
+"keeping secrets for business even if they have never agreed in any way to "
+"keep these secrets and that's a pressure. So those who pretend that trade "
+"secrecy is just carrying out some natural right of theirs; that's just not "
+"true any more. They're getting explicit government help in forcing other "
+"people to keep their secrets. And we might want to consider whether "
+"non-disclosure agreements should in general be considered legitimate "
+"contracts because of the anti-social nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be "
+"considered automatic that just because somebody has promised to keep a "
+"secret that that means it's binding."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be. If "
+"there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should "
+"invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed with "
+"customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business supplies "
+"secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its customers, "
+"no."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
+"anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
+"bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe it "
+"still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
+"supplier?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
+"scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
+"official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
+"copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
+"internet access."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals where "
+"it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access unless "
+"you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should all start "
+"opening up access on the web."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance of "
+"copyright on the public when you basically don't interfere with providing "
+"free access on the web."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
+"essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
+"also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim copies "
+"of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get lost. "
+"Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, natural "
+"disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic disasters, "
+"fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that one site to "
+"disappear. So really what the scholarly community should logically be doing "
+"is carefully arranging to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure "
+"that every paper is available on every continent, from places near the ocean "
+"to places that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing "
+"that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not being "
+"stopped."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step further. "
+"In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should be saying, "
+"everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have to do the "
+"whole publication of this journal, together with our advertisements, now "
+"that would still at least do the job of making the availability redundant so "
+"that it's not in danger, and other institutions would set up mirror sites, "
+"and I predict that you would find ten years down the road, a very well "
+"organised unofficial system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that "
+"nothing was getting left out. At this point the amount that it costs to set "
+"up the mirror site for years of a journal is so little that it doesn't "
+"require any special funding; nobody has to work very hard: just let "
+"librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was some other thing that this raised "
+"and I can't remember what it is. Oh well, I'll just have to let it go."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
+"works… do you think the dynamics could be… "
+"<em>[inaudible]</em> although I understand the problems of… I mean "
+"who's contributing? And who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free "
+"software <em>[inaudible]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
+"people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to "
+"get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know "
+"how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get "
+"governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of "
+"world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I "
+"think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and "
+"the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and "
+"say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published "
+"works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing "
+"with your friend is more important than how much money these companies get. "
+"The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies. We have to "
+"keep on… because you see the idea that they've spread—that "
+"anything that reduces their income is immoral and therefore people must be "
+"restricted in any way it takes to guarantee for them to be paid for "
+"everything… that is the fundamental thing that we have to start "
+"attacking directly. People have mostly tried tactics of concentrating on "
+"secondary issues, you know, to when people, you know when the publishers "
+"demand increased power usually people saying it will cause some secondary "
+"kind of harm and arguing based on that but you rarely find anybody (except "
+"me) saying that the whole point of the change is wrong, that it's wrong to "
+"restrict it in that way, that it's legitimate for people to want to change "
+"copies and that they should be allowed to. We have to have more of this. "
+"We have to start cutting the root of their dominion not just hacking away at "
+"a few leaves."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to "
+"concentrate on the donations system for music."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents covering "
+"the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor over "
+"to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. And uh so"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. "
+"RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead "
+"projector at the beginning of the talk."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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