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www philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.ht...
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From: |
Yavor Doganov |
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Subject: |
www philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.ht... |
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Date: |
Tue, 01 Dec 2009 21:27:01 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/12/01 21:27:00
Modified files:
philosophy : copyright-versus-community.fr.html
philosophy/po : copyright-versus-community.fr.po
copyright-versus-community.pot
danger-of-software-patents.pot
software : devel.es.html
software/po : devel.es.po
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/devel.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/devel.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
Patches:
Index: philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:35
-0000 1.12
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-0000 1.13
@@ -9,1230 +9,860 @@
<h2>Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des réseaux
informatiques</h2>
-<pre><!-- It seems this location is no longer accessible
-The original version is hosted at <a
-href="http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html";><http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html></a>
-yavor, Apr 3, 2007 -->
-
-Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio réalisé par
-Douglas Carnall, en juillet 2000.
-
-</pre>
-
-<p><em>M. Stallman arrive quelques minutes après l'heure prévue
-du début de sa conférence pour s'adresser à une
-assistance silencieuse et respectueuse. Il parle avec une grande
-précision et presque sans hésitation avec un accent
-prononcé de Boston.</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS </strong>: Ceci est fait pour quelqu'un qui porte un
-strangler. </p>
-
-<p><em>[il indique le micro à agrafe du système d'amplification
-de la salle de conférence]</em> </p>
-
-<p>Je ne porte pas de strangler, alors il n'y a pas de place pour le mettre</p>
-
-<p><em>[Il l'accroche à son T-shirt]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>Moi</strong> : C'est bon pour le micro ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oui ! <em>[irrité]</em> Combien de
-personnes sont sensées me demander ?</p>
-
-<p>Bon, je suppose que je dois parler aujourd'hui. </p>
-
-<p><em>[longue pause]</em></p>
-
-<p>à propos du copyright contre la Communauté. C'est trop fort.
</p>
-
-<p><em>[il indique le micro à agrafe]</em> </p>
-
-<p>Que puis-je faire ? </p>
-
-<p>Regardez… il n'y a pas de contrôle de volume… </p>
-
-<p><em>[il trouve la commande du volume sur la boîte radio du
micro]</em> </p>
-
-<p>ça paraît mieux</p>
-
-<p>OK. Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des
-réseaux informatiques. Les principes de l'éthique ne peuvent
-pas changer. Ils restent les mêmes dans toutes les situations. Mais
-pour qu'ils s'appliquent quelle que soit la question ou situation, vous
-devez regarder les faits pour comparer les alternatives, et voir quelles en
-seront les conséquences. Un changement de technologie ne change
-jamais les principes de l'éthique, mais peut modifier ses
-conséquences sur les mêmes choix, qui peuvent avoir des
-résultats différents, comme cela s'est produit dans le domaine
-des lois sur le copyright. Nous sommes dans une situation où les
-changements de technologie ont affecté les facteurs éthiques
-qui pèsent sur les décisions à propos des lois sur le
-copyright et changent de politique appropriée pour la
-société. </p>
-<p>Ces lois qui étaient par le passé une bonne idée, sont
-maintenantnocives parce qu'elles ont changé de contexte. Pour
-l'expliquer, ilfaudrait remonter au début du monde antique où
-les livres étaient desœuvres écrites à la
-main. Quand c'était la seule manière de le faire.Quiconque qui
-pouvait lire les livres, pouvait également en écrire une
-copie. Il est certain qu'un esclave qui passait sa journée à
-écrire des copies était théoriquement capable de le
-faire mieux que quelqu'un qui n'en avait pas l'habitude, mais ça ne
-faisait pas une énorme différence. Principalement, celui qui
-pouvait lire les livres pouvait aussi les copier, et à peu
-près de n'importe quelle manière.</p>
-<p>Dans l'Antiquité, il n'y avait pas d'aussi nette distinction entre
-paternité et copie, comme c'est la tendance aujourd'hui. </p>
-
-<p>Il y avait un continuum. D'un côté vous pouviez avoir quelqu'un
-qui pense, puis écrit la scène. Comme vous pouviez avoir
-à l'autre extrême, quelqu'un qui faisait des copies d'un
-livre. Mais entre les deux, vous pouviez avoir quelqu'un qui pense, puis
-copie des passages d'un livre, en écrivant quelques mots par
-lui-même, ou un commentaire, et c'était très courant et
-certainement respecté. D'autres personnes pouvaient copier certaines
-parties d'un livre, citer des passages de longueurs variées de
-plusieurs travaux différents, et de là construire d'autres
-travaux pour en parler davantage, ou s'en référer. Et il y a
-beaucoup d'anciens travaux — aujourd'hui perdus — dont des
-parties ont survécu à travers ces citations dans d'autres
-livres, devenus plus populaires que le livre dont la citation originale
-provenait.</p>
-
-<p>Il y avait tout un spectre entre l'écriture d'un travail original, et
-sa copie. Beaucoup de livres étaient partiellement copiés sur
-d'autres, mélangés à l'écriture originale. Je ne
-crois pas qu'il y ait eu une quelconque notion de copyright dans
-l'antiquité. Et il aurait été plutôt difficile
-d'en imposer une, parce que les livres pouvaient être copiés
-par qui pouvait les lire n'importe où, et qui pouvait obtenir quelque
-support d'écriture, et une plume pour écrire avec. Ainsi,
-c'était une situation simple, plutôt claire.</p>
-
-<p>Plus tard, l'impression fut développée et a
-considérablement changé la situation. Elle a fourni une
-manière beaucoup plus efficace de faire des copies de livres, pourvu
-qu'elle soient toutes identiques. Et elle a exigé un
-équipement spécialisé assez cher, qu'un lecteur
-ordinaire ne pouvait pas avoir. Elle a donc créé une situation
-dans laquelle les copies ne pouvait être réellement faisables
-que par des entreprises spécialisées, dont le nombre
-n'était pas élevé. Il aurait pu y avoir des centaines
-d'impressions par pays et des centaines de milliers, ou peut-être
-même vraisemblablement des millions de personnes qui auraient pu les
-lire. Ainsi la diminution du nombre d'endroits dans lesquels les copies
-pouvaient être faites était considérable.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, l'idée de copyright s'est développée avec
-la presse. Je pense qu'il peut y avoir… Je pense que je me rappelle
-avoir lu que Venise, qui était un centre important de l'impression au
-XVIème siècle, a également connu un genre de copyright
-mais je ne peux pas vous dire : Je ne pourrais pas retrouver cette
-référence. Mais le système de copyright s'est
-naturellement accordé avec la presse parce qu'il est devenu rare pour
-un lecteur ordinaire de faire des copies. C'est toujours le cas. Seuls les
-gens très pauvres ou très riches détenaient des copies
-manuscrites de livres. Les gens très riches le faisaient pour
-étaler leur richesse : il fallait avoir une éblouissante
-fortune pour se le permettre. Et les pauvres gens en étaient encore
-parfois à recopier les livres à la main parce qu'ils ne
-pouvaient pas se permettre les copies imprimées. Comme le dit la
-chanson «le temps n'est pas de l'argent quand c'est tout ce que vous
-avez». Aussi quelques pauvres gens ont copié des livres avec un
-stylo. Mais pour la plupart, les livres étaient fabriqués
-à la presse par des éditeurs et le copyright en tant que
-système s'est naturellement accordé avec la technologie. D'un
-certain côté ce fut indolore pour les lecteurs, parce qu'ils ne
-faisaient de toute façon plus de copie, excepté pour les gens
-très riches qui pouvait réellement légitimer un tel
-acte, ou les très pauvres qui n'en faisaient qu'un exemplaire unique
-et que personne n'aurait poursuivi avec des avocats. Et le système
-fut vraiment facile à imposer toujours parce qu'il n'y avait qu'un
-très petit nombre de lieux où c'était possible :
-seulement les presses, et parce que cela ne nécessitait pas, cela
-n'impliquait pas de lutte contre le public. Vous ne pouviez pas trouver ne
-serait-ce qu'une seule personne essayant de copier des livres, et
-menacée d'être arrêtée pour ça.</p>
-
-<p>Et en fait, en plus de ne pas limiter le lecteur directement, il n'a pas
-vraiment causé d'ennuis, étant donné qu'il a du
-être ajouté une petite fraction du prix du livre qui n'a certes
-pas coûté le double, de sorte que la petite addition
-supplémentaire au prix n'était qu'un tout petit fardeau pour
-les lecteurs. Les actions limitées par copyright étaient des
-actions que vous ne pouviez pas faire, en tant que lecteur ordinaire, et
-donc, cela n'a pas posé de problème. Et pour cette raison, on
-avait pas besoin de punir sévèrement les lecteurs pour les
-convaincre de le tolérer et d'y obéir.</p>
-
-<p>Bien, le copyright était donc un règlement industriel. Il
-restreignait les éditeurs et les auteurs mais ne limitait pas le
-grand public. C'était comme faire payer un droit d'entrée pour
-une traversée en bateau de l'Océan atlantique. Vous savez, il
-est facile de percevoir des honoraires quand les gens prennent le bateau
-pour des semaines, voire des mois. </p>
-
-<p>Avec le temps, l'impression est devenue plus efficace. Par la suite, les
-pauvres gens n'ont plus été obligés de copier les
-livres à la main et ce genre d'idée est tombée dans
-l'oubli. Je pense que c'est au XIXème siècle que l'impression
-est devenue suffisamment bon marché pour que la plupart ait les
-moyens d'acheter des livres, aussi l'idée des pauvres de copier les
-livres à la main a été a été
-oubliée Je n'en ai entendu parler qu'il y a dix ans environ quand
-j'ai commencé à interroger les gens à ce sujet.</p>
-
-<p>En Angleterre, à l'origine, le copyright a été en
-partie prévu comme une mesure de censure. Les gens qui voulaient
-publier des livres devaient obtenir l'autorisation du gouvernement, mais les
-idées ont commencé à changer et c'est une toute autre
-idée qui a été explicitement exprimée dans la
-constitution des États-Unis. Quand la Constitution américaine
-a été écrite, il a été proposé que
-les auteurs devaient avoir le monopole sur la copie de leurs livres. Cette
-idée a été rejetée. À la place, une
-idée différente de celle de la philosophie du copyright a
-été mise dans la Constitution. L'idée que le
-système du copyright pouvait être... bon, l'idée
-était que les gens avaient un droit naturel à copier les
-choses, mais le copyright en tant que frein artificiel à la copie
-pouvait être autorisé dans l'intention de favoriser le
-progrès.</p>
-
-<p>Donc le système de copyright allait être le même d'une
-façon ou d'une autre, mais il y avait une déclaration en
-rapport avec ledit but pour justifier du copyright. Il est explicitement
-justifié comme un moyen de favoriser le progrès, pas comme un
-droit pour les propriétaires. Ainsi le système est
-censé modifier le comportement des propriétaires de copyrights
-pour en faire bénéficier le public. L'avantage consiste
-à écrire et éditer plus de livres et ceci dans
-l'intention de contribuer au progrès de la civilisation, à la
-propagation des idées, et en tant que moyen à cet
-effet… en d'autres termes c'est en tant que moyen à cet effet
-que le copyright existe. Donc, c'est aussi en pensant à un
-marché entre le public et les auteurs ; tel que le public
-renonce à son droit naturel de faire des copies de n'importe quoi en
-échange du progrès qui est apporté indirectement, en
-encourageant plus de personnes à écrire. </p>
-
-<p>Maintenant il peut sembler obscur de demander « quel est le but
-du copyright ? ». Mais connaître le but d'une
-activité est une chose essentielle pour décider si cette
-activité a besoin d'être changée, et comment. Si vous
-oubliez l'objectif, vous êtes sûr de vous tromper, or depuis que
-cette décision a été prise, les auteurs et plus
-particulièrement les éditeurs ont jusqu'à
-récemment essayé de la dénaturer et de la balayer sous
-le tapis. Il y a eu des décennies de campagne pour tenter de
-répandre l'idée qui a été rejetée dans la
-constitution des États-Unis d'Amérique. L'idée que le
-copyright existe en tant que droit pour les propriétaires de
-copyrights. Et vous pouvez la retrouver dans presque tout ce qu'il disent
-à ce sujet commençant et se terminant par le mot
-«pirate», qui est utilisé pour donner l'impression que
-faire une copie non autorisée est l'équivalent moral d'une
-attaque de bateau, et du kidnapping et du meurtre des personnes à
-bord.</p>
-
-<p>Aussi, si vous regardez les déclarations qui sont faites par les
-éditeurs vous trouverez un bon nombre de postulats de ce genre que
-vous devez mettre en lumière et commencer à interroger.</p>
-
-<h3>Récents événements et problèmes</h3>
-<p><em>[il s'éclaire]</em></p>
-
-<p>Quoi qu'il en soit, aussi longtemps que l'âge de la presse a
-duré, le copyright était indolore, facile à imposer, et
-probablement une bonne idée. Mais l'âge de la presse a
-commencé à changer il y a quelques décennies quand des
-choses comme les photocopieurs et les magnétoscopes sont devenues
-disponibles, et plus récemment quand les réseaux informatiques
-sont devenus opérationnels, la situation a changé de
-manière drastique. Nous sommes aujourd'hui dans une situation
-technologique plus proche de l'antiquité, où quiconque pouvait
-lire quelque chose pouvait aussi en faire une copie, qui était aussi
-bonne que les meilleures copies de n'importe qui d'autre.</p>
-
-<p><em>[murmures dans l'assistance]</em></p>
-
-<p>Une situation maintenant où, à nouveau, les lecteurs
-ordinaires peuvent faire des copies eux-même. Il n'est plus
-nécessaire de passer par une production de masse centralisée
-comme dans la presse. Ce changement de technologie change la situation dans
-laquelle la loi sur le copyright s'exerce. L'idée du marché
-était que le public négociait son droit de faire des copies,
-contre un avantage. Bon, une affaire peut être bonne ou mauvaise. Cela
-dépend de la valeur de ce à quoi on renonce. Et de la valeur
-de ce que vous obtenez. À l'âge de la presse, le public a
-échangé une liberté dont il ne pouvait pas user.</p>
-
-<p>C'est comme trouver un moyen de vendre de la merde : qu'avez-vous
-à perdre ? Vous l'avez à disposition de toute
-manière. Si vous trouvez le moyen de la négocier, cela ne peut
-pas être une mauvaise affaire.</p>
-
-<p><em>[rires tièdes]</em></p>
-
-<p>C'est comme accepter de l'argent en retour de votre promesse de ne pas
-voyager vers autre étoile. Vous n'allez pas le faire de toute
-façon.</p>
-
-<p><em>[rires copieux]</em></p>
-
-<p>Du moins pas de notre vivant. Donc si quelqu'un vous paye pour que vous
-promettiez de ne pas voyager vers une autre étoile, vous pouvez
-très bien faire affaire. Mais si je m'étais
-présenté à vous avec un astronef, vous ne pourriez plus
-penser que c'était une bonne affaire. Alors que vous aviez l'habitude
-de vendre une chose inutile, vous découvrez une utilisation pour
-elle ; vous allez donc reconsidérer les charmes des anciens
-marchés dont vous tiriez avantage. Typiquement dans une telle
-situation vous décidez que « je ne vais plus tout vendre
-de ce que j'ai; je vais en garder une partie et m'en
-servir ». Aussi, si vous aviez l'habitude de troquer une
-liberté dont vous ne pouviez rien faire, mais qu'à
-présent vous pouvez l'exercer, vous voudrez sans doute commencer
-à vous réserver au moins le droit de l'exercer
-partiellement. Vous pourriez encore négocier une partie de cette
-liberté : il y a de nombreuses alternatives aux
-différents marchés qui échangent une partie de la
-liberté tout en la maintenant sur d'autres plans. Ainsi, ce que vous
-voulez faire précisément exige une réflexion, mais dans
-tous les cas vous voudrez reconsidérer l'ancien marché, et
-probablement vendre moins que ce vous vendiez auparavant.</p>
-
-<p>Or les éditeurs essayent de faire exactement l'opposé. Au
-moment même où l'intérêt du public est de se
-réserver une partie de liberté afin de l'exercer, les
-éditeurs font passer des lois qui nous demandent d'y renoncer
-davantage. Vous avez vu que le copyright n'a jamais été
-prévu pour être un monopole absolu sur les utilisations d'un
-travail sous copyright. Il couvrait quelques utilisations et pas d'autres,
-mais ces derniers temps les éditeurs ont fait pression pour
-l'étendre de plus en plus loin. Pour finir dernièrement avec
-des choses du genre la loi sur le copyright du millénaire numériqque aux
-États-Unis. Qu'ils essayent également de transformer en
-traité à travers l'Organisation mondiale de la
-propriété intellectuelle; (OMPI) qui est une organisation
-représentée essentiellement par les propriétaires de
-copyrights et de brevets et qui travaille à augmenter leur pouvoir,
-en prétendant le faire au nom de l'humanité plutôt qu'au
-nom de ces compagnies particulières.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, qu'est-ce qui arrive lorsque le copyright commence à
-limiter des activités que les lecteurs ordinaires peuvent
-faire ? Et bien, d'une part cela n'est plus un règlement
-industriel. Cela devient un impôt sur le public. D'autre part, et pour
-cette raison, vous verrez le public commencer à s'y opposer. Vous
-savez, quand on demande à des gens ordinaires d'arrêter de
-faire des choses naturelles dans la vie, ils refusent d'obéir. Ce qui
-signifie qu'il n'est plus aussi facile d'imposer le copyright et c'est
-pourquoi vous voyez des punitions de plus en plus dures adoptées par
-des gouvernements qui à la base servent les éditeurs
-plutôt que le public. </p>
-
-<p>En outre, vous vous demandez en quoi un système de copyright est-il
-encore bénéfique. En fait, ce que nous avons payé a
-maintenant de la valeur pour nous. Aussi l'affaire est-elle une mauvaise
-affaire désormais. Et tout ce qui s'adaptait à la technologie
-de la presse s'accorde mal avec la technologie numérique de
-l'information. C'est comme si au lieu de percevoir des honoraires pour
-traverser l'Atlantique en bateau, on percevait des honoraires pour traverser
-la rue. Et c'est très embêtant, parce que les gens traversent
-la rue tout le long de la rue, et les faire payer revient à leur
-casser les pieds.</p>
-
-<h3>Nouveau genre de copyright</h3>
-
-<p>Maintenant quels sont les changements que nous pourrions faire valoir dans
-la loi sur le copyright pour l'adapter à la situation dans laquelle
-le public se trouve ? Un changement radical pourrait être de
-supprimer la loi sur le copyright mais ce n'est pas le seul choix
-possible. Il y a diverses situations dans lesquelles nous pourrions
-réduire la puissance du copyright sans la supprimer totalement, parce
-qu'il y a plusieurs actions différentes qui pourraient être
-menées avec le copyright et il y a diverses situations dans
-lesquelles vous pourriez le faire, et chacune d'entre elles est une question
-indépendante. Le copyright pourrait-il les couvrir ou non ? En
-outre, il y a la question de savoir « pour combien de
-temps ? ». Le copyright était à
-l'époque beaucoup plus court dans sa période ou sa
-durée, et il a été prolongé à plusieurs
-reprises pendant les cinquante dernières années et il
-paraît de plus en plus clairement que les propriétaires de
-copyright projettent de maintenir l'extension des copyrights jusqu'à
-ce qu'ils n'expirent plus jamais. La constitution des États-Unis
-d'Amérique indique que le « copyright doit exister pour un
-temps limité » mais les éditeurs ont trouvé
-une manière de le contourner : tous les vingt ans ils le
-prolongent de vingt ans, et de cette façon, aucun copyright
-n'expirera plus jamais. Maintenant, dans mille ans, le copyright pourrait
-durer 1200 années, en fait juste assez pour que le copyright sur la
-souris Mickey ne puisse plus expirer.</p>
-
-<p>C'est pourquoi, les gens croient que le Congrès américain a
-passéune loi pour prolonger le copyright pendant vingt ans. Disney
-les apayés, et a payé le Président aussi, avec les
-fonds de campagneévidemment, pour rendre ça
-légal. Voyez-vous, s'ils avaient juste payé enliquide, cela
-aurait été un crime, mais contribuer indirectement
-auxcampagnes est légal et c'est ce qu'ils font : acheter les
-législateurs.Aussi ils ont adopté la loi «Sunny
-Bono» sur le copyright. Maintenant ce qui est intéressant,
-c'est que Sunny Bono était un membre du Congrès et un membre
-de l'Église de Scientologie, qui utilisait le copyright pour
-supprimer les informations sur ses activités. Ainsi, ils ont leur
-petit chouchou au Congrès et ont poussé très fort pour
-accroître les pouvoirs du copyright.</p>
-
-<p>Quoi qu'il en soit, nous avons eu la chance que Sunny Bono soit mort, mais
-en son nom ils ont passé la Loi sur le copyright de la souris Mickey,
-en 1998 je crois. C'est remis en question cela dit, en raison de l'existence
-d'une possibilité juridique de voir par la Cour Suprême les
-demandes d'extension de vieux droits rejetées. Dans tous les cas, il
-y a des tas de situations et questions différentes où nous
-pourrions réduire la portée du copyright.</p>
-
-<p>Quels sont-ils pour certains ? Et bien tout d'abord, il y a plusieurs
-contextes différents pour la copie. Il y a la vente commerciale de
-copies dans des magasins à d'un côté, et de l'autre il y
-a la copie privée pour un ami de temps à autre, et entre les
-deux il y a d'autres choses comme sa radio- ou télé-diffusion,
-son placement sur un site web, sa distribution collective dans une
-organisation, et toutes ces choses que l'on peut faire de façon
-commerciale ou non-commerciale. Vous savez, vous pouvez imaginer une
-entreprise qui distribue des copies à son équipe ou vous
-pouvez encore imaginer une école, ou quelque organisation
-privée, non-commerciale le faire. Différentes situations que
-nous n'avons pas à traiter toutes de la même
-manière. Aussi la façon dont nous pourrions
-récupérer le... comme en général, les
-activités qui sont les plus intimes sont les plus importantes pour
-notre liberté et notre façon de vivre, et que les plus
-publiques et commerciales sont les plus utiles à fournir un certain
-type de revenus pour les auteurs, il y a une situation naturelle de
-compromis dans lequel les limites du copyright sont posées
-quelquepart au milieu, de sorte qu'une part substantielle de
-l'activité reste couverte et fournisse toujours un revenu pour les
-auteurs, pendant que celle qui relève le plus directement de la vie
-privée des gens redevient libre. Et c'est ce genre de chose que je
-propose de faire avec le copyright pour des choses comme les romans, les
-biographies, les mémoires, les essais, etc. Qu'au strict minimum, les
-gens aient toujours le droit de partager une copie avec un ami. C'est quand
-les gouvernements ont à empêcher ce genre d'activité
-qu'ils commencent à s'introduire dans la vie privée des gens
-et user de punitions sévères. La seule façon
-d'empêcher les gens de partager dans leur vie privée c'est avec
-un état policier, mais des activités commerciales et publiques
-peuvent être réglées de façon beaucoup plus
-efficace et indolore. </p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, l'endroit où nous pourrions tracer ces limites
-dépend, je crois, du style de travail. Différents travaux
-répondent à différents besoinspour leurs
-utilisateurs. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui nous avons eu un système de
-copyright qui traitait presque tout de la même manière
-excepté la musique : il y a beaucoup d'exceptions juridiques
-pour la musique. Mais il n'y a aucune raison de placer la simplicité
-au dessus des conséquences pratiques. Nous pouvons traiter les
-différents types de travaux différemment. Je propose une
-classification généralement dans trois types de travaux :
-les travaux fonctionnels, les travaux qui expriment la position personnelle
-et les travaux fondamentalement esthétiques.</p>
-
-<p>Les travaux fonctionnels incluent : les logiciels d'ordinateur ;
-les recettes ; les manuels ; les dictionnaires et autres travaux
-de référence ; tout ce que vous utilisez pour que le
-travail soit fait. Pour les travaux fonctionnels, je pense que les gens ont
-besoin d'une liberté très large, y compris la liberté
-de publier des versions modifiées. Aussi tout ce que je dirais demain
-à propos des logiciels d'ordinateur s'applique de façon
-identique aux autres genres de travaux fontionnels. Ainsi, ce critère
-de libre... parce qu'il est nécessaire d'avoir la
-liberté de publier une version modifiée. Cela signifie que
-nous devons nous débarrasser presque totalement du copyright. Mais le
-mouvement du logiciel libre est en train de prouver que le progrès
-que la société veut, la soi-disant justification du copyright,
-peut arriver d'une autre manière. Nous n'avons pas à renoncer
-à ces importantes libertés pour avoir le
-progrès. Aujourd'hui, les éditeurs nous demandent toujours de
-présupposer qu'il n'y a aucune possibilité de progrès
-sans renoncer à ces libertés fondamentales. Et la chose la
-plus importante, je pense, pour le mouvement du logiciel libre est de
-prouver que leur présuppositions sont injustifiées.</p>
-
-<p>Je ne peux pas dire que je suis sûr que dans tous ces domaines on ne peut
-pas apporter de progrès sans restriction de copyright pour bloquer les gens,
-mais ce que nous avons prouvé c'est que nous avons une chance : ce
-n'est pas une idée ridicule. Elle ne devrait pas être écartée. Le public ne
-devrait pas supposer que la seule façon d'obtenir le progrès est d'avoir du
-copyright. Mais même pour ce genre de travaux il peut y avoir quelques types
-de compromis avec le système de copyright, compatibles avec le fait de
-donner aux gens la liberté de publier des versions modifiées. Regardez par
-exemple, la documentation libre de la licence GNU utilisée pour fabriquer un
-livre libre. Elle permet à n'importe qui de faire et de vendre des copies
-d'une version modifiée, mais elle exige de donner du crédit d'une certaine
-manière aux auteurs et éditeurs d'origine d'une façon qui leur donne un
-avantage commercial, et ainsi je crois rendre possible la publication
-commerciale des manuels libres. Et ça fonctionne, les gens commencent tout
-juste à l'essayer commercialement. La Free Software Foundation a vendu un
-bon nombre de copies de divers livres libres pendant presque quinze ans
-maintenant, et cela a été un succès pour nous. En ce moment, cependant, les
-éditeurs commerciaux commencent tout juste à essayer cette approche
-particulière, mais je crois que même pour ces travaux fonctionnels où la
-liberté de publier des travaux modifiés est essentielle, un certain genre de
-compromis avec le système de copyright peut être trouvé, qui permet Ã
chacun
-cette liberté. </p>
-
-<p>Pour d'autres genres de travaux, les questions d'éthique s'appliquent
-différemment, parce que les travaux sont utilisés
-différemment. La seconde catégorie de travaux est celle des
-travaux qui expriment la position de quelqu'un ou ses points de vue ou ses
-expériences. Par exemple, essais, propositions d'affaires,
-déclarations de sa situation légale, mémoires, tout ce
-qui est dit, dont la question est de dire ce que vous pensez ou ce que vous
-aimez. Les revues littéraires, les revues hôtelières
-sont aussi dans cette catégorie : ils expriment une opinion
-personnelle, un point de vue. Maintenant pour ce genre de travaux, faire une
-version modifiée n'est pas une chose utile. Aussi, je ne vois pas de
-raison à ce que les gens aient la liberté de publier des
-versions modifiées de ces travaux. La copie intégrale est la
-seule chose que les gens ont besoin d'avoir la liberté de faire et
-pour cette raison nous pouvons considérer l'idée que la
-liberté de distribuer des copies ne devrait s'appliquer que dans
-certaines situations, par exemple si c'était limité à
-la distribution non-commerciale ce serait pas mal, je pense. La vie des
-citoyens ordinaires ne serait plus restreinte, mais les éditeurs
-voudraient être encore couvert par le copyright pour ça.</p>
-
-<p><em>[il boit de l'eau]</em></p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, je pensais que peut-être il serait suffisant de permettre
-aux gens de redistribuer en privé des copies à l'occasion. Je
-pensais que peut-être ça serait pas mal si toutes les
-redistributions publiques étaient encore limitées par
-copyright pour ce genre de travaux, mais l'expérience avec Napster
-m'a convaincu que non. Et la raison est que cela montre que beaucoup,
-beaucoup de gens veulent redistribuer de façon publique —
-redistribuer publiquement mais pas commercialement — et c'est
-très utile. Et si c'est si utile, c'est une erreur d'arrêter
-les gens de le faire. Mais cela serait encore acceptable je pense, de
-limiter la redistribution commerciale de ces travaux, parce que cela serait
-juste une régulation industrielle et ça ne bloquerait pas les
-activités utiles que les gens devraient faire avec ces travaux.</p>
-
-<p>Ah, aussi, les documents scientifiques, ou les documents érudits en
-général tombent dans cette catégorie parce que la
-publication de leurs versions modifiées n'est pas une bonne chose
-à faire : cela fausse le registre; elles devraient donc
-être distribuées uniquement dans leur
-intégralité. Ainsi les documents scientifiques devraient
-être redistributable librement par n'importe qui parce que nous
-devrions encourager leur redistribution, et j'espère que vous
-n'accepterez jamais de publier un document scientifique d'une façon
-qui limiterait sa redistribution intégrale sur le net. Dites au
-journal que vous ne ferez pas cela.</p>
-
-<p>Parce que les journaux scientifiques sont devenus un obstacle à la
-diffusion des résultats scientifiques. Ils étaient un
-mécanisme nécessaire. Maintenant ils ne sont rien d'autre
-qu'une obstruction. Et ces journaux qui limitent l'accès et limitent
-la redistribution <em>[insistance]</em> doivent être
-supprimés. Ils sont les ennemis de la diffusion de la connaissance;
-ils sont les ennemis de la science, et cette pratique doit cesser.</p>
-
-<p>Il y a maintenant une troisième catégorie de travaux, qui est
-celle des travaux esthétiques, dont l'utilisation principale est
-d'être appréciée: romans, jeux, poésies,
-graphismes dans beaucoup de cas, et musiques pour la plupart. C'est
-typiquement fait pour être apprécié. Maintenant, ils ne
-sont pas fonctionnels; les gens n'ont pas la nécessité de les
-modifier et de les améliorer, comme c'est nécessaire avec les
-travaux fonctionnels. Aussi c'est une question difficile : il est
-essentiel pour les gens d'avoir la liberté de publier des versions
-modifiées d'un travail esthétique. D'une part vous avez des
-auteurs qui font preuve de pas mal d'égotisme. </p>
-
-<p><em>[accent anglais, gestuelle dramatique]</em> </p>
-
-<p>« Oh, c'est ma création. »</p>
-
-<p><em>[retour à Boston]</em> </p>
-
-<p>« Qui oserait en changer une ligne ? ». De
-l'autre côté, vous avez le processus folklorique qui prouve
-qu'une série de personnes modifiant un travail de façon
-séquentielle, ou peut-être même en parallèle et en
-comparant alors les versions, peut produire quelque chose
-d'extrêmement riche. Et non seulement de belles chansons et de courtes
-poésies, mais même de longues épopées ont
-été produites de cette façon. Il y eût un temps
-déjà, avant que la mystique de l'artiste créateur
-— figure semi-divine — ait tant de pouvoir, où même
-de grands écrivains ont retouché des histoires qui avaient
-été écrites par d'autres. Certaines scènes de
-Shakespeare nouent des intrigues qui ont été tirées de
-scènes écrites souvent plusieurs décennies
-auparavant. Si les lois contemporaines sur le copyright avaient
-été effectives, ils auraient appellé Shakespeare entre
-guillemets : « pirate » pour avoir écrit
-ainsi une partie de son immense travail, et évidemment vous auriez eu
-les dires des autres auteurs.</p>
-
-<p><em>[accent anglais]</em></p>
-
-<p>« Comment ose-t-il changer une ligne de ma création. Il
-est impossible de le faire mieux. »</p>
-
-<p><em>[faible brouhaha de l'assistance]</em></p>
-
-<p>Vous entendrez des personnes ridiculiser l'idée exactement dans ces
-termes. Bien. Je ne suis pas sûr de ce que nous pourrions faire
-à propos de la publication de versions modifiées des travaux
-esthétiques. Une des possibilités est de faire comme ce qui
-est fait en musique, où n'importe qui peut en réarranger et
-jouer un morceau. Ils peuvent avoir à payer pour ça, mais ils
-n'ont pas à demander la permission de
-l'exécuter. Peut-être que pour la publication commmerciale de
-ces travaux, modifiés ou non, s'ils font de l'argent avec, ils
-pourraient devoir payer une certaine somme d'argent. C'est une
-possibilité. C'est une question difficile de savoir quoi faire au
-sujet de la publication de versions modifiées de ces travaux
-esthétiques, et je n'ai pas de réponse dont je suis
-entièrement satisfait.</p>
-
-<p>Un membre de l'audience pose une question (MA1), inaudible.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Laissez-moi répéter la question
-parce qu'il l'a dite tellement vite que vous ne pouviez pas l'avoir
-comprise. Il a dit « dans quel genre de catégorie rentrent
-les jeux d'ordinateur ? » Bien, je dirais que le moteur de
-jeu est fonctionnel et que le scénario est esthétique. </p>
-
-<p><strong>MA1</strong> : Et les graphismes ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Ceux-ci font probablement partie du
-scénario. Les images spécifiques font partie du
-scénario; elles sont esthétiques, tandis que le logiciel pour
-visualiser les scènes est fonctionnel. Ainsi je dirais que si elles
-combinent l'esthétique et le fonctionnel en une seule et même
-chose continue, alors le logiciel est traité comme fonctionnel. Mais
-si ellessont disposées à séparer la machine et le
-scénario alors il serait légitime de dire, bien, que la
-machine est fonctionnelle mais le scénario esthétique.</p>
-
-<h3>Copyright : les solutions possibles</h3>
-
-<p>Maintenant, combien de temps le copyright devrait-il durer ? Et bien de
-nos jours la tendance dans l'édition est, en ce qui concerne les
-livres, de s'éloigner du copyright de plus en plus vite. Aujourd'hui
-aux USA la plupart des livres qui sont édités sortent du
-circuit de l'impression en moins de trois ans. Ils ont été
-soldés et se retirent de la vente. Ainsi il est clair qu'on a
-réellement besoin que le copyright dure 95 ans par exemple :
-c'est ridicule. En fait, il est clair qu'un copyright de dix ans serait
-suffisant pour que l'activité de l'édition tienne le
-coup. Mais dix ans à partir de la date de publication. On
-comprendrait que puisse être accordée une période
-additionnelle avant la publication, ce qui pourrait faire plus long que dix
-ans ; comme vous le voyez aussi longtemps que le livre n'a pas
-été édité, le copyright sur lui ne limite pas le
-public. C'est juste à la base pour l'auteur le temps qu'il soit
-édité. Mais je pense qu'une fois que le livre est
-édité, le copyright devrait fonctionner pendant environ dix
-ans et c'est tout.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, j'ai proposé ça une fois dans un débat
-où les autres personnes étaient toutes des auteurs. Et l'un
-d'entre eux a dit : « dix ans de copyright ? Pourquoi
-c'est ridicule ! Quelque chose de plus de cinq ans est
-intolérable. » C'était un auteur de science-fiction
-récompensé, qui se plaignait des problèmes du
- retrouving , du retrait — c'est drôle, des mots de
-français s'infiltrent dans mon anglais — de, de regagner les
-droits de l'éditeur quand celui-ci a laissé les livres sortir
-du circuit de l'impression pour des raisons pratiques mais qui traîne
-des pieds pour obéir au contrat, qui stipule que quand le livre est
-sorti, les droits retournent à l'auteur.</p>
-
-<p>Les éditeurs traitent les auteurs d'une façon terrible il faut
-le savoir. Ils exigent toujours plus de pouvoir au nom des auteurs et ils
-apporteront un petit nombre d'auteurs à gros succès,
-très connus, qui ont tellement le bras long qu'ils peuvent obtenir
-des contrats qui les traitent très bien pour confirmer les dires
-comme quoi le pouvoir est vraiment dans leur intérêt. En
-attendant la plupart des auteurs qui ne sont pas célèbres, ne
-sont pas riches et n'ont pas de relations particulières, sont
-traités de façon horrible par l'industrie de l'édition,
-et c'est encore pire dans la musique. Je recommande à tous de lire
-l'article de Courtney Love's : il est dans Salon magazine, c'est
-ça ? </p>
-
-<p><strong>MA2</strong> : (Membre de l'audience 2) Oui</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Au départ, elle a appellé les
-sociétés d'enregistrement entre guillemets
-« pirates » pour la façon dont ils traitaient
-les musiciens. Dans tous les cas, nous pouvons raccourcir le copyright plus
-ou moins. Nous pourrions essayer diverses longueurs, nous pourrions voir,
-nous pourrions découvrir empiriquement quelle durée de
-copyright est nécessaire pour maintenir la publication vigoureuse. Je
-dirais que, puisque les livres sont quasi hors de circuit au bout de dix
-ans, clairement dix ans devraient être assez longs. Mais ce ne doit
-pas être pareil pour tous les genres de travail. Par exemple,
-peut-être que certains aspects du copyright sur les films pourraient
-durer plus longtemps, comme les droits de vendre tout l'attirail d'images et
-de personnages afférents. Vous savez, c'est tellement
-grossièrement commercial qu'il importe peu que ce cela soit
-limité à une seule société
-souvent. Peut-être que le copyright sur les films eux-mêmes est
-légitimé pour que ça dure vingt ans. En attendant pour
-le logiciel, je pense qu'un copyright de trois ans serait suffisant. Vous
-voyez, si chaque version de programme conserve un copyright de trois ans
-après sa sortie, à moins que la compagnie ne soit en
-très mauvaise posture, ils devraient avoir une nouvelle version avant
-que les trois ans soient achevés. Et il y aura beaucoup de gens
-désireux de l'utiliser. Aussi si les anciennes versions devenaient
-automatiquement libres, ils continueraient quand même de faire des
-affaires sur la nouvelle. Maintenant c'est un compromis comme je les vois ,
-parce que c'est un système où tous les logiciels ne sont pas
-libres. Mais ce serait un compromis acceptable après tout, si nous
-devions attendre trois ans en général pour que les logiciels
-deviennent libres… bien, il n'y a pas de désastre. Que l'on
-utilise des logiciels vieux de trois ans n'est pas un désastre.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA3</strong> : Ne pensez-vous pas que c'est un système
-qui encouragerait la dégradation des fonctions ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[désinvolte]</em> Ah, c'est
-exact. C'est un effet secondaire mineur, comparé aux questions de
-liberté qu'il soulève. Chaque système entraîne
-quelques déviations artificielles chez certaines personnes, et notre
-système actuel encourage certainement diverses sortes de
-déviations artificielles dans l'activité couverte par le
-copyright. Ainsi, si un système parce qu'il change, encourage en
-même temps quelques déformations secondaires, ce n'est pas une
-grosse affaire je dirais.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA4</strong> : Le problème avec ce changement des lois
-sur le copyright pour trois ans, c'est que vous n'obtiendriez pas les
-sources.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. Il y aurait là aussi une
-condition. Une loi qui dirait que pour pouvoir vendre des copies de logiciel
-au public, le code source doit être déposé quelque part
-de sorte que trois ans plus tard il puisse être
-libéré. Ainsi il pourrait être déposé
-à la bibliothèque du Congrès aux USA; et je pense que
-d'autres pays ont des établissements semblables où les copies
-des livres publiés prennent place. Et ils pourraient également
-accueillir le code source et après trois ans, le publier. Et
-naturellement, si le code source ne correspondait pas à
-l'exécutable il y aurait fraude. En fait si cela correspond vraiment,
-on devrait pouvoir très facilement le vérifier quand le
-travail est publié au départ. Ainsi vous éditez le code
-source et quelqu'un dit que c'est bon « dot slash configure dot
-slash make » et voit si cela produit les mêmes executables
-et hue.</p>
-
-<p>Aussi vous avez raison, éliminer le copyright ne rendrait pas le
-logiciel « free ».</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA5</strong> : Heu…libre</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. C'est dans ce seul sens que j'emploie le
-terme. Ça ne le ferait pas, parce que le code source ne pourrait pas
-être disponible, ou à la place ils pourraient tenter d'user de
-contrats pour restreindre les utilisateurs. Ainsi, rendre le logiciel libre
-n'est pas aussi simple que de mettre fin au copyright sur le logiciel :
-c'est une situation plus complexe que ça. En fait, si le copyright
-sur le logiciel était simplement supprimé, nous ne pourrions
-plus utiliser le copyleft pour protéger le statut libre d'un
-programme. En même temps, les adeptes du logiciel propriétaire
-pourraient utiliser d'autres méthodes — des contrats ou des
-dissimulations sur la source pour rendre le logiciel
-propriétaire. Ainsi ça pourrait signifier qu'à la
-sortie d'un programme libre quelque bâtard avide pourrait en faire une
-version modifiée et n'en publier que les binaires, et inciter des
-personnes à signer des accords de non-divulgation sur eux. Nous
-pourrions ne plus avoir les moyens de les arrêter. Aussi, si nous
-voulions changer la loi pour que tout logiciel publié devienne libre,
-nous devrions le faire de façon encore plus complexe. Pas simplement
-en changeant le copyright sur le logiciel. </p>
-
-<p>Ainsi, globalement je recommande à ce que nous examinions les
-diverses sortes de travaux et les diverses sortes de variétés
-d'utilisation, et chercher là un nouvel endroit pour tracer les
-limites : celles qui donneraient au public les libertés les plus
-importantes pour trouver une utilisation à chaque nouveau genre de
-travail, en maintenant si possible pendant ce temps une sorte de copyright
-d'un genre indolore pour le grand public qui soit toujours un avantage pour
-les auteurs. De cette façon, nous pouvons adapter le système
-de copyright aux circonstances dans lesquelles nous le trouvons en nous
-trouvant nous-même. Et avoir un système qui n'exige pas de
-mettre des gens en prison pour des années parce qu'ils auront
-partagé avec leurs amis, mais encourageant toujours de diverses
-manières les auteurs à écrire plus. Nous pouvons
-également je crois, chercher d'autres façons d'encourager
-l'écriture, d'autres façons d'encourager les auteurs à
-gagner de l'argent. Par exemple, supposez que la reproduction
-intégrale d'un travail soit autorisée et supposez que ce
-travail va avec quelquechose, du genre lorsque vous êtes en train de
-jouer avec, ou de le lire, il y a une boîte sur le côté
-qui dit: « cliquez ici pour envoyer 1 dollar à l'auteur ou
-au musicien ou tout ce que vous voudrez ». Je pense que dans les
-parties les plus riches du monde beaucoup de gens l'enverraient parce que
-souvent les gens adorent les auteurs ou les musiciens qui ont
-créé ce qu'ils ont aimé lire ou écouter. Et la
-chose intéressante est que la redevance qu'ils auront obtenue est
-maintenant une si petite fraction, que si vous payez vingt dollars ils n'en
-obtiendront pas plus d'un de toute façon.</p>
-
-<p>Ce sera un système bien plus efficace ainsi. Et ce qui sera
-intéressant c'est que quand les gens redistribueront ces copies, ils
-aident l'auteur. En faisant essentiellement de la publicité pour eux,
-en diffusant autour d'eux des raisons de leur envoyer un dollar. Maintenant,
-en ce moment, la plus grande raison pour laquelle pas plus de personne
-n'envoie de l'argent directement aux auteurs, c'est que c'est un emmerdement
-de le faire. Qu'allez-vous faire ? Envoyer un chèque ?
-Alors à qui allez-vous expédier le chèque ? Vous
-auriez à dénicher leur adresse, ce qui pourrait ne pas
-être facile. Mais avec un système commode de paiement sur
-Internet qui le rend efficace pour payer un dollar à quelqu'un, que
-nous pourrions mettre dans toutes les copies, alors je pense que vous auriez
-là un mécanisme qui commence à bien marcher. Il peut
-prendre cinq à dix ans pour que l'idée soit propagée
-partout, parceque c'est une chose culturelle, vous savez. Au départ,
-les gens pourraient la trouver surprenante mais un jour ça devient
-naturel. Les gens s'habitueraient à envoyer de l'argent, et ça
-ne représenterait pas beaucoup d'argent comparé à ce
-que cela coûte d'acheter des livres aujourd'hui.</p>
-
-<p><em>[il boit]</em></p>
-
-<p>Aussi je pense que de cette façon, pour les travaux d'expression, et
-peut-être les travaux esthétiques, ce pourrait être une
-méthode réussie. Mais cela ne fonctionnera pas pour les
-travaux fonctionnels. Et la raison pour ça, c'est que, si une
-personne après une autre fait une version modifiée et la
-publie, sur qui les boîtes se dirigeraient-elles? Et combien d'argent
-devraient-elle envoyer ? Et vous savez, il est facile de faire
-ça quand le travail a été publié simplement par
-le passé, par un certain auteur, ou un certain groupe d'auteurs, et
-ils peuvent juste convenir ensemble de ce qu'ils vont faire et cliquer sur
-la boîte. Si personne ne publie de versions modifiées alors
-chaque copie contiendra la même boîte avec le même URL
-dirigeant l'argent vers les mêmes personnes. Mais quand vous
-avezdifférentes versions qui ont été travaillées
-par différentes personnes, il n'y a pas de simple façon
-automatique de calculer qui, doit obtenir quelle fraction, de ce que quel
-utilisateur donne, pour cette version ou celle-là. Il est
-philosophiquement difficile de décider de l'importance de chaque
-contribution, et de toutes les manières évidentes d'essayer de
-la mesurer certaines sont <em>[emphase ]</em> évidemment
-<em>[/emphase ]</em> mauvaises dans certains cas, en fermant
-évidemment les yeux à une partie importante des faits, aussi
-je pense que ce genre de solution n'est probablement pas faisable quand tout
-le monde est libre de publier des versions modifiées. Mais pour le
-genre de travaux où il n'est pas crucial d'avoir la liberté de
-publier des versions modifiées, alors cette solution peut être
-appliqué très simplement, une fois que nous avons le
-système pratique de paiement sur Internet pour la baser dessus.</p>
-
-<p>En ce qui concerne les travaux esthétiques. S'il y a un
-système où ceux qui redistribuent commercialement - ou
-peut-être même ceux qui publient une version modifiée -
-peuvent avoir à négocier le partage des paiements avec le
-producteur de la version originale, alors ce genre d'arrangement pourrait
-être prolongé aussi à ces travaux; même si des
-versions modifiées sont autorisées, il pourrait y avoir une
-certaine formule standard qui pourrait être renégociée
-dans certains cas. Ainsi je pense que dans certains cas, probablement
-possibles même avec un système qui permet de publier des
-versions modifiées des travaux esthétiques, il serait possible
-d'avoir ce genre de système volontaire de paiement.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant je crois qu'il y a des gens qui essayent d'installer de genre de
-systèmes volontaires de paiement. J'ai entendu parler de quelque
-chose appelé « le protocole de l'artiste de
-rue ». Je n'en connais pas les détails. Et je crois qu'il
-y a quelque chose appelé GreenWitch.com <em>[la note du
-transcripteur : URL incertaine]</em>. Je crois que ces gens essayent
-d'installer quelque chose de plus ou moins comme ça. Je pense que ce
-qu'il espèrent faire, c'est de rassembler un bouquet de paiements que
-vous effectuez à diverses personnes, et charger éventuellement
-par la suite votre carte de crédit une fois qu'il est assez important
-pour être efficace. Si ce genre de système fonctionne sans
-heurt dans la pratique, ce qu'ils vont devenir n'est pas clair; et s'ils
-sont adoptés assez largement, à ce qu'ils deviennent une
-pratique culturelle normale n'est pas clair. Il est possible que pour que
-ces paiements volontaires se propagent vraiment, nous ayons besoin d'un
-certain genre de… vous avez besoin de voir l'idée partout
-pour…« ouais, j'ai pas à payer ! »
-de temps à autre. On verra.</p>
-
-<p>Il est évident que des idées comme celles-là ne sont
-pas déraisonnables. Si vous regardez par exemple la radio publique
-aux USA, qui est la plupart du temps soutenue par les dons de ses
-auditeurs. Vous avez, je crois, des millions de personnes qui donnent. Je ne
-sais pas combien exactement mais il y a beaucoup de stations de radio
-publiques qui sont soutenues par leurs auditeurs. Et il semble qu'elles
-trouvent plus facile d'obtenir des dons au fil des ans. Il y a dix ans elles
-auraient eu peut-être six semaines par an à passer la majeure
-partie du temps à demander aux gens « d'envoyer svp un peu
-d'argent, vous ne pensez pas que nous sommes assez importants pour
-vous » et ainsi de suite 24 heures sur 24. Et maintenant beaucoup
-d'entre elles ont constaté qu'elles peuvent augmenter les
-contributions en envoyant des mails aux gens qui leur ont envoyé des
-dons par le passé. Et elles n'ont pas à dépenser leur
-temps d'antenne à racoler pour les dons.</p>
-
-<p>Fondamentalement, le but déclaré du copyright :
-encourager le redressement est un but valable, mais nous devons examiner les
-façons d'y parvenir qui ne sont pas si dures, et sans trop
-restreindre l'utilisation des travaux dont nous avons encouragé les
-développements. Et je crois que la technologie numérique nous
-fournit des solutions au problème en plus de créer le contexte
-où nous devons résoudre le problème. Aussi c'est la fin
-de cet entretien; et il a des questions ?</p>
-
-<h3>Questions et discussion</h3>
-<p>Tout d'abord, quand est le prochain entretien ? Quelle heure est-il
-maintenant ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>Moi</strong> : Il est trois heures et quart.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oh vraiment ? Donc je suis
-déjà en retard ? Bon, j'espère que Mélanie
-me permettra d'accepter quelques questions.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Qui décidera dans lesquelles de vos trois
-catégories un travail rentrera ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je suis sûr qu'il y a
-diverses manières de décider. Vous pouvez probablement
-reconnaître un roman quand vous en voyez un. Je subodore que les juges
-peuvent aussi reconnaître un roman quand ils en voient un.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA7</strong> : Des commentaires sur le chiffrement ? Et
-sur l'interaction des dispositifs de chiffrement avec les contenus sous
-copyright ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bon, le chiffrement est employé en tant
-que moyen pour contrôler le public. Les éditeurs essayent
-d'imposer divers systèmes de chiffrement au public afin de
-l'empêcher de copier. Maintenant ils appellent ces choses des
-méthodes technologiques, mais réellement elles s'appuient
-toutes sur des lois interdisant aux gens de les contourner. Et sans ces lois
-aucune de ces méthodes n'accomplirait son but. Aussi elles sont
-toutes sont basées sur l'interposition directe du gouvernement pour
-que les gens arrêtent de copier. Et je m'oppose à elles
-très fortement, et je n'accepterai pas ces médias. Si pour une
-question pratique les moyens de copier quelque chose ne sont pas à ma
-disposition je ne l'achèterai pas. Et j'espère que vous ne
-l'achèterez pas non plus.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA8</strong> : En France nous avons une loi qui dit que
-même si le support est protégé vous avez le droit de le
-copier à nouveau pour le sauvegarder.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oui, c'était aussi comme ça aux
-USA jusqu'à il y a deux ans.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA8</strong> : Très souvent vous signez un accord qui
-est illégal en France… le contrat que vous êtes
-censé signer avec une souris…</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, peut-être qu'ils ne le sont pas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA8</strong> : Comment pouvons-nous le contester ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[rhéthoriquement]</em> Bien, vous allez les
-contester ? Ca coûte de l'argent, il faut se donner du mal, et
-pas seulement ça. Comment le feriez-vous ? Bon, vous pourriez
-toujours aller au tribunal et dire, « ils n'ont aucun droit de
-demander à des personnes de signer ce contrat parce que c'est un
-contrat invalide » mais ça pourrait être difficile
-si le distributeur est aux USA. La loi française au sujet de ce qui
-est un contrat valide ne pourrait pas être utilisée pour les
-arrêter aux USA. D'autre part vous pourriez également dire que
-« j'ai signéce contrat mais il n'est pas valide en France,
-aussi je désobéis publiquement et je les défie de me
-poursuivre ». Maintenant si c'est ce que vous envisagez de faire,
-si vous avez raison et si les lois ne sont pas valides en France alors le
-cas serait rejeté. Je ne sais pas. Peut-être que c'est une
-bonne idée. Je ne sais pas quels en seraient les effets
-politiques. Je sais qu'il y a juste deux ans une loi a été
-votée en Europe pour interdire un certain genre de copie
-privée pour la musique, et les compagnies d'enregistrement ont
-rabâché à quelques musiciens célèbres
-très populaires de faire pression sur cette loi, et ils l'ont
-obtenue. Aussi, il est clair qu'ils ont beaucoup d'influence ici aussi, et
-il est possible qu'ils en obtiendront plus, voter justement une autre loi
-pour changer ça. Nous devons penser à une stratégie
-politique pour construire un collège électoral qui puisse
-résister à de tels changements. Et les mesures que nous
-prenons devraient être conçues pour accomplir
-ça. Maintenant je ne suis pas un expert sur la façon de le
-réaliser en Europe, mais c'est à ça que les gens
-devraient penser.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Que dites-vous de la protection de la
-correspondance privée ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous n'êtes pas
-<em>[emphase]</em> publié <em>[/emphase]</em>, c'est une question
-complètement différente.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non, mais si j'envoie un email à
-quelqu'un, c'est automatiquement sous mon copyright.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[énergiquement]</em> C'est
-entièrement non pertinent en réalité.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non, je ne l'accepte pas. S'ils vont
-l'éditer dans un journal, à ce moment là mon recours
-est mon copyright.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, vous ne pouvez pas lui faire tenir secret
-les contenus et je n'en suis pas sûr réellement. Je veux dire,
-je pense qu'il y a de l'injustice à cela. Si par exemple vous envoyez
-une lettre à quelqu'un menaçant de le poursuivre en justice,
-et alors vous lui dites que vous ne pouvez dire à personne que c'est
-moi qui l'ai fait parce que ma menace est garantie par les droits d'auteur,
-ça serait assez désagréable. Et je ne suis pas
-sûr que cela serait même confirmé.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Bon, il y a des circonstances où je veux
-correspondre avec quelqu'un et garder ma (et leur) réponse,
-entièrement privée. </p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous et eux acceptez de la maintenir
-privé, alors c'est une question entièrement
-différente. Je suis désolé que les deux questions ne
-puissent pas être liées, et je n'ai pas le temps de
-considérer cette question aujourd'hui. Il y a un autre entretien
-programmé pour commencer bientôt. Mais je pense que c'est une
-erreur totale que le copyright s'applique à de telles
-situations. L'éthique de ces situations est complètement
-différente de l'éthique des travaux publiés. Et elles
-devraient être traitées d'une manière appropriée,
-qui est complètement différente.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : C'est assez loyal, mais pour l'instant le seul
-recours est le copyright…</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[il interrompt]</em> Non, vous avez tort. Si
-les gens sont d'acccord pour garder quelque chose secret alors vous avez un
-autre recours. En Europe il y a des lois sur la vie privée. Et
-l'autre chose, est que vous ne pouvez pas avoir le droit de forcer quelqu'un
-à garder des secrets pour vous. Tout au plus, vous pourriez le forcer
-à paraphraser, parce qu'il a le droit de dire aux gens ce que vous
-faites.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Oui, mais en supposant que les deux personnes
-à chaque extrémité sont toutes deux d'accord de
-façon raisonnable.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien et alors, ne dîtes pas que le
-copyright est votre seul recours. S'il est d'accord il ne va pas le donner
-à un journal, si ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non, heu, vous évitez ma question au
-sujet de l'interception.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oh, interception. C'est complètement
-différent… <em>[âprement]</em> non vous n'avez pas
-demandé à propos de l'interception. C'est la première
-fois que vous avez mentionné l'interception…</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA6</strong> : Non c'est la deuxième fois.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA9</strong> : <em>[murmure son assentiment à
MA6]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[toujours irrité]</em> Je ne vous
-avais pas entendu avant… c'est totalement idiot… c'est comme
-essayer de… oh à quoi puis-je comparer ?…c'est
-comme essayer de tuer un éléphant avec un moule à
-gaufres, je veux dire qu'ils n'ont rien à faire l'un avec l'autre.</p>
-
-<p><em>[un ininterprétable silence tombe]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>MA10</strong> : Vous avez pensé aux changements
-<em>[inaudible, des secrets commerciaux ?]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : hmm, oui : les secrets commerciaux se sont
-développés dans une direction inquiétante et
-menaçante. Le secret commercial signifiait que vous vouliez maintenir
-secret quelque chose, donc vous ne l'avez dit à personne, et plus
-tard, ça s'est fait dans les affaires de dire juste à quelques
-personnes quelque chose et ils devaient accepter de le maintenir
-secret. Mais maintenant, ça prend une tournure où le public en
-général devient enrôlé dans le fait de garder des
-secrets d'affaires, même s'ils n'ont jamais convenu de quelque
-façon que ce soit de garder ces secrets. Et c'est une pression. Ainsi
-à ceux qui feignent de croire que le secret commercial est juste un
-transposition sur l'extérieur de certains de leurs droits, ce n'est
-justement pas vrai. Ils obtiennent l'aide explicite du gouvernement en
-vigueur en forçant les autres personnes à garder leurs
-secrets. Et nous pourrions nous demander si les accords de non-divulgation
-devraient d'une façon générale être
-considérés comme des contrats légitimes à cause
-de la nature antisociale du secret commercial. Il ne devrait pas être
-considéré comme automatique, juste parce que quelqu'un a
-promis de garder un secret, que c'est obligatoire.</p>
-
-<p>Peut-être que dans certains cas, ça devrait, et dans d'autres
-non. S'il y a un avantage public clair de savoir alors peut-être que
-ça devrait invalider le contrat. Ou peut-être devrait-il
-être valide quand il est signé avec des clients. Ou
-peut-être entre une société et un
-<em>[…]</em>. Peut-être que ça devrait être
-légitime quand une société fournit des secrets à
-ses fournisseurs. Mais à ses clients, non.</p>
-
-<p>Il y a diverses possibilités auxquelles chacun peut penser, mais tout
-au début quiconque n'a pas accepté volontairement de garder
-les secrets ne devrait pas être lié par le secret
-commercial. C'était comme ça il n'y a pas si longtemps
-encore. Peut-être que c'est toujours comme ça en Europe, je ne
-suis pas sûr.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA11</strong> : Est-ce qu'une entreprise peut le demander
-à ses…</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : employés ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA11</strong> : Non non</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : fournisseurs ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA11</strong> : oui, fournisseurs. Et si le client est un autre
-fournisseur ?</p>
-
-<p><em>[espace pendant que le minidisque est changé]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Commençons par ne pas l'encourager.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA12</strong> : J'ai une question concernant votre avis sur le
-travail scientifique des journaux et des manuels. Dans ma profession au
-moins un Journal officiel et un manuel sont disponibles en ligne. Ils
-maintiennent le copyright, mais il y a un libre accès aux ressources
-pourvu qu'on ait l'accès à Internet.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Ok, c'est bon. Mais il y a beaucoup de journaux
-où ce n'est pas comme ça. Par exemple, les journaux d'ACM
-auxquels vous ne pouvez pas accéder à part si vous êtes
-abonné : ils sont bloqués. Aussi je pense que les
-journaux devraient tout commencer à en ouvrir l'accès sur le
-Web.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA12</strong> : Aussi, quel impact cela a t-il sur le sens du
-copyright sur le public, quand fondamentalement vous n'intervenez pas en
-proposant un libre accès sur le net ?</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, tout d'abord je suis en
-désaccord. Les sites miroir sont essentiels. Ainsi, le journal
-devrait non seulement offrir un accès libre mais devrait
-également donner à chacun la liberté d'installer des
-sites en miroir avec les copies intégrales de ces articles. Sinon, il
-y a un danger qu'ils soient perdus. Divers genres de calamités
-pourraient causer leur perte, vous savez, des désastres naturels,
-désastres politiques, désastres techniques, désastres
-bureaucratiques, désastres fiscaux… Toutes sortes de choses
-qui pourraient provoquer leur dispararition du site. C'est tellement vrai,
-que ce que la communauté savante devrait logiquement faire, c'est se
-charger soigneusement d'avoir un large réseau de sites en miroir en
-s'assurant que chaque papier est disponible sur chaque continent; depuis le
-bord de l'océan jusqu'à l'intérieur des terres. Et vous
-savez que c'est exactement le genre de chose que les bibliothèques
-principales sentiront que c'est dans leur mission de faire, si seulement
-elles n'étaient pas arrêtées.</p>
-
-<p>Aussi, ce qui devrait être fait, c'est que ces journaux devraient
-faire un pas de plus en avant. En plus de dire « tout le monde
-peut accéder au site », ils devraient dire
-« chacun peut installer un site miroir ». Même
-s'ils disaient « vous devez faire la publication entière
-de ce journal, en même temps que nos annonces »,
-néanmoins ça ne ferait que rendre la disponibilité
-superflue, au lieu de la mettre en danger. Et d'autres établissements
-installeraient des sites en miroir. Et je prévois que vous trouveriez
-dans un peu plus de dix ans, un système officieux très bien
-organisé de coordinateurs pour s'assurer que rien ne serait
-oublié. En ce moment, ce que cela coûte d'installer pour des
-années un site en miroir d'un journal est si faible qu'il n'exige pas
-de financement spécial; personne n'a à travailler très
-dur : il y a juste à laisser les bibliothécaires le
-faire. Quoi qu'il en soit, oh, il y avait autre chose que ça a
-soulevé… et je ne me souviens pas ce que c'était. Oh
-,bon, j'ai oublié.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA13</strong> : Le problème de financement pour les
-travaux esthétiques… pensez-vous que la dynamique pourrait
-être… <em>[inaudible]</em> bien que je comprenne les
-problèmes de… Je veux dire qui contribue ? Et qui sera
-récompensé ? Est-ce que l'esprit du logiciel libre
-<em>[inaudible]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. L'idée vient certainement
-à l'esprit des gens. Nous verrons. Je n'ai pas les
-réponses. Je ne sais pas comment nous allons les avoir. J'essaye de
-penser à peu près où nous pourrions les obtenir. Je ne
-sais pas comment nous pourrions y arriver. Les éditeurs sont si
-puissants… ils peuvent obtenir des gouvernements qu'ils
-exécutent leurs ordres. Comment allons-nous construire ce genre de
-monde où le public refuse de tolérer ça plus longtemps,
-je ne sais pas. Je pense que la première chose que nous devons faire
-est de rejeter clairement le mot pirate et les images qui vont avec. Tous
-les jours on nous dit d'oser prendre la parole, et dire que c'est de la
-propagande, qu'il n'est pas mauvais pour les gens de partager ces travaux
-publiés avec les autres, que c'est partager avec votre ami, et que
-c'est bien. Et que partager avec votre ami, c'est plus important que
-l'argent que ces compagnies gagnent. Que la société ne devrait
-pas être façonnée sur leurs intérêts. Nous
-devons continuer… parce que vous voyez, l'idée qu'elles ont
-répandu — que tout ce qui réduit leur revenu est immoral
-et donc que les gens doivent être limités quelqu'en soit le
-moyen pour garantir qu'ils seront payés pour tout… c'est la
-chose fondamentale que nous devons commencer à attaquer
-directement. Les gens ont la plupart du temps essayé la tactique de
-la concentration sur les questions secondaires, vous savez… Quand les
-éditeurs exigent plus de pouvoir, les gens habituellement disent que
-cela causera un certain type de mal secondaire, et basent leurs arguments
-la-dessus. Mais vous trouvez rarement quelqu'un (excepté moi) qui dit
-que le point entier du changement est erroné, que c'est une erreur de
-le limiter de cette façon, qu'il est légitime pour les gens de
-vouloir changer les copies et que ça devrait leur être
-permis. Nous devrions en avoir plus. Nous devons commencer à couper
-la racine de leur domination et pas simplement entailler loin quelques
-feuilles.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA14</strong> : <em>[inaudible]</em> ce qui est important,
-c'est de se concentrer sur le système de donation pour la musique.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Oui. Bien que malheureusement, il y ait des
-brevets couvrant la technique qui semblent être très
-probablement utilisables.</p>
-
-<p><em>[rires, on crie «non» dans l'audience]</em></p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Cela peut mettre dix ans avant que ça
-puisse se faire.</p>
-
-<p><strong>MA15</strong> : On prendra seulement les lois
-françaises.</p>
-
-<p><strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je pense que je devrais rendre
-la parole à Mélanie dont l'entretien devait commencer à
-trois heures. Et hue ! donc.</p>
-
-<p>RMS reste silencieux. Il y a une pause avant le déclenchement des
-applaudissements. RMS se tourne pour applaudir le Gnu bourré de tissu
-qu'il a placé sur le rétro-projecteur au début de
-l'entretien.</p>
+<p><b>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12
+October 2009</b></p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the
privilege of
+introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is being sponsored by the
+School of Information Management at Victoria University of Wellington.</p>
+
+<p>Richard has been working to promote software freedom for over 25 years. In
+1983 he started the GNU project to develop a free operating system [the GNU
+system], and in 1985 he set up the Free Software Foundation. Every time you
+read or send a message to nz-libs, you use the Mailman software which is
+part of the GNU project. So whether you realize it or not, Richard's work
+has touched all of your lives.</p>
+
+<p>I like to describe him as the most influential person most people have never
+heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be true because it
+cannot be tested.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>We can't tell.</dd>
+
+<dt>BC:</dt>
+<dd><p>I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software freedom and
+free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee when he created the
+world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings about a free online
+encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what is now Wikipedia.</p>
+
+<p>Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in the age
+of computer networks, and their implications for libraries. Richard.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the North Island
it
+was raining most of the time. Now I know why they call gumboots
+“Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who was making chairs
+and tables out of ponga wood, and he called it fern-iture. Then we took the
+ferry to get here, and as soon as we got off, people started mocking and
+insulting us; but there were no hard feelings, they just wanted to make us
+really feel Picton.</p>
+
+<p>The reason people usually invite me to give speeches is because of my work
+on free software. This is not a talk about free software; this talk answers
+the question whether the ideas of free software extend to other kinds of
+works. But in order for that to make sense, I'd better tell you briefly
+what free software means.</p>
+
+<p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “free
+speech”, not “free beer”. Free software is software that
+respects the user's freedom, and there are four specific freedoms that the
+user deserves always to have.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program and change
+it to make the program do what you wish.</li>
+
+<li>Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbour; that is, the freedom to
+redistribute copies of the program, exact copies when you wish.</li>
+
+<li>And Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community. That's the
+freedom to publish your modified versions when you wish.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If the program gives you these four freedoms then it's free software, which
+means the social system of its distribution and use is an ethical system,
+one which respects the user's freedom and the social solidarity of the
+user's community. But if one of these freedoms is missing or insufficient,
+then it's proprietary software, nonfree software, user-subjugating
+software. It's unethical. It's not a contribution to society, it's a power
+grab. This unethical practice should not exist; the goal of the free
+software movement is to put an end to it. All software should be free, so
+that all users can be free.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software keeps the users divided and helpless: divided, because
+they're forbidden to share it, and helpless, because they don't have the
+source code so they can't change it. They can't even study it to verify
+what it's really doing to them, and many proprietary programs have malicious
+features which spy on the user, restrict the user, even back doors to attack
+the user.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, Microsoft Windows has a back door with which Microsoft can
+forcibly install software changes, without getting permission from the
+supposed owner of the computer. You may think it's your computer, but if
+you've made the mistake of having Windows running in it, then really
+Microsoft has owned your computer. Computers need to be defenestrated,
+which means either throw Windows out of the computer, or throw the computer
+out the window.</p>
+
+<p>But any proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over the
+users. Some of the developers abuse this power more, and some abuse it
+less, but none of them ought to have it. You deserve to have control of
+your computing, and not be forcibly dependent on a particular company. So
+you deserve free software.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of speeches about free software, people sometimes ask whether
+these same freedoms and ideas apply to other things. If you have a copy of
+a published work on your computer, it makes sense to ask whether you should
+have the same four freedoms—whether it's ethically essential that you
+have them or not. And that's the question that I'm going to address today.</p>
+
+<p>If you have a copy of something that's not software, for the most part, the
+only thing that might deny you any of these freedoms is copyright law. With
+software that's not so. The main ways of making software non-free are
+contracts and withholding the source code from the users. Copyright is a
+sort of secondary, back up method. For other things there's no such
+distinction as between source code and executable code.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, if we're talking about a text, if you can see the text to read
+it, there's nothing in the text that you can't see. So it's not the same
+kind of issue exactly as software. It's for the most part only copyright
+that might deny you these freedoms.</p>
+
+<p>So the question can be restated: “What should copyright law allow you
+to do with published works? What should copyright law say?”</p>
+
+<p>Copyright has developed along with copying technology, so it's useful to
+review the history of copying technology. Copying developed in the ancient
+world, where you'd use a writing instrument on a writing surface. You'd
+read one copy and write another.</p>
+
+<p>This technology was rather inefficient, but another interesting
+characteristic was that it had no economy of scale. To write ten copies
+would take ten times as long as to write one copy. It required no special
+equipment other than the equipment for writing, and it required no special
+skill other than literacy itself. The result was that copies of any
+particular book were made in a decentralized manner. Wherever there was a
+copy, if someone wanted to copy it, he could.</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing like copyright in the ancient world. If you had a copy
+and wanted to copy it, nobody was going to tell you you weren't
+allowed—except if the local prince didn't like what the book said, in
+which case he might punish you for copying it. But that's not copyright,
+but rather something closely related, namely censorship. To this day,
+copyright is often used in attempts to censor people.</p>
+
+<p>That went on for thousands of years, but then there was a big advance in
+copying technology, namely the printing press. The printing press made
+copying more efficient, but not uniformly. [This was] because mass
+production copying became a lot more efficient, but making one copy at a
+time didn't benefit from the printing press. In fact, you were better off
+just writing it by hand; that would be faster than trying to print one
copy.</p>
+
+<p>The printing press has an economy of scale: it takes a lot of work to set
+the type, but then you can make many copies very fast. Also, the printing
+press and the type were expensive equipment that most people didn't own; and
+the ability to use them, most literate people didn't know. Using a press
+was a different skill from writing. The result was a centralized manner of
+producing copies: the copies of any given book would be made in a few
+places, and then they would be transported to wherever someone wanted to buy
+copies.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright began in the age of the printing press. Copyright in England
+began as a system of censorship in the 1500s. I believe it was originally
+meant to censor Protestants, but it was turned around and used to censor
+Catholics and presumably lots of others as well. According to this law, in
+order to publish a book you had to get permission from the Crown, and this
+permission was granted in the form of a perpetual monopoly to publish it.
+This was allowed to lapse in the 1680s, I believe [it expired in 1695
+according to the Wikipedia entry]. The publishers wanted it back again, but
+what they got was something somewhat different. The Statute of Anne gave
+authors a copyright, and only for 14 years, although the author could renew
+it once.</p>
+
+<p>This was a totally different idea—a temporary monopoly for the author,
+instead of a perpetual monopoly for the publisher. The idea developed that
+copyright was a means of promoting writing.</p>
+
+<p>When the US constitution was written, some people wanted authors to be
+entitled to a copyright, but that was rejected. Instead, the US
+Constitution says that Congress can optionally adopt a copyright law, and if
+there is a copyright law, its purpose is to promote progress. In other
+words, the purpose is not benefits for copyright holders or anybody they do
+business with, but for the general public. Copyright has to last a limited
+time; publishers keep hoping for us to forget about this.</p>
+
+<p>Here we have an idea of copyright which is an industrial regulation on
+publishers, controlled by authors, and designed to provide benefits to the
+public at large. It functioned this way because it didn't restrict the
+readers.</p>
+
+<p>Now in the early centuries of printing, and still I believe in the 1790s,
+lots of readers wrote copies by hand because they couldn't afford printed
+copies. Nobody ever expected copyright law to be something other than an
+industrial regulation. It wasn't meant to stop people from writing copies,
+it was meant to regulate the publishers. Because of this it was easy to
+enforce, uncontroversial, and arguably beneficial for society.</p>
+
+<p>It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against
+publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a
+book—you go to a bookstore and say 'where do these copies come
+from?'. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer
+to do that.</p>
+
+<p>It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted, they had
+nothing to complain about. Theoretically they were restricted from
+publishing, but not being publishers and not having printing presses, they
+couldn't do that anyway. In what they actually could do, they were not
+restricted.</p>
+
+<p>It was arguably beneficial because the general public, according to the
+concepts of copyright law, traded away a theoretical right they were not in
+a position to exercise. In exchange, they got the benefits of more
writing.</p>
+
+<p>Now if you trade away something you have no possible use for, and you get
+something you can use in exchange, it's a positive trade. Whether or not
+you could have gotten a better deal some other way, that's a different
+question, but at least it's positive.</p>
+
+<p>So if this were still in the age of the printing press, I don't think I'd be
+complaining about copyright law. But the age of the printing press is
+gradually giving way to the age of the computer networks—another
+advance in copying technology that makes copying more efficient, and once
+again not uniformly so.</p>
+
+<p>Here's what we had in the age of the printing press: mass production very
+efficient, one at a time copying still just as slow as the ancient world.
+Digital technology gets us here: they've both benefited, but one-off copying
+has benefited the most.</p>
+
+<p>We get to a situation much more like the ancient world, where one at a time
+copying is not so much worse [i.e., harder] than mass production copying.
+It's a little bit less efficient, a little bit less good, but it's perfectly
+cheap enough that hundreds of millions of people do it. Consider how many
+people write CDs once in a while, even in poor countries. You may not have
+a CD-writer yourself, so you go to a store where you can do it.</p>
+
+<p>This means that copyright no longer fits in with the technology as it used
+to. Even if the words of copyright law had not changed, they wouldn't have
+the same effect. Instead of an industrial regulation on publishers
+controlled by authors, with the benefits set up to go to the public, it is
+now a restriction on the general public, controlled mainly by the
+publishers, in the name of the authors.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, it's tyranny. It's intolerable and we can't allow it to
+continue this way.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this change, [copyright] is no longer easy to enforce, no
+longer uncontroversial, and no longer beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer easy to enforce because now the publishers want to enforce it
+against each and every person, and to do this requires cruel measures,
+draconian punishments, invasions of privacy, abolition of our basic ideas of
+justice. There's almost no limit to how far they will propose to go to
+prosecute the War on Sharing.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several
+countries whose basic platform is 'freedom to share'.</p>
+
+<p>It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually traded
+away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise. They're
+tremendously useful, and we want to exercise them.</p>
+
+<p>What would a democratic government do in this situation?</p>
+
+<p>It would reduce copyright power. It would say: “The trade we made on
+behalf of our citizens, trading away some of their freedom which now they
+need, is intolerable. We have to change this; we can't trade away the
+freedom that is important.” We can measure the sickness of democracy
+by the tendency of governments to do the exact opposite around the world,
+extending copyright power when they should reduce it.</p>
+
+<p>One example is in the dimension of time. Around the world we see pressure
+to make copyright last longer and longer and longer.</p>
+
+<p>A wave of this started in the US in 1998. Copyright was extended by 20
+years on both past and future works. I do not understand how they hope to
+convince the now dead or senile writers of the 20s and 30s to write more
+back then by extending copyright on their works now. If they have a time
+machine with which to inform them, they haven't used it. Our history books
+don't say that there was a burst of vigor in the arts in the 20s when all
+the artists found out that their copyrights would be extended in 1998.</p>
+
+<p>It's theoretically conceivable that 20 years more copyright on future works
+would convince people to make more effort in producing those works. But not
+anyone rational, because the discounted present value of 20 more years of
+copyright starting 75 years in the future—if it's a work made for
+hire—and probably even longer if it's a work with an individual
+copyright holder, is so small it couldn't persuade any rational person to do
+anything different. Any business that wants to claim otherwise ought to
+present its projected balance sheets for 75 years in the future, which of
+course they can't do because none of them really looks that far ahead.</p>
+
+<p>The real reason for this law, the desire that prompted various companies to
+purchase this law in the US Congress, which is how laws are decided on for
+the most part, was they had lucrative monopolies and they wanted those
+monopolies to continue.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, Disney was aware that the first film in which Mickey Mouse
+appeared would go into the public domain in a few years, and then anybody
+would be free to draw that same character as part of other works. Disney
+didn't want that to happen. Disney borrows a lot from the public domain,
+but is determined never to give the slightest thing back. So Disney paid
+for this law, which we refer to as the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act.</p>
+
+<p>The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US
+Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with a way
+to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright on the
+installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright for 20 more
+years. So that at any given time, any given work has a date when it will
+supposedly fall into the public domain. But that date is like tomorrow, it
+never comes. By the time you get there they will have postponed it, unless
+we stop them next time.</p>
+
+<p>That's one dimension, the dimension of duration. But even more important is
+the dimension of breadth: which uses of the work does copyright cover?</p>
+
+<p>In the age of the printing press, copyright wasn't supposed to cover all
+uses of a copyrighted work, because copyright regulated certain uses that
+were the exceptions in a broader space of unregulated uses. There were
+certain things you were simply allowed to do with your copy of a book.</p>
+
+<p>Now the publishers have got the idea that they can turn our computers
+against us, and use them to seize total power over all use of published
+works. They want to set up a pay-per-view universe. They're doing it with
+DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)—the intentional features of
+software that's designed to restrict the user. And often the computer
+itself is designed to restrict the user.</p>
+
+<p>The first way in which the general public saw this was in DVDs. A movie on
+a DVD was usually encrypted, and the format was secret. The DVD conspiracy
+kept this secret because they said anyone that wants to make DVD players has
+to join the conspiracy, promise to keep the format secret, and promise to
+design the DVD players to restrict the users according to the rules, which
+say it has to stop the user from doing this, from doing that, from doing
+that—a precise set of requirements, all of which are malicious towards
+us.</p>
+
+<p>It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret format,
+and published free software capable of reading the movie on a DVD and
+playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't actually stop
+them, we have to make it a crime”. And they started that in the US in
+1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which imposed censorship on
+software capable of doing such jobs.</p>
+
+<p>So that particular piece of free software was the subject of a court case.
+Its distribution in the US is forbidden; the US practices censorship of
+software.</p>
+
+<p>The movie companies are well aware that they can't really make that program
+disappear—it's easy enough to find it. So they designed another
+encryption system, which they hoped would be harder to break, and it's
+called AACS, or the axe.</p>
+
+<p>The AACS conspiracy makes precise rules about all players. For instance, in
+2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video outputs. So all video
+outputs will have to be digital, and they will carry the signal encrypted
+into a monitor specially designed to keep secrets from the user. That is
+malicious hardware. They say that the purpose of this is to “close
+the analog hole”. I'll show you a couple of analog holes (Stallman
+takes off his glasses): here's one and here's another, that they'd like to
+poke out permanently.</p>
+
+<p>How do I know about these conspiracies? The reason is they're not
+secret—they have websites. The AACS website proudly describes the
+contracts that manufacturers have to sign, which is how I know about this
+requirement. It proudly states the names of the companies that have
+established this conspiracy, which include Microsoft and Apple, and Intel,
+and Sony, and Disney, and IBM.</p>
+
+<p>A conspiracy of companies designed to restrict the public's access to
+technology ought to be prosecuted as a serious crime, like a conspiracy to
+fix prices, except it's worse, so the prison sentences for this should be
+longer. But these companies are quite confident that our governments are on
+their side against us. They have no fear against being prosecuted for these
+conspiracies, which is why they don't bother to hide them.</p>
+
+<p>In general DRM is set up by a conspiracy of companies. Once in a while a
+single company can do it, but generally it requires a conspiracy between
+technology companies and publishers, so [it's] almost always a conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>They thought that nobody would ever be able to break the AACS, but about
+three and a half years ago someone released a free program capable of
+decrypting that format. However, it was totally useless, because in order
+to run it you need to know the key.</p>
+
+<p>And then, six months later, I saw a photo of two adorable puppies, with 32
+hex digits above them, and I wondered: “Why put those two things
+together? I wonder if those numbers are some important key, and someone
+could have put the numbers together with the puppies, figuring people would
+copy the photo of the puppies because they were so cute. This would protect
+the key from being wiped out.”</p>
+
+<p>And that's what it was—that was the key to break the axe. People
+posted it, and editors deleted it, because laws in many countries now
+conscript them to censor this information. It was posted again, they
+deleted it; eventually they gave up, and in two weeks this number was posted
+in over 700,000 web sites.</p>
+
+<p>That's a big outpouring of public disgust with DRM. But it didn't win the
+war, because the publishers changed the key. Not only that: with HD DVD,
+this was adequate to break the DRM, but not with Blu-ray. Blu-ray has an
+additional level of DRM and so far there is no free software that can break
+it, which means that you must regard Blu-ray disks as something incompatible
+with your own freedom. They are an enemy with which no accommodation is
+possible, at least not with our present level of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Never accept any product designed to attack your freedom. If you don't have
+the free software to play a DVD, you mustn't buy or rent any DVDs, or accept
+them even as gifts, except for the rare non-encrypted DVDs, which there are
+a few of. I actually have a few [of these]—I don't have any encrypted
+DVDs, I won't take them.</p>
+
+<p>So this is how things stand in video, but we've also seen DRM in music.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, about ten years ago we started to see things that looked like
+compact disks, but they weren't written quite like compact disks. They
+didn't follow the standard. We called them 'corrupt disks', and the idea of
+them was that they would play in an audio player, but it was impossible to
+read them on a computer. These different methods had various problems.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually Sony came up with a clever idea. They put a program on the disk,
+so that if you stuck the disk into a computer, the disk would install the
+program. This program was designed like a virus to take control of the
+system. It's called a 'root kit', meaning that it has things in it to break
+the security of the system so that it can install the software deep inside
+the system, and modify various parts of the system.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, it modified the command you could use to examine the system to
+see if the software was present, so as to disguise itself. It modified the
+command you could use to delete some of these files, so that it wouldn't
+really delete them. Now all of this is a serious crime, but it's not the
+only one Sony committed, because the software also included free software
+code—code that had been released under the GNU General Public
License.</p>
+
+<p>Now the GNU GPL is a copyleft license, and that means it says “Yes,
+you're free to put this code into other things, but when you do, the entire
+program that you put things into you must release as free software under the
+same license. And you must make the source code available to users, and to
+inform them of their rights you must give them a copy of this license when
+they get the software.”</p>
+
+<p>Sony didn't comply with all that. That's commercial copyright infringement,
+which is a felony. They're both felonies, but Sony wasn't prosecuted
+because the government understands that the purpose of the government and
+the law is to maintain the power of those companies over us, not to help
+defend our freedom in any way.</p>
+
+<p>People got angry and they sued Sony. However, they made a mistake. They
+focused their condemnation not on the evil purpose of this scheme, but only
+on the secondary evils of the various methods that Sony used. So Sony
+settled the lawsuits and promised that in the future, when it attacks our
+freedom, it will not do those other things.</p>
+
+<p>Actually, that particular corrupt disk scheme was not so bad, because if you
+were not using Windows it would not affect you at all. Even if you were
+using Windows, there's a key on the keyboard—if you remembered every
+time to hold it down, then the disk wouldn't install the software. But of
+course it's hard to remember that every time; you're going to slip up some
+day. This shows the kind of thing we've had to deal with.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately music DRM is receding. Even the main record companies sell
+downloads without DRM. But we see a renewed effort to impose DRM on books.</p>
+
+<p>You see, the publishers want to take away the traditional freedoms of book
+readers—freedom to do things such as borrow a book from the public
+library, or lend it to a friend; to sell a book to a used book store, or buy
+it anonymously paying cash (which is the only way I buy books—we've
+got to resist the temptations to let Big Brother know everything that we're
+doing.)</p>
+
+<p>Even the freedom to keep the book as long as you wish, and read it as many
+times as you wish, they plan to get rid of.</p>
+
+<p>The way they do it is with DRM. They knew that so many people read books
+and would get angry if these freedoms were taken away that they didn't
+believe they could buy a law specifically to abolish these
+freedoms—there would be too much opposition. Democracy is sick, but
+once in a while people manage to demand something. So they came up with a
+two-stage plan.</p>
+
+<p>First, take away these freedoms from ebooks, and second, convince people to
+switch from paper books to ebooks. They've succeeded with stage 1.</p>
+
+<p>In the US they did it with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and in New
+Zealand, that was part of the year-ago Copyright Act; censorship on software
+that can break DRM was part of that law. That's an unjust provision; it's
+got to be repealed.</p>
+
+<p>The second stage is convince people to switch from printed books to ebooks;
+that didn't go so well.</p>
+
+<p>One publisher in 2001 had the idea they would make their line of ebooks
+really popular if they started it with my biography. So they found an
+author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said “Only if
+this ebook is published without encryption, without DRM”. The
+publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just stuck to it—I said
+no. Eventually we found another publisher who was willing to do
+this—in fact willing to publish the book under a free license giving
+you the four freedoms—so the book was then published, and sold a lot
+of copies on paper.</p>
+
+<p>But in any case, ebooks failed at the beginning of this decade. People just
+didn't want to read them very much. And I said, “they will try
+again”. We saw an amazing number of news articles about electronic
+ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never remember which), and it occurred
+to me probably the reason there's so many is the publishers want us to think
+about this. They want us to be eager for the next generation of ebook
+readers.</p>
+
+<p>Now they're upon us. Things like the Sony Shreader (its official name is
+the Sony Reader, but if you put on 'sh' it explains what it's designed to do
+to your books), and the Amazon Swindle, designed to swindle you out of your
+traditional freedoms without your noticing. Of course, they call it the
+Kindle which is what it's going to do to your books.</p>
+
+<p>The Kindle is an extremely malicious product, almost as malicious as
+Microsoft Windows. They both have spy features, they both have Digital
+Restrictions Management, and they both have back doors.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the Kindle, the only way you can buy a book is to buy it from
+Amazon, and Amazon requires you to identify yourself, so they know
+everything that you've bought.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is Digital Restrictions Management, so you can't lend the book or
+sell it to a used bookstore, and the library can't lend it either.</p>
+
+<p>And then there's the back door, which we found out about about three months
+ago, because Amazon used it. Amazon sent a command to all the Kindles to
+erase a particular book, namely 1984 by George Orwell. Yes, they couldn't
+have picked a more ironic book to erase. So that's how we know that Amazon
+has a back door with which it can erase books remotely.</p>
+
+<p>What else it can do, who knows? Maybe it's like Microsoft Windows. Maybe
+Amazon can remotely upgrade the software, which means that whatever
+malicious things are not in it now, they could put them in it tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p>This is intolerable—any one of these restrictions is intolerable.
+They want to create a world where nobody lends books to anybody anymore.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine that you visit a friend and there are no books on the shelf. It's
+not that your friend doesn't read, but his books are all inside a device,
+and of course he can't lend you those books. The only way he could lend you
+any one of those books is to lend you his whole library, which is obviously
+a ridiculous thing to ask anybody to do. So there goes friendship for
+people who love books.</p>
+
+<p>Make sure that you inform people what this device implies. It means other
+readers will no longer be your friends, because you will be acting like a
+jerk toward them. Spread the word preemptively. This device is your
+enemy. It's the enemy of everyone who reads. The people who don't
+recognize that are the people who are thinking so short-term that they don't
+see it. It's our job to help them see beyond the momentary convenience to
+the implications of this device.</p>
+
+<p>I have nothing against distributing books in digital form, if they are not
+designed to take away our freedom. Strictly speaking, it is possible to
+have an ebook reader:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>that is not designed to attack you,</li>
+
+<li>which runs free software and not proprietary software,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't have DRM,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't make people identify yourself to get a book,</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't have a back door, [and]</li>
+
+<li>which doesn't restrict what you can do with the files on your machine.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>It's possible, but the big companies really pushing ebooks are doing it to
+attack our freedom, and we mustn't stand for that. This is what governments
+are doing in cahoots with big business to attack our freedom, by making
+copyright harsher and nastier, more restrictive than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>But what should they do? Governments should make copyright power less. Here
+are my specific proposals.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, there is the dimension of time. I propose copyright should
+last ten years, starting from the date of publication of a work.</p>
+
+<p>Why from the date of publication? Because before that, we don't have
+copies. It doesn't matter to us whether we would have been allowed to copy
+our copies that we don't have, so I figure we might as well let the authors
+have as much time as it takes to arrange publication, and then start the
+clock.</p>
+
+<p>But why ten years? I don't know about in this country, but in the US, the
+publication cycle has got shorter and shorter. Nowadays almost all books
+are remaindered within two years and out-of-print within three. So ten
+years is more than three times the usual publication cycle—that should
+be plenty comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>But not everybody agrees. I once proposed this in a panel discussion with
+fiction writers, and the award-winning fantasy writer next to me said
+“Ten years? No way. Anything more than five years is
+intolerable.” You see, he had a legal dispute with his publisher. His
+books seemed to be out of print, but the publisher wouldn't admit it. The
+publisher was using the copyright on his own book to stop him from
+distributing copies himself, which he wanted to do so people could read it.</p>
+
+<p>This is what every artist starts out wanting—wanting to distribute her
+work so it will get read and appreciated. Very few make a lot of money.
+That tiny fraction face the danger of being morally corrupted, like
+J.K. Rowling.</p>
+
+<p>J.K. Rowling, in Canada, got an injunction against people who had bought her
+book in a bookstore, ordering them not to read it. So in response I call
+for a boycott of Harry Potter books. But I don't say you shouldn't read
+them; I leave that to the author and the publisher. I just say you
+shouldn't buy them.</p>
+
+<p>It's few authors that make enough money that they can be corrupted in this
+way. Most of them don't get anywhere near that, and continue wanting the
+same thing they wanted at the outset: they want their work to be
+appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>He wanted to distribute his own book, and copyright was stopping him. He
+realized that more than five years of copyright was unlikely to ever do him
+any good.</p>
+
+<p>If people would rather have copyright last five years, I won't be against
+it. I propose ten as a first stab at the problem. Let's reduce it to ten
+years and then take stock for a while, and we could adjust it after that. I
+don't say I think ten years is the exact right number—I don't know.</p>
+
+<p>What about the dimension of breadth? Which activities should copyright
+cover? I distinguish three broad categories of works.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, there are the functional works that you use to do a practical
+job in your life. This includes software, recipes, educational works,
+reference works, text fonts, and other things you can think of. These works
+should be free.</p>
+
+<p>If you use the work to do a job in your life, then if you can't change the
+work to suit you, you don't control your life. Once you have changed the
+work to suit you, then you've got to be free to publish it—publish
+your version—because there will be others who will want the changes
+you've made.</p>
+
+<p>This leads quickly to the conclusion that users have to have the same four
+freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll
+notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and
+changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would
+react if the government tried to stamp out so-called 'recipe piracy'.</p>
+
+<p>The term 'pirate' is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of
+music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't
+do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So it's not music
+'piracy', because piracy is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you
+get from being the moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking
+ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly
+denounce that propaganda term 'piracy' whenever we hear it.</p>
+
+<p>People might have objected twenty years ago: “If we don't give up our
+freedom, if we don't let the publishers of these works control us, the works
+won't get made and that will be a horrible disaster.” Now, looking at
+the free software community, and all the recipes that circulate, and
+reference works like Wikipedia—we are even starting to see free
+textbooks being published—we know that that fear is misguided.</p>
+
+<p>There is no need to despair and give up our freedom thinking that otherwise
+the works won't get made. There are lots of ways to encourage them to get
+made if we want more—lots of ways that are consistent with and respect
+our freedom. In this category, they should all be free.</p>
+
+<p>But what about the second category, of works that say what certain people
+thought, like memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific papers, and various
+other things? To publish a modified version of somebody else's statement of
+what he thought is misrepresenting [that] somebody. That's not particularly
+a contribution to society.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore it is workable and acceptable to have a somewhat reduced copyright
+system where all commercial use is covered by copyright, all modification is
+covered by copyright, but everyone is free to non-commercially redistribute
+exact copies.</p>
+
+<p>That freedom is the minimum freedom we must establish for all published
+works, because the denial of that freedom is what creates the War on
+Sharing—what creates the vicious propaganda that sharing is theft,
+that sharing is like being a pirate and attacking ships. Absurdities, but
+absurdities backed by a lot of money that has corrupted our governments. We
+need to end the War on Sharing; we need to legalize sharing exact copies of
+any published work.</p>
+
+<p>In the second category of works, that's all we need; we don't need to make
+them free. Therefore I think it's OK to have a reduced copyright system
+which covers commercial use and all modifications. And this will provide a
+revenue stream to the authors in more or less the same (usually inadequate)
+way as the present system. You've got to keep in mind [that] the present
+system, except for superstars, is usually totally inadequate.</p>
+
+<p>What about works of art and entertainment? Here it took me a while to decide
+what to think about modifications.</p>
+
+<p>You see, on one hand, a work of art can have an artistic integrity and
+modifying it could destroy that. Of course, copyright doesn't necessarily
+stop works from being butchered that way. Hollywood does it all the time.
+On the other hand, modifying the work can be a contribution to art. It
+makes possible the folk process which leads to things which are beautiful
+and rich.</p>
+
+<p>Even if we look at named authors only: consider Shakespeare, who borrowed
+stories from other works only a few decades old, and did them in different
+ways, and made important works of literature. If today's copyright law had
+existed then, that would have been forbidden and those plays wouldn't have
+been written.</p>
+
+<p>But eventually I realized that modifying a work of art can be a contribution
+to art, but it's not desperately urgent in most cases. If you had to wait
+ten years for the copyright to expire, you could wait that long. Not like
+the present-day copyright that makes you wait maybe 75 years, or 95 years.
+In Mexico you might have to wait almost 200 years in some cases, because
+copyright in Mexico expires a hundred years after the author dies. This is
+insane, but ten years, as I've proposed copyright should last, that people
+can wait.</p>
+
+<p>So I propose the same partly reduced copyright that covers commercial use
+and modification, but everyone's got to be free to non-commercially
+redistribute exact copies. After ten years it goes into the public domain,
+and people can contribute to art by publishing their modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>One other thing: if you're going to take little pieces out of a bunch of
+works and rearrange them into something totally different, that should just
+be legal, because the purpose of copyright is to promote art, not to
+obstruct art. It's stupid to apply copyright to using snippets like
+that—it's self-defeating. It's a kind of distortion that you'd only
+get when the government is under the control of the publishers of the
+existing successful works, and has totally lost sight of its intended
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>That's what I propose, and in particular, this means that sharing copies on
+the Internet must be legal. Sharing is good. Sharing builds the bonds of
+society. To attack sharing is to attack society.</p>
+
+<p>So any time the government proposes some new means to attack people who
+share, to stop them from sharing, we have to recognize that this is evil,
+not just because the means proposed almost invariably offend basic ideas of
+justice (but that's not a coincidence). The reason is because the purpose
+is evil. Sharing is good and the government should encourage sharing.</p>
+
+<p>But copyright did after all have a useful purpose. Copyright as a means to
+carry out that purpose has a problem now, because it doesn't fit in with the
+technology we use. It interferes with all the vital freedoms for all the
+readers, listeners, viewers, and whatever, but the goal of promoting the
+arts is still desirable. So in addition to the partly reduced copyright
+system, which would continue to be a copyright system, I propose two other
+methods.</p>
+
+<p>One is taxes—distribute tax money directly to artists. This could be
+a special tax, perhaps on Internet connectivity, or it could come from
+general revenue, because it won't be that much money in total, not if it's
+distributed in an efficient way. To distribute it efficiently to promote
+the arts means not in linear proportion to popularity. It should be based
+on popularity, because we don't want bureaucrats to have the discretion to
+decide which artists to support and which to ignore, but based on popularity
+does not imply linear proportion.</p>
+
+<p>What I propose is measure the popularity of the various artists, which you
+could do through polling (samples) in which nobody is required to
+participate, and then take the cube root. The cube root looks like this: it
+means basically that [the payment] tapers off after a while.</p>
+
+<p>If superstar A is a thousand times as popular as successful artist B, with
+this system A would get ten times as much money as B, not a thousand times.</p>
+
+<p>Linearly would give A a thousand times as much as B, which means that if we
+wanted B to get enough to live on we're going to have to make A tremendously
+rich. This is wasteful use of the tax money—it shouldn't be done.</p>
+
+<p>But if we make it taper off, then yes, each superstar will get handsomely
+more than an ordinary successful artist, but the total of all the superstars
+will be a small fraction of the [total] money. Most of the money will go to
+support a large number of fairly successful artists, fairly appreciated
+artists, fairly popular artists. Thus the system will use money a lot more
+efficiently than the existing system.</p>
+
+<p>The existing system is regressive. It actually gives far, far more per
+record, for instance, to a superstar than to anybody else. The money is
+extremely badly used. The result is we'd actually be paying a lot less this
+way. I hope that's enough to mollify some of these people who have a
+knee-jerk hostile reaction to taxes—one that I don't share, because I
+believe in a welfare state.</p>
+
+<p>I have another suggestion which is voluntary payments. Suppose every player
+had a button you could push to send a dollar to the artist who made the work
+you're currently playing or the last one you played. This money would be
+delivered anonymously to those artists. I think a lot of people would push
+that button fairly often.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, all of us could afford to push that button once every day, and
+we wouldn't miss that much money. It's not that much money for us, I'm
+pretty sure. Of course, there are poor people who couldn't afford to push
+it ever, and it's OK if they don't. We don't need to squeeze money out of
+poor people to support the artists. There are enough people who are not
+poor to do the job just fine. I'm sure you're aware that a lot of people
+really love certain art and are really happy to support the artists.</p>
+
+<p>An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a certificate of
+having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up how many times you
+had done it and give you a certificate that says “I sent so much to
+these artists”. There are various ways we could encourage people who
+want to do it.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and kind:
+“Have you sent a dollar to some artists today? Why not? It's only a
+dollar—you'll never miss it and don't you love what they're doing?
+Push the button!” It will make people feel good, and they'll think
+“Yeah, I love what I just watched. I'll send a dollar.”</p>
+
+<p>This is already starting to work to some extent. There's a Canadian singer
+who used to be called Jane Siberry. She put her music on her website and
+invited people to download it and pay whatever amount they wished. She
+reported getting an average of more than a dollar per copy, which is
+interesting because the major record companies charge just under a dollar
+per copy. By letting people decide whether and how much to pay, she got
+more—she got even more per visitor who was actually downloading
+something. But this might not even count whether there was an effect of
+bringing more people to come, and [thus] increasing the total number that
+this average was against.</p>
+
+<p>So it can work, but it's a pain in the neck under present circumstances.
+You've got to have a credit card to do it, and that means you can't do it
+anonymously. And you've got to go find where you're going to pay, and the
+payment systems for small amounts, they're not very efficient, so the
+artists are only getting half of it. If we set up a good system for this,
+it would work far, far better.</p>
+
+<p>So these are my two suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>And in mecenatglobal.org, you can find another scheme that combines aspects
+of the two, which was invented by Francis Muguet and designed to fit in with
+existing legal systems better to make it easier to enact.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights holders”,
+because when they say 'compensate', they're trying to presume that if you
+have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that
+you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say 'rights
+holders', it's supposed to make you think it's supporting artists while in
+fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically
+exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so
+popular that they have clout).</p>
+
+<p>We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to
+“compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful thing
+to do. That was the motivation for copyright back when copyright fit in
+with the technology of the day. Today copyright is a bad way to do it, but
+it's still good to do it other ways that respect our freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright
+Act. They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment, because sharing
+is good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to
+break DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty
+between various countries, for all of these countries to attack their
+citizens, and we don't know how because they won't tell us.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">Click here</a>
+for an older version of this talk from 2000.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -1279,7 +909,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:35 $
+$Date: 2009/12/01 21:26:40 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1303,8 +933,6 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po 29 Mar 2009 20:27:10
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr.po 1 Dec 2009 21:26:44
-0000 1.6
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: copyright-versus-community.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-25 04:26-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-03-29 18:44+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <cedric.corazza AT wanadoo.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -29,2388 +29,1297 @@
"Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des réseaux "
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-"they were all identical. And it required specialised, fairly expensive "
-"equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in effect it created a "
-"situation in which copies could only feasibly be made by specialised "
-"businesses, of which the number was not that large. There might have been "
-"hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of thousands, or "
-"maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So the decrease in "
-"the number of places in which copies could be made was tremendous."
-msgstr ""
-"Plus tard, l'impression fut développée et a considé"
-"rablement changé la situation. Elle a fourni une manière "
-"beaucoup plus efficace de faire des copies de livres, pourvu qu'elle soient "
-"toutes identiques. Et elle a exigé un équipement spé"
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-"Elle a donc créé une situation dans laquelle les copies ne "
-"pouvait être réellement faisables que par des entreprises "
-"spécialisées, dont le nombre n'était pas é"
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-"des centaines de milliers, ou peut-être même vraisemblablement "
-"des millions de personnes qui auraient pu les lire. Ainsi la diminution du "
-"nombre d'endroits dans lesquels les copies pouvaient être faites "
-"était considérable."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I think "
-"that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, which was "
-"a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of copyright but I "
-"can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. But the system of "
-"copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press because it became rare "
-"for ordinary readers to make copies. It still happen. People who were very "
-"poor or very rich had handmade copies of books. The very rich people did "
-"this to show off their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show "
-"that they could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books by "
-"hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes “"
-"Time ain't money when all you got is time.” So some poor people copied "
-"books with a pen. But for the most part the books were all made on printing "
-"presses by publishers and copyright as a system fitted in very well with the "
-"technical system. For one thing it was painless for readers, because the "
-"readers weren't going to make copies anyway, except for the very rich ones "
-"who could presumably legitimise it, or the very poor ones who were making "
-"just individual copies and no one was going to go after them with lawyers. "
-"And the system was fairly easy to enforce again because there were only a "
-"small number of places where it had to be enforced: only the printing "
-"presses, and because of this it didn't require, it didn't involve, a "
-"struggle against the public. You didn't find just about everybody trying to "
-"copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing it."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant, l'idée de copyright s'est développée avec "
-"la presse. Je pense qu'il peut y avoir… Je pense que je me rappelle "
-"avoir lu que Venise, qui était un centre important de l'impression au "
-"XVIème siècle, a également connu un genre de copyright "
-"mais je ne peux pas vous dire : Je ne pourrais pas retrouver cette "
-"référence. Mais le système de copyright s'est "
-"naturellement accordé avec la presse parce qu'il est devenu rare pour "
-"un lecteur ordinaire de faire des copies. C'est toujours le cas. Seuls les "
-"gens très pauvres ou très riches détenaient des copies "
-"manuscrites de livres. Les gens très riches le faisaient pour é"
-"taler leur richesse : il fallait avoir une éblouissante fortune "
-"pour se le permettre. Et les pauvres gens en étaient encore parfois "
-"à recopier les livres à la main parce qu'ils ne pouvaient pas "
-"se permettre les copies imprimées. Comme le dit la chanson «le "
-"temps n'est pas de l'argent quand c'est tout ce que vous avez». Aussi "
-"quelques pauvres gens ont copié des livres avec un stylo. Mais pour "
-"la plupart, les livres étaient fabriqués à la presse "
-"par des éditeurs et le copyright en tant que système s'est "
-"naturellement accordé avec la technologie. D'un certain cô"
-"té ce fut indolore pour les lecteurs, parce qu'ils ne faisaient de "
-"toute façon plus de copie, excepté pour les gens très "
-"riches qui pouvait réellement légitimer un tel acte, ou les "
-"très pauvres qui n'en faisaient qu'un exemplaire unique et que "
-"personne n'aurait poursuivi avec des avocats. Et le système fut "
-"vraiment facile à imposer toujours parce qu'il n'y avait qu'un "
-"très petit nombre de lieux où c'était possible : "
-"seulement les presses, et parce que cela ne nécessitait pas, cela "
-"n'impliquait pas de lutte contre le public. Vous ne pouviez pas trouver ne "
-"serait-ce qu'une seule personne essayant de copier des livres, et "
-"menacée d'être arrêtée pour ça."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it didn't "
-"cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a small "
-"fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so that small "
-"extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the readers. The "
-"actions restricted by copyright were actions that you couldn't do, as an "
-"ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a problem. And because of "
-"this there was no need for harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate "
-"it and to obey."
-msgstr ""
-"Et en fait, en plus de ne pas limiter le lecteur directement, il n'a pas "
-"vraiment causé d'ennuis, étant donné qu'il a du ê"
-"tre ajouté une petite fraction du prix du livre qui n'a certes pas "
-"coûté le double, de sorte que la petite addition supplé"
-"mentaire au prix n'était qu'un tout petit fardeau pour les lecteurs. "
-"Les actions limitées par copyright étaient des actions que "
-"vous ne pouviez pas faire, en tant que lecteur ordinaire, et donc, cela n'a "
-"pas posé de problème. Et pour cette raison, on avait pas "
-"besoin de punir sévèrement les lecteurs pour les convaincre de "
-"le tolérer et d'y obéir."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted "
-"publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was "
-"somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the Atlantic. "
-"You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting on a boat for "
-"weeks or months."
-msgstr ""
-"Bien, le copyright était donc un règlement industriel. Il "
-"restreignait les éditeurs et les auteurs mais ne limitait pas le "
-"grand public. C'était comme faire payer un droit d'entrée pour "
-"une traversée en bateau de l'Océan atlantique. Vous savez, il "
-"est facile de percevoir des honoraires quand les gens prennent le bateau "
-"pour des semaines, voire des mois."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor "
-"people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of got "
-"forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got cheap "
-"enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so to some "
-"extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost from memory. I "
-"heard about this about ten years ago when I started talking about the "
-"subject to people."
-msgstr ""
-"Avec le temps, l'impression est devenue plus efficace. Par la suite, les "
-"pauvres gens n'ont plus été obligés de copier les "
-"livres à la main et ce genre d'idée est tombée dans "
-"l'oubli. Je pense que c'est au XIXème siècle que l'impression "
-"est devenue suffisamment bon marché pour que la plupart ait les "
-"moyens d'acheter des livres, aussi l'idée des pauvres de copier les "
-"livres à la main a été a été oublié"
-"e Je n'en ai entendu parler qu'il y a dix ans environ quand j'ai "
-"commencé à interroger les gens à ce sujet."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of "
-"censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get approval "
-"from the government but the idea began to change and it a different idea was "
-"expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the US constitution was "
-"written there was a proposal that authors should be entitled to a monopoly "
-"on copying their books. This idea was rejected. Instead, a different idea of "
-"the philosophy of copyright was put into the constitution. The idea that a "
-"copyright system could be… well, the idea is that people have the "
-"natural right to copy things but copyright as an artificial restriction on "
-"copying can be authorised for the sake of promoting progress."
-msgstr ""
-"En Angleterre, à l'origine, le copyright a été en "
-"partie prévu comme une mesure de censure. Les gens qui voulaient "
-"publier des livres devaient obtenir l'autorisation du gouvernement, mais les "
-"idées ont commencé à changer et c'est une toute autre "
-"idée qui a été explicitement exprimée dans la "
-"constitution des États-Unis. Quand la Constitution américaine "
-"a été écrite, il a été proposé que "
-"les auteurs devaient avoir le monopole sur la copie de leurs livres. Cette "
-"idée a été rejetée. À la place, une "
-"idée différente de celle de la philosophie du copyright a "
-"été mise dans la Constitution. L'idée que le "
-"système du copyright pouvait être... bon, l'idée é"
-"tait que les gens avaient un droit naturel à copier les choses, mais "
-"le copyright en tant que frein artificiel à la copie pouvait ê"
-"tre autorisé dans l'intention de favoriser le progrès."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either way, "
-"but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify "
-"copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not as "
-"an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify the "
-"behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The benefit "
-"consists of more books being written and published and this is intended to "
-"contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a "
-"means to this end… in other words as a means to this end copyright "
-"exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between the public and authors; "
-"that the public gives up its natural right to make copies of anything in "
-"exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by encouraging "
-"more people to write."
-msgstr ""
-"Donc le système de copyright allait être le même d'une "
-"façon ou d'une autre, mais il y avait une déclaration en "
-"rapport avec ledit but pour justifier du copyright. Il est explicitement "
-"justifié comme un moyen de favoriser le progrès, pas comme un "
-"droit pour les propriétaires. Ainsi le système est "
-"censé modifier le comportement des propriétaires de copyrights "
-"pour en faire bénéficier le public. L'avantage consiste "
-"à écrire et éditer plus de livres et ceci dans "
-"l'intention de contribuer au progrès de la civilisation, à la "
-"propagation des idées, et en tant que moyen à cet "
-"effet… en d'autres termes c'est en tant que moyen à cet effet "
-"que le copyright existe. Donc, c'est aussi en pensant à un "
-"marché entre le public et les auteurs ; tel que le public "
-"renonce à son droit naturel de faire des copies de n'importe quoi en "
-"échange du progrès qui est apporté indirectement, en "
-"encourageant plus de personnes à écrire."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose of "
-"copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most important "
-"thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and how. If you "
-"forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so ever since "
-"that decision was made, the authors and especially the publishers most "
-"recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it under the rug. "
-"There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the idea that was "
-"rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an "
-"entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost "
-"everything they say about it starting and ending with the word “"
-"pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an "
-"unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and kidnapping "
-"or killing the people on board."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant il peut sembler obscur de demander « quel est le but "
-"du copyright ? ». Mais connaître le but d'une "
-"activité est une chose essentielle pour décider si cette "
-"activité a besoin d'être changée, et comment. Si vous "
-"oubliez l'objectif, vous êtes sûr de vous tromper, or depuis que "
-"cette décision a été prise, les auteurs et plus "
-"particulièrement les éditeurs ont jusqu'à ré"
-"cemment essayé de la dénaturer et de la balayer sous le tapis. "
-"Il y a eu des décennies de campagne pour tenter de répandre "
-"l'idée qui a été rejetée dans la constitution "
-"des États-Unis d'Amérique. L'idée que le copyright "
-"existe en tant que droit pour les propriétaires de copyrights. Et "
-"vous pouvez la retrouver dans presque tout ce qu'il disent à ce sujet "
-"commençant et se terminant par le mot «pirate», qui est "
-"utilisé pour donner l'impression que faire une copie non "
-"autorisée est l'équivalent moral d'une attaque de bateau, et "
-"du kidnapping et du meurtre des personnes à bord."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So if you look at the statements being made by publishers you find lots of "
-"implicit assumptions of this sort which you have to drag into the open and "
-"then start questioning."
-msgstr ""
-"Aussi, si vous regardez les déclarations qui sont faites par les "
-"éditeurs vous trouverez un bon nombre de postulats de ce genre que "
-"vous devez mettre en lumière et commencer à interroger."
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12 "
+"October 2009</b>"
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Recent events and problems"
-msgstr "Récents événements et problèmes"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "BC:"
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[brightens]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[il s'éclaire]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the privilege of "
+"introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is being sponsored by the "
+"School of Information Management at Victoria University of Wellington."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was "
-"painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the "
-"printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox "
-"machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as "
-"computer networks have come into use the situation has changed drastically. "
-"We are now in a situation technologically more like the ancient world, where "
-"anybody who could read something could also make a copy of it that was "
-"essentially as good as the best copies anyone could make."
-msgstr ""
-"Quoi qu'il en soit, aussi longtemps que l'âge de la presse a "
-"duré, le copyright était indolore, facile à imposer, et "
-"probablement une bonne idée. Mais l'âge de la presse a "
-"commencé à changer il y a quelques décennies quand des "
-"choses comme les photocopieurs et les magnétoscopes sont devenues "
-"disponibles, et plus récemment quand les réseaux informatiques "
-"sont devenus opérationnels, la situation a changé de "
-"manière drastique. Nous sommes aujourd'hui dans une situation "
-"technologique plus proche de l'antiquité, où quiconque pouvait "
-"lire quelque chose pouvait aussi en faire une copie, qui était aussi "
-"bonne que les meilleures copies de n'importe qui d'autre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[murmuring in the audience]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[murmures dans l'assistance]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies "
-"themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass production, "
-"as in the printing press. Now this change in technology changes the "
-"situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the bargain was that "
-"the public trades away its natural right to make copies, and in exchange "
-"gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a bad one. It depends "
-"on the worth of what you are giving up. And the worth of what you are "
-"getting. In the age of the printing press the public traded away a freedom "
-"that it was unable to use."
-msgstr ""
-"Une situation maintenant où, à nouveau, les lecteurs "
-"ordinaires peuvent faire des copies eux-même. Il n'est plus né"
-"cessaire de passer par une production de masse centralisée comme dans "
-"la presse. Ce changement de technologie change la situation dans laquelle la "
-"loi sur le copyright s'exerce. L'idée du marché était "
-"que le public négociait son droit de faire des copies, contre un "
-"avantage. Bon, une affaire peut être bonne ou mauvaise. Cela dé"
-"pend de la valeur de ce à quoi on renonce. Et de la valeur de ce que "
-"vous obtenez. À l'âge de la presse, le public a é"
-"changé une liberté dont il ne pouvait pas user."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"It's like finding a way of selling shit: what have you got to lose? You've "
-"got it on hand anyway, if you get something for it, it can hardly be a bad "
-"deal."
-msgstr ""
-"C'est comme trouver un moyen de vendre de la merde : qu'avez-vous "
-"à perdre ? Vous l'avez à disposition de toute maniè"
-"re. Si vous trouvez le moyen de la négocier, cela ne peut pas ê"
-"tre une mauvaise affaire."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[faint laughter]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[rires tièdes]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another star. "
-"You're not going to do it anyway"
-msgstr ""
-"C'est comme accepter de l'argent en retour de votre promesse de ne pas "
-"voyager vers autre étoile. Vous n'allez pas le faire de toute "
-"façon."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[hearty laughter]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[rires copieux]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to pay "
-"you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take the "
-"deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not think that "
-"deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to sell because "
-"it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to reconsider the "
-"desirability of those old deals that used to be advantageous. Typically in a "
-"such a situation you decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this "
-"any more; I'm going to keep some of it and use it.” So if you were "
-"giving up a freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you can exercise it, "
-"you probably want to start retaining the right to exercise it at least "
-"partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there are many "
-"alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the freedom and keep "
-"other parts. So, precisely what you want to do requires thought, but in any "
-"case you want to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably want to sell "
-"less of what you sold in the past."
-msgstr ""
-"Du moins pas de notre vivant. Donc si quelqu'un vous paye pour que vous "
-"promettiez de ne pas voyager vers une autre étoile, vous pouvez "
-"très bien faire affaire. Mais si je m'étais pré"
-"senté à vous avec un astronef, vous ne pourriez plus penser "
-"que c'était une bonne affaire. Alors que vous aviez l'habitude de "
-"vendre une chose inutile, vous découvrez une utilisation pour "
-"elle ; vous allez donc reconsidérer les charmes des anciens "
-"marchés dont vous tiriez avantage. Typiquement dans une telle "
-"situation vous décidez que « je ne vais plus tout vendre "
-"de ce que j'ai; je vais en garder une partie et m'en servir ». "
-"Aussi, si vous aviez l'habitude de troquer une liberté dont vous ne "
-"pouviez rien faire, mais qu'à présent vous pouvez l'exercer, "
-"vous voudrez sans doute commencer à vous réserver au moins le "
-"droit de l'exercer partiellement. Vous pourriez encore négocier une "
-"partie de cette liberté : il y a de nombreuses alternatives aux "
-"différents marchés qui échangent une partie de la "
-"liberté tout en la maintenant sur d'autres plans. Ainsi, ce que vous "
-"voulez faire précisément exige une réflexion, mais dans "
-"tous les cas vous voudrez reconsidérer l'ancien marché, et "
-"probablement vendre moins que ce vous vendiez auparavant."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the "
-"time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it, "
-"the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You see "
-"copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the uses of a "
-"copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in recent times the "
-"publishers have been pushing to extend it further and further. Ending up "
-"most recently with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the "
-"US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World "
-"Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an organisation "
-"representing the owners of copyrights and patents and which works to try to "
-"increase their power, and pretends to be doing so in the name of humanity "
-"rather than in the name of these particular companies."
-msgstr ""
-"Or les éditeurs essayent de faire exactement l'opposé. Au "
-"moment même où l'intérêt du public est de se "
-"réserver une partie de liberté afin de l'exercer, les é"
-"diteurs font passer des lois qui nous demandent d'y renoncer davantage. Vous "
-"avez vu que le copyright n'a jamais été prévu pour "
-"être un monopole absolu sur les utilisations d'un travail sous "
-"copyright. Il couvrait quelques utilisations et pas d'autres, mais ces "
-"derniers temps les éditeurs ont fait pression pour l'étendre "
-"de plus en plus loin. Pour finir dernièrement avec des choses du "
-"genre la loi sur le copyright du millénaire numériqque aux États-"
-"Unis. Qu'ils essayent également de transformer en traité "
-"à travers l'Organisation mondiale de la propriété "
-"intellectuelle; (OMPI) qui est une organisation représentée "
-"essentiellement par les propriétaires de copyrights et de brevets et "
-"qui travaille à augmenter leur pouvoir, en prétendant le faire "
-"au nom de l'humanité plutôt qu'au nom de ces compagnies "
-"particulières."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting activities "
-"that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no longer an "
-"industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. For another, "
-"because of this, you find the public's starting to object to it You know, "
-"when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that are natural in "
-"their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. Which means that "
-"copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why you see harsher and "
-"harsher punishments being adopted by governments that are basically serving "
-"the publishers rather than the public."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant, qu'est-ce qui arrive lorsque le copyright commence à "
-"limiter des activités que les lecteurs ordinaires peuvent "
-"faire ? Et bien, d'une part cela n'est plus un règlement "
-"industriel. Cela devient un impôt sur le public. D'autre part, et pour "
-"cette raison, vous verrez le public commencer à s'y opposer. Vous "
-"savez, quand on demande à des gens ordinaires d'arrêter de "
-"faire des choses naturelles dans la vie, ils refusent d'obéir. Ce qui "
-"signifie qu'il n'est plus aussi facile d'imposer le copyright et c'est "
-"pourquoi vous voyez des punitions de plus en plus dures adoptées par "
-"des gouvernements qui à la base servent les éditeurs "
-"plutôt que le public."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still beneficial. "
-"Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable for us. Maybe "
-"the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made technology fit in "
-"well with the technology of the printing press make it fit badly with "
-"digital information technology. So, instead of like, charging the fee to "
-"cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a fee to cross a street. "
-"It's a big nuisance, because people cross the street all along the street, "
-"and making them pay is a pain in the neck."
-msgstr ""
-"En outre, vous vous demandez en quoi un système de copyright est-il "
-"encore bénéfique. En fait, ce que nous avons payé a "
-"maintenant de la valeur pour nous. Aussi l'affaire est-elle une mauvaise "
-"affaire désormais. Et tout ce qui s'adaptait à la technologie "
-"de la presse s'accorde mal avec la technologie numérique de "
-"l'information. C'est comme si au lieu de percevoir des honoraires pour "
-"traverser l'Atlantique en bateau, on percevait des honoraires pour traverser "
-"la rue. Et c'est très embêtant, parce que les gens traversent "
-"la rue tout le long de la rue, et les faire payer revient à leur "
-"casser les pieds."
+"Richard has been working to promote software freedom for over 25 years. In "
+"1983 he started the GNU project to develop a free operating system [the GNU "
+"system], and in 1985 he set up the Free Software Foundation. Every time you "
+"read or send a message to nz-libs, you use the Mailman software which is "
+"part of the GNU project. So whether you realize it or not, Richard's work "
+"has touched all of your lives."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "New kinds of copyright"
-msgstr "Nouveau genre de copyright"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I like to describe him as the most influential person most people have never "
+"heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be true because it "
+"cannot be tested."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "RMS:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "We can't tell."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law in "
-"order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? Well the "
-"extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't the only "
-"possible choice. There are various situations in which we could reduce the "
-"power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because there are various "
-"different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various "
-"situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent "
-"question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a "
-"question of “How long?”. Copyright used to be much shorter in "
-"its period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the "
-"past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of "
-"copyrights are planning to keep on extending copyrights so that they will "
-"never expire again. The US constitution says that “copyright must "
-"exist for a limited time” but the publishers have found a way around "
-"this: every twenty years they make copyright twenty years longer, and this "
-"way, no copyright will ever expire again. Now a thousand years from now, "
-"copyright might last for 1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright "
-"on Mickey Mouse can not expire."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant quels sont les changements que nous pourrions faire valoir dans "
-"la loi sur le copyright pour l'adapter à la situation dans laquelle "
-"le public se trouve ? Un changement radical pourrait être de "
-"supprimer la loi sur le copyright mais ce n'est pas le seul choix possible. "
-"Il y a diverses situations dans lesquelles nous pourrions réduire la "
-"puissance du copyright sans la supprimer totalement, parce qu'il y a "
-"plusieurs actions différentes qui pourraient être menées "
-"avec le copyright et il y a diverses situations dans lesquelles vous "
-"pourriez le faire, et chacune d'entre elles est une question indé"
-"pendante. Le copyright pourrait-il les couvrir ou non ? En outre, il y "
-"a la question de savoir « pour combien de temps ? "
-"». Le copyright était à l'époque beaucoup plus "
-"court dans sa période ou sa durée, et il a été "
-"prolongé à plusieurs reprises pendant les cinquante "
-"dernières années et il paraît de plus en plus clairement "
-"que les propriétaires de copyright projettent de maintenir "
-"l'extension des copyrights jusqu'à ce qu'ils n'expirent plus jamais. "
-"La constitution des États-Unis d'Amérique indique que le "
-"« copyright doit exister pour un temps limité » "
-"mais les éditeurs ont trouvé une manière de le "
-"contourner : tous les vingt ans ils le prolongent de vingt ans, et de "
-"cette façon, aucun copyright n'expirera plus jamais. Maintenant, dans "
-"mille ans, le copyright pourrait durer 1200 années, en fait juste "
-"assez pour que le copyright sur la souris Mickey ne puisse plus expirer."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to extend "
-"copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the President "
-"too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if they just "
-"gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly to campaigns "
-"is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So they passed the "
-"Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sunny Bono was a "
-"congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which uses copyrights "
-"to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have their pet congressman "
-"and they pushed very hard for increased copyright powers."
-msgstr ""
-"C'est pourquoi, les gens croient que le Congrès américain a "
-"passéune loi pour prolonger le copyright pendant vingt ans. Disney "
-"les apayés, et a payé le Président aussi, avec les "
-"fonds de campagneévidemment, pour rendre ça légal. "
-"Voyez-vous, s'ils avaient juste payé enliquide, cela aurait é"
-"té un crime, mais contribuer indirectement auxcampagnes est lé"
-"gal et c'est ce qu'ils font : acheter les législateurs.Aussi ils "
-"ont adopté la loi «Sunny Bono» sur le copyright. "
-"Maintenant ce qui est intéressant, c'est que Sunny Bono était "
-"un membre du Congrès et un membre de l'Église de Scientologie, "
-"qui utilisait le copyright pour supprimer les informations sur ses "
-"activités. Ainsi, ils ont leur petit chouchou au Congrès et "
-"ont poussé très fort pour accroître les pouvoirs du "
-"copyright."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they passed "
-"the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being challenged by "
-"the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that people hope to go "
-"to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old copyrights tossed out. In "
-"any case, there are all these different situations and questions where we "
-"could reduce the scope of copyright."
-msgstr ""
-"Quoi qu'il en soit, nous avons eu la chance que Sunny Bono soit mort, mais "
-"en son nom ils ont passé la Loi sur le copyright de la souris Mickey, "
-"en 1998 je crois. C'est remis en question cela dit, en raison de l'existence "
-"d'une possibilité juridique de voir par la Cour Suprême les "
-"demandes d'extension de vieux droits rejetées. Dans tous les cas, il "
-"y a des tas de situations et questions différentes où nous "
-"pourrions réduire la portée du copyright."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different "
-"contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at "
-"one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your "
-"friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, there's "
-"broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the website, there's "
-"handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and some of these "
-"things could be done either commercially or non-commercially. You know, you "
-"could imagine a company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine "
-"a school doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing it. "
-"Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same. So one "
-"way in we could reclaim the… in general though, the activities that "
-"are the most private are those that are most crucial to our freedom and our "
-"way of life, whereas the most public and commercial are those that are most "
-"useful for providing some sort of income for authors so it's a natural "
-"situation for a compromise in which the limits of copyright are put "
-"somewhere in the middle so that a substantial part of the activity still is "
-"covered and provides an income for authors, while the activities that are "
-"most directly relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And this "
-"is the sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things such as "
-"novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at the very "
-"minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy with a friend. "
-"It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that they have "
-"to start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh punishments. The "
-"only way basically to stop people in their private lives from sharing is "
-"with a police state, but public commercial activities can be regulated much "
-"more easily and much more painlessly."
-msgstr ""
-"Quels sont-ils pour certains ? Et bien tout d'abord, il y a plusieurs "
-"contextes différents pour la copie. Il y a la vente commerciale de "
-"copies dans des magasins à d'un côté, et de l'autre il y "
-"a la copie privée pour un ami de temps à autre, et entre les "
-"deux il y a d'autres choses comme sa radio- ou télé-diffusion, "
-"son placement sur un site web, sa distribution collective dans une "
-"organisation, et toutes ces choses que l'on peut faire de façon "
-"commerciale ou non-commerciale. Vous savez, vous pouvez imaginer une "
-"entreprise qui distribue des copies à son équipe ou vous "
-"pouvez encore imaginer une école, ou quelque organisation privé"
-"e, non-commerciale le faire. Différentes situations que nous n'avons "
-"pas à traiter toutes de la même manière. Aussi la "
-"façon dont nous pourrions récupérer le... comme en "
-"général, les activités qui sont les plus intimes sont "
-"les plus importantes pour notre liberté et notre façon de "
-"vivre, et que les plus publiques et commerciales sont les plus utiles "
-"à fournir un certain type de revenus pour les auteurs, il y a une "
-"situation naturelle de compromis dans lequel les limites du copyright sont "
-"posées quelquepart au milieu, de sorte qu'une part substantielle de "
-"l'activité reste couverte et fournisse toujours un revenu pour les "
-"auteurs, pendant que celle qui relève le plus directement de la vie "
-"privée des gens redevient libre. Et c'est ce genre de chose que je "
-"propose de faire avec le copyright pour des choses comme les romans, les "
-"biographies, les mémoires, les essais, etc. Qu'au strict minimum, les "
-"gens aient toujours le droit de partager une copie avec un ami. C'est quand "
-"les gouvernements ont à empêcher ce genre d'activité "
-"qu'ils commencent à s'introduire dans la vie privée des gens "
-"et user de punitions sévères. La seule façon "
-"d'empêcher les gens de partager dans leur vie privée c'est avec "
-"un état policier, mais des activités commerciales et publiques "
-"peuvent être réglées de façon beaucoup plus "
-"efficace et indolore."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of "
-"work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until today "
-"we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly alike "
-"except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. But there's "
-"no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the practical "
-"consequences. We can treat different kinds of works differently. I propose a "
-"classification broadly into three kinds of works: functional works, works "
-"that express personal position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant, l'endroit où nous pourrions tracer ces limites dé"
-"pend, je crois, du style de travail. Différents travaux ré"
-"pondent à différents besoinspour leurs utilisateurs. "
-"Jusqu'à aujourd'hui nous avons eu un système de copyright qui "
-"traitait presque tout de la même manière excepté la "
-"musique : il y a beaucoup d'exceptions juridiques pour la musique. Mais "
-"il n'y a aucune raison de placer la simplicité au dessus des "
-"conséquences pratiques. Nous pouvons traiter les différents "
-"types de travaux différemment. Je propose une classification gé"
-"néralement dans trois types de travaux : les travaux "
-"fonctionnels, les travaux qui expriment la position personnelle et les "
-"travaux fondamentalement esthétiques."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; "
-"dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs "
-"done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, "
-"including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am going "
-"to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of functional "
-"works in the same way. So, this criterion of free… because it "
-"necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version this means we "
-"have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free software "
-"movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is supposedly "
-"the justification for society having copyright can happen in other ways. We "
-"don't have to give up these important freedoms to have progress. Now the "
-"publishers are always asking us to presuppose that their there is no way to "
-"get progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and the most important "
-"thing I think about the free software movement is to show them that their "
-"pre-supposition is unjustified."
-msgstr ""
-"Les travaux fonctionnels incluent : les logiciels d'ordinateur ; "
-"les recettes ; les manuels ; les dictionnaires et autres travaux "
-"de référence ; tout ce que vous utilisez pour que le "
-"travail soit fait. Pour les travaux fonctionnels, je pense que les gens ont "
-"besoin d'une liberté très large, y compris la liberté "
-"de publier des versions modifiées. Aussi tout ce que je dirais demain "
-"à propos des logiciels d'ordinateur s'applique de façon "
-"identique aux autres genres de travaux fontionnels. Ainsi, ce critère "
-"de libre... parce qu'il est nécessaire d'avoir la "
-"liberté de publier une version modifiée. Cela signifie que "
-"nous devons nous débarrasser presque totalement du copyright. Mais le "
-"mouvement du logiciel libre est en train de prouver que le progrès "
-"que la société veut, la soi-disant justification du copyright, "
-"peut arriver d'une autre manière. Nous n'avons pas à renoncer "
-"à ces importantes libertés pour avoir le progrès. "
-"Aujourd'hui, les éditeurs nous demandent toujours de pré"
-"supposer qu'il n'y a aucune possibilité de progrès sans "
-"renoncer à ces libertés fondamentales. Et la chose la plus "
-"importante, je pense, pour le mouvement du logiciel libre est de prouver que "
-"leur présuppositions sont injustifiées."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress "
-"without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is that "
-"we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be dismissed. "
-"The public should not suppose that the only way to get progress is to have "
-"copyright but even for these kinds of works there can be some kinds of "
-"compromise copyright systems that are consistent with giving people the "
-"freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for example, at the GNU free "
-"documentation license, which is used to make a book free. It allows anyone "
-"to make and sell copies of a modified version, but it requires giving credit "
-"in certain ways to the original authors and publishers in a way that can "
-"give them a commercial advantage and thus I believe make it possible to have "
-"commercial publishing of free textbooks, and if this works people are just "
-"beginning to try it commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been "
-"selling lots of copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now "
-"and it's been successful for us. At this point though, commercial publishers "
-"are just beginning to try this particular approach, but I think that even "
-"for functional works where the freedom to publish modified works is "
-"essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out, which "
-"permits everyone that freedom."
-msgstr ""
-"Je ne peux pas dire que je suis sûr que dans tous ces domaines on ne peut "
-"pas apporter de progrès sans restriction de copyright pour bloquer les gens,
"
-"mais ce que nous avons prouvé c'est que nous avons une chance : ce "
-"n'est pas une idée ridicule. Elle ne devrait pas être écartée. Le public
ne "
-"devrait pas supposer que la seule façon d'obtenir le progrès est d'avoir du
"
-"copyright. Mais même pour ce genre de travaux il peut y avoir quelques types
"
-"de compromis avec le système de copyright, compatibles avec le fait de "
-"donner aux gens la liberté de publier des versions modifiées. Regardez par "
-"exemple, la documentation libre de la licence GNU utilisée pour fabriquer un
"
-"livre libre. Elle permet à n'importe qui de faire et de vendre des copies "
-"d'une version modifiée, mais elle exige de donner du crédit d'une certaine "
-"manière aux auteurs et éditeurs d'origine d'une façon qui leur donne un "
-"avantage commercial, et ainsi je crois rendre possible la publication "
-"commerciale des manuels libres. Et ça fonctionne, les gens commencent tout "
-"juste à l'essayer commercialement. La Free Software Foundation a vendu un "
-"bon nombre de copies de divers livres libres pendant presque quinze ans "
-"maintenant, et cela a été un succès pour nous. En ce moment, cependant,
les "
-"éditeurs commerciaux commencent tout juste à essayer cette approche "
-"particulière, mais je crois que même pour ces travaux fonctionnels où la "
-"liberté de publier des travaux modifiés est essentielle, un certain genre
de "
-"compromis avec le système de copyright peut être trouvé, qui permet Ã
chacun "
-"cette liberté."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, because "
-"the works are used differently. The second category of works is works that "
-"express someone's positions or views or experiences. For example, essays, "
-"offers to do business with people, statements of one's legal position, "
-"memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what you think or you "
-"want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant reviews are also in this "
-"category: it's expressing a personal opinion or position. Now for these "
-"kinds of works, making a modified version is not a useful thing to do. So I "
-"see no reason why people should need to have the freedom to publish modified "
-"versions of these works. Verbatim copying is the only thing that people need "
-"to have the freedom to do and because of this we can consider the idea that "
-"the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in some situations, for "
-"example if it were limited to non-commercial distribution that would be OK I "
-"think. Ordinary citizen's lives would no longer be restricted but publishers "
-"would still be covered by copyright for these things."
-msgstr ""
-"Pour d'autres genres de travaux, les questions d'éthique s'appliquent "
-"différemment, parce que les travaux sont utilisés diffé"
-"remment. La seconde catégorie de travaux est celle des travaux qui "
-"expriment la position de quelqu'un ou ses points de vue ou ses expé"
-"riences. Par exemple, essais, propositions d'affaires, déclarations "
-"de sa situation légale, mémoires, tout ce qui est dit, dont la "
-"question est de dire ce que vous pensez ou ce que vous aimez. Les revues "
-"littéraires, les revues hôtelières sont aussi dans cette "
-"catégorie : ils expriment une opinion personnelle, un point de "
-"vue. Maintenant pour ce genre de travaux, faire une version modifiée "
-"n'est pas une chose utile. Aussi, je ne vois pas de raison à ce que "
-"les gens aient la liberté de publier des versions modifiées de "
-"ces travaux. La copie intégrale est la seule chose que les gens ont "
-"besoin d'avoir la liberté de faire et pour cette raison nous pouvons "
-"considérer l'idée que la liberté de distribuer des "
-"copies ne devrait s'appliquer que dans certaines situations, par exemple si "
-"c'était limité à la distribution non-commerciale ce "
-"serait pas mal, je pense. La vie des citoyens ordinaires ne serait plus "
-"restreinte, mais les éditeurs voudraient être encore couvert "
-"par le copyright pour ça."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[drinks water]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[il boit de l'eau]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people to "
-"privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe it "
-"would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by copyright "
-"for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced me that that's "
-"not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots of people both "
-"want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not commercially "
-"redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then it's "
-"wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be acceptable I "
-"think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this work, because that "
-"would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't block the useful "
-"activities that people should be doing with these works."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant, je pensais que peut-être il serait suffisant de permettre "
-"aux gens de redistribuer en privé des copies à l'occasion. Je "
-"pensais que peut-être ça serait pas mal si toutes les "
-"redistributions publiques étaient encore limitées par "
-"copyright pour ce genre de travaux, mais l'expérience avec Napster "
-"m'a convaincu que non. Et la raison est que cela montre que beaucoup, "
-"beaucoup de gens veulent redistribuer de façon publique — "
-"redistribuer publiquement mais pas commercialement — et c'est "
-"très utile. Et si c'est si utile, c'est une erreur d'arrêter "
-"les gens de le faire. Mais cela serait encore acceptable je pense, de "
-"limiter la redistribution commerciale de ces travaux, parce que cela serait "
-"juste une régulation industrielle et ça ne bloquerait pas les "
-"activités utiles que les gens devraient faire avec ces travaux."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into this "
-"category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good thing to "
-"do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be distributed verbatim, "
-"so scientific papers should be freely redistributable by anyone because we "
-"should be encouraging their redistribution, and I hope you will never agree "
-"to publish a scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim "
-"redistribution on the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that."
-msgstr ""
-"Ah, aussi, les documents scientifiques, ou les documents érudits en "
-"général tombent dans cette catégorie parce que la "
-"publication de leurs versions modifiées n'est pas une bonne chose "
-"à faire : cela fausse le registre; elles devraient donc ê"
-"tre distribuées uniquement dans leur intégralité. Ainsi "
-"les documents scientifiques devraient être redistributable librement "
-"par n'importe qui parce que nous devrions encourager leur redistribution, et "
-"j'espère que vous n'accepterez jamais de publier un document "
-"scientifique d'une façon qui limiterait sa redistribution inté"
-"grale sur le net. Dites au journal que vous ne ferez pas cela."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination of "
-"scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they are "
-"nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access and "
-"restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the "
-"enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of science, "
-"and this practice must come to an end."
-msgstr ""
-"Parce que les journaux scientifiques sont devenus un obstacle à la "
-"diffusion des résultats scientifiques. Ils étaient un mé"
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-"obstruction. Et ces journaux qui limitent l'accès et limitent la "
-"redistribution <em>[insistance]</em> doivent être supprimés. "
-"Ils sont les ennemis de la diffusion de la connaissance; ils sont les "
-"ennemis de la science, et cette pratique doit cesser."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose main "
-"use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many cases, "
-"typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. Now, "
-"they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and improve "
-"them, the way people have the need to do that with functional works. So it's "
-"a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the freedom to publish "
-"modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one hand you have authors "
-"with a lot of ego attachment saying"
-msgstr ""
-"Il y a maintenant une troisième catégorie de travaux, qui est "
-"celle des travaux esthétiques, dont l'utilisation principale est "
-"d'être appréciée: romans, jeux, poésies, "
-"graphismes dans beaucoup de cas, et musiques pour la plupart. C'est "
-"typiquement fait pour être apprécié. Maintenant, ils ne "
-"sont pas fonctionnels; les gens n'ont pas la nécessité de les "
-"modifier et de les améliorer, comme c'est nécessaire avec les "
-"travaux fonctionnels. Aussi c'est une question difficile : il est "
-"essentiel pour les gens d'avoir la liberté de publier des versions "
-"modifiées d'un travail esthétique. D'une part vous avez des "
-"auteurs qui font preuve de pas mal d'égotisme."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[accent anglais, gestuelle dramatique]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "“Oh this is my creation.”"
-msgstr "« Oh, c'est ma création. »"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[Back to Boston]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[retour à Boston]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand you "
-"have the folk process which shows that a series of people sequentially "
-"modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then comparing versions can "
-"produce something tremendously rich, and not only beautiful songs and short "
-"poems, but even long epics have been produced in this way, and there was a "
-"time back before the mystique of the artist as creator, semi-divine figure "
-"was so powerful when even great writers reworked stories that had been "
-"written by others. Some of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that "
-"were taken from other plays written often a few decades before. If today's "
-"copyright laws had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote "
-"pirate unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would "
-"have had the other authors saying"
-msgstr ""
-"« Qui oserait en changer une ligne ? ». De "
-"l'autre côté, vous avez le processus folklorique qui prouve "
-"qu'une série de personnes modifiant un travail de façon "
-"séquentielle, ou peut-être même en parallèle et en "
-"comparant alors les versions, peut produire quelque chose d'extrê"
-"mement riche. Et non seulement de belles chansons et de courtes poé"
-"sies, mais même de longues épopées ont été "
-"produites de cette façon. Il y eût un temps déjà, "
-"avant que la mystique de l'artiste créateur — figure semi-"
-"divine — ait tant de pouvoir, où même de grands é"
-"crivains ont retouché des histoires qui avaient été "
-"écrites par d'autres. Certaines scènes de Shakespeare nouent "
-"des intrigues qui ont été tirées de scènes "
-"écrites souvent plusieurs décennies auparavant. Si les lois "
-"contemporaines sur le copyright avaient été effectives, ils "
-"auraient appellé Shakespeare entre guillemets : « "
-"pirate » pour avoir écrit ainsi une partie de son immense "
-"travail, et évidemment vous auriez eu les dires des autres auteurs."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[accent anglais]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly make "
-"it better.“"
-msgstr ""
-"« Comment ose-t-il changer une ligne de ma création. Il "
-"est impossible de le faire mieux. »"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[faible brouhaha de l'assistance]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I am "
-"not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
-"aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
-"music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
-"but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask permission "
-"to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these works, either "
-"modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might have to pay some "
-"money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about "
-"publishing modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an "
-"answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
-msgstr ""
-"Vous entendrez des personnes ridiculiser l'idée exactement dans ces "
-"termes. Bien. Je ne suis pas sûr de ce que nous pourrions faire "
-"à propos de la publication de versions modifiées des travaux "
-"esthétiques. Une des possibilités est de faire comme ce qui "
-"est fait en musique, où n'importe qui peut en réarranger et "
-"jouer un morceau. Ils peuvent avoir à payer pour ça, mais ils "
-"n'ont pas à demander la permission de l'exécuter. Peut-ê"
-"tre que pour la publication commmerciale de ces travaux, modifiés ou "
-"non, s'ils font de l'argent avec, ils pourraient devoir payer une certaine "
-"somme d'argent. C'est une possibilité. C'est une question difficile "
-"de savoir quoi faire au sujet de la publication de versions modifiées "
-"de ces travaux esthétiques, et je n'ai pas de réponse dont je "
-"suis entièrement satisfait."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible"
-msgstr "Un membre de l'audience pose une question (MA1), inaudible."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so fast "
-"you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind of "
-"category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that the game "
-"engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Laissez-moi répéter la question "
-"parce qu'il l'a dite tellement vite que vous ne pouviez pas l'avoir "
-"comprise. Il a dit « dans quel genre de catégorie rentrent "
-"les jeux d'ordinateur ? » Bien, je dirais que le moteur de "
-"jeu est fonctionnel et que le scénario est esthétique."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?"
-msgstr "<strong>MA1</strong> : Et les graphismes ?"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The specific "
-"pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas the software "
-"for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that if they combine "
-"the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing then the software "
-"should be treated as functional, but if they're willing to separate the "
-"engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to say, well the engine "
-"is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Ceux-ci font probablement partie du scé"
-"nario. Les images spécifiques font partie du scénario; elles "
-"sont esthétiques, tandis que le logiciel pour visualiser les "
-"scènes est fonctionnel. Ainsi je dirais que si elles combinent "
-"l'esthétique et le fonctionnel en une seule et même chose "
-"continue, alors le logiciel est traité comme fonctionnel. Mais si "
-"ellessont disposées à séparer la machine et le "
-"scénario alors il serait légitime de dire, bien, que la "
-"machine est fonctionnelle mais le scénario esthétique."
+"I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software freedom and "
+"free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee when he created the "
+"world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings about a free online "
+"encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what is now Wikipedia."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Copyright: possible solutions"
-msgstr "Copyright : les solutions possibles"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in the age "
+"of computer networks, and their implications for libraries. Richard."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
-"publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today in "
-"the US most books that are published are out of print within three years. "
-"They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that there's not "
-"real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's ridiculous. In fact, "
-"it's clear that ten year copyright would be sufficient to keep the activity "
-"of publishing going. But it should be ten years from date of publication, "
-"but it would make sense to allow an additional period before publication "
-"which could even be longer than ten years which as you see, as long as the "
-"book has not been published the copyright on it is not restricting the "
-"public. It's basically just giving the author to have it published "
-"eventually but I think that once the book is published copyright should run "
-"for some ten years or so, then that's it."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant, combien de temps le copyright devrait-il durer ? Et bien de "
-"nos jours la tendance dans l'édition est, en ce qui concerne les "
-"livres, de s'éloigner du copyright de plus en plus vite. Aujourd'hui "
-"aux USA la plupart des livres qui sont édités sortent du "
-"circuit de l'impression en moins de trois ans. Ils ont été "
-"soldés et se retirent de la vente. Ainsi il est clair qu'on a "
-"réellement besoin que le copyright dure 95 ans par exemple : "
-"c'est ridicule. En fait, il est clair qu'un copyright de dix ans serait "
-"suffisant pour que l'activité de l'édition tienne le coup. "
-"Mais dix ans à partir de la date de publication. On comprendrait que "
-"puisse être accordée une période additionnelle avant la "
-"publication, ce qui pourrait faire plus long que dix ans ; comme vous "
-"le voyez aussi longtemps que le livre n'a pas été é"
-"dité, le copyright sur lui ne limite pas le public. C'est juste "
-"à la base pour l'auteur le temps qu'il soit édité. Mais "
-"je pense qu'une fois que le livre est édité, le copyright "
-"devrait fonctionner pendant environ dix ans et c'est tout."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
-"writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
-"ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was an "
-"awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the difficulty "
-"of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words are leaking into "
-"my English, of, of regaining the rights from the publisher who'd let his "
-"books go out of print for practical purposes but was dragging his heels "
-"about obeying the contract, which says that when the book is out of print "
-"the rights revert to the author."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant, j'ai proposé ça une fois dans un débat "
-"où les autres personnes étaient toutes des auteurs. Et l'un "
-"d'entre eux a dit : « dix ans de copyright ? Pourquoi "
-"c'est ridicule ! Quelque chose de plus de cinq ans est intolé"
-"rable. » C'était un auteur de science-fiction ré"
-"compensé, qui se plaignait des problèmes du "
-"retrouving , du retrait — c'est drôle, des mots de "
-"français s'infiltrent dans mon anglais — de, de regagner les "
-"droits de l'éditeur quand celui-ci a laissé les livres sortir "
-"du circuit de l'impression pour des raisons pratiques mais qui traîne "
-"des pieds pour obéir au contrat, qui stipule que quand le livre est "
-"sorti, les droits retournent à l'auteur."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
-"demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along a "
-"few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that they can "
-"get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that the power is "
-"really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not famous and are not "
-"rich and have no particular clout are being treated horribly by the "
-"publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I recommend all of you to "
-"read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon magazine right?"
-msgstr ""
-"Les éditeurs traitent les auteurs d'une façon terrible il faut "
-"le savoir. Ils exigent toujours plus de pouvoir au nom des auteurs et ils "
-"apporteront un petit nombre d'auteurs à gros succès, trè"
-"s connus, qui ont tellement le bras long qu'ils peuvent obtenir des contrats "
-"qui les traitent très bien pour confirmer les dires comme quoi le "
-"pouvoir est vraiment dans leur intérêt. En attendant la plupart "
-"des auteurs qui ne sont pas célèbres, ne sont pas riches et "
-"n'ont pas de relations particulières, sont traités de "
-"façon horrible par l'industrie de l'édition, et c'est encore "
-"pire dans la musique. Je recommande à tous de lire l'article de "
-"Courtney Love's : il est dans Salon magazine, c'est ça ?"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes"
-msgstr "<strong>MA2</strong> : (Membre de l'audience 2) Oui"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies quote "
-"pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In any case we "
-"can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various lengths, we could "
-"see, we could find out empirically what length of copyright is needed to "
-"keep publication vigourous. I would say that since almost books are out of "
-"print by ten years, clearly ten years should be long enough. But it doesn't "
-"have to be the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some aspects "
-"of copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to sell all "
-"the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You know, that's "
-"so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is limited to one company in "
-"most cases. Maybe the copyright on the movies themselves, maybe that's "
-"legitimate for that to last twenty years. Meanwhile for software, I suspect "
-"that a three year copyright would be enough. you see if each version of the "
-"programme remains copyrighted for three years after its release well, unless "
-"the company is in real bad trouble they should have a new version before "
-"those three years are up and there will be a lot of people who will want to "
-"use the newer version, so if older versions are all becoming free software "
-"automatically, the company would still have a business with the newer "
-"version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, because it is a system in "
-"which not all software is free, but it might be an acceptable compromise, "
-"after all, if we had to wait three years in some cases for programs to "
-"become free… well, that's no disaster. To be using three years old "
-"software is not a disaster."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Au départ, elle a appellé les "
-"sociétés d'enregistrement entre guillemets « "
-"pirates » pour la façon dont ils traitaient les musiciens. "
-"Dans tous les cas, nous pouvons raccourcir le copyright plus ou moins. Nous "
-"pourrions essayer diverses longueurs, nous pourrions voir, nous pourrions "
-"découvrir empiriquement quelle durée de copyright est né"
-"cessaire pour maintenir la publication vigoureuse. Je dirais que, puisque "
-"les livres sont quasi hors de circuit au bout de dix ans, clairement dix ans "
-"devraient être assez longs. Mais ce ne doit pas être pareil pour "
-"tous les genres de travail. Par exemple, peut-être que certains "
-"aspects du copyright sur les films pourraient durer plus longtemps, comme "
-"les droits de vendre tout l'attirail d'images et de personnages affé"
-"rents. Vous savez, c'est tellement grossièrement commercial qu'il "
-"importe peu que ce cela soit limité à une seule socié"
-"té souvent. Peut-être que le copyright sur les films eux-"
-"mêmes est légitimé pour que ça dure vingt ans. En "
-"attendant pour le logiciel, je pense qu'un copyright de trois ans serait "
-"suffisant. Vous voyez, si chaque version de programme conserve un copyright "
-"de trois ans après sa sortie, à moins que la compagnie ne soit "
-"en très mauvaise posture, ils devraient avoir une nouvelle version "
-"avant que les trois ans soient achevés. Et il y aura beaucoup de gens "
-"désireux de l'utiliser. Aussi si les anciennes versions devenaient "
-"automatiquement libres, ils continueraient quand même de faire des "
-"affaires sur la nouvelle. Maintenant c'est un compromis comme je les vois , "
-"parce que c'est un système où tous les logiciels ne sont pas "
-"libres. Mais ce serait un compromis acceptable après tout, si nous "
-"devions attendre trois ans en général pour que les logiciels "
-"deviennent libres… bien, il n'y a pas de désastre. Que l'on "
-"utilise des logiciels vieux de trois ans n'est pas un désastre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour "
-"feature creep?"
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA3</strong> : Ne pensez-vous pas que c'est un système "
-"qui encouragerait la dégradation des fonctions ?"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
-"issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
-"encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
-"system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
-"activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also encourages "
-"a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I would say."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[désinvolte]</em> Ah, c'est exact. "
-"C'est un effet secondaire mineur, comparé aux questions de "
-"liberté qu'il soulève. Chaque système entraîne "
-"quelques déviations artificielles chez certaines personnes, et notre "
-"système actuel encourage certainement diverses sortes de dé"
-"viations artificielles dans l'activité couverte par le copyright. "
-"Ainsi, si un système parce qu'il change, encourage en même "
-"temps quelques déformations secondaires, ce n'est pas une grosse "
-"affaire je dirais."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws for "
-"three would be that you wouldn't get the sources."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA4</strong> : Le problème avec ce changement des lois "
-"sur le copyright pour trois ans, c'est que vous n'obtiendriez pas les "
-"sources."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a law "
-"that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code must be "
-"deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. So it "
-"could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and I think "
-"other countries have similar institutions where copies of published books "
-"get placed, and they could also received the source code and after three "
-"years, publish it. And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to "
-"the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds "
-"then they ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is "
-"published initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there "
-"says alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if "
-"produces the same executables and uh."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. Il y aurait là aussi une "
-"condition. Une loi qui dirait que pour pouvoir vendre des copies de logiciel "
-"au public, le code source doit être déposé quelque part "
-"de sorte que trois ans plus tard il puisse être libéré. "
-"Ainsi il pourrait être déposé à la "
-"bibliothèque du Congrès aux USA; et je pense que d'autres pays "
-"ont des établissements semblables où les copies des livres "
-"publiés prennent place. Et ils pourraient également accueillir "
-"le code source et après trois ans, le publier. Et naturellement, si "
-"le code source ne correspondait pas à l'exécutable il y aurait "
-"fraude. En fait si cela correspond vraiment, on devrait pouvoir très "
-"facilement le vérifier quand le travail est publié au dé"
-"part. Ainsi vous éditez le code source et quelqu'un dit que c'est bon "
-"« dot slash configure dot slash make » et voit si cela "
-"produit les mêmes executables et hue."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software free."
-msgstr ""
-"Aussi vous avez raison, éliminer le copyright ne rendrait pas le "
-"logiciel « free »."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre"
-msgstr "<strong>MA5</strong> : Heu…libre"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
-"wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
-"might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making software "
-"free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a more complex "
-"situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply abolished from "
-"software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft to protect the free "
-"status of a program but meanwhile the software privateers could use other "
-"methods—contracts or withholding the source to make software "
-"proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release a free program some greedy "
-"bastard could make a modified version and publish just the binaries and make "
-"people sign non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer have a "
-"way to stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all software that "
-"was published had to be free we would have to do it in some more complex "
-"way, not just by turning copyright for software."
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. C'est dans ce seul sens que j'emploie le "
-"terme. Ça ne le ferait pas, parce que le code source ne pourrait pas "
-"être disponible, ou à la place ils pourraient tenter d'user de "
-"contrats pour restreindre les utilisateurs. Ainsi, rendre le logiciel libre "
-"n'est pas aussi simple que de mettre fin au copyright sur le logiciel : "
-"c'est une situation plus complexe que ça. En fait, si le copyright "
-"sur le logiciel était simplement supprimé, nous ne pourrions "
-"plus utiliser le copyleft pour protéger le statut libre d'un "
-"programme. En même temps, les adeptes du logiciel propriétaire "
-"pourraient utiliser d'autres méthodes — des contrats ou des "
-"dissimulations sur la source pour rendre le logiciel propriétaire. "
-"Ainsi ça pourrait signifier qu'à la sortie d'un programme "
-"libre quelque bâtard avide pourrait en faire une version modifié"
-"e et n'en publier que les binaires, et inciter des personnes à signer "
-"des accords de non-divulgation sur eux. Nous pourrions ne plus avoir les "
-"moyens de les arrêter. Aussi, si nous voulions changer la loi pour que "
-"tout logiciel publié devienne libre, nous devrions le faire de "
-"façon encore plus complexe. Pas simplement en changeant le copyright "
-"sur le logiciel."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and the "
-"various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw the "
-"line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for making use "
-"of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some kind of fairly "
-"painless kind of copyright for general public that is still of benefit to "
-"authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright system to the circumstances "
-"where we find it we find ourselves and have a system that doesn't require "
-"putting people in prison for years because they shared with their friends, "
-"but still does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also I "
-"believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of "
-"facilitating authors making money. For example, suppose that verbatim "
-"redistribution of a work is permitted and suppose that the work comes with "
-"something, so that when you are playing with it or reading it, there is a "
-"box on the side that says “click here to send one dollar to the "
-"authors or the musicians or whatever” I think that in the wealthier "
-"parts of the world a lot of people will send it because people often really "
-"love the authors and musicians that made the things that they like to read "
-"and listen to. And the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get "
-"now is such a small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something "
-"they're probably not getting more than one anyway."
-msgstr ""
-"Ainsi, globalement je recommande à ce que nous examinions les "
-"diverses sortes de travaux et les diverses sortes de variétés "
-"d'utilisation, et chercher là un nouvel endroit pour tracer les "
-"limites : celles qui donneraient au public les libertés les plus "
-"importantes pour trouver une utilisation à chaque nouveau genre de "
-"travail, en maintenant si possible pendant ce temps une sorte de copyright "
-"d'un genre indolore pour le grand public qui soit toujours un avantage pour "
-"les auteurs. De cette façon, nous pouvons adapter le système "
-"de copyright aux circonstances dans lesquelles nous le trouvons en nous "
-"trouvant nous-même. Et avoir un système qui n'exige pas de "
-"mettre des gens en prison pour des années parce qu'ils auront "
-"partagé avec leurs amis, mais encourageant toujours de diverses "
-"manières les auteurs à écrire plus. Nous pouvons "
-"également je crois, chercher d'autres façons d'encourager "
-"l'écriture, d'autres façons d'encourager les auteurs à "
-"gagner de l'argent. Par exemple, supposez que la reproduction inté"
-"grale d'un travail soit autorisée et supposez que ce travail va avec "
-"quelquechose, du genre lorsque vous êtes en train de jouer avec, ou de "
-"le lire, il y a une boîte sur le côté qui dit: «"
-" cliquez ici pour envoyer 1 dollar à l'auteur ou au musicien ou "
-"tout ce que vous voudrez ». Je pense que dans les parties les "
-"plus riches du monde beaucoup de gens l'enverraient parce que souvent les "
-"gens adorent les auteurs ou les musiciens qui ont créé ce "
-"qu'ils ont aimé lire ou écouter. Et la chose inté"
-"ressante est que la redevance qu'ils auront obtenue est maintenant une si "
-"petite fraction, que si vous payez vingt dollars ils n'en obtiendront pas "
-"plus d'un de toute façon."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing will "
-"be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping the "
-"author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons to send "
-"them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people don't just "
-"send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck to do it. "
-"What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you going to mail the "
-"cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which might not be easy. But "
-"with a convenient internet payment system which makes it efficient to pay "
-"someone one dollar, then we could put this into all the copies, and then I "
-"think you'd find the mechanism starting to work well. It may take five of "
-"ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a cultural thing, you "
-"know, at first people might find it a little surprising but once it gets "
-"normal people would become accustomed to sending the money, and it wouldn't "
-"be a lot of money compared to what it costs to buy books today."
-msgstr ""
-"Ce sera un système bien plus efficace ainsi. Et ce qui sera "
-"intéressant c'est que quand les gens redistribueront ces copies, ils "
-"aident l'auteur. En faisant essentiellement de la publicité pour eux, "
-"en diffusant autour d'eux des raisons de leur envoyer un dollar. Maintenant, "
-"en ce moment, la plus grande raison pour laquelle pas plus de personne "
-"n'envoie de l'argent directement aux auteurs, c'est que c'est un emmerdement "
-"de le faire. Qu'allez-vous faire ? Envoyer un chèque ? "
-"Alors à qui allez-vous expédier le chèque ? Vous "
-"auriez à dénicher leur adresse, ce qui pourrait ne pas ê"
-"tre facile. Mais avec un système commode de paiement sur Internet qui "
-"le rend efficace pour payer un dollar à quelqu'un, que nous pourrions "
-"mettre dans toutes les copies, alors je pense que vous auriez là un "
-"mécanisme qui commence à bien marcher. Il peut prendre cinq "
-"à dix ans pour que l'idée soit propagée partout, "
-"parceque c'est une chose culturelle, vous savez. Au départ, les gens "
-"pourraient la trouver surprenante mais un jour ça devient naturel. "
-"Les gens s'habitueraient à envoyer de l'argent, et ça ne "
-"représenterait pas beaucoup d'argent comparé à ce que "
-"cela coûte d'acheter des livres aujourd'hui."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[il boit]</em>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
-"aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work for "
-"the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person after "
-"another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the boxes "
-"point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's easy to do "
-"this when the work was published just once, by a certain author, or certain "
-"group of authors, and they can just agree together what they're going to do "
-"and click on the box, if no-one is publishing modified versions then every "
-"copy will contain the same box with the same URL directing money to the same "
-"people but when you have different version which have been worked on by "
-"different people there's no simple automatic way of working out who ought to "
-"get what fraction of what users donate for this version or that version. "
-"It's philosophically hard to decide how important each contribution is, and "
-"all the obvious ways of trying to measure it are <em>[emphasis]</em> "
-"obviously <em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases, they're obviously "
-"closing their eyes to some important part of the facts so I think that this "
-"kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody is free to publish "
-"modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it is not crucial to "
-"have the freedom to publish modified versions then this solution can be "
-"applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment system to "
-"base it on."
-msgstr ""
-"Aussi je pense que de cette façon, pour les travaux d'expression, et "
-"peut-être les travaux esthétiques, ce pourrait être une "
-"méthode réussie. Mais cela ne fonctionnera pas pour les "
-"travaux fonctionnels. Et la raison pour ça, c'est que, si une "
-"personne après une autre fait une version modifiée et la "
-"publie, sur qui les boîtes se dirigeraient-elles? Et combien d'argent "
-"devraient-elle envoyer ? Et vous savez, il est facile de faire ç"
-"a quand le travail a été publié simplement par le "
-"passé, par un certain auteur, ou un certain groupe d'auteurs, et ils "
-"peuvent juste convenir ensemble de ce qu'ils vont faire et cliquer sur la "
-"boîte. Si personne ne publie de versions modifiées alors chaque "
-"copie contiendra la même boîte avec le même URL dirigeant "
-"l'argent vers les mêmes personnes. Mais quand vous avezdiffé"
-"rentes versions qui ont été travaillées par diffé"
-"rentes personnes, il n'y a pas de simple façon automatique de "
-"calculer qui, doit obtenir quelle fraction, de ce que quel utilisateur "
-"donne, pour cette version ou celle-là. Il est philosophiquement "
-"difficile de décider de l'importance de chaque contribution, et de "
-"toutes les manières évidentes d'essayer de la mesurer "
-"certaines sont <em>[emphase ]</em> évidemment <em>[/emphase ]</em> "
-"mauvaises dans certains cas, en fermant évidemment les yeux à "
-"une partie importante des faits, aussi je pense que ce genre de solution "
-"n'est probablement pas faisable quand tout le monde est libre de publier des "
-"versions modifiées. Mais pour le genre de travaux où il n'est "
-"pas crucial d'avoir la liberté de publier des versions modifié"
-"es, alors cette solution peut être appliqué très "
-"simplement, une fois que nous avons le système pratique de paiement "
-"sur Internet pour la baser dessus."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
-"commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a modified "
-"version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with the "
-"original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to those "
-"works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be some "
-"standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I think in "
-"some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in some way "
-"publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be possible still "
-"to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
-msgstr ""
-"En ce qui concerne les travaux esthétiques. S'il y a un systè"
-"me où ceux qui redistribuent commercialement - ou peut-être "
-"même ceux qui publient une version modifiée - peuvent avoir "
-"à négocier le partage des paiements avec le producteur de la "
-"version originale, alors ce genre d'arrangement pourrait être "
-"prolongé aussi à ces travaux; même si des versions "
-"modifiées sont autorisées, il pourrait y avoir une certaine "
-"formule standard qui pourrait être renégociée dans "
-"certains cas. Ainsi je pense que dans certains cas, probablement possibles "
-"même avec un système qui permet de publier des versions "
-"modifiées des travaux esthétiques, il serait possible d'avoir "
-"ce genre de système volontaire de paiement."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary payment "
-"systems. I heard of something called the street performer's protocol. I "
-"don't know the details of it. And I believe there is something called "
-"GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</em> I believe the "
-"people there are trying to set up something more or less like this. I think "
-"that what they are hoping to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make "
-"to various different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it "
-"gets to be big enough so that it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems "
-"work smoothly enough in practice that they'll get going is not clear, and "
-"whether they will become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal "
-"cultural practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary "
-"payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need to "
-"see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta pay“ "
-"once in a while. We'll see."
-msgstr ""
-"Maintenant je crois qu'il y a des gens qui essayent d'installer de genre de "
-"systèmes volontaires de paiement. J'ai entendu parler de quelque "
-"chose appelé « le protocole de l'artiste de rue "
-"». Je n'en connais pas les détails. Et je crois qu'il y a "
-"quelque chose appelé GreenWitch.com <em>[la note du "
-"transcripteur : URL incertaine]</em>. Je crois que ces gens essayent "
-"d'installer quelque chose de plus ou moins comme ça. Je pense que ce "
-"qu'il espèrent faire, c'est de rassembler un bouquet de paiements que "
-"vous effectuez à diverses personnes, et charger éventuellement "
-"par la suite votre carte de crédit une fois qu'il est assez important "
-"pour être efficace. Si ce genre de système fonctionne sans "
-"heurt dans la pratique, ce qu'ils vont devenir n'est pas clair; et s'ils "
-"sont adoptés assez largement, à ce qu'ils deviennent une "
-"pratique culturelle normale n'est pas clair. Il est possible que pour que "
-"ces paiements volontaires se propagent vraiment, nous ayons besoin d'un "
-"certain genre de… vous avez besoin de voir l'idée partout "
-"pour…« ouais, j'ai pas à payer ! » "
-"de temps à autre. On verra."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at for "
-"example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by donations from "
-"listeners, you have I believe, millions of people donating, I'm not sure how "
-"many exactly but there are many public radio stations which are supported by "
-"their listeners and they seem to be finding it easier to get donations as "
-"time goes on. Ten years ago they would have maybe six weeks of the year "
-"when they were spending most of their time asking people “Please send "
-"some money, don't you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours "
-"a day, and now a lot of them have found that they can raise the "
-"contributions by sending people mail who sent them donations in the past, "
-"and they don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations."
-msgstr ""
-"Il est évident que des idées comme celles-là ne sont "
-"pas déraisonnables. Si vous regardez par exemple la radio publique "
-"aux USA, qui est la plupart du temps soutenue par les dons de ses auditeurs. "
-"Vous avez, je crois, des millions de personnes qui donnent. Je ne sais pas "
-"combien exactement mais il y a beaucoup de stations de radio publiques qui "
-"sont soutenues par leurs auditeurs. Et il semble qu'elles trouvent plus "
-"facile d'obtenir des dons au fil des ans. Il y a dix ans elles auraient eu "
-"peut-être six semaines par an à passer la majeure partie du "
-"temps à demander aux gens « d'envoyer svp un peu d'argent, "
-"vous ne pensez pas que nous sommes assez importants pour vous » "
-"et ainsi de suite 24 heures sur 24. Et maintenant beaucoup d'entre elles ont "
-"constaté qu'elles peuvent augmenter les contributions en envoyant des "
-"mails aux gens qui leur ont envoyé des dons par le passé. Et "
-"elles n'ont pas à dépenser leur temps d'antenne à "
-"racoler pour les dons."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is a "
-"worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it that "
-"are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works whose "
-"developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital technology is "
-"providing us with solutions to the problem as well as creating a context "
-"where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end of this talk, and are "
-"there questions?"
-msgstr ""
-"Fondamentalement, le but déclaré du copyright : "
-"encourager le redressement est un but valable, mais nous devons examiner les "
-"façons d'y parvenir qui ne sont pas si dures, et sans trop "
-"restreindre l'utilisation des travaux dont nous avons encouragé les "
-"développements. Et je crois que la technologie numérique nous "
-"fournit des solutions au problème en plus de créer le contexte "
-"où nous devons résoudre le problème. Aussi c'est la fin "
-"de cet entretien; et il a des questions ?"
+"I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the North Island it "
+"was raining most of the time. Now I know why they call gumboots “"
+"Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who was making chairs and "
+"tables out of ponga wood, and he called it fern-iture. Then we took the "
+"ferry to get here, and as soon as we got off, people started mocking and "
+"insulting us; but there were no hard feelings, they just wanted to make us "
+"really feel Picton."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Questions and discussion"
-msgstr "Questions et discussion"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The reason people usually invite me to give speeches is because of my work "
+"on free software. This is not a talk about free software; this talk answers "
+"the question whether the ideas of free software extend to other kinds of "
+"works. But in order for that to make sense, I'd better tell you briefly "
+"what free software means."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “free "
+"speech”, not “free beer”. Free software is software that "
+"respects the user's freedom, and there are four specific freedoms that the "
+"user deserves always to have."
msgstr ""
-"Tout d'abord, quand est le prochain entretien ? Quelle heure est-il "
-"maintenant ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three."
-msgstr "<strong>Moi</strong> : Il est trois heures et quart."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie "
-"will permit me to accept a few questions."
+"Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program and change "
+"it to make the program do what you wish."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh vraiment ? Donc je suis dé"
-"jà en retard ? Bon, j'espère que Mélanie me "
-"permettra d'accepter quelques questions."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of your "
-"three categories will a work fit?"
+"Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbour; that is, the freedom to "
+"redistribute copies of the program, exact copies when you wish."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Qui décidera dans lesquelles de vos trois "
-"catégories un travail rentrera ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of "
-"deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect judges "
-"can tell a novel when they see one too."
+"And Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community. That's the "
+"freedom to publish your modified versions when you wish."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je suis sûr qu'il y a "
-"diverses manières de décider. Vous pouvez probablement "
-"reconnaître un roman quand vous en voyez un. Je subodore que les juges "
-"peuvent aussi reconnaître un roman quand ils en voient un."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of "
-"encryption devices with copyrighted materials?"
+"If the program gives you these four freedoms then it's free software, which "
+"means the social system of its distribution and use is an ethical system, "
+"one which respects the user's freedom and the social solidarity of the "
+"user's community. But if one of these freedoms is missing or insufficient, "
+"then it's proprietary software, nonfree software, user-subjugating "
+"software. It's unethical. It's not a contribution to society, it's a power "
+"grab. This unethical practice should not exist; the goal of the free "
+"software movement is to put an end to it. All software should be free, so "
+"that all users can be free."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA7</strong> : Des commentaires sur le chiffrement ? Et "
-"sur l'interaction des dispositifs de chiffrement avec les contenus sous "
-"copyright ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
-"controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various "
-"encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from "
-"copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really they "
-"all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and without those "
-"laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so they are all "
-"based on direct government intervention to stop people from copying and I "
-"object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those media. If as a "
-"practical matter the means to copy something are not available to me I won't "
-"buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
+"Proprietary software keeps the users divided and helpless: divided, because "
+"they're forbidden to share it, and helpless, because they don't have the "
+"source code so they can't change it. They can't even study it to verify "
+"what it's really doing to them, and many proprietary programs have malicious "
+"features which spy on the user, restrict the user, even back doors to attack "
+"the user."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bon, le chiffrement est employé en tant "
-"que moyen pour contrôler le public. Les éditeurs essayent "
-"d'imposer divers systèmes de chiffrement au public afin de "
-"l'empêcher de copier. Maintenant ils appellent ces choses des mé"
-"thodes technologiques, mais réellement elles s'appuient toutes sur "
-"des lois interdisant aux gens de les contourner. Et sans ces lois aucune de "
-"ces méthodes n'accomplirait son but. Aussi elles sont toutes sont "
-"basées sur l'interposition directe du gouvernement pour que les gens "
-"arrêtent de copier. Et je m'oppose à elles très "
-"fortement, et je n'accepterai pas ces médias. Si pour une question "
-"pratique les moyens de copier quelque chose ne sont pas à ma "
-"disposition je ne l'achèterai pas. Et j'espère que vous ne "
-"l'achèterez pas non plus."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the "
-"media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup purpose"
+"For instance, Microsoft Windows has a back door with which Microsoft can "
+"forcibly install software changes, without getting permission from the "
+"supposed owner of the computer. You may think it's your computer, but if "
+"you've made the mistake of having Windows running in it, then really "
+"Microsoft has owned your computer. Computers need to be defenestrated, "
+"which means either throw Windows out of the computer, or throw the computer "
+"out the window."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA8</strong> : En France nous avons une loi qui dit que mê"
-"me si le support est protégé vous avez le droit de le copier "
-"à nouveau pour le sauvegarder."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well until 2 "
-"years ago."
+"But any proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over the "
+"users. Some of the developers abuse this power more, and some abuse it "
+"less, but none of them ought to have it. You deserve to have control of "
+"your computing, and not be forcibly dependent on a particular company. So "
+"you deserve free software."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui, c'était aussi comme ça aux "
-"USA jusqu'à il y a deux ans."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in "
-"France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a mouse…"
+"At the end of speeches about free software, people sometimes ask whether "
+"these same freedoms and ideas apply to other things. If you have a copy of "
+"a published work on your computer, it makes sense to ask whether you should "
+"have the same four freedoms—whether it's ethically essential that you "
+"have them or not. And that's the question that I'm going to address today."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA8</strong> : Très souvent vous signez un accord qui "
-"est illégal en France… le contrat que vous êtes "
-"censé signer avec une souris…"
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you have a copy of something that's not software, for the most part, the "
+"only thing that might deny you any of these freedoms is copyright law. With "
+"software that's not so. The main ways of making software non-free are "
+"contracts and withholding the source code from the users. Copyright is a "
+"sort of secondary, back up method. For other things there's no such "
+"distinction as between source code and executable code."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, peut-être qu'ils ne le sont pas."
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?"
-msgstr "<strong>MA8</strong> : Comment pouvons-nous le contester ?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, if we're talking about a text, if you can see the text to read "
+"it, there's nothing in the text that you can't see. So it's not the same "
+"kind of issue exactly as software. It's for the most part only copyright "
+"that might deny you these freedoms."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to "
-"challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how "
-"would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, “"
-"They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it is an "
-"invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the distributor is in "
-"the US. French law about what is a valid contract couldn't be used to stop "
-"them in the US. On the other hand you could also say “I signed this "
-"contract but it's not valid in France so I am publicly disobeying, and I "
-"challenge them to sue me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if "
-"you're right and the laws are not valid in France then the case would get "
-"thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know "
-"whether, what its effects politically would be. I know that there was just a "
-"couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of "
-"private copying of music, and the record companies trotted out some famous "
-"very popular musicians to push for this law and they got it, so it's clear "
-"that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's possible that they will "
-"get more, just pass another law to change this. We have to think about the "
-"political strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and "
-"the actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no "
-"expert on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should "
-"think about."
+"So the question can be restated: “What should copyright law allow you "
+"to do with published works? What should copyright law say?”"
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[rhéthoriquement]</em> Bien, vous allez les "
-"contester ? Ca coûte de l'argent, il faut se donner du mal, et "
-"pas seulement ça. Comment le feriez-vous ? Bon, vous pourriez "
-"toujours aller au tribunal et dire, « ils n'ont aucun droit de "
-"demander à des personnes de signer ce contrat parce que c'est un "
-"contrat invalide » mais ça pourrait être difficile "
-"si le distributeur est aux USA. La loi française au sujet de ce qui "
-"est un contrat valide ne pourrait pas être utilisée pour les
arrê"
-"ter aux USA. D'autre part vous pourriez également dire que «"
-" j'ai signéce contrat mais il n'est pas valide en France, aussi "
-"je désobéis publiquement et je les défie de me "
-"poursuivre ». Maintenant si c'est ce que vous envisagez de faire, "
-"si vous avez raison et si les lois ne sont pas valides en France alors le "
-"cas serait rejeté. Je ne sais pas. Peut-être que c'est une "
-"bonne idée. Je ne sais pas quels en seraient les effets politiques. "
-"Je sais qu'il y a juste deux ans une loi a été votée en "
-"Europe pour interdire un certain genre de copie privée pour la "
-"musique, et les compagnies d'enregistrement ont rabâché "
-"à quelques musiciens célèbres très populaires de "
-"faire pression sur cette loi, et ils l'ont obtenue. Aussi, il est clair "
-"qu'ils ont beaucoup d'influence ici aussi, et il est possible qu'ils en "
-"obtiendront plus, voter justement une autre loi pour changer ça. Nous "
-"devons penser à une stratégie politique pour construire un "
-"collège électoral qui puisse résister à de tels "
-"changements. Et les mesures que nous prenons devraient être conç"
-"ues pour accomplir ça. Maintenant je ne suis pas un expert sur la "
-"façon de le réaliser en Europe, mais c'est à ça "
-"que les gens devraient penser."
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private correspondence?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright has developed along with copying technology, so it's useful to "
+"review the history of copying technology. Copying developed in the ancient "
+"world, where you'd use a writing instrument on a writing surface. You'd "
+"read one copy and write another."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Que dites-vous de la protection de la "
-"correspondance privée ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em> publishing <em>"
-"[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different issue."
+"This technology was rather inefficient, but another interesting "
+"characteristic was that it had no economy of scale. To write ten copies "
+"would take ten times as long as to write one copy. It required no special "
+"equipment other than the equipment for writing, and it required no special "
+"skill other than literacy itself. The result was that copies of any "
+"particular book were made in a decentralized manner. Wherever there was a "
+"copy, if someone wanted to copy it, he could."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous n'êtes pas <em>[emphase]</"
-"em> publié <em>[/emphase]</em>, c'est une question complè"
-"tement différente."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody, that's "
-"automatically under my copyright."
+"There was nothing like copyright in the ancient world. If you had a copy "
+"and wanted to copy it, nobody was going to tell you you weren't "
+"allowed—except if the local prince didn't like what the book said, in "
+"which case he might punish you for copying it. But that's not copyright, "
+"but rather something closely related, namely censorship. To this day, "
+"copyright is often used in attempts to censor people."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, mais si j'envoie un email à "
-"quelqu'un, c'est automatiquement sous mon copyright."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely irrelevant "
-"actually."
+"That went on for thousands of years, but then there was a big advance in "
+"copying technology, namely the printing press. The printing press made "
+"copying more efficient, but not uniformly. [This was] because mass "
+"production copying became a lot more efficient, but making one copy at a "
+"time didn't benefit from the printing press. In fact, you were better off "
+"just writing it by hand; that would be faster than trying to print one copy."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[énergiquement]</em> C'est "
-"entièrement non pertinent en réalité."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to publish "
-"it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright."
+"The printing press has an economy of scale: it takes a lot of work to set "
+"the type, but then you can make many copies very fast. Also, the printing "
+"press and the type were expensive equipment that most people didn't own; and "
+"the ability to use them, most literate people didn't know. Using a press "
+"was a different skill from writing. The result was a centralized manner of "
+"producing copies: the copies of any given book would be made in a few "
+"places, and then they would be transported to wherever someone wanted to buy "
+"copies."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, je ne l'accepte pas. S'ils vont l'é"
-"diter dans un journal, à ce moment là mon recours est mon "
-"copyright."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents and "
-"I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice in that. "
-"If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue him and "
-"then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my threat is "
-"copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it would even be "
-"upheld."
+"Copyright began in the age of the printing press. Copyright in England "
+"began as a system of censorship in the 1500s. I believe it was originally "
+"meant to censor Protestants, but it was turned around and used to censor "
+"Catholics and presumably lots of others as well. According to this law, in "
+"order to publish a book you had to get permission from the Crown, and this "
+"permission was granted in the form of a perpetual monopoly to publish it. "
+"This was allowed to lapse in the 1680s, I believe [it expired in 1695 "
+"according to the Wikipedia entry]. The publishers wanted it back again, but "
+"what they got was something somewhat different. The Statute of Anne gave "
+"authors a copyright, and only for 14 years, although the author could renew "
+"it once."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, vous ne pouvez pas lui faire tenir secret "
-"les contenus et je n'en suis pas sûr réellement. Je veux dire, "
-"je pense qu'il y a de l'injustice à cela. Si par exemple vous envoyez "
-"une lettre à quelqu'un menaçant de le poursuivre en justice, "
-"et alors vous lui dites que vous ne pouvez dire à personne que c'est "
-"moi qui l'ai fait parce que ma menace est garantie par les droits d'auteur, "
-"ça serait assez désagréable. Et je ne suis pas sû"
-"r que cela serait même confirmé."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to "
-"correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private."
+"This was a totally different idea—a temporary monopoly for the author, "
+"instead of a perpetual monopoly for the publisher. The idea developed that "
+"copyright was a means of promoting writing."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Bon, il y a des circonstances où je veux "
-"correspondre avec quelqu'un et garder ma (et leur) réponse, "
-"entièrement privée."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then "
-"that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be "
-"linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's another "
-"talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake for "
-"copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations are "
-"completely different from the ethics of published works and so they should "
-"be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
+"When the US constitution was written, some people wanted authors to be "
+"entitled to a copyright, but that was rejected. Instead, the US "
+"Constitution says that Congress can optionally adopt a copyright law, and if "
+"there is a copyright law, its purpose is to promote progress. In other "
+"words, the purpose is not benefits for copyright holders or anybody they do "
+"business with, but for the general public. Copyright has to last a limited "
+"time; publishers keep hoping for us to forget about this."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous et eux acceptez de la maintenir "
-"privé, alors c'est une question entièrement différente. "
-"Je suis désolé que les deux questions ne puissent pas ê"
-"tre liées, et je n'ai pas le temps de considérer cette "
-"question aujourd'hui. Il y a un autre entretien programmé pour "
-"commencer bientôt. Mais je pense que c'est une erreur totale que le "
-"copyright s'applique à de telles situations. L'éthique de ces "
-"situations est complètement différente de l'éthique des "
-"travaux publiés. Et elles devraient être traitées d'une "
-"manière appropriée, qui est complètement diffé"
-"rente."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the only redress "
-"one has is copyright…"
+"Here we have an idea of copyright which is an industrial regulation on "
+"publishers, controlled by authors, and designed to provide benefits to the "
+"public at large. It functioned this way because it didn't restrict the "
+"readers."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : C'est assez loyal, mais pour l'instant le seul "
-"recours est le copyright…"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people have "
-"agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In Europe "
-"there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a right to "
-"force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force him to "
-"paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
+"Now in the early centuries of printing, and still I believe in the 1790s, "
+"lots of readers wrote copies by hand because they couldn't afford printed "
+"copies. Nobody ever expected copyright law to be something other than an "
+"industrial regulation. It wasn't meant to stop people from writing copies, "
+"it was meant to regulate the publishers. Because of this it was easy to "
+"enforce, uncontroversial, and arguably beneficial for society."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[il interrompt]</em> Non, vous avez tort. Si "
-"les gens sont d'acccord pour garder quelque chose secret alors vous avez un "
-"autre recours. En Europe il y a des lois sur la vie privée. Et "
-"l'autre chose, est que vous ne pouvez pas avoir le droit de forcer quelqu'un "
-"à garder des secrets pour vous. Tout au plus, vous pourriez le forcer "
-"à paraphraser, parce qu'il a le droit de dire aux gens ce que vous "
-"faites."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at either end "
-"are both in reasonable agreement."
+"It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against "
+"publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a "
+"book—you go to a bookstore and say 'where do these copies come "
+"from?'. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer "
+"to do that."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Oui, mais en supposant que les deux personnes "
-"à chaque extrémité sont toutes deux d'accord de "
-"façon raisonnable."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
-"recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper is "
-"he?"
+"It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted, they had "
+"nothing to complain about. Theoretically they were restricted from "
+"publishing, but not being publishers and not having printing presses, they "
+"couldn't do that anyway. In what they actually could do, they were not "
+"restricted."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien et alors, ne dîtes pas que le "
-"copyright est votre seul recours. S'il est d'accord il ne va pas le donner "
-"à un journal, si ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about "
-"interception."
+"It was arguably beneficial because the general public, according to the "
+"concepts of copyright law, traded away a theoretical right they were not in "
+"a position to exercise. In exchange, they got the benefits of more writing."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, heu, vous évitez ma question au "
-"sujet de l'interception."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… "
-"<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the first "
-"time you mentioned interception…"
+"Now if you trade away something you have no possible use for, and you get "
+"something you can use in exchange, it's a positive trade. Whether or not "
+"you could have gotten a better deal some other way, that's a different "
+"question, but at least it's positive."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh, interception. C'est complètement "
-"différent… <em>[âprement]</em> non vous n'avez pas "
-"demandé à propos de l'interception. C'est la première "
-"fois que vous avez mentionné l'interception…"
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time."
-msgstr "<strong>MA6</strong> : Non c'est la deuxième fois."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if this were still in the age of the printing press, I don't think I'd be "
+"complaining about copyright law. But the age of the printing press is "
+"gradually giving way to the age of the computer networks—another "
+"advance in copying technology that makes copying more efficient, and once "
+"again not uniformly so."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Here's what we had in the age of the printing press: mass production very "
+"efficient, one at a time copying still just as slow as the ancient world. "
+"Digital technology gets us here: they've both benefited, but one-off copying "
+"has benefited the most."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA9</strong> : <em>[murmure son assentiment à MA6]</em>"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you "
-"before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh how "
-"can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a waffle "
-"iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other."
+"We get to a situation much more like the ancient world, where one at a time "
+"copying is not so much worse [i.e., harder] than mass production copying. "
+"It's a little bit less efficient, a little bit less good, but it's perfectly "
+"cheap enough that hundreds of millions of people do it. Consider how many "
+"people write CDs once in a while, even in poor countries. You may not have "
+"a CD-writer yourself, so you go to a store where you can do it."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[toujours irrité]</em> Je ne vous "
-"avais pas entendu avant… c'est totalement idiot… c'est comme "
-"essayer de… oh à quoi puis-je comparer ?…c'est "
-"comme essayer de tuer un éléphant avec un moule à "
-"gaufres, je veux dire qu'ils n'ont rien à faire l'un avec l'autre."
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[un ininterprétable silence tombe]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This means that copyright no longer fits in with the technology as it used "
+"to. Even if the words of copyright law had not changed, they wouldn't have "
+"the same effect. Instead of an industrial regulation on publishers "
+"controlled by authors, with the benefits set up to go to the public, it is "
+"now a restriction on the general public, controlled mainly by the "
+"publishers, in the name of the authors."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in "
-"trade secrets?]</em>"
+"In other words, it's tyranny. It's intolerable and we can't allow it to "
+"continue this way."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA10</strong> : Vous avez pensé aux changements <em>"
-"[inaudible, des secrets commerciaux ?]</em>"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very ominous "
-"and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant that you "
-"wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and later on it "
-"was something that was done within a business telling just a few people "
-"something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, it's turning into "
-"something where the public in general is becoming conscripted into keeping "
-"secrets for business even if they have never agreed in any way to keep these "
-"secrets and that's a pressure. So those who pretend that trade secrecy is "
-"just carrying out some natural right of theirs; that's just not true any "
-"more. They're getting explicit government help in forcing other people to "
-"keep their secrets. And we might want to consider whether non-disclosure "
-"agreements should in general be considered legitimate contracts because of "
-"the anti-social nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be considered automatic "
-"that just because somebody has promised to keep a secret that that means "
-"it's binding."
+"As a result of this change, [copyright] is no longer easy to enforce, no "
+"longer uncontroversial, and no longer beneficial."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : hmm, oui : les secrets commerciaux se sont "
-"développés dans une direction inquiétante et "
-"menaçante. Le secret commercial signifiait que vous vouliez maintenir "
-"secret quelque chose, donc vous ne l'avez dit à personne, et plus "
-"tard, ça s'est fait dans les affaires de dire juste à quelques "
-"personnes quelque chose et ils devaient accepter de le maintenir secret. "
-"Mais maintenant, ça prend une tournure où le public en "
-"général devient enrôlé dans le fait de garder des "
-"secrets d'affaires, même s'ils n'ont jamais convenu de quelque "
-"façon que ce soit de garder ces secrets. Et c'est une pression. Ainsi "
-"à ceux qui feignent de croire que le secret commercial est juste un "
-"transposition sur l'extérieur de certains de leurs droits, ce n'est "
-"justement pas vrai. Ils obtiennent l'aide explicite du gouvernement en "
-"vigueur en forçant les autres personnes à garder leurs "
-"secrets. Et nous pourrions nous demander si les accords de non-divulgation "
-"devraient d'une façon générale être considé"
-"rés comme des contrats légitimes à cause de la nature "
-"antisociale du secret commercial. Il ne devrait pas être considé"
-"ré comme automatique, juste parce que quelqu'un a promis de garder un "
-"secret, que c'est obligatoire."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be. If "
-"there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should "
-"invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed with "
-"customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business supplies "
-"secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its customers, no."
+"It's no longer easy to enforce because now the publishers want to enforce it "
+"against each and every person, and to do this requires cruel measures, "
+"draconian punishments, invasions of privacy, abolition of our basic ideas of "
+"justice. There's almost no limit to how far they will propose to go to "
+"prosecute the War on Sharing."
msgstr ""
-"Peut-être que dans certains cas, ça devrait, et dans d'autres "
-"non. S'il y a un avantage public clair de savoir alors peut-être que "
-"ça devrait invalider le contrat. Ou peut-être devrait-il ê"
-"tre valide quand il est signé avec des clients. Ou peut-être "
-"entre une société et un <em>[…]</em>. Peut-être "
-"que ça devrait être légitime quand une socié"
-"té fournit des secrets à ses fournisseurs. Mais à ses "
-"clients, non."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
-"anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
-"bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe it "
-"still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
+"It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several "
+"countries whose basic platform is 'freedom to share'."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a diverses possibilités auxquelles chacun peut penser, mais tout "
-"au début quiconque n'a pas accepté volontairement de garder "
-"les secrets ne devrait pas être lié par le secret commercial. "
-"C'était comme ça il n'y a pas si longtemps encore. Peut-ê"
-"tre que c'est toujours comme ça en Europe, je ne suis pas sûr."
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually traded "
+"away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise. They're "
+"tremendously useful, and we want to exercise them."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA11</strong> : Est-ce qu'une entreprise peut le demander "
-"à ses…"
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?"
-msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : employés ?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "What would a democratic government do in this situation?"
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no"
-msgstr "<strong>MA11</strong> : Non non"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It would reduce copyright power. It would say: “The trade we made on "
+"behalf of our citizens, trading away some of their freedom which now they "
+"need, is intolerable. We have to change this; we can't trade away the "
+"freedom that is important.” We can measure the sickness of democracy "
+"by the tendency of governments to do the exact opposite around the world, "
+"extending copyright power when they should reduce it."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?"
-msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : fournisseurs ?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"One example is in the dimension of time. Around the world we see pressure "
+"to make copyright last longer and longer and longer."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
-"supplier?"
+"A wave of this started in the US in 1998. Copyright was extended by 20 "
+"years on both past and future works. I do not understand how they hope to "
+"convince the now dead or senile writers of the 20s and 30s to write more "
+"back then by extending copyright on their works now. If they have a time "
+"machine with which to inform them, they haven't used it. Our history books "
+"don't say that there was a burst of vigor in the arts in the 20s when all "
+"the artists found out that their copyrights would be extended in 1998."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA11</strong> : oui, fournisseurs. Et si le client est un autre "
-"fournisseur ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[espace pendant que le minidisque est changé]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's theoretically conceivable that 20 years more copyright on future works "
+"would convince people to make more effort in producing those works. But not "
+"anyone rational, because the discounted present value of 20 more years of "
+"copyright starting 75 years in the future—if it's a work made for "
+"hire—and probably even longer if it's a work with an individual "
+"copyright holder, is so small it couldn't persuade any rational person to do "
+"anything different. Any business that wants to claim otherwise ought to "
+"present its projected balance sheets for 75 years in the future, which of "
+"course they can't do because none of them really looks that far ahead."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it."
-msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : Commençons par ne pas l'encourager."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The real reason for this law, the desire that prompted various companies to "
+"purchase this law in the US Congress, which is how laws are decided on for "
+"the most part, was they had lucrative monopolies and they wanted those "
+"monopolies to continue."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
-"scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
-"official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
-"copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
-"internet access."
+"For instance, Disney was aware that the first film in which Mickey Mouse "
+"appeared would go into the public domain in a few years, and then anybody "
+"would be free to draw that same character as part of other works. Disney "
+"didn't want that to happen. Disney borrows a lot from the public domain, "
+"but is determined never to give the slightest thing back. So Disney paid "
+"for this law, which we refer to as the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA12</strong> : J'ai une question concernant votre avis sur le "
-"travail scientifique des journaux et des manuels. Dans ma profession au "
-"moins un Journal officiel et un manuel sont disponibles en ligne. Ils "
-"maintiennent le copyright, mais il y a un libre accès aux ressources "
-"pourvu qu'on ait l'accès à Internet."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals where "
-"it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access unless "
-"you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should all start "
-"opening up access on the web."
+"The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US "
+"Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with a way "
+"to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright on the "
+"installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright for 20 more "
+"years. So that at any given time, any given work has a date when it will "
+"supposedly fall into the public domain. But that date is like tomorrow, it "
+"never comes. By the time you get there they will have postponed it, unless "
+"we stop them next time."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Ok, c'est bon. Mais il y a beaucoup de journaux "
-"où ce n'est pas comme ça. Par exemple, les journaux d'ACM "
-"auxquels vous ne pouvez pas accéder à part si vous êtes "
-"abonné : ils sont bloqués. Aussi je pense que les "
-"journaux devraient tout commencer à en ouvrir l'accès sur le "
-"Web."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance of "
-"copyright on the public when you basically don't interfere with providing "
-"free access on the web."
+"That's one dimension, the dimension of duration. But even more important is "
+"the dimension of breadth: which uses of the work does copyright cover?"
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA12</strong> : Aussi, quel impact cela a t-il sur le sens du "
-"copyright sur le public, quand fondamentalement vous n'intervenez pas en "
-"proposant un libre accès sur le net ?"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
-"essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
-"also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim copies "
-"of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get lost. "
-"Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, natural "
-"disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic disasters, "
-"fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that one site to "
-"disappear. So really what the scholarly community should logically be doing "
-"is carefully arranging to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure "
-"that every paper is available on every continent, from places near the ocean "
-"to places that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing "
-"that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not being "
-"stopped."
+"In the age of the printing press, copyright wasn't supposed to cover all "
+"uses of a copyrighted work, because copyright regulated certain uses that "
+"were the exceptions in a broader space of unregulated uses. There were "
+"certain things you were simply allowed to do with your copy of a book."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, tout d'abord je suis en désaccord. "
-"Les sites miroir sont essentiels. Ainsi, le journal devrait non seulement "
-"offrir un accès libre mais devrait également donner à "
-"chacun la liberté d'installer des sites en miroir avec les copies "
-"intégrales de ces articles. Sinon, il y a un danger qu'ils soient "
-"perdus. Divers genres de calamités pourraient causer leur perte, vous "
-"savez, des désastres naturels, désastres politiques, dé"
-"sastres techniques, désastres bureaucratiques, désastres "
-"fiscaux… Toutes sortes de choses qui pourraient provoquer leur "
-"dispararition du site. C'est tellement vrai, que ce que la communauté "
-"savante devrait logiquement faire, c'est se charger soigneusement d'avoir un "
-"large réseau de sites en miroir en s'assurant que chaque papier est "
-"disponible sur chaque continent; depuis le bord de l'océan "
-"jusqu'à l'intérieur des terres. Et vous savez que c'est "
-"exactement le genre de chose que les bibliothèques principales "
-"sentiront que c'est dans leur mission de faire, si seulement elles n'é"
-"taient pas arrêtées."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step further. "
-"In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should be saying, "
-"everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have to do the "
-"whole publication of this journal, together with our advertisements, now "
-"that would still at least do the job of making the availability redundant so "
-"that it's not in danger, and other institutions would set up mirror sites, "
-"and I predict that you would find ten years down the road, a very well "
-"organised unofficial system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that "
-"nothing was getting left out. At this point the amount that it costs to set "
-"up the mirror site for years of a journal is so little that it doesn't "
-"require any special funding; nobody has to work very hard: just let "
-"librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was some other thing that this raised and "
-"I can't remember what it is. Oh well, I'll just have to let it go."
+"Now the publishers have got the idea that they can turn our computers "
+"against us, and use them to seize total power over all use of published "
+"works. They want to set up a pay-per-view universe. They're doing it with "
+"DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)—the intentional features of "
+"software that's designed to restrict the user. And often the computer "
+"itself is designed to restrict the user."
msgstr ""
-"Aussi, ce qui devrait être fait, c'est que ces journaux devraient "
-"faire un pas de plus en avant. En plus de dire « tout le monde "
-"peut accéder au site », ils devraient dire « "
-"chacun peut installer un site miroir ». Même s'ils disaient "
-"« vous devez faire la publication entière de ce journal, "
-"en même temps que nos annonces », néanmoins ç"
-"a ne ferait que rendre la disponibilité superflue, au lieu de la "
-"mettre en danger. Et d'autres établissements installeraient des sites "
-"en miroir. Et je prévois que vous trouveriez dans un peu plus de dix "
-"ans, un système officieux très bien organisé de "
-"coordinateurs pour s'assurer que rien ne serait oublié. En ce moment, "
-"ce que cela coûte d'installer pour des années un site en miroir "
-"d'un journal est si faible qu'il n'exige pas de financement spécial; "
-"personne n'a à travailler très dur : il y a juste "
-"à laisser les bibliothécaires le faire. Quoi qu'il en soit, "
-"oh, il y avait autre chose que ça a soulevé… et je ne "
-"me souviens pas ce que c'était. Oh ,bon, j'ai oublié."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
-"works… do you think the dynamics could be… <em>[inaudible]</"
-"em> although I understand the problems of… I mean who's contributing? "
-"and who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free software <em>[inaudible]</"
-"em>"
+"The first way in which the general public saw this was in DVDs. A movie on "
+"a DVD was usually encrypted, and the format was secret. The DVD conspiracy "
+"kept this secret because they said anyone that wants to make DVD players has "
+"to join the conspiracy, promise to keep the format secret, and promise to "
+"design the DVD players to restrict the users according to the rules, which "
+"say it has to stop the user from doing this, from doing that, from doing "
+"that—a precise set of requirements, all of which are malicious towards "
+"us."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA13</strong> : Le problème de financement pour les "
-"travaux esthétiques… pensez-vous que la dynamique pourrait "
-"être… <em>[inaudible]</em> bien que je comprenne les "
-"problèmes de… Je veux dire qui contribue ? Et qui sera "
-"récompensé ? Est-ce que l'esprit du logiciel libre <em>"
-"[inaudible]</em>"
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
-"people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to get "
-"there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know how we "
-"can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get governments to do "
-"their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of world where the "
-"public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I think the first "
-"thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and the views that "
-"go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and say this is "
-"propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published works with "
-"each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing with your "
-"friend is more important than how much money these companies get. The "
-"society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies. We have to keep "
-"on… because you see the idea that they've spread—that anything "
-"that reduces their income is immoral and therefore people must be restricted "
-"in any way it takes to guarantee for them to be paid for everything… "
-"that is the fundamental thing that we have to start attacking directly. "
-"People have mostly tried tactics of concentrating on secondary issues, you "
-"know, to when people, you know when the publishers demand increased power "
-"usually people saying it will cause some secondary kind of harm and arguing "
-"based on that but you rarely find anybody (except me) saying that the whole "
-"point of the change is wrong, that it's wrong to restrict it in that way, "
-"that it's legitimate for people to want to change copies and that they "
-"should be allowed to. We have to have more of this. We have to start cutting "
-"the root of their dominion not just hacking away at a few leaves."
+"It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret format, "
+"and published free software capable of reading the movie on a DVD and "
+"playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't actually stop "
+"them, we have to make it a crime”. And they started that in the US in "
+"1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which imposed censorship on "
+"software capable of doing such jobs."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. L'idée vient certainement "
-"à l'esprit des gens. Nous verrons. Je n'ai pas les réponses. "
-"Je ne sais pas comment nous allons les avoir. J'essaye de penser à "
-"peu près où nous pourrions les obtenir. Je ne sais pas comment "
-"nous pourrions y arriver. Les éditeurs sont si puissants… ils "
-"peuvent obtenir des gouvernements qu'ils exécutent leurs ordres. "
-"Comment allons-nous construire ce genre de monde où le public refuse "
-"de tolérer ça plus longtemps, je ne sais pas. Je pense que la "
-"première chose que nous devons faire est de rejeter clairement le mot "
-"pirate et les images qui vont avec. Tous les jours on nous dit d'oser "
-"prendre la parole, et dire que c'est de la propagande, qu'il n'est pas "
-"mauvais pour les gens de partager ces travaux publiés avec les "
-"autres, que c'est partager avec votre ami, et que c'est bien. Et que "
-"partager avec votre ami, c'est plus important que l'argent que ces "
-"compagnies gagnent. Que la société ne devrait pas être "
-"façonnée sur leurs intérêts. Nous devons "
-"continuer… parce que vous voyez, l'idée qu'elles ont ré"
-"pandu — que tout ce qui réduit leur revenu est immoral et donc "
-"que les gens doivent être limités quelqu'en soit le moyen pour "
-"garantir qu'ils seront payés pour tout… c'est la chose "
-"fondamentale que nous devons commencer à attaquer directement. Les "
-"gens ont la plupart du temps essayé la tactique de la concentration "
-"sur les questions secondaires, vous savez… Quand les éditeurs "
-"exigent plus de pouvoir, les gens habituellement disent que cela causera un "
-"certain type de mal secondaire, et basent leurs arguments la-dessus. Mais "
-"vous trouvez rarement quelqu'un (excepté moi) qui dit que le point "
-"entier du changement est erroné, que c'est une erreur de le limiter "
-"de cette façon, qu'il est légitime pour les gens de vouloir "
-"changer les copies et que ça devrait leur être permis. Nous "
-"devrions en avoir plus. Nous devons commencer à couper la racine de "
-"leur domination et pas simplement entailler loin quelques feuilles."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to "
-"concentrate on the donations system for music."
+"So that particular piece of free software was the subject of a court case. "
+"Its distribution in the US is forbidden; the US practices censorship of "
+"software."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA14</strong> : <em>[inaudible]</em> ce qui est important, "
-"c'est de se concentrer sur le système de donation pour la musique."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents covering "
-"the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
+"The movie companies are well aware that they can't really make that program "
+"disappear—it's easy enough to find it. So they designed another "
+"encryption system, which they hoped would be harder to break, and it's "
+"called AACS, or the axe."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui. Bien que malheureusement, il y ait des "
-"brevets couvrant la technique qui semblent être très "
-"probablement utilisables."
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>"
-msgstr "<em>[rires, on crie «non» dans l'audience]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The AACS conspiracy makes precise rules about all players. For instance, in "
+"2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video outputs. So all video "
+"outputs will have to be digital, and they will carry the signal encrypted "
+"into a monitor specially designed to keep secrets from the user. That is "
+"malicious hardware. They say that the purpose of this is to “close "
+"the analog hole”. I'll show you a couple of analog holes (Stallman "
+"takes off his glasses): here's one and here's another, that they'd like to "
+"poke out permanently."
+msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"How do I know about these conspiracies? The reason is they're not "
+"secret—they have websites. The AACS website proudly describes the "
+"contracts that manufacturers have to sign, which is how I know about this "
+"requirement. It proudly states the names of the companies that have "
+"established this conspiracy, which include Microsoft and Apple, and Intel, "
+"and Sony, and Disney, and IBM."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Cela peut mettre dix ans avant que ça "
-"puisse se faire."
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A conspiracy of companies designed to restrict the public's access to "
+"technology ought to be prosecuted as a serious crime, like a conspiracy to "
+"fix prices, except it's worse, so the prison sentences for this should be "
+"longer. But these companies are quite confident that our governments are on "
+"their side against us. They have no fear against being prosecuted for these "
+"conspiracies, which is why they don't bother to hide them."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>MA15</strong> : On prendra seulement les lois françaises."
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In general DRM is set up by a conspiracy of companies. Once in a while a "
+"single company can do it, but generally it requires a conspiracy between "
+"technology companies and publishers, so [it's] almost always a conspiracy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"They thought that nobody would ever be able to break the AACS, but about "
+"three and a half years ago someone released a free program capable of "
+"decrypting that format. However, it was totally useless, because in order "
+"to run it you need to know the key."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And then, six months later, I saw a photo of two adorable puppies, with 32 "
+"hex digits above them, and I wondered: “Why put those two things "
+"together? I wonder if those numbers are some important key, and someone "
+"could have put the numbers together with the puppies, figuring people would "
+"copy the photo of the puppies because they were so cute. This would protect "
+"the key from being wiped out.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And that's what it was—that was the key to break the axe. People "
+"posted it, and editors deleted it, because laws in many countries now "
+"conscript them to censor this information. It was posted again, they "
+"deleted it; eventually they gave up, and in two weeks this number was posted "
+"in over 700,000 web sites."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's a big outpouring of public disgust with DRM. But it didn't win the "
+"war, because the publishers changed the key. Not only that: with HD DVD, "
+"this was adequate to break the DRM, but not with Blu-ray. Blu-ray has an "
+"additional level of DRM and so far there is no free software that can break "
+"it, which means that you must regard Blu-ray disks as something incompatible "
+"with your own freedom. They are an enemy with which no accommodation is "
+"possible, at least not with our present level of knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Never accept any product designed to attack your freedom. If you don't have "
+"the free software to play a DVD, you mustn't buy or rent any DVDs, or accept "
+"them even as gifts, except for the rare non-encrypted DVDs, which there are "
+"a few of. I actually have a few [of these]—I don't have any encrypted "
+"DVDs, I won't take them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "So this is how things stand in video, but we've also seen DRM in music."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, about ten years ago we started to see things that looked like "
+"compact disks, but they weren't written quite like compact disks. They "
+"didn't follow the standard. We called them 'corrupt disks', and the idea of "
+"them was that they would play in an audio player, but it was impossible to "
+"read them on a computer. These different methods had various problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Eventually Sony came up with a clever idea. They put a program on the disk, "
+"so that if you stuck the disk into a computer, the disk would install the "
+"program. This program was designed like a virus to take control of the "
+"system. It's called a 'root kit', meaning that it has things in it to break "
+"the security of the system so that it can install the software deep inside "
+"the system, and modify various parts of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, it modified the command you could use to examine the system to "
+"see if the software was present, so as to disguise itself. It modified the "
+"command you could use to delete some of these files, so that it wouldn't "
+"really delete them. Now all of this is a serious crime, but it's not the "
+"only one Sony committed, because the software also included free software "
+"code—code that had been released under the GNU General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now the GNU GPL is a copyleft license, and that means it says “Yes, "
+"you're free to put this code into other things, but when you do, the entire "
+"program that you put things into you must release as free software under the "
+"same license. And you must make the source code available to users, and to "
+"inform them of their rights you must give them a copy of this license when "
+"they get the software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Sony didn't comply with all that. That's commercial copyright infringement, "
+"which is a felony. They're both felonies, but Sony wasn't prosecuted "
+"because the government understands that the purpose of the government and "
+"the law is to maintain the power of those companies over us, not to help "
+"defend our freedom in any way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People got angry and they sued Sony. However, they made a mistake. They "
+"focused their condemnation not on the evil purpose of this scheme, but only "
+"on the secondary evils of the various methods that Sony used. So Sony "
+"settled the lawsuits and promised that in the future, when it attacks our "
+"freedom, it will not do those other things."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, that particular corrupt disk scheme was not so bad, because if you "
+"were not using Windows it would not affect you at all. Even if you were "
+"using Windows, there's a key on the keyboard—if you remembered every "
+"time to hold it down, then the disk wouldn't install the software. But of "
+"course it's hard to remember that every time; you're going to slip up some "
+"day. This shows the kind of thing we've had to deal with."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately music DRM is receding. Even the main record companies sell "
+"downloads without DRM. But we see a renewed effort to impose DRM on books."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, the publishers want to take away the traditional freedoms of book "
+"readers—freedom to do things such as borrow a book from the public "
+"library, or lend it to a friend; to sell a book to a used book store, or buy "
+"it anonymously paying cash (which is the only way I buy books—we've "
+"got to resist the temptations to let Big Brother know everything that we're "
+"doing.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even the freedom to keep the book as long as you wish, and read it as many "
+"times as you wish, they plan to get rid of."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The way they do it is with DRM. They knew that so many people read books "
+"and would get angry if these freedoms were taken away that they didn't "
+"believe they could buy a law specifically to abolish these freedoms—"
+"there would be too much opposition. Democracy is sick, but once in a while "
+"people manage to demand something. So they came up with a two-stage plan."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First, take away these freedoms from ebooks, and second, convince people to "
+"switch from paper books to ebooks. They've succeeded with stage 1."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the US they did it with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and in New "
+"Zealand, that was part of the year-ago Copyright Act; censorship on software "
+"that can break DRM was part of that law. That's an unjust provision; it's "
+"got to be repealed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The second stage is convince people to switch from printed books to ebooks; "
+"that didn't go so well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"One publisher in 2001 had the idea they would make their line of ebooks "
+"really popular if they started it with my biography. So they found an "
+"author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said “Only if "
+"this ebook is published without encryption, without DRM”. The "
+"publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just stuck to it—I said "
+"no. Eventually we found another publisher who was willing to do this—"
+"in fact willing to publish the book under a free license giving you the four "
+"freedoms—so the book was then published, and sold a lot of copies on "
+"paper."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But in any case, ebooks failed at the beginning of this decade. People just "
+"didn't want to read them very much. And I said, “they will try "
+"again”. We saw an amazing number of news articles about electronic "
+"ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never remember which), and it occurred "
+"to me probably the reason there's so many is the publishers want us to think "
+"about this. They want us to be eager for the next generation of ebook "
+"readers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now they're upon us. Things like the Sony Shreader (its official name is "
+"the Sony Reader, but if you put on 'sh' it explains what it's designed to do "
+"to your books), and the Amazon Swindle, designed to swindle you out of your "
+"traditional freedoms without your noticing. Of course, they call it the "
+"Kindle which is what it's going to do to your books."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The Kindle is an extremely malicious product, almost as malicious as "
+"Microsoft Windows. They both have spy features, they both have Digital "
+"Restrictions Management, and they both have back doors."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the case of the Kindle, the only way you can buy a book is to buy it from "
+"Amazon, and Amazon requires you to identify yourself, so they know "
+"everything that you've bought."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Then there is Digital Restrictions Management, so you can't lend the book or "
+"sell it to a used bookstore, and the library can't lend it either."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And then there's the back door, which we found out about about three months "
+"ago, because Amazon used it. Amazon sent a command to all the Kindles to "
+"erase a particular book, namely 1984 by George Orwell. Yes, they couldn't "
+"have picked a more ironic book to erase. So that's how we know that Amazon "
+"has a back door with which it can erase books remotely."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What else it can do, who knows? Maybe it's like Microsoft Windows. Maybe "
+"Amazon can remotely upgrade the software, which means that whatever "
+"malicious things are not in it now, they could put them in it tomorrow."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This is intolerable—any one of these restrictions is intolerable. "
+"They want to create a world where nobody lends books to anybody anymore."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Imagine that you visit a friend and there are no books on the shelf. It's "
+"not that your friend doesn't read, but his books are all inside a device, "
+"and of course he can't lend you those books. The only way he could lend you "
+"any one of those books is to lend you his whole library, which is obviously "
+"a ridiculous thing to ask anybody to do. So there goes friendship for "
+"people who love books."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Make sure that you inform people what this device implies. It means other "
+"readers will no longer be your friends, because you will be acting like a "
+"jerk toward them. Spread the word preemptively. This device is your "
+"enemy. It's the enemy of everyone who reads. The people who don't "
+"recognize that are the people who are thinking so short-term that they don't "
+"see it. It's our job to help them see beyond the momentary convenience to "
+"the implications of this device."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I have nothing against distributing books in digital form, if they are not "
+"designed to take away our freedom. Strictly speaking, it is possible to "
+"have an ebook reader:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "that is not designed to attack you,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which runs free software and not proprietary software,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't have DRM,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't make people identify yourself to get a book,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't have a back door, [and]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't restrict what you can do with the files on your machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's possible, but the big companies really pushing ebooks are doing it to "
+"attack our freedom, and we mustn't stand for that. This is what governments "
+"are doing in cahoots with big business to attack our freedom, by making "
+"copyright harsher and nastier, more restrictive than ever before."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But what should they do? Governments should make copyright power less. Here "
+"are my specific proposals."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First of all, there is the dimension of time. I propose copyright should "
+"last ten years, starting from the date of publication of a work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Why from the date of publication? Because before that, we don't have "
+"copies. It doesn't matter to us whether we would have been allowed to copy "
+"our copies that we don't have, so I figure we might as well let the authors "
+"have as much time as it takes to arrange publication, and then start the "
+"clock."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But why ten years? I don't know about in this country, but in the US, the "
+"publication cycle has got shorter and shorter. Nowadays almost all books "
+"are remaindered within two years and out-of-print within three. So ten "
+"years is more than three times the usual publication cycle—that should "
+"be plenty comfortable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But not everybody agrees. I once proposed this in a panel discussion with "
+"fiction writers, and the award-winning fantasy writer next to me said “"
+"Ten years? No way. Anything more than five years is intolerable.” You "
+"see, he had a legal dispute with his publisher. His books seemed to be out "
+"of print, but the publisher wouldn't admit it. The publisher was using the "
+"copyright on his own book to stop him from distributing copies himself, "
+"which he wanted to do so people could read it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This is what every artist starts out wanting—wanting to distribute her "
+"work so it will get read and appreciated. Very few make a lot of money. "
+"That tiny fraction face the danger of being morally corrupted, like J.K. "
+"Rowling."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"J.K. Rowling, in Canada, got an injunction against people who had bought her "
+"book in a bookstore, ordering them not to read it. So in response I call "
+"for a boycott of Harry Potter books. But I don't say you shouldn't read "
+"them; I leave that to the author and the publisher. I just say you "
+"shouldn't buy them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's few authors that make enough money that they can be corrupted in this "
+"way. Most of them don't get anywhere near that, and continue wanting the "
+"same thing they wanted at the outset: they want their work to be appreciated."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"He wanted to distribute his own book, and copyright was stopping him. He "
+"realized that more than five years of copyright was unlikely to ever do him "
+"any good."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If people would rather have copyright last five years, I won't be against "
+"it. I propose ten as a first stab at the problem. Let's reduce it to ten "
+"years and then take stock for a while, and we could adjust it after that. I "
+"don't say I think ten years is the exact right number—I don't know."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What about the dimension of breadth? Which activities should copyright "
+"cover? I distinguish three broad categories of works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First of all, there are the functional works that you use to do a practical "
+"job in your life. This includes software, recipes, educational works, "
+"reference works, text fonts, and other things you can think of. These works "
+"should be free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you use the work to do a job in your life, then if you can't change the "
+"work to suit you, you don't control your life. Once you have changed the "
+"work to suit you, then you've got to be free to publish it—publish "
+"your version—because there will be others who will want the changes "
+"you've made."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This leads quickly to the conclusion that users have to have the same four "
+"freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll "
+"notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and "
+"changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would "
+"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called 'recipe piracy'."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The term 'pirate' is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of "
+"music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't "
+"do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So it's not music "
+"'piracy', because piracy is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you "
+"get from being the moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking "
+"ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly "
+"denounce that propaganda term 'piracy' whenever we hear it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People might have objected twenty years ago: “If we don't give up our "
+"freedom, if we don't let the publishers of these works control us, the works "
+"won't get made and that will be a horrible disaster.” Now, looking at "
+"the free software community, and all the recipes that circulate, and "
+"reference works like Wikipedia—we are even starting to see free "
+"textbooks being published—we know that that fear is misguided."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There is no need to despair and give up our freedom thinking that otherwise "
+"the works won't get made. There are lots of ways to encourage them to get "
+"made if we want more—lots of ways that are consistent with and respect "
+"our freedom. In this category, they should all be free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But what about the second category, of works that say what certain people "
+"thought, like memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific papers, and various "
+"other things? To publish a modified version of somebody else's statement of "
+"what he thought is misrepresenting [that] somebody. That's not particularly "
+"a contribution to society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore it is workable and acceptable to have a somewhat reduced copyright "
+"system where all commercial use is covered by copyright, all modification is "
+"covered by copyright, but everyone is free to non-commercially redistribute "
+"exact copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That freedom is the minimum freedom we must establish for all published "
+"works, because the denial of that freedom is what creates the War on "
+"Sharing—what creates the vicious propaganda that sharing is theft, "
+"that sharing is like being a pirate and attacking ships. Absurdities, but "
+"absurdities backed by a lot of money that has corrupted our governments. We "
+"need to end the War on Sharing; we need to legalize sharing exact copies of "
+"any published work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the second category of works, that's all we need; we don't need to make "
+"them free. Therefore I think it's OK to have a reduced copyright system "
+"which covers commercial use and all modifications. And this will provide a "
+"revenue stream to the authors in more or less the same (usually inadequate) "
+"way as the present system. You've got to keep in mind [that] the present "
+"system, except for superstars, is usually totally inadequate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor over "
-"to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. and uh so"
+"What about works of art and entertainment? Here it took me a while to decide "
+"what to think about modifications."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, on one hand, a work of art can have an artistic integrity and "
+"modifying it could destroy that. Of course, copyright doesn't necessarily "
+"stop works from being butchered that way. Hollywood does it all the time. "
+"On the other hand, modifying the work can be a contribution to art. It "
+"makes possible the folk process which leads to things which are beautiful "
+"and rich."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even if we look at named authors only: consider Shakespeare, who borrowed "
+"stories from other works only a few decades old, and did them in different "
+"ways, and made important works of literature. If today's copyright law had "
+"existed then, that would have been forbidden and those plays wouldn't have "
+"been written."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But eventually I realized that modifying a work of art can be a contribution "
+"to art, but it's not desperately urgent in most cases. If you had to wait "
+"ten years for the copyright to expire, you could wait that long. Not like "
+"the present-day copyright that makes you wait maybe 75 years, or 95 years. "
+"In Mexico you might have to wait almost 200 years in some cases, because "
+"copyright in Mexico expires a hundred years after the author dies. This is "
+"insane, but ten years, as I've proposed copyright should last, that people "
+"can wait."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So I propose the same partly reduced copyright that covers commercial use "
+"and modification, but everyone's got to be free to non-commercially "
+"redistribute exact copies. After ten years it goes into the public domain, "
+"and people can contribute to art by publishing their modified versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"One other thing: if you're going to take little pieces out of a bunch of "
+"works and rearrange them into something totally different, that should just "
+"be legal, because the purpose of copyright is to promote art, not to "
+"obstruct art. It's stupid to apply copyright to using snippets like "
+"that—it's self-defeating. It's a kind of distortion that you'd only "
+"get when the government is under the control of the publishers of the "
+"existing successful works, and has totally lost sight of its intended "
+"purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's what I propose, and in particular, this means that sharing copies on "
+"the Internet must be legal. Sharing is good. Sharing builds the bonds of "
+"society. To attack sharing is to attack society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So any time the government proposes some new means to attack people who "
+"share, to stop them from sharing, we have to recognize that this is evil, "
+"not just because the means proposed almost invariably offend basic ideas of "
+"justice (but that's not a coincidence). The reason is because the purpose "
+"is evil. Sharing is good and the government should encourage sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But copyright did after all have a useful purpose. Copyright as a means to "
+"carry out that purpose has a problem now, because it doesn't fit in with the "
+"technology we use. It interferes with all the vital freedoms for all the "
+"readers, listeners, viewers, and whatever, but the goal of promoting the "
+"arts is still desirable. So in addition to the partly reduced copyright "
+"system, which would continue to be a copyright system, I propose two other "
+"methods."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"One is taxes—distribute tax money directly to artists. This could be "
+"a special tax, perhaps on Internet connectivity, or it could come from "
+"general revenue, because it won't be that much money in total, not if it's "
+"distributed in an efficient way. To distribute it efficiently to promote "
+"the arts means not in linear proportion to popularity. It should be based "
+"on popularity, because we don't want bureaucrats to have the discretion to "
+"decide which artists to support and which to ignore, but based on popularity "
+"does not imply linear proportion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What I propose is measure the popularity of the various artists, which you "
+"could do through polling (samples) in which nobody is required to "
+"participate, and then take the cube root. The cube root looks like this: it "
+"means basically that [the payment] tapers off after a while."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If superstar A is a thousand times as popular as successful artist B, with "
+"this system A would get ten times as much money as B, not a thousand times."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Linearly would give A a thousand times as much as B, which means that if we "
+"wanted B to get enough to live on we're going to have to make A tremendously "
+"rich. This is wasteful use of the tax money—it shouldn't be done."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But if we make it taper off, then yes, each superstar will get handsomely "
+"more than an ordinary successful artist, but the total of all the superstars "
+"will be a small fraction of the [total] money. Most of the money will go to "
+"support a large number of fairly successful artists, fairly appreciated "
+"artists, fairly popular artists. Thus the system will use money a lot more "
+"efficiently than the existing system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The existing system is regressive. It actually gives far, far more per "
+"record, for instance, to a superstar than to anybody else. The money is "
+"extremely badly used. The result is we'd actually be paying a lot less this "
+"way. I hope that's enough to mollify some of these people who have a knee-"
+"jerk hostile reaction to taxes—one that I don't share, because I "
+"believe in a welfare state."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I have another suggestion which is voluntary payments. Suppose every player "
+"had a button you could push to send a dollar to the artist who made the work "
+"you're currently playing or the last one you played. This money would be "
+"delivered anonymously to those artists. I think a lot of people would push "
+"that button fairly often."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, all of us could afford to push that button once every day, and "
+"we wouldn't miss that much money. It's not that much money for us, I'm "
+"pretty sure. Of course, there are poor people who couldn't afford to push "
+"it ever, and it's OK if they don't. We don't need to squeeze money out of "
+"poor people to support the artists. There are enough people who are not "
+"poor to do the job just fine. I'm sure you're aware that a lot of people "
+"really love certain art and are really happy to support the artists."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a certificate of "
+"having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up how many times you "
+"had done it and give you a certificate that says “I sent so much to "
+"these artists”. There are various ways we could encourage people who "
+"want to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and kind: “"
+"Have you sent a dollar to some artists today? Why not? It's only a "
+"dollar—you'll never miss it and don't you love what they're doing? "
+"Push the button!” It will make people feel good, and they'll think "
+"“Yeah, I love what I just watched. I'll send a dollar.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This is already starting to work to some extent. There's a Canadian singer "
+"who used to be called Jane Siberry. She put her music on her website and "
+"invited people to download it and pay whatever amount they wished. She "
+"reported getting an average of more than a dollar per copy, which is "
+"interesting because the major record companies charge just under a dollar "
+"per copy. By letting people decide whether and how much to pay, she got "
+"more—she got even more per visitor who was actually downloading "
+"something. But this might not even count whether there was an effect of "
+"bringing more people to come, and [thus] increasing the total number that "
+"this average was against."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So it can work, but it's a pain in the neck under present circumstances. "
+"You've got to have a credit card to do it, and that means you can't do it "
+"anonymously. And you've got to go find where you're going to pay, and the "
+"payment systems for small amounts, they're not very efficient, so the "
+"artists are only getting half of it. If we set up a good system for this, "
+"it would work far, far better."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "So these are my two suggestions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And in mecenatglobal.org, you can find another scheme that combines aspects "
+"of the two, which was invented by Francis Muguet and designed to fit in with "
+"existing legal systems better to make it easier to enact."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights holders”, "
+"because when they say 'compensate', they're trying to presume that if you "
+"have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that "
+"you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say 'rights "
+"holders', it's supposed to make you think it's supporting artists while in "
+"fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically "
+"exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so "
+"popular that they have clout)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to “"
+"compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful thing to "
+"do. That was the motivation for copyright back when copyright fit in with "
+"the technology of the day. Today copyright is a bad way to do it, but it's "
+"still good to do it other ways that respect our freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright "
+"Act. They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment, because sharing "
+"is good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to "
+"break DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty "
+"between various countries, for all of these countries to attack their "
+"citizens, and we don't know how because they won't tell us."
msgstr ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je pense que je devrais rendre "
-"la parole à Mélanie dont l'entretien devait commencer à "
-"trois heures. Et hue ! donc."
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. RMS "
-"turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead projector "
-"at the beginning of the talk."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html\">Click here</a> "
+"for an older version of this talk from 2000."
msgstr ""
-"RMS reste silencieux. Il y a une pause avant le déclenchement des "
-"applaudissements. RMS se tourne pour applaudir le Gnu bourré de tissu "
-"qu'il a placé sur le rétro-projecteur au début de "
-"l'entretien."
# type: Content of: <div>
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
@@ -2474,3 +1383,2467 @@
# type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Translations of this page"
msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
+
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "\n"
+#~ "This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas\n"
+#~ "Carnall, July 2000.\n"
+#~ "\n"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "\n"
+#~ "Ceci est la retranscription d'un enregistrement audio
réalisé par\n"
+#~ "Douglas Carnall, en juillet 2000.\n"
+#~ "\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of "
+#~ "commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He "
+#~ "speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced "
+#~ "Boston accent.</em>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<em>M. Stallman arrive quelques minutes après l'heure pré"
+#~ "vue du début de sa conférence pour s'adresser à une "
+#~ "assistance silencieuse et respectueuse. Il parle avec une grande "
+#~ "précision et presque sans hésitation avec un accent "
+#~ "prononcé de Boston.</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a strangler."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS </strong>: Ceci est fait pour quelqu'un qui porte un "
+#~ "strangler."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification "
+#~ "system]</em>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<em>[il indique le micro à agrafe du système "
+#~ "d'amplification de la salle de conférence]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "I don't wear stranglers, so there is no place for it to go."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Je ne porte pas de strangler, alors il n'y a pas de place pour le mettre"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[clips it to his T-shirt]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[Il l'accroche à son T-shirt]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: Are you OK with the recording?"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>Moi</strong> : C'est bon pour le micro ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes! <em>[testy]</em> How many people have to ask "
+#~ "me?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui ! <em>[irrité]</em> Combien "
+#~ "de personnes sont sensées me demander ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "Well, I'm supposed to speak today"
+#~ msgstr "Bon, je suppose que je dois parler aujourd'hui."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[long pause]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[longue pause]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "à propos du copyright contre la Communauté. C'est trop fort."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[il indique le micro à agrafe]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "What can I do?"
+#~ msgstr "Que puis-je faire ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "Let's see… there's no volume control…"
+#~ msgstr "Regardez… il n'y a pas de contrôle de volume…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[finds volume control on radio microphone box]</em>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<em>[il trouve la commande du volume sur la boîte radio du micro]</"
+#~ "em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "this seems better"
+#~ msgstr "ça paraît mieux"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The "
+#~ "principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations, "
+#~ "but to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the "
+#~ "facts of the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what "
+#~ "their consequences are, a change in technology never changes the "
+#~ "principles of ethics, but a change in technology can alter the "
+#~ "consequences of the same choices, so it can make a difference for the "
+#~ "outcome of the question, and that has happened in the area of copyright "
+#~ "law. We have a situation where changes in technology have affected the "
+#~ "ethical factors that weigh on decisions about copyright law and change "
+#~ "the right policy for society."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "OK. Copyright contre Communauté à l'âge des ré"
+#~ "seaux informatiques. Les principes de l'éthique ne peuvent pas "
+#~ "changer. Ils restent les mêmes dans toutes les situations. Mais "
+#~ "pour qu'ils s'appliquent quelle que soit la question ou situation, vous "
+#~ "devez regarder les faits pour comparer les alternatives, et voir quelles "
+#~ "en seront les conséquences. Un changement de technologie ne change "
+#~ "jamais les principes de l'éthique, mais peut modifier ses "
+#~ "conséquences sur les mêmes choix, qui peuvent avoir des "
+#~ "résultats différents, comme cela s'est produit dans le "
+#~ "domaine des lois sur le copyright. Nous sommes dans une situation "
+#~ "où les changements de technologie ont affecté les facteurs "
+#~ "éthiques qui pèsent sur les décisions à "
+#~ "propos des lois sur le copyright et changent de politique approprié"
+#~ "e pour la société."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because "
+#~ "they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to "
+#~ "the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them "
+#~ "out by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read "
+#~ "could also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day "
+#~ "writing copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who "
+#~ "didn't ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. "
+#~ "Essentially, anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as "
+#~ "they could be copied in any fashion."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Ces lois qui étaient par le passé une bonne idée, "
+#~ "sont maintenantnocives parce qu'elles ont changé de contexte. Pour "
+#~ "l'expliquer, ilfaudrait remonter au début du monde antique "
+#~ "où les livres étaient desœuvres écrites "
+#~ "à la main. Quand c'était la seule manière de le "
+#~ "faire.Quiconque qui pouvait lire les livres, pouvait également en "
+#~ "écrire une copie. Il est certain qu'un esclave qui passait sa "
+#~ "journée à écrire des copies était thé"
+#~ "oriquement capable de le faire mieux que quelqu'un qui n'en avait pas "
+#~ "l'habitude, mais ça ne faisait pas une énorme diffé"
+#~ "rence. Principalement, celui qui pouvait lire les livres pouvait aussi "
+#~ "les copier, et à peu près de n'importe quelle maniè"
+#~ "re."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "In the ancient world, there wasn't the sharp distinction between "
+#~ "authorship and copying that there tends to be today."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Dans l'Antiquité, il n'y avait pas d'aussi nette distinction entre "
+#~ "paternité et copie, comme c'est la tendance aujourd'hui."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say, "
+#~ "writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody "
+#~ "making copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who "
+#~ "say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing "
+#~ "a commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other "
+#~ "people would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from "
+#~ "another book, and write something of their own words, and then copy from "
+#~ "another book, quoting passages of various lengths from many different "
+#~ "works, and then writing some other works to talk about them more, or "
+#~ "relate them. And there are many ancient works—now lost—in "
+#~ "which part of them survived in these quotations in other books that "
+#~ "became more popular than the book that the original quote <em>[came from]"
+#~ "</em>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Il y avait un continuum. D'un côté vous pouviez avoir "
+#~ "quelqu'un qui pense, puis écrit la scène. Comme vous "
+#~ "pouviez avoir à l'autre extrême, quelqu'un qui faisait des "
+#~ "copies d'un livre. Mais entre les deux, vous pouviez avoir quelqu'un qui "
+#~ "pense, puis copie des passages d'un livre, en écrivant quelques "
+#~ "mots par lui-même, ou un commentaire, et c'était très "
+#~ "courant et certainement respecté. D'autres personnes pouvaient "
+#~ "copier certaines parties d'un livre, citer des passages de longueurs "
+#~ "variées de plusieurs travaux différents, et de là "
+#~ "construire d'autres travaux pour en parler davantage, ou s'en ré"
+#~ "férer. Et il y a beaucoup d'anciens travaux — aujourd'hui "
+#~ "perdus — dont des parties ont survécu à travers ces "
+#~ "citations dans d'autres livres, devenus plus populaires que le livre dont "
+#~ "la citation originale provenait."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. "
+#~ "There were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original "
+#~ "writing. I don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient "
+#~ "world and it would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because "
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+#~ "réserver une partie de liberté afin de l'exercer, les "
+#~ "éditeurs font passer des lois qui nous demandent d'y renoncer "
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+#~ "Maintenant, qu'est-ce qui arrive lorsque le copyright commence à "
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+#~ "for us. Maybe the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made "
+#~ "technology fit in well with the technology of the printing press make it "
+#~ "fit badly with digital information technology. So, instead of like, "
+#~ "charging the fee to cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a "
+#~ "fee to cross a street. It's a big nuisance, because people cross the "
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+#~ "En outre, vous vous demandez en quoi un système de copyright est-"
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+#~ msgstr "Nouveau genre de copyright"
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+#~ "Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law "
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+#~ "Well the extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't "
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+#~ "copyright twenty years longer, and this way, no copyright will ever "
+#~ "expire again. Now a thousand years from now, copyright might last for "
+#~ "1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright on Mickey Mouse can "
+#~ "not expire."
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+#~ "Maintenant quels sont les changements que nous pourrions faire valoir "
+#~ "dans la loi sur le copyright pour l'adapter à la situation dans "
+#~ "laquelle le public se trouve ? Un changement radical pourrait ê"
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+#~ "combien de temps ? ». Le copyright était à "
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+#~ "Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to "
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+#~ "they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly "
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+#~ "est légal et c'est ce qu'ils font : acheter les lé"
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+#~ "challenged by the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that "
+#~ "people hope to go to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old "
+#~ "copyrights tossed out. In any case, there are all these different "
+#~ "situations and questions where we could reduce the scope of copyright."
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+#~ "Quoi qu'il en soit, nous avons eu la chance que Sunny Bono soit mort, "
+#~ "mais en son nom ils ont passé la Loi sur le copyright de la souris "
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+#~ "Suprême les demandes d'extension de vieux droits rejetées. "
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+#~ "So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different "
+#~ "contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at "
+#~ "one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your "
+#~ "friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, "
+#~ "there's broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the "
+#~ "website, there's handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and "
+#~ "some of these things could be done either commercially or non-"
+#~ "commercially. You know, you could imagine a company handing out copies to "
+#~ "its staff or you could imagine a school doing it, or some private, non-"
+#~ "profit organisation doing it. Different situations, and we don't have to "
+#~ "treat them all the same. So one way in we could reclaim the… in "
+#~ "general though, the activities that are the most private are those that "
+#~ "are most crucial to our freedom and our way of life, whereas the most "
+#~ "public and commercial are those that are most useful for providing some "
+#~ "sort of income for authors so it's a natural situation for a compromise "
+#~ "in which the limits of copyright are put somewhere in the middle so that "
+#~ "a substantial part of the activity still is covered and provides an "
+#~ "income for authors, while the activities that are most directly relevant "
+#~ "to peoples' private lives become free again. And this is the sort of "
+#~ "thing that I propose doing with copyright for things such as novels and "
+#~ "biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at the very minimum, "
+#~ "people should always have a right to share a copy with a friend. It's "
+#~ "when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that they have to "
+#~ "start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh punishments. The "
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+#~ "with a police state, but public commercial activities can be regulated "
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+#~ "Quels sont-ils pour certains ? Et bien tout d'abord, il y a "
+#~ "plusieurs contextes différents pour la copie. Il y a la vente "
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+#~ "Différentes situations que nous n'avons pas à traiter "
+#~ "toutes de la même manière. Aussi la façon dont nous "
+#~ "pourrions récupérer le... comme en général, "
+#~ "les activités qui sont les plus intimes sont les plus importantes "
+#~ "pour notre liberté et notre façon de vivre, et que les plus "
+#~ "publiques et commerciales sont les plus utiles à fournir un "
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+#~ "quelquepart au milieu, de sorte qu'une part substantielle de "
+#~ "l'activité reste couverte et fournisse toujours un revenu pour les "
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+#~ "vie privée des gens redevient libre. Et c'est ce genre de chose "
+#~ "que je propose de faire avec le copyright pour des choses comme les "
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+#~ "s commerciales et publiques peuvent être réglées de "
+#~ "façon beaucoup plus efficace et indolore."
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+#~ "Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of "
+#~ "work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until "
+#~ "today we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly "
+#~ "alike except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. "
+#~ "But there's no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the "
+#~ "practical consequences. We can treat different kinds of works "
+#~ "differently. I propose a classification broadly into three kinds of "
+#~ "works: functional works, works that express personal position, and works "
+#~ "that are fundamentally aesthetic."
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+#~ "dépend, je crois, du style de travail. Différents travaux "
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+#~ "utilisateurs. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui nous avons eu un système "
+#~ "de copyright qui traitait presque tout de la même manière "
+#~ "excepté la musique : il y a beaucoup d'exceptions juridiques "
+#~ "pour la musique. Mais il n'y a aucune raison de placer la "
+#~ "simplicité au dessus des conséquences pratiques. Nous "
+#~ "pouvons traiter les différents types de travaux diffé"
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+#~ "trois types de travaux : les travaux fonctionnels, les travaux qui "
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+#~ "Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; "
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+#~ "done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, "
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+#~ "because it necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version "
+#~ "this means we have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free "
+#~ "software movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is "
+#~ "supposedly the justification for society having copyright can happen in "
+#~ "other ways. We don't have to give up these important freedoms to have "
+#~ "progress. Now the publishers are always asking us to presuppose that "
+#~ "their there is no way to get progress without giving up our crucial "
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+#~ "fonctionnels, je pense que les gens ont besoin d'une liberté "
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+#~ "modifiées. Aussi tout ce que je dirais demain à propos des "
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+#~ "parce qu'il est nécessaire d'avoir la liberté de publier "
+#~ "une version modifiée. Cela signifie que nous devons nous dé"
+#~ "barrasser presque totalement du copyright. Mais le mouvement du logiciel "
+#~ "libre est en train de prouver que le progrès que la socié"
+#~ "té veut, la soi-disant justification du copyright, peut arriver "
+#~ "d'une autre manière. Nous n'avons pas à renoncer à "
+#~ "ces importantes libertés pour avoir le progrès. "
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+#~ "importante, je pense, pour le mouvement du logiciel libre est de prouver "
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+#~ "I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress "
+#~ "without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is "
+#~ "that we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be "
+#~ "dismissed. The public should not suppose that the only way to get "
+#~ "progress is to have copyright but even for these kinds of works there can "
+#~ "be some kinds of compromise copyright systems that are consistent with "
+#~ "giving people the freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for "
+#~ "example, at the GNU free documentation license, which is used to make a "
+#~ "book free. It allows anyone to make and sell copies of a modified "
+#~ "version, but it requires giving credit in certain ways to the original "
+#~ "authors and publishers in a way that can give them a commercial advantage "
+#~ "and thus I believe make it possible to have commercial publishing of free "
+#~ "textbooks, and if this works people are just beginning to try it "
+#~ "commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been selling lots of "
+#~ "copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now and it's been "
+#~ "successful for us. At this point though, commercial publishers are just "
+#~ "beginning to try this particular approach, but I think that even for "
+#~ "functional works where the freedom to publish modified works is "
+#~ "essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out, "
+#~ "which permits everyone that freedom."
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+#~ "licence GNU utilisée pour fabriquer un livre libre. Elle permet à "
+#~ "n'importe qui de faire et de vendre des copies d'une version modifiée, "
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+#~ "commercialement. La Free Software Foundation a vendu un bon nombre de "
+#~ "copies de divers livres libres pendant presque quinze ans maintenant, et "
+#~ "cela a été un succès pour nous. En ce moment, cependant, les éditeurs "
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+#~ "position. Now for these kinds of works, making a modified version is not "
+#~ "a useful thing to do. So I see no reason why people should need to have "
+#~ "the freedom to publish modified versions of these works. Verbatim copying "
+#~ "is the only thing that people need to have the freedom to do and because "
+#~ "of this we can consider the idea that the freedom to distribute copies "
+#~ "should only apply in some situations, for example if it were limited to "
+#~ "non-commercial distribution that would be OK I think. Ordinary citizen's "
+#~ "lives would no longer be restricted but publishers would still be covered "
+#~ "by copyright for these things."
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+#~ "ce que vous pensez ou ce que vous aimez. Les revues littéraires, "
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+#~ "modifiées de ces travaux. La copie intégrale est la seule "
+#~ "chose que les gens ont besoin d'avoir la liberté de faire et pour "
+#~ "cette raison nous pouvons considérer l'idée que la "
+#~ "liberté de distribuer des copies ne devrait s'appliquer que dans "
+#~ "certaines situations, par exemple si c'était limité "
+#~ "à la distribution non-commerciale ce serait pas mal, je pense. La "
+#~ "vie des citoyens ordinaires ne serait plus restreinte, mais les é"
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+#~ "ça."
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+#~ "Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people "
+#~ "to privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe "
+#~ "it would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by "
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+#~ "me that that's not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots "
+#~ "of people both want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not "
+#~ "commercially redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so "
+#~ "useful, then it's wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still "
+#~ "be acceptable I think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this "
+#~ "work, because that would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't "
+#~ "block the useful activities that people should be doing with these works."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Maintenant, je pensais que peut-être il serait suffisant de "
+#~ "permettre aux gens de redistribuer en privé des copies à "
+#~ "l'occasion. Je pensais que peut-être ça serait pas mal si "
+#~ "toutes les redistributions publiques étaient encore limité"
+#~ "es par copyright pour ce genre de travaux, mais l'expérience avec "
+#~ "Napster m'a convaincu que non. Et la raison est que cela montre que "
+#~ "beaucoup, beaucoup de gens veulent redistribuer de façon publique "
+#~ "— redistribuer publiquement mais pas commercialement — et "
+#~ "c'est très utile. Et si c'est si utile, c'est une erreur "
+#~ "d'arrêter les gens de le faire. Mais cela serait encore acceptable "
+#~ "je pense, de limiter la redistribution commerciale de ces travaux, parce "
+#~ "que cela serait juste une régulation industrielle et ça ne "
+#~ "bloquerait pas les activités utiles que les gens devraient faire "
+#~ "avec ces travaux."
+
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+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into "
+#~ "this category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good "
+#~ "thing to do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be "
+#~ "distributed verbatim, so scientific papers should be freely "
+#~ "redistributable by anyone because we should be encouraging their "
+#~ "redistribution, and I hope you will never agree to publish a scientific "
+#~ "paper in a way that restricts verbatim redistribution on the net. Tell "
+#~ "the journal that you won't do that."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Ah, aussi, les documents scientifiques, ou les documents érudits "
+#~ "en général tombent dans cette catégorie parce que la "
+#~ "publication de leurs versions modifiées n'est pas une bonne chose "
+#~ "à faire : cela fausse le registre; elles devraient donc "
+#~ "être distribuées uniquement dans leur inté"
+#~ "gralité. Ainsi les documents scientifiques devraient être "
+#~ "redistributable librement par n'importe qui parce que nous devrions "
+#~ "encourager leur redistribution, et j'espère que vous n'accepterez "
+#~ "jamais de publier un document scientifique d'une façon qui "
+#~ "limiterait sa redistribution intégrale sur le net. Dites au "
+#~ "journal que vous ne ferez pas cela."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination "
+#~ "of scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they "
+#~ "are nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access "
+#~ "and restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They "
+#~ "are the enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies "
+#~ "of science, and this practice must come to an end."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Parce que les journaux scientifiques sont devenus un obstacle à la "
+#~ "diffusion des résultats scientifiques. Ils étaient un "
+#~ "mécanisme nécessaire. Maintenant ils ne sont rien d'autre "
+#~ "qu'une obstruction. Et ces journaux qui limitent l'accès et "
+#~ "limitent la redistribution <em>[insistance]</em> doivent être "
+#~ "supprimés. Ils sont les ennemis de la diffusion de la "
+#~ "connaissance; ils sont les ennemis de la science, et cette pratique doit "
+#~ "cesser."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose "
+#~ "main use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many "
+#~ "cases, typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. "
+#~ "Now, they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and "
+#~ "improve them, the way people have the need to do that with functional "
+#~ "works. So it's a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the "
+#~ "freedom to publish modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one "
+#~ "hand you have authors with a lot of ego attachment saying"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Il y a maintenant une troisième catégorie de travaux, qui "
+#~ "est celle des travaux esthétiques, dont l'utilisation principale "
+#~ "est d'être appréciée: romans, jeux, poésies, "
+#~ "graphismes dans beaucoup de cas, et musiques pour la plupart. C'est "
+#~ "typiquement fait pour être apprécié. Maintenant, ils "
+#~ "ne sont pas fonctionnels; les gens n'ont pas la nécessité "
+#~ "de les modifier et de les améliorer, comme c'est nécessaire "
+#~ "avec les travaux fonctionnels. Aussi c'est une question difficile : "
+#~ "il est essentiel pour les gens d'avoir la liberté de publier des "
+#~ "versions modifiées d'un travail esthétique. D'une part vous "
+#~ "avez des auteurs qui font preuve de pas mal d'égotisme."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[accent anglais, gestuelle dramatique]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "“Oh this is my creation.”"
+#~ msgstr "« Oh, c'est ma création. »"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[Back to Boston]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[retour à Boston]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand "
+#~ "you have the folk process which shows that a series of people "
+#~ "sequentially modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then "
+#~ "comparing versions can produce something tremendously rich, and not only "
+#~ "beautiful songs and short poems, but even long epics have been produced "
+#~ "in this way, and there was a time back before the mystique of the artist "
+#~ "as creator, semi-divine figure was so powerful when even great writers "
+#~ "reworked stories that had been written by others. Some of the plays of "
+#~ "Shakespeare involve stories that were taken from other plays written "
+#~ "often a few decades before. If today's copyright laws had been in effect "
+#~ "they would have called Shakespeare a quote pirate unquote for writing "
+#~ "some of his great work and so of course you would have had the other "
+#~ "authors saying"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "« Qui oserait en changer une ligne ? ». De "
+#~ "l'autre côté, vous avez le processus folklorique qui prouve "
+#~ "qu'une série de personnes modifiant un travail de façon "
+#~ "séquentielle, ou peut-être même en parallèle et "
+#~ "en comparant alors les versions, peut produire quelque chose d'extrê"
+#~ "mement riche. Et non seulement de belles chansons et de courtes poé"
+#~ "sies, mais même de longues épopées ont é"
+#~ "té produites de cette façon. Il y eût un temps "
+#~ "déjà, avant que la mystique de l'artiste créateur "
+#~ "— figure semi-divine — ait tant de pouvoir, où mê"
+#~ "me de grands écrivains ont retouché des histoires qui "
+#~ "avaient été écrites par d'autres. Certaines "
+#~ "scènes de Shakespeare nouent des intrigues qui ont é"
+#~ "té tirées de scènes écrites souvent plusieurs "
+#~ "décennies auparavant. Si les lois contemporaines sur le copyright "
+#~ "avaient été effectives, ils auraient appellé "
+#~ "Shakespeare entre guillemets : « pirate » pour "
+#~ "avoir écrit ainsi une partie de son immense travail, et é"
+#~ "videmment vous auriez eu les dires des autres auteurs."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[accent anglais]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly "
+#~ "make it better.“"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "« Comment ose-t-il changer une ligne de ma création. Il "
+#~ "est impossible de le faire mieux. »"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[faible brouhaha de l'assistance]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I "
+#~ "am not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
+#~ "aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
+#~ "music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
+#~ "but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask "
+#~ "permission to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these "
+#~ "works, either modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might "
+#~ "have to pay some money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult "
+#~ "question what to do about publishing modified versions of these aesthetic "
+#~ "works and I don't have an answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Vous entendrez des personnes ridiculiser l'idée exactement dans "
+#~ "ces termes. Bien. Je ne suis pas sûr de ce que nous pourrions faire "
+#~ "à propos de la publication de versions modifiées des "
+#~ "travaux esthétiques. Une des possibilités est de faire "
+#~ "comme ce qui est fait en musique, où n'importe qui peut en "
+#~ "réarranger et jouer un morceau. Ils peuvent avoir à payer "
+#~ "pour ça, mais ils n'ont pas à demander la permission de "
+#~ "l'exécuter. Peut-être que pour la publication commmerciale "
+#~ "de ces travaux, modifiés ou non, s'ils font de l'argent avec, ils "
+#~ "pourraient devoir payer une certaine somme d'argent. C'est une "
+#~ "possibilité. C'est une question difficile de savoir quoi faire au "
+#~ "sujet de la publication de versions modifiées de ces travaux "
+#~ "esthétiques, et je n'ai pas de réponse dont je suis "
+#~ "entièrement satisfait."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible"
+#~ msgstr "Un membre de l'audience pose une question (MA1), inaudible."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so "
+#~ "fast you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind "
+#~ "of category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that "
+#~ "the game engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Laissez-moi répéter la question "
+#~ "parce qu'il l'a dite tellement vite que vous ne pouviez pas l'avoir "
+#~ "comprise. Il a dit « dans quel genre de catégorie "
+#~ "rentrent les jeux d'ordinateur ? » Bien, je dirais que le "
+#~ "moteur de jeu est fonctionnel et que le scénario est esthé"
+#~ "tique."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>MA1</strong> : Et les graphismes ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The "
+#~ "specific pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas "
+#~ "the software for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that "
+#~ "if they combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing "
+#~ "then the software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing "
+#~ "to separate the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to "
+#~ "say, well the engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Ceux-ci font probablement partie du scé"
+#~ "nario. Les images spécifiques font partie du scénario; "
+#~ "elles sont esthétiques, tandis que le logiciel pour visualiser les "
+#~ "scènes est fonctionnel. Ainsi je dirais que si elles combinent "
+#~ "l'esthétique et le fonctionnel en une seule et même chose "
+#~ "continue, alors le logiciel est traité comme fonctionnel. Mais si "
+#~ "ellessont disposées à séparer la machine et le "
+#~ "scénario alors il serait légitime de dire, bien, que la "
+#~ "machine est fonctionnelle mais le scénario esthétique."
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#~ msgid "Copyright: possible solutions"
+#~ msgstr "Copyright : les solutions possibles"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
+#~ "publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today "
+#~ "in the US most books that are published are out of print within three "
+#~ "years. They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that "
+#~ "there's not real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's "
+#~ "ridiculous. In fact, it's clear that ten year copyright would be "
+#~ "sufficient to keep the activity of publishing going. But it should be ten "
+#~ "years from date of publication, but it would make sense to allow an "
+#~ "additional period before publication which could even be longer than ten "
+#~ "years which as you see, as long as the book has not been published the "
+#~ "copyright on it is not restricting the public. It's basically just giving "
+#~ "the author to have it published eventually but I think that once the book "
+#~ "is published copyright should run for some ten years or so, then that's "
+#~ "it."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Maintenant, combien de temps le copyright devrait-il durer ? Et bien "
+#~ "de nos jours la tendance dans l'édition est, en ce qui concerne "
+#~ "les livres, de s'éloigner du copyright de plus en plus vite. "
+#~ "Aujourd'hui aux USA la plupart des livres qui sont édités "
+#~ "sortent du circuit de l'impression en moins de trois ans. Ils ont é"
+#~ "té soldés et se retirent de la vente. Ainsi il est clair "
+#~ "qu'on a réellement besoin que le copyright dure 95 ans par "
+#~ "exemple : c'est ridicule. En fait, il est clair qu'un copyright de "
+#~ "dix ans serait suffisant pour que l'activité de l'édition "
+#~ "tienne le coup. Mais dix ans à partir de la date de publication. "
+#~ "On comprendrait que puisse être accordée une période "
+#~ "additionnelle avant la publication, ce qui pourrait faire plus long que "
+#~ "dix ans ; comme vous le voyez aussi longtemps que le livre n'a pas "
+#~ "été édité, le copyright sur lui ne limite pas "
+#~ "le public. C'est juste à la base pour l'auteur le temps qu'il soit "
+#~ "édité. Mais je pense qu'une fois que le livre est é"
+#~ "dité, le copyright devrait fonctionner pendant environ dix ans et "
+#~ "c'est tout."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
+#~ "writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
+#~ "ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was "
+#~ "an awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the "
+#~ "difficulty of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words "
+#~ "are leaking into my English, of, of regaining the rights from the "
+#~ "publisher who'd let his books go out of print for practical purposes but "
+#~ "was dragging his heels about obeying the contract, which says that when "
+#~ "the book is out of print the rights revert to the author."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Maintenant, j'ai proposé ça une fois dans un débat "
+#~ "où les autres personnes étaient toutes des auteurs. Et l'un "
+#~ "d'entre eux a dit : « dix ans de copyright ? "
+#~ "Pourquoi c'est ridicule ! Quelque chose de plus de cinq ans est "
+#~ "intolérable. » C'était un auteur de science-"
+#~ "fiction récompensé, qui se plaignait des problèmes "
+#~ "du retrouving , du retrait — c'est drôle, des mots "
+#~ "de français s'infiltrent dans mon anglais — de, de regagner "
+#~ "les droits de l'éditeur quand celui-ci a laissé les livres "
+#~ "sortir du circuit de l'impression pour des raisons pratiques mais qui "
+#~ "traîne des pieds pour obéir au contrat, qui stipule que "
+#~ "quand le livre est sorti, les droits retournent à l'auteur."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
+#~ "demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along "
+#~ "a few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that "
+#~ "they can get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that "
+#~ "the power is really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not "
+#~ "famous and are not rich and have no particular clout are being treated "
+#~ "horribly by the publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I "
+#~ "recommend all of you to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon "
+#~ "magazine right?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Les éditeurs traitent les auteurs d'une façon terrible il "
+#~ "faut le savoir. Ils exigent toujours plus de pouvoir au nom des auteurs "
+#~ "et ils apporteront un petit nombre d'auteurs à gros succès, "
+#~ "très connus, qui ont tellement le bras long qu'ils peuvent obtenir "
+#~ "des contrats qui les traitent très bien pour confirmer les dires "
+#~ "comme quoi le pouvoir est vraiment dans leur intérêt. En "
+#~ "attendant la plupart des auteurs qui ne sont pas célèbres, "
+#~ "ne sont pas riches et n'ont pas de relations particulières, sont "
+#~ "traités de façon horrible par l'industrie de l'é"
+#~ "dition, et c'est encore pire dans la musique. Je recommande à tous "
+#~ "de lire l'article de Courtney Love's : il est dans Salon magazine, "
+#~ "c'est ça ?"
+
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+#~ msgid "<strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>MA2</strong> : (Membre de l'audience 2) Oui"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies "
+#~ "quote pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In "
+#~ "any case we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various "
+#~ "lengths, we could see, we could find out empirically what length of "
+#~ "copyright is needed to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since "
+#~ "almost books are out of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be "
+#~ "long enough. But it doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. "
+#~ "For example, maybe some aspects of copyright for movies should last for "
+#~ "longer, like the rights to sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures "
+#~ "and characters on them. You know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly "
+#~ "matters if that is limited to one company in most cases. Maybe the "
+#~ "copyright on the movies themselves, maybe that's legitimate for that to "
+#~ "last twenty years. Meanwhile for software, I suspect that a three year "
+#~ "copyright would be enough. you see if each version of the programme "
+#~ "remains copyrighted for three years after its release well, unless the "
+#~ "company is in real bad trouble they should have a new version before "
+#~ "those three years are up and there will be a lot of people who will want "
+#~ "to use the newer version, so if older versions are all becoming free "
+#~ "software automatically, the company would still have a business with the "
+#~ "newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, because it is a "
+#~ "system in which not all software is free, but it might be an acceptable "
+#~ "compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in some cases for "
+#~ "programs to become free… well, that's no disaster. To be using "
+#~ "three years old software is not a disaster."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Au départ, elle a appellé les "
+#~ "sociétés d'enregistrement entre guillemets « "
+#~ "pirates » pour la façon dont ils traitaient les "
+#~ "musiciens. Dans tous les cas, nous pouvons raccourcir le copyright plus "
+#~ "ou moins. Nous pourrions essayer diverses longueurs, nous pourrions voir, "
+#~ "nous pourrions découvrir empiriquement quelle durée de "
+#~ "copyright est nécessaire pour maintenir la publication vigoureuse. "
+#~ "Je dirais que, puisque les livres sont quasi hors de circuit au bout de "
+#~ "dix ans, clairement dix ans devraient être assez longs. Mais ce ne "
+#~ "doit pas être pareil pour tous les genres de travail. Par exemple, "
+#~ "peut-être que certains aspects du copyright sur les films "
+#~ "pourraient durer plus longtemps, comme les droits de vendre tout "
+#~ "l'attirail d'images et de personnages afférents. Vous savez, c'est "
+#~ "tellement grossièrement commercial qu'il importe peu que ce cela "
+#~ "soit limité à une seule société souvent. Peut-"
+#~ "être que le copyright sur les films eux-mêmes est lé"
+#~ "gitimé pour que ça dure vingt ans. En attendant pour le "
+#~ "logiciel, je pense qu'un copyright de trois ans serait suffisant. Vous "
+#~ "voyez, si chaque version de programme conserve un copyright de trois ans "
+#~ "après sa sortie, à moins que la compagnie ne soit en "
+#~ "très mauvaise posture, ils devraient avoir une nouvelle version "
+#~ "avant que les trois ans soient achevés. Et il y aura beaucoup de "
+#~ "gens désireux de l'utiliser. Aussi si les anciennes versions "
+#~ "devenaient automatiquement libres, ils continueraient quand même de "
+#~ "faire des affaires sur la nouvelle. Maintenant c'est un compromis comme "
+#~ "je les vois , parce que c'est un système où tous les "
+#~ "logiciels ne sont pas libres. Mais ce serait un compromis acceptable "
+#~ "après tout, si nous devions attendre trois ans en gé"
+#~ "néral pour que les logiciels deviennent libres… bien, il "
+#~ "n'y a pas de désastre. Que l'on utilise des logiciels vieux de "
+#~ "trois ans n'est pas un désastre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour "
+#~ "feature creep?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA3</strong> : Ne pensez-vous pas que c'est un systè"
+#~ "me qui encouragerait la dégradation des fonctions ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
+#~ "issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
+#~ "encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
+#~ "system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
+#~ "activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also "
+#~ "encourages a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I "
+#~ "would say."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[désinvolte]</em> Ah, c'est exact. "
+#~ "C'est un effet secondaire mineur, comparé aux questions de "
+#~ "liberté qu'il soulève. Chaque système entraîne "
+#~ "quelques déviations artificielles chez certaines personnes, et "
+#~ "notre système actuel encourage certainement diverses sortes de "
+#~ "déviations artificielles dans l'activité couverte par le "
+#~ "copyright. Ainsi, si un système parce qu'il change, encourage en "
+#~ "même temps quelques déformations secondaires, ce n'est pas "
+#~ "une grosse affaire je dirais."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws "
+#~ "for three would be that you wouldn't get the sources."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA4</strong> : Le problème avec ce changement des "
+#~ "lois sur le copyright pour trois ans, c'est que vous n'obtiendriez pas "
+#~ "les sources."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a "
+#~ "law that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code "
+#~ "must be deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. "
+#~ "So it could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and "
+#~ "I think other countries have similar institutions where copies of "
+#~ "published books get placed, and they could also received the source code "
+#~ "and after three years, publish it. And of course, if the source code "
+#~ "didn't correspond to the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if "
+#~ "it really corresponds then they ought to be able to check that very "
+#~ "easily when the work is published initially so you're publishing the "
+#~ "source code and somebody there says alright “dot slash configure "
+#~ "dot slash make” and sees if produces the same executables and uh."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. Il y aurait là aussi une "
+#~ "condition. Une loi qui dirait que pour pouvoir vendre des copies de "
+#~ "logiciel au public, le code source doit être déposé "
+#~ "quelque part de sorte que trois ans plus tard il puisse être "
+#~ "libéré. Ainsi il pourrait être déposé "
+#~ "à la bibliothèque du Congrès aux USA; et je pense "
+#~ "que d'autres pays ont des établissements semblables où les "
+#~ "copies des livres publiés prennent place. Et ils pourraient "
+#~ "également accueillir le code source et après trois ans, le "
+#~ "publier. Et naturellement, si le code source ne correspondait pas "
+#~ "à l'exécutable il y aurait fraude. En fait si cela "
+#~ "correspond vraiment, on devrait pouvoir très facilement le "
+#~ "vérifier quand le travail est publié au départ. "
+#~ "Ainsi vous éditez le code source et quelqu'un dit que c'est bon "
+#~ "« dot slash configure dot slash make » et voit si "
+#~ "cela produit les mêmes executables et hue."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software free."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Aussi vous avez raison, éliminer le copyright ne rendrait pas le "
+#~ "logiciel « free »."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>MA5</strong> : Heu…libre"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
+#~ "wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
+#~ "might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making "
+#~ "software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a "
+#~ "more complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply "
+#~ "abolished from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft "
+#~ "to protect the free status of a program but meanwhile the software "
+#~ "privateers could use other methods—contracts or withholding the "
+#~ "source to make software proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release "
+#~ "a free program some greedy bastard could make a modified version and "
+#~ "publish just the binaries and make people sign non-disclosure agreements "
+#~ "for them. We would no longer have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to "
+#~ "change the law that all software that was published had to be free we "
+#~ "would have to do it in some more complex way, not just by turning "
+#~ "copyright for software."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Exact. C'est dans ce seul sens que j'emploie "
+#~ "le terme. Ça ne le ferait pas, parce que le code source ne "
+#~ "pourrait pas être disponible, ou à la place ils pourraient "
+#~ "tenter d'user de contrats pour restreindre les utilisateurs. Ainsi, "
+#~ "rendre le logiciel libre n'est pas aussi simple que de mettre fin au "
+#~ "copyright sur le logiciel : c'est une situation plus complexe que "
+#~ "ça. En fait, si le copyright sur le logiciel était "
+#~ "simplement supprimé, nous ne pourrions plus utiliser le copyleft "
+#~ "pour protéger le statut libre d'un programme. En même temps, "
+#~ "les adeptes du logiciel propriétaire pourraient utiliser d'autres "
+#~ "méthodes — des contrats ou des dissimulations sur la source "
+#~ "pour rendre le logiciel propriétaire. Ainsi ça pourrait "
+#~ "signifier qu'à la sortie d'un programme libre quelque bâtard "
+#~ "avide pourrait en faire une version modifiée et n'en publier que "
+#~ "les binaires, et inciter des personnes à signer des accords de non-"
+#~ "divulgation sur eux. Nous pourrions ne plus avoir les moyens de les "
+#~ "arrêter. Aussi, si nous voulions changer la loi pour que tout "
+#~ "logiciel publié devienne libre, nous devrions le faire de "
+#~ "façon encore plus complexe. Pas simplement en changeant le "
+#~ "copyright sur le logiciel."
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+#~ "So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and "
+#~ "the various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw "
+#~ "the line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for "
+#~ "making use of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some "
+#~ "kind of fairly painless kind of copyright for general public that is "
+#~ "still of benefit to authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright "
+#~ "system to the circumstances where we find it we find ourselves and have a "
+#~ "system that doesn't require putting people in prison for years because "
+#~ "they shared with their friends, but still does in various ways encourage "
+#~ "people to write more. We can also I believe look for other ways of "
+#~ "encouraging writing other ways of facilitating authors making money. For "
+#~ "example, suppose that verbatim redistribution of a work is permitted and "
+#~ "suppose that the work comes with something, so that when you are playing "
+#~ "with it or reading it, there is a box on the side that says “click "
+#~ "here to send one dollar to the authors or the musicians or "
+#~ "whatever” I think that in the wealthier parts of the world a lot of "
+#~ "people will send it because people often really love the authors and "
+#~ "musicians that made the things that they like to read and listen to. And "
+#~ "the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get now is such a "
+#~ "small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something they're "
+#~ "probably not getting more than one anyway."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Ainsi, globalement je recommande à ce que nous examinions les "
+#~ "diverses sortes de travaux et les diverses sortes de variété"
+#~ "s d'utilisation, et chercher là un nouvel endroit pour tracer les "
+#~ "limites : celles qui donneraient au public les libertés les "
+#~ "plus importantes pour trouver une utilisation à chaque nouveau "
+#~ "genre de travail, en maintenant si possible pendant ce temps une sorte de "
+#~ "copyright d'un genre indolore pour le grand public qui soit toujours un "
+#~ "avantage pour les auteurs. De cette façon, nous pouvons adapter le "
+#~ "système de copyright aux circonstances dans lesquelles nous le "
+#~ "trouvons en nous trouvant nous-même. Et avoir un système qui "
+#~ "n'exige pas de mettre des gens en prison pour des années parce "
+#~ "qu'ils auront partagé avec leurs amis, mais encourageant toujours "
+#~ "de diverses manières les auteurs à écrire plus. Nous "
+#~ "pouvons également je crois, chercher d'autres façons "
+#~ "d'encourager l'écriture, d'autres façons d'encourager les "
+#~ "auteurs à gagner de l'argent. Par exemple, supposez que la "
+#~ "reproduction intégrale d'un travail soit autorisée et "
+#~ "supposez que ce travail va avec quelquechose, du genre lorsque vous "
+#~ "êtes en train de jouer avec, ou de le lire, il y a une boîte "
+#~ "sur le côté qui dit: « cliquez ici pour envoyer 1 "
+#~ "dollar à l'auteur ou au musicien ou tout ce que vous voudrez "
+#~ "». Je pense que dans les parties les plus riches du monde beaucoup "
+#~ "de gens l'enverraient parce que souvent les gens adorent les auteurs ou "
+#~ "les musiciens qui ont créé ce qu'ils ont aimé lire "
+#~ "ou écouter. Et la chose intéressante est que la redevance "
+#~ "qu'ils auront obtenue est maintenant une si petite fraction, que si vous "
+#~ "payez vingt dollars ils n'en obtiendront pas plus d'un de toute faç"
+#~ "on."
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+#~ "So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing "
+#~ "will be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping "
+#~ "the author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons "
+#~ "to send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people "
+#~ "don't just send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck "
+#~ "to do it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you "
+#~ "going to mail the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which "
+#~ "might not be easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which "
+#~ "makes it efficient to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into "
+#~ "all the copies, and then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to "
+#~ "work well. It may take five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, "
+#~ "because it's a cultural thing, you know, at first people might find it a "
+#~ "little surprising but once it gets normal people would become accustomed "
+#~ "to sending the money, and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what "
+#~ "it costs to buy books today."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Ce sera un système bien plus efficace ainsi. Et ce qui sera "
+#~ "intéressant c'est que quand les gens redistribueront ces copies, "
+#~ "ils aident l'auteur. En faisant essentiellement de la publicité "
+#~ "pour eux, en diffusant autour d'eux des raisons de leur envoyer un "
+#~ "dollar. Maintenant, en ce moment, la plus grande raison pour laquelle pas "
+#~ "plus de personne n'envoie de l'argent directement aux auteurs, c'est que "
+#~ "c'est un emmerdement de le faire. Qu'allez-vous faire ? Envoyer un "
+#~ "chèque ? Alors à qui allez-vous expédier le "
+#~ "chèque ? Vous auriez à dénicher leur adresse, "
+#~ "ce qui pourrait ne pas être facile. Mais avec un système "
+#~ "commode de paiement sur Internet qui le rend efficace pour payer un "
+#~ "dollar à quelqu'un, que nous pourrions mettre dans toutes les "
+#~ "copies, alors je pense que vous auriez là un mécanisme qui "
+#~ "commence à bien marcher. Il peut prendre cinq à dix ans "
+#~ "pour que l'idée soit propagée partout, parceque c'est une "
+#~ "chose culturelle, vous savez. Au départ, les gens pourraient la "
+#~ "trouver surprenante mais un jour ça devient naturel. Les gens "
+#~ "s'habitueraient à envoyer de l'argent, et ça ne repré"
+#~ "senterait pas beaucoup d'argent comparé à ce que cela "
+#~ "coûte d'acheter des livres aujourd'hui."
+
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+#~ msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[il boit]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
+#~ "aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work "
+#~ "for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person "
+#~ "after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the "
+#~ "boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's "
+#~ "easy to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain "
+#~ "author, or certain group of authors, and they can just agree together "
+#~ "what they're going to do and click on the box, if no-one is publishing "
+#~ "modified versions then every copy will contain the same box with the same "
+#~ "URL directing money to the same people but when you have different "
+#~ "version which have been worked on by different people there's no simple "
+#~ "automatic way of working out who ought to get what fraction of what users "
+#~ "donate for this version or that version. It's philosophically hard to "
+#~ "decide how important each contribution is, and all the obvious ways of "
+#~ "trying to measure it are <em>[emphasis]</em> obviously <em>[/emphasis]</"
+#~ "em> wrong in some cases, they're obviously closing their eyes to some "
+#~ "important part of the facts so I think that this kind of solution is "
+#~ "probably not feasible when everybody is free to publish modified "
+#~ "versions. But for those kinds of works where it is not crucial to have "
+#~ "the freedom to publish modified versions then this solution can be "
+#~ "applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment system "
+#~ "to base it on."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Aussi je pense que de cette façon, pour les travaux d'expression, "
+#~ "et peut-être les travaux esthétiques, ce pourrait être "
+#~ "une méthode réussie. Mais cela ne fonctionnera pas pour les "
+#~ "travaux fonctionnels. Et la raison pour ça, c'est que, si une "
+#~ "personne après une autre fait une version modifiée et la "
+#~ "publie, sur qui les boîtes se dirigeraient-elles? Et combien "
+#~ "d'argent devraient-elle envoyer ? Et vous savez, il est facile de "
+#~ "faire ça quand le travail a été publié "
+#~ "simplement par le passé, par un certain auteur, ou un certain "
+#~ "groupe d'auteurs, et ils peuvent juste convenir ensemble de ce qu'ils "
+#~ "vont faire et cliquer sur la boîte. Si personne ne publie de "
+#~ "versions modifiées alors chaque copie contiendra la même "
+#~ "boîte avec le même URL dirigeant l'argent vers les mê"
+#~ "mes personnes. Mais quand vous avezdifférentes versions qui ont "
+#~ "été travaillées par différentes personnes, il "
+#~ "n'y a pas de simple façon automatique de calculer qui, doit "
+#~ "obtenir quelle fraction, de ce que quel utilisateur donne, pour cette "
+#~ "version ou celle-là. Il est philosophiquement difficile de "
+#~ "décider de l'importance de chaque contribution, et de toutes les "
+#~ "manières évidentes d'essayer de la mesurer certaines sont "
+#~ "<em>[emphase ]</em> évidemment <em>[/emphase ]</em> mauvaises dans "
+#~ "certains cas, en fermant évidemment les yeux à une partie "
+#~ "importante des faits, aussi je pense que ce genre de solution n'est "
+#~ "probablement pas faisable quand tout le monde est libre de publier des "
+#~ "versions modifiées. Mais pour le genre de travaux où il "
+#~ "n'est pas crucial d'avoir la liberté de publier des versions "
+#~ "modifiées, alors cette solution peut être appliqué "
+#~ "très simplement, une fois que nous avons le système "
+#~ "pratique de paiement sur Internet pour la baser dessus."
+
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+#~ "With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
+#~ "commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a "
+#~ "modified version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with "
+#~ "the original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to "
+#~ "those works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be "
+#~ "some standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I "
+#~ "think in some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in "
+#~ "some way publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be "
+#~ "possible still to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "En ce qui concerne les travaux esthétiques. S'il y a un "
+#~ "système où ceux qui redistribuent commercialement - ou peut-"
+#~ "être même ceux qui publient une version modifiée - "
+#~ "peuvent avoir à négocier le partage des paiements avec le "
+#~ "producteur de la version originale, alors ce genre d'arrangement pourrait "
+#~ "être prolongé aussi à ces travaux; même si des "
+#~ "versions modifiées sont autorisées, il pourrait y avoir une "
+#~ "certaine formule standard qui pourrait être renégocié"
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+#~ "possibles même avec un système qui permet de publier des "
+#~ "versions modifiées des travaux esthétiques, il serait "
+#~ "possible d'avoir ce genre de système volontaire de paiement."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary "
+#~ "payment systems. I heard of something called the street performer's "
+#~ "protocol. I don't know the details of it. And I believe there is "
+#~ "something called GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</"
+#~ "em> I believe the people there are trying to set up something more or "
+#~ "less like this. I think that what they are hoping to do is collect a "
+#~ "bunch of payments that you make to various different people, and "
+#~ "eventually charge your credit card once it gets to be big enough so that "
+#~ "it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems work smoothly enough in "
+#~ "practice that they'll get going is not clear, and whether they will "
+#~ "become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal cultural "
+#~ "practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary "
+#~ "payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need "
+#~ "to see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta "
+#~ "pay“ once in a while. We'll see."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Maintenant je crois qu'il y a des gens qui essayent d'installer de genre "
+#~ "de systèmes volontaires de paiement. J'ai entendu parler de "
+#~ "quelque chose appelé « le protocole de l'artiste de "
+#~ "rue ». Je n'en connais pas les détails. Et je crois "
+#~ "qu'il y a quelque chose appelé GreenWitch.com <em>[la note du "
+#~ "transcripteur : URL incertaine]</em>. Je crois que ces gens essayent "
+#~ "d'installer quelque chose de plus ou moins comme ça. Je pense que "
+#~ "ce qu'il espèrent faire, c'est de rassembler un bouquet de "
+#~ "paiements que vous effectuez à diverses personnes, et charger "
+#~ "éventuellement par la suite votre carte de crédit une fois "
+#~ "qu'il est assez important pour être efficace. Si ce genre de "
+#~ "système fonctionne sans heurt dans la pratique, ce qu'ils vont "
+#~ "devenir n'est pas clair; et s'ils sont adoptés assez largement, "
+#~ "à ce qu'ils deviennent une pratique culturelle normale n'est pas "
+#~ "clair. Il est possible que pour que ces paiements volontaires se "
+#~ "propagent vraiment, nous ayons besoin d'un certain genre de… vous "
+#~ "avez besoin de voir l'idée partout pour…« ouais, "
+#~ "j'ai pas à payer ! » de temps à autre. On "
+#~ "verra."
+
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+#~ "There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at "
+#~ "for example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by "
+#~ "donations from listeners, you have I believe, millions of people "
+#~ "donating, I'm not sure how many exactly but there are many public radio "
+#~ "stations which are supported by their listeners and they seem to be "
+#~ "finding it easier to get donations as time goes on. Ten years ago they "
+#~ "would have maybe six weeks of the year when they were spending most of "
+#~ "their time asking people “Please send some money, don't you think "
+#~ "we're important enough” and so on 24 hours a day, and now a lot of "
+#~ "them have found that they can raise the contributions by sending people "
+#~ "mail who sent them donations in the past, and they don't have to spend "
+#~ "their airtime drumming up the donations."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Il est évident que des idées comme celles-là ne sont "
+#~ "pas déraisonnables. Si vous regardez par exemple la radio publique "
+#~ "aux USA, qui est la plupart du temps soutenue par les dons de ses "
+#~ "auditeurs. Vous avez, je crois, des millions de personnes qui donnent. Je "
+#~ "ne sais pas combien exactement mais il y a beaucoup de stations de radio "
+#~ "publiques qui sont soutenues par leurs auditeurs. Et il semble qu'elles "
+#~ "trouvent plus facile d'obtenir des dons au fil des ans. Il y a dix ans "
+#~ "elles auraient eu peut-être six semaines par an à passer la "
+#~ "majeure partie du temps à demander aux gens « d'envoyer "
+#~ "svp un peu d'argent, vous ne pensez pas que nous sommes assez importants "
+#~ "pour vous » et ainsi de suite 24 heures sur 24. Et maintenant "
+#~ "beaucoup d'entre elles ont constaté qu'elles peuvent augmenter les "
+#~ "contributions en envoyant des mails aux gens qui leur ont envoyé "
+#~ "des dons par le passé. Et elles n'ont pas à dépenser "
+#~ "leur temps d'antenne à racoler pour les dons."
+
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+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is "
+#~ "a worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it "
+#~ "that are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works "
+#~ "whose developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital "
+#~ "technology is providing us with solutions to the problem as well as "
+#~ "creating a context where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end "
+#~ "of this talk, and are there questions?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Fondamentalement, le but déclaré du copyright : "
+#~ "encourager le redressement est un but valable, mais nous devons examiner "
+#~ "les façons d'y parvenir qui ne sont pas si dures, et sans trop "
+#~ "restreindre l'utilisation des travaux dont nous avons encouragé "
+#~ "les développements. Et je crois que la technologie numé"
+#~ "rique nous fournit des solutions au problème en plus de cré"
+#~ "er le contexte où nous devons résoudre le problème. "
+#~ "Aussi c'est la fin de cet entretien; et il a des questions ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#~ msgid "Questions and discussion"
+#~ msgstr "Questions et discussion"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Tout d'abord, quand est le prochain entretien ? Quelle heure est-il "
+#~ "maintenant ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three."
+#~ msgstr "<strong>Moi</strong> : Il est trois heures et quart."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie "
+#~ "will permit me to accept a few questions."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh vraiment ? Donc je suis dé"
+#~ "jà en retard ? Bon, j'espère que Mélanie me "
+#~ "permettra d'accepter quelques questions."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of "
+#~ "your three categories will a work fit?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Qui décidera dans lesquelles de vos "
+#~ "trois catégories un travail rentrera ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of "
+#~ "deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect "
+#~ "judges can tell a novel when they see one too."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je suis sûr qu'il y a "
+#~ "diverses manières de décider. Vous pouvez probablement "
+#~ "reconnaître un roman quand vous en voyez un. Je subodore que les "
+#~ "juges peuvent aussi reconnaître un roman quand ils en voient un."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of "
+#~ "encryption devices with copyrighted materials?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA7</strong> : Des commentaires sur le chiffrement ? Et "
+#~ "sur l'interaction des dispositifs de chiffrement avec les contenus sous "
+#~ "copyright ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
+#~ "controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various "
+#~ "encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from "
+#~ "copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really "
+#~ "they all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and "
+#~ "without those laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so "
+#~ "they are all based on direct government intervention to stop people from "
+#~ "copying and I object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those "
+#~ "media. If as a practical matter the means to copy something are not "
+#~ "available to me I won't buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bon, le chiffrement est employé en "
+#~ "tant que moyen pour contrôler le public. Les éditeurs "
+#~ "essayent d'imposer divers systèmes de chiffrement au public afin "
+#~ "de l'empêcher de copier. Maintenant ils appellent ces choses des "
+#~ "méthodes technologiques, mais réellement elles s'appuient "
+#~ "toutes sur des lois interdisant aux gens de les contourner. Et sans ces "
+#~ "lois aucune de ces méthodes n'accomplirait son but. Aussi elles "
+#~ "sont toutes sont basées sur l'interposition directe du "
+#~ "gouvernement pour que les gens arrêtent de copier. Et je m'oppose "
+#~ "à elles très fortement, et je n'accepterai pas ces mé"
+#~ "dias. Si pour une question pratique les moyens de copier quelque chose ne "
+#~ "sont pas à ma disposition je ne l'achèterai pas. Et "
+#~ "j'espère que vous ne l'achèterez pas non plus."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the "
+#~ "media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup purpose"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA8</strong> : En France nous avons une loi qui dit que "
+#~ "même si le support est protégé vous avez le droit de "
+#~ "le copier à nouveau pour le sauvegarder."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well until "
+#~ "2 years ago."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui, c'était aussi comme ça aux "
+#~ "USA jusqu'à il y a deux ans."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in "
+#~ "France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a mouse…"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA8</strong> : Très souvent vous signez un accord qui "
+#~ "est illégal en France… le contrat que vous êtes "
+#~ "censé signer avec une souris…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, peut-être qu'ils ne le sont pas."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA8</strong> : Comment pouvons-nous le contester ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to "
+#~ "challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how "
+#~ "would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, "
+#~ "“They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it "
+#~ "is an invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the "
+#~ "distributor is in the US. French law about what is a valid contract "
+#~ "couldn't be used to stop them in the US. On the other hand you could "
+#~ "also say “I signed this contract but it's not valid in France so I "
+#~ "am publicly disobeying, and I challenge them to sue me.” Now that "
+#~ "you might consider doing, and if you're right and the laws are not valid "
+#~ "in France then the case would get thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is "
+#~ "a good idea to do, I don't know whether, what its effects politically "
+#~ "would be. I know that there was just a couple of years ago a law was "
+#~ "passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of private copying of music, and "
+#~ "the record companies trotted out some famous very popular musicians to "
+#~ "push for this law and they got it, so it's clear that they have a lot of "
+#~ "influence here too, and it's possible that they will get more, just pass "
+#~ "another law to change this. We have to think about the political "
+#~ "strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and the "
+#~ "actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no expert "
+#~ "on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should think "
+#~ "about."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[rhéthoriquement]</em> Bien, vous allez "
+#~ "les contester ? Ca coûte de l'argent, il faut se donner du "
+#~ "mal, et pas seulement ça. Comment le feriez-vous ? Bon, vous "
+#~ "pourriez toujours aller au tribunal et dire, « ils n'ont aucun "
+#~ "droit de demander à des personnes de signer ce contrat parce que "
+#~ "c'est un contrat invalide » mais ça pourrait être "
+#~ "difficile si le distributeur est aux USA. La loi française au "
+#~ "sujet de ce qui est un contrat valide ne pourrait pas être utilisée
"
+#~ "pour les arrêter aux USA. D'autre part vous pourriez é"
+#~ "galement dire que « j'ai signéce contrat mais il n'est "
+#~ "pas valide en France, aussi je désobéis publiquement et je "
+#~ "les défie de me poursuivre ». Maintenant si c'est ce "
+#~ "que vous envisagez de faire, si vous avez raison et si les lois ne sont "
+#~ "pas valides en France alors le cas serait rejeté. Je ne sais pas. "
+#~ "Peut-être que c'est une bonne idée. Je ne sais pas quels en "
+#~ "seraient les effets politiques. Je sais qu'il y a juste deux ans une loi "
+#~ "a été votée en Europe pour interdire un certain "
+#~ "genre de copie privée pour la musique, et les compagnies "
+#~ "d'enregistrement ont rabâché à quelques musiciens "
+#~ "célèbres très populaires de faire pression sur cette "
+#~ "loi, et ils l'ont obtenue. Aussi, il est clair qu'ils ont beaucoup "
+#~ "d'influence ici aussi, et il est possible qu'ils en obtiendront plus, "
+#~ "voter justement une autre loi pour changer ça. Nous devons penser "
+#~ "à une stratégie politique pour construire un collège "
+#~ "électoral qui puisse résister à de tels changements. "
+#~ "Et les mesures que nous prenons devraient être conçues pour "
+#~ "accomplir ça. Maintenant je ne suis pas un expert sur la faç"
+#~ "on de le réaliser en Europe, mais c'est à ça que les "
+#~ "gens devraient penser."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private correspondence?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Que dites-vous de la protection de la "
+#~ "correspondance privée ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em> publishing "
+#~ "<em>[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different issue."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous n'êtes pas <em>[emphase]</"
+#~ "em> publié <em>[/emphase]</em>, c'est une question complè"
+#~ "tement différente."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody, that's "
+#~ "automatically under my copyright."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, mais si j'envoie un email à "
+#~ "quelqu'un, c'est automatiquement sous mon copyright."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely irrelevant "
+#~ "actually."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[énergiquement]</em> C'est "
+#~ "entièrement non pertinent en réalité."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to "
+#~ "publish it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, je ne l'accepte pas. S'ils vont "
+#~ "l'éditer dans un journal, à ce moment là mon recours "
+#~ "est mon copyright."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents "
+#~ "and I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice "
+#~ "in that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue "
+#~ "him and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my "
+#~ "threat is copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it "
+#~ "would even be upheld."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, vous ne pouvez pas lui faire tenir "
+#~ "secret les contenus et je n'en suis pas sûr réellement. Je "
+#~ "veux dire, je pense qu'il y a de l'injustice à cela. Si par "
+#~ "exemple vous envoyez une lettre à quelqu'un menaçant de le "
+#~ "poursuivre en justice, et alors vous lui dites que vous ne pouvez dire "
+#~ "à personne que c'est moi qui l'ai fait parce que ma menace est "
+#~ "garantie par les droits d'auteur, ça serait assez dé"
+#~ "sagréable. Et je ne suis pas sûr que cela serait même "
+#~ "confirmé."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to "
+#~ "correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Bon, il y a des circonstances où je "
+#~ "veux correspondre avec quelqu'un et garder ma (et leur) réponse, "
+#~ "entièrement privée."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then "
+#~ "that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be "
+#~ "linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's "
+#~ "another talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake "
+#~ "for copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations "
+#~ "are completely different from the ethics of published works and so they "
+#~ "should be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, si vous et eux acceptez de la maintenir "
+#~ "privé, alors c'est une question entièrement diffé"
+#~ "rente. Je suis désolé que les deux questions ne puissent "
+#~ "pas être liées, et je n'ai pas le temps de considérer "
+#~ "cette question aujourd'hui. Il y a un autre entretien programmé "
+#~ "pour commencer bientôt. Mais je pense que c'est une erreur totale "
+#~ "que le copyright s'applique à de telles situations. L'é"
+#~ "thique de ces situations est complètement différente de "
+#~ "l'éthique des travaux publiés. Et elles devraient ê"
+#~ "tre traitées d'une manière appropriée, qui est "
+#~ "complètement différente."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the only "
+#~ "redress one has is copyright…"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : C'est assez loyal, mais pour l'instant le "
+#~ "seul recours est le copyright…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people "
+#~ "have agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In "
+#~ "Europe there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a "
+#~ "right to force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force "
+#~ "him to paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[il interrompt]</em> Non, vous avez tort. "
+#~ "Si les gens sont d'acccord pour garder quelque chose secret alors vous "
+#~ "avez un autre recours. En Europe il y a des lois sur la vie privé"
+#~ "e. Et l'autre chose, est que vous ne pouvez pas avoir le droit de forcer "
+#~ "quelqu'un à garder des secrets pour vous. Tout au plus, vous "
+#~ "pourriez le forcer à paraphraser, parce qu'il a le droit de dire "
+#~ "aux gens ce que vous faites."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at either "
+#~ "end are both in reasonable agreement."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Oui, mais en supposant que les deux personnes "
+#~ "à chaque extrémité sont toutes deux d'accord de "
+#~ "façon raisonnable."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
+#~ "recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper "
+#~ "is he?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien et alors, ne dîtes pas que le "
+#~ "copyright est votre seul recours. S'il est d'accord il ne va pas le "
+#~ "donner à un journal, si ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about "
+#~ "interception."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA6</strong> : Non, heu, vous évitez ma question au "
+#~ "sujet de l'interception."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… "
+#~ "<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the "
+#~ "first time you mentioned interception…"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oh, interception. C'est complètement "
+#~ "différent… <em>[âprement]</em> non vous n'avez pas "
+#~ "demandé à propos de l'interception. C'est la premiè"
+#~ "re fois que vous avez mentionné l'interception…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time."
+#~ msgstr "<strong>MA6</strong> : Non c'est la deuxième fois."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA9</strong> : <em>[murmure son assentiment à MA6]</"
+#~ "em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you "
+#~ "before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh "
+#~ "how can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a "
+#~ "waffle iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : <em>[toujours irrité]</em> Je ne vous "
+#~ "avais pas entendu avant… c'est totalement idiot… c'est "
+#~ "comme essayer de… oh à quoi puis-je comparer ?…"
+#~ "c'est comme essayer de tuer un éléphant avec un moule "
+#~ "à gaufres, je veux dire qu'ils n'ont rien à faire l'un avec "
+#~ "l'autre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[un ininterprétable silence tombe]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in "
+#~ "trade secrets?]</em>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA10</strong> : Vous avez pensé aux changements <em>"
+#~ "[inaudible, des secrets commerciaux ?]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very "
+#~ "ominous and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant "
+#~ "that you wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and "
+#~ "later on it was something that was done within a business telling just a "
+#~ "few people something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, "
+#~ "it's turning into something where the public in general is becoming "
+#~ "conscripted into keeping secrets for business even if they have never "
+#~ "agreed in any way to keep these secrets and that's a pressure. So those "
+#~ "who pretend that trade secrecy is just carrying out some natural right of "
+#~ "theirs; that's just not true any more. They're getting explicit "
+#~ "government help in forcing other people to keep their secrets. And we "
+#~ "might want to consider whether non-disclosure agreements should in "
+#~ "general be considered legitimate contracts because of the anti-social "
+#~ "nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be considered automatic that just "
+#~ "because somebody has promised to keep a secret that that means it's "
+#~ "binding."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : hmm, oui : les secrets commerciaux se "
+#~ "sont développés dans une direction inquiétante et "
+#~ "menaçante. Le secret commercial signifiait que vous vouliez "
+#~ "maintenir secret quelque chose, donc vous ne l'avez dit à "
+#~ "personne, et plus tard, ça s'est fait dans les affaires de dire "
+#~ "juste à quelques personnes quelque chose et ils devaient accepter "
+#~ "de le maintenir secret. Mais maintenant, ça prend une tournure "
+#~ "où le public en général devient enrôlé "
+#~ "dans le fait de garder des secrets d'affaires, même s'ils n'ont "
+#~ "jamais convenu de quelque façon que ce soit de garder ces secrets. "
+#~ "Et c'est une pression. Ainsi à ceux qui feignent de croire que le "
+#~ "secret commercial est juste un transposition sur l'extérieur de "
+#~ "certains de leurs droits, ce n'est justement pas vrai. Ils obtiennent "
+#~ "l'aide explicite du gouvernement en vigueur en forçant les autres "
+#~ "personnes à garder leurs secrets. Et nous pourrions nous demander "
+#~ "si les accords de non-divulgation devraient d'une façon gé"
+#~ "nérale être considérés comme des contrats "
+#~ "légitimes à cause de la nature antisociale du secret "
+#~ "commercial. Il ne devrait pas être considéré comme "
+#~ "automatique, juste parce que quelqu'un a promis de garder un secret, que "
+#~ "c'est obligatoire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be. If "
+#~ "there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should "
+#~ "invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed "
+#~ "with customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business "
+#~ "supplies secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its "
+#~ "customers, no."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Peut-être que dans certains cas, ça devrait, et dans "
+#~ "d'autres non. S'il y a un avantage public clair de savoir alors peut-"
+#~ "être que ça devrait invalider le contrat. Ou peut-être "
+#~ "devrait-il être valide quand il est signé avec des clients. "
+#~ "Ou peut-être entre une société et un <em>[…]</"
+#~ "em>. Peut-être que ça devrait être légitime "
+#~ "quand une société fournit des secrets à ses "
+#~ "fournisseurs. Mais à ses clients, non."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
+#~ "anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
+#~ "bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe "
+#~ "it still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Il y a diverses possibilités auxquelles chacun peut penser, mais "
+#~ "tout au début quiconque n'a pas accepté volontairement de "
+#~ "garder les secrets ne devrait pas être lié par le secret "
+#~ "commercial. C'était comme ça il n'y a pas si longtemps "
+#~ "encore. Peut-être que c'est toujours comme ça en Europe, je "
+#~ "ne suis pas sûr."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA11</strong> : Est-ce qu'une entreprise peut le demander "
+#~ "à ses…"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : employés ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>MA11</strong> : Non non"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?"
+#~ msgstr "<strong>RMS</strong> : fournisseurs ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
+#~ "supplier?"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA11</strong> : oui, fournisseurs. Et si le client est un "
+#~ "autre fournisseur ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[espace pendant que le minidisque est changé]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Commençons par ne pas l'encourager."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
+#~ "scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
+#~ "official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
+#~ "copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
+#~ "internet access."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA12</strong> : J'ai une question concernant votre avis sur "
+#~ "le travail scientifique des journaux et des manuels. Dans ma profession "
+#~ "au moins un Journal officiel et un manuel sont disponibles en ligne. Ils "
+#~ "maintiennent le copyright, mais il y a un libre accès aux "
+#~ "ressources pourvu qu'on ait l'accès à Internet."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals "
+#~ "where it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access "
+#~ "unless you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should "
+#~ "all start opening up access on the web."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Ok, c'est bon. Mais il y a beaucoup de "
+#~ "journaux où ce n'est pas comme ça. Par exemple, les "
+#~ "journaux d'ACM auxquels vous ne pouvez pas accéder à part "
+#~ "si vous êtes abonné : ils sont bloqués. Aussi je "
+#~ "pense que les journaux devraient tout commencer à en ouvrir "
+#~ "l'accès sur le Web."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance "
+#~ "of copyright on the public when you basically don't interfere with "
+#~ "providing free access on the web."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA12</strong> : Aussi, quel impact cela a t-il sur le sens "
+#~ "du copyright sur le public, quand fondamentalement vous n'intervenez pas "
+#~ "en proposant un libre accès sur le net ?"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
+#~ "essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
+#~ "also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim "
+#~ "copies of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get "
+#~ "lost. Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, "
+#~ "natural disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic "
+#~ "disasters, fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that "
+#~ "one site to disappear. So really what the scholarly community should "
+#~ "logically be doing is carefully arranging to have a wide network of "
+#~ "mirror sites making sure that every paper is available on every "
+#~ "continent, from places near the ocean to places that are far inland and "
+#~ "you know this is exactly the kind of thing that major libraries will feel "
+#~ "is their mission if only they were not being stopped."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Bien, tout d'abord je suis en dé"
+#~ "saccord. Les sites miroir sont essentiels. Ainsi, le journal devrait non "
+#~ "seulement offrir un accès libre mais devrait également "
+#~ "donner à chacun la liberté d'installer des sites en miroir "
+#~ "avec les copies intégrales de ces articles. Sinon, il y a un "
+#~ "danger qu'ils soient perdus. Divers genres de calamités pourraient "
+#~ "causer leur perte, vous savez, des désastres naturels, dé"
+#~ "sastres politiques, désastres techniques, désastres "
+#~ "bureaucratiques, désastres fiscaux… Toutes sortes de choses "
+#~ "qui pourraient provoquer leur dispararition du site. C'est tellement "
+#~ "vrai, que ce que la communauté savante devrait logiquement faire, "
+#~ "c'est se charger soigneusement d'avoir un large réseau de sites en "
+#~ "miroir en s'assurant que chaque papier est disponible sur chaque "
+#~ "continent; depuis le bord de l'océan jusqu'à l'inté"
+#~ "rieur des terres. Et vous savez que c'est exactement le genre de chose "
+#~ "que les bibliothèques principales sentiront que c'est dans leur "
+#~ "mission de faire, si seulement elles n'étaient pas arrê"
+#~ "tées."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step "
+#~ "further. In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should "
+#~ "be saying, everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have "
+#~ "to do the whole publication of this journal, together with our "
+#~ "advertisements, now that would still at least do the job of making the "
+#~ "availability redundant so that it's not in danger, and other institutions "
+#~ "would set up mirror sites, and I predict that you would find ten years "
+#~ "down the road, a very well organised unofficial system of co-ordinating "
+#~ "the mirroring to make sure that nothing was getting left out. At this "
+#~ "point the amount that it costs to set up the mirror site for years of a "
+#~ "journal is so little that it doesn't require any special funding; nobody "
+#~ "has to work very hard: just let librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was "
+#~ "some other thing that this raised and I can't remember what it is. Oh "
+#~ "well, I'll just have to let it go."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Aussi, ce qui devrait être fait, c'est que ces journaux devraient "
+#~ "faire un pas de plus en avant. En plus de dire « tout le monde "
+#~ "peut accéder au site », ils devraient dire « "
+#~ "chacun peut installer un site miroir ». Même s'ils "
+#~ "disaient « vous devez faire la publication entière de "
+#~ "ce journal, en même temps que nos annonces », né"
+#~ "anmoins ça ne ferait que rendre la disponibilité superflue, "
+#~ "au lieu de la mettre en danger. Et d'autres établissements "
+#~ "installeraient des sites en miroir. Et je prévois que vous "
+#~ "trouveriez dans un peu plus de dix ans, un système officieux "
+#~ "très bien organisé de coordinateurs pour s'assurer que rien "
+#~ "ne serait oublié. En ce moment, ce que cela coûte "
+#~ "d'installer pour des années un site en miroir d'un journal est si "
+#~ "faible qu'il n'exige pas de financement spécial; personne n'a "
+#~ "à travailler très dur : il y a juste à laisser "
+#~ "les bibliothécaires le faire. Quoi qu'il en soit, oh, il y avait "
+#~ "autre chose que ça a soulevé… et je ne me souviens "
+#~ "pas ce que c'était. Oh ,bon, j'ai oublié."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
+#~ "works… do you think the dynamics could be… <em>[inaudible]</"
+#~ "em> although I understand the problems of… I mean who's "
+#~ "contributing? and who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free software "
+#~ "<em>[inaudible]</em>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA13</strong> : Le problème de financement pour les "
+#~ "travaux esthétiques… pensez-vous que la dynamique pourrait "
+#~ "être… <em>[inaudible]</em> bien que je comprenne les "
+#~ "problèmes de… Je veux dire qui contribue ? Et qui sera "
+#~ "récompensé ? Est-ce que l'esprit du logiciel libre <em>"
+#~ "[inaudible]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
+#~ "people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to "
+#~ "get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know "
+#~ "how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get "
+#~ "governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of "
+#~ "world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I "
+#~ "think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate "
+#~ "and the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak "
+#~ "out and say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these "
+#~ "published works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. "
+#~ "And sharing with your friend is more important than how much money these "
+#~ "companies get. The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these "
+#~ "companies. We have to keep on… because you see the idea that "
+#~ "they've spread—that anything that reduces their income is immoral "
+#~ "and therefore people must be restricted in any way it takes to guarantee "
+#~ "for them to be paid for everything… that is the fundamental thing "
+#~ "that we have to start attacking directly. People have mostly tried "
+#~ "tactics of concentrating on secondary issues, you know, to when people, "
+#~ "you know when the publishers demand increased power usually people saying "
+#~ "it will cause some secondary kind of harm and arguing based on that but "
+#~ "you rarely find anybody (except me) saying that the whole point of the "
+#~ "change is wrong, that it's wrong to restrict it in that way, that it's "
+#~ "legitimate for people to want to change copies and that they should be "
+#~ "allowed to. We have to have more of this. We have to start cutting the "
+#~ "root of their dominion not just hacking away at a few leaves."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. L'idée vient "
+#~ "certainement à l'esprit des gens. Nous verrons. Je n'ai pas les "
+#~ "réponses. Je ne sais pas comment nous allons les avoir. J'essaye "
+#~ "de penser à peu près où nous pourrions les obtenir. "
+#~ "Je ne sais pas comment nous pourrions y arriver. Les éditeurs sont "
+#~ "si puissants… ils peuvent obtenir des gouvernements qu'ils "
+#~ "exécutent leurs ordres. Comment allons-nous construire ce genre de "
+#~ "monde où le public refuse de tolérer ça plus "
+#~ "longtemps, je ne sais pas. Je pense que la première chose que nous "
+#~ "devons faire est de rejeter clairement le mot pirate et les images qui "
+#~ "vont avec. Tous les jours on nous dit d'oser prendre la parole, et dire "
+#~ "que c'est de la propagande, qu'il n'est pas mauvais pour les gens de "
+#~ "partager ces travaux publiés avec les autres, que c'est partager "
+#~ "avec votre ami, et que c'est bien. Et que partager avec votre ami, c'est "
+#~ "plus important que l'argent que ces compagnies gagnent. Que la "
+#~ "société ne devrait pas être façonnée "
+#~ "sur leurs intérêts. Nous devons continuer… parce que "
+#~ "vous voyez, l'idée qu'elles ont répandu — que tout ce "
+#~ "qui réduit leur revenu est immoral et donc que les gens doivent "
+#~ "être limités quelqu'en soit le moyen pour garantir qu'ils "
+#~ "seront payés pour tout… c'est la chose fondamentale que "
+#~ "nous devons commencer à attaquer directement. Les gens ont la "
+#~ "plupart du temps essayé la tactique de la concentration sur les "
+#~ "questions secondaires, vous savez… Quand les éditeurs "
+#~ "exigent plus de pouvoir, les gens habituellement disent que cela causera "
+#~ "un certain type de mal secondaire, et basent leurs arguments la-dessus. "
+#~ "Mais vous trouvez rarement quelqu'un (excepté moi) qui dit que le "
+#~ "point entier du changement est erroné, que c'est une erreur de le "
+#~ "limiter de cette façon, qu'il est légitime pour les gens de "
+#~ "vouloir changer les copies et que ça devrait leur être "
+#~ "permis. Nous devrions en avoir plus. Nous devons commencer à "
+#~ "couper la racine de leur domination et pas simplement entailler loin "
+#~ "quelques feuilles."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to "
+#~ "concentrate on the donations system for music."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA14</strong> : <em>[inaudible]</em> ce qui est important, "
+#~ "c'est de se concentrer sur le système de donation pour la musique."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents "
+#~ "covering the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Oui. Bien que malheureusement, il y ait des "
+#~ "brevets couvrant la technique qui semblent être très "
+#~ "probablement utilisables."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>"
+#~ msgstr "<em>[rires, on crie «non» dans l'audience]</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Cela peut mettre dix ans avant que ça "
+#~ "puisse se faire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>MA15</strong> : On prendra seulement les lois franç"
+#~ "aises."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor "
+#~ "over to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. and uh so"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<strong>RMS</strong> : Je ne sais pas. Je pense que je devrais "
+#~ "rendre la parole à Mélanie dont l'entretien devait "
+#~ "commencer à trois heures. Et hue ! donc."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. "
+#~ "RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead "
+#~ "projector at the beginning of the talk."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "RMS reste silencieux. Il y a une pause avant le déclenchement des "
+#~ "applaudissements. RMS se tourne pour applaudir le Gnu bourré de "
+#~ "tissu qu'il a placé sur le rétro-projecteur au début "
+#~ "de l'entretien."
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot 25 Mar 2009 08:26:21
-0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.pot 1 Dec 2009 21:26:45
-0000 1.4
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-25 04:26-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -25,1367 +25,1300 @@
msgid "Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks"
msgstr ""
-#. It seems this location is no longer accessible
-#. The original version is hosted at <a
-#.
href="http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html";><http://carnall.org/stallman/index.html></a>
-#. yavor, Apr 3, 2007
-# type: Content of: <pre>
-#, no-wrap
-msgid ""
-"\n"
-"This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas\n"
-"Carnall, July 2000.\n"
-"\n"
-msgstr ""
-
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of "
-"commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He "
-"speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced Boston "
-"accent.</em>"
+"<b>Keynote speech at LIANZA conference, Christchurch Convention Centre, 12 "
+"October 2009</b>"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a strangler."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#:
+msgid "BC:"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification "
-"system]</em>"
+"Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou katoa. Today I have the privilege of "
+"introducing Richard Stallman, whose keynote speech is being sponsored by the "
+"School of Information Management at Victoria University of Wellington."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "I don't wear stranglers, so there is no place for it to go."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Richard has been working to promote software freedom for over 25 years. In "
+"1983 he started the GNU project to develop a free operating system [the GNU "
+"system], and in 1985 he set up the Free Software Foundation. Every time you "
+"read or send a message to nz-libs, you use the Mailman software which is "
+"part of the GNU project. So whether you realize it or not, Richard's work "
+"has touched all of your lives."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[clips it to his T-shirt]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I like to describe him as the most influential person most people have never "
+"heard of, although he tells me that that cannot possibly be true because it "
+"cannot be tested."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: Are you OK with the recording?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#:
+msgid "RMS:"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes! <em>[testy]</em> How many people have to ask
me?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "We can't tell."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Well, I'm supposed to speak today"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I said that—I still like it. His ideas about software freedom and "
+"free access to information were used by Tim Berners-Lee when he created the "
+"world's first web server, and in 1999 his musings about a free online "
+"encyclopedia inspired Jimmy Wales to set up what is now Wikipedia."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[long pause]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Today Richard will be talking to us about copyright vs community in the age "
+"of computer networks, and their implications for libraries. Richard."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I've been in New Zealand for a couple of weeks, and in the North Island it "
+"was raining most of the time. Now I know why they call gumboots "
+"“Wellingtons”. And then I saw somebody who was making chairs "
+"and tables out of ponga wood, and he called it fern-iture. Then we took the "
+"ferry to get here, and as soon as we got off, people started mocking and "
+"insulting us; but there were no hard feelings, they just wanted to make us "
+"really feel Picton."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The reason people usually invite me to give speeches is because of my work "
+"on free software. This is not a talk about free software; this talk answers "
+"the question whether the ideas of free software extend to other kinds of "
+"works. But in order for that to make sense, I'd better tell you briefly "
+"what free software means."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "What can I do?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Free software is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “free "
+"speech”, not “free beer”. Free software is software that "
+"respects the user's freedom, and there are four specific freedoms that the "
+"user deserves always to have."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Let's see… there's no volume control…"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[finds volume control on radio microphone box]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program and change "
+"it to make the program do what you wish."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "this seems better"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom 2 is the freedom to help your neighbour; that is, the freedom to "
+"redistribute copies of the program, exact copies when you wish."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
msgid ""
-"OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The "
-"principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations, but "
-"to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the facts of "
-"the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what their "
-"consequences are, a change in technology never changes the principles of "
-"ethics, but a change in technology can alter the consequences of the same "
-"choices, so it can make a difference for the outcome of the question, and "
-"that has happened in the area of copyright law. We have a situation where "
-"changes in technology have affected the ethical factors that weigh on "
-"decisions about copyright law and change the right policy for society."
+"And Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community. That's the "
+"freedom to publish your modified versions when you wish."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because "
-"they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to "
-"the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them out "
-"by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read could "
-"also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day writing "
-"copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who didn't "
-"ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. Essentially, "
-"anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as they could be "
-"copied in any fashion."
+"If the program gives you these four freedoms then it's free software, which "
+"means the social system of its distribution and use is an ethical system, "
+"one which respects the user's freedom and the social solidarity of the "
+"user's community. But if one of these freedoms is missing or insufficient, "
+"then it's proprietary software, nonfree software, user-subjugating "
+"software. It's unethical. It's not a contribution to society, it's a power "
+"grab. This unethical practice should not exist; the goal of the free "
+"software movement is to put an end to it. All software should be free, so "
+"that all users can be free."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"In the ancient world, there wasn't the sharp distinction between authorship "
-"and copying that there tends to be today."
+"Proprietary software keeps the users divided and helpless: divided, because "
+"they're forbidden to share it, and helpless, because they don't have the "
+"source code so they can't change it. They can't even study it to verify "
+"what it's really doing to them, and many proprietary programs have malicious "
+"features which spy on the user, restrict the user, even back doors to attack "
+"the user."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say, writing "
-"a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody making "
-"copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who say, "
-"copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing a "
-"commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other people "
-"would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from another book, "
-"and write something of their own words, and then copy from another book, "
-"quoting passages of various lengths from many different works, and then "
-"writing some other works to talk about them more, or relate them. And there "
-"are many ancient works—now lost—in which part of them survived "
-"in these quotations in other books that became more popular than the book "
-"that the original quote <em>[came from]</em>."
+"For instance, Microsoft Windows has a back door with which Microsoft can "
+"forcibly install software changes, without getting permission from the "
+"supposed owner of the computer. You may think it's your computer, but if "
+"you've made the mistake of having Windows running in it, then really "
+"Microsoft has owned your computer. Computers need to be defenestrated, "
+"which means either throw Windows out of the computer, or throw the computer "
+"out the window."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. There "
-"were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original writing. I "
-"don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient world and it "
-"would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because books could be "
-"copied by anyone who could read anywhere, anyone who could get some writing "
-"materials, and a feather to write with. So, that was a rather clear simple "
-"situation."
+"But any proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over the "
+"users. Some of the developers abuse this power more, and some abuse it "
+"less, but none of them ought to have it. You deserve to have control of "
+"your computing, and not be forcibly dependent on a particular company. So "
+"you deserve free software."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation "
-"greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of books, "
-"provided that they were all identical. And it required specialised, fairly "
-"expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in effect it "
-"created a situation in which copies could only feasibly be made by "
-"specialised businesses, of which the number was not that large. There might "
-"have been hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of "
-"thousands, or maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So the "
-"decrease in the number of places in which copies could be made was "
-"tremendous."
+"At the end of speeches about free software, people sometimes ask whether "
+"these same freedoms and ideas apply to other things. If you have a copy of "
+"a published work on your computer, it makes sense to ask whether you should "
+"have the same four freedoms—whether it's ethically essential that you "
+"have them or not. And that's the question that I'm going to address today."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I think "
-"that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, which was "
-"a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of copyright but I "
-"can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. But the system of "
-"copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press because it became rare "
-"for ordinary readers to make copies. It still happen. People who were very "
-"poor or very rich had handmade copies of books. The very rich people did "
-"this to show off their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show "
-"that they could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books by "
-"hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes "
-"“Time ain't money when all you got is time.” So some poor people "
-"copied books with a pen. But for the most part the books were all made on "
-"printing presses by publishers and copyright as a system fitted in very well "
-"with the technical system. For one thing it was painless for readers, "
-"because the readers weren't going to make copies anyway, except for the very "
-"rich ones who could presumably legitimise it, or the very poor ones who were "
-"making just individual copies and no one was going to go after them with "
-"lawyers. And the system was fairly easy to enforce again because there were "
-"only a small number of places where it had to be enforced: only the printing "
-"presses, and because of this it didn't require, it didn't involve, a "
-"struggle against the public. You didn't find just about everybody trying to "
-"copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing it."
+"If you have a copy of something that's not software, for the most part, the "
+"only thing that might deny you any of these freedoms is copyright law. With "
+"software that's not so. The main ways of making software non-free are "
+"contracts and withholding the source code from the users. Copyright is a "
+"sort of secondary, back up method. For other things there's no such "
+"distinction as between source code and executable code."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it didn't "
-"cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a small "
-"fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so that small "
-"extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the readers. The "
-"actions restricted by copyright were actions that you couldn't do, as an "
-"ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a problem. And because of "
-"this there was no need for harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate "
-"it and to obey."
+"For instance, if we're talking about a text, if you can see the text to read "
+"it, there's nothing in the text that you can't see. So it's not the same "
+"kind of issue exactly as software. It's for the most part only copyright "
+"that might deny you these freedoms."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted "
-"publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was "
-"somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the "
-"Atlantic. You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting on "
-"a boat for weeks or months."
+"So the question can be restated: “What should copyright law allow you "
+"to do with published works? What should copyright law say?”"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor "
-"people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of got "
-"forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got cheap "
-"enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so to some "
-"extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost from memory. I "
-"heard about this about ten years ago when I started talking about the "
-"subject to people."
+"Copyright has developed along with copying technology, so it's useful to "
+"review the history of copying technology. Copying developed in the ancient "
+"world, where you'd use a writing instrument on a writing surface. You'd "
+"read one copy and write another."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of "
-"censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get approval "
-"from the government but the idea began to change and it a different idea was "
-"expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the US constitution was "
-"written there was a proposal that authors should be entitled to a monopoly "
-"on copying their books. This idea was rejected. Instead, a different idea of "
-"the philosophy of copyright was put into the constitution. The idea that a "
-"copyright system could be… well, the idea is that people have the "
-"natural right to copy things but copyright as an artificial restriction on "
-"copying can be authorised for the sake of promoting progress."
+"This technology was rather inefficient, but another interesting "
+"characteristic was that it had no economy of scale. To write ten copies "
+"would take ten times as long as to write one copy. It required no special "
+"equipment other than the equipment for writing, and it required no special "
+"skill other than literacy itself. The result was that copies of any "
+"particular book were made in a decentralized manner. Wherever there was a "
+"copy, if someone wanted to copy it, he could."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either way, "
-"but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify "
-"copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not as "
-"an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify the "
-"behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The benefit "
-"consists of more books being written and published and this is intended to "
-"contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a "
-"means to this end… in other words as a means to this end copyright "
-"exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between the public and authors; "
-"that the public gives up its natural right to make copies of anything in "
-"exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by encouraging "
-"more people to write."
+"There was nothing like copyright in the ancient world. If you had a copy "
+"and wanted to copy it, nobody was going to tell you you weren't "
+"allowed—except if the local prince didn't like what the book said, in "
+"which case he might punish you for copying it. But that's not copyright, "
+"but rather something closely related, namely censorship. To this day, "
+"copyright is often used in attempts to censor people."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose of "
-"copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most important "
-"thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and how. If you "
-"forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so ever since "
-"that decision was made, the authors and especially the publishers most "
-"recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it under the "
-"rug. There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the idea that "
-"was rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an "
-"entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost "
-"everything they say about it starting and ending with the word "
-"“pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an "
-"unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and kidnapping "
-"or killing the people on board."
+"That went on for thousands of years, but then there was a big advance in "
+"copying technology, namely the printing press. The printing press made "
+"copying more efficient, but not uniformly. [This was] because mass "
+"production copying became a lot more efficient, but making one copy at a "
+"time didn't benefit from the printing press. In fact, you were better off "
+"just writing it by hand; that would be faster than trying to print one copy."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So if you look at the statements being made by publishers you find lots of "
-"implicit assumptions of this sort which you have to drag into the open and "
-"then start questioning."
+"The printing press has an economy of scale: it takes a lot of work to set "
+"the type, but then you can make many copies very fast. Also, the printing "
+"press and the type were expensive equipment that most people didn't own; and "
+"the ability to use them, most literate people didn't know. Using a press "
+"was a different skill from writing. The result was a centralized manner of "
+"producing copies: the copies of any given book would be made in a few "
+"places, and then they would be transported to wherever someone wanted to buy "
+"copies."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Recent events and problems"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright began in the age of the printing press. Copyright in England "
+"began as a system of censorship in the 1500s. I believe it was originally "
+"meant to censor Protestants, but it was turned around and used to censor "
+"Catholics and presumably lots of others as well. According to this law, in "
+"order to publish a book you had to get permission from the Crown, and this "
+"permission was granted in the form of a perpetual monopoly to publish it. "
+"This was allowed to lapse in the 1680s, I believe [it expired in 1695 "
+"according to the Wikipedia entry]. The publishers wanted it back again, but "
+"what they got was something somewhat different. The Statute of Anne gave "
+"authors a copyright, and only for 14 years, although the author could renew "
+"it once."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[brightens]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This was a totally different idea—a temporary monopoly for the author, "
+"instead of a perpetual monopoly for the publisher. The idea developed that "
+"copyright was a means of promoting writing."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was "
-"painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the "
-"printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox "
-"machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as "
-"computer networks have come into use the situation has changed "
-"drastically. We are now in a situation technologically more like the ancient "
-"world, where anybody who could read something could also make a copy of it "
-"that was essentially as good as the best copies anyone could make."
+"When the US constitution was written, some people wanted authors to be "
+"entitled to a copyright, but that was rejected. Instead, the US "
+"Constitution says that Congress can optionally adopt a copyright law, and if "
+"there is a copyright law, its purpose is to promote progress. In other "
+"words, the purpose is not benefits for copyright holders or anybody they do "
+"business with, but for the general public. Copyright has to last a limited "
+"time; publishers keep hoping for us to forget about this."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[murmuring in the audience]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Here we have an idea of copyright which is an industrial regulation on "
+"publishers, controlled by authors, and designed to provide benefits to the "
+"public at large. It functioned this way because it didn't restrict the "
+"readers."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies "
-"themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass production, "
-"as in the printing press. Now this change in technology changes the "
-"situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the bargain was that "
-"the public trades away its natural right to make copies, and in exchange "
-"gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a bad one. It depends "
-"on the worth of what you are giving up. And the worth of what you are "
-"getting. In the age of the printing press the public traded away a freedom "
-"that it was unable to use."
+"Now in the early centuries of printing, and still I believe in the 1790s, "
+"lots of readers wrote copies by hand because they couldn't afford printed "
+"copies. Nobody ever expected copyright law to be something other than an "
+"industrial regulation. It wasn't meant to stop people from writing copies, "
+"it was meant to regulate the publishers. Because of this it was easy to "
+"enforce, uncontroversial, and arguably beneficial for society."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"It's like finding a way of selling shit: what have you got to lose? You've "
-"got it on hand anyway, if you get something for it, it can hardly be a bad "
-"deal."
+"It was easy to enforce, because it only had to be enforced against "
+"publishers. And it's easy to find the unauthorized publishers of a "
+"book—you go to a bookstore and say 'where do these copies come "
+"from?'. You don't have to invade everybody's home and everybody's computer "
+"to do that."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[faint laughter]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It was uncontroversial because, as the readers were not restricted, they had "
+"nothing to complain about. Theoretically they were restricted from "
+"publishing, but not being publishers and not having printing presses, they "
+"couldn't do that anyway. In what they actually could do, they were not "
+"restricted."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another "
-"star. You're not going to do it anyway"
+"It was arguably beneficial because the general public, according to the "
+"concepts of copyright law, traded away a theoretical right they were not in "
+"a position to exercise. In exchange, they got the benefits of more writing."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[hearty laughter]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now if you trade away something you have no possible use for, and you get "
+"something you can use in exchange, it's a positive trade. Whether or not "
+"you could have gotten a better deal some other way, that's a different "
+"question, but at least it's positive."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to pay "
-"you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take the "
-"deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not think that "
-"deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to sell because "
-"it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to reconsider the "
-"desirability of those old deals that used to be advantageous. Typically in a "
-"such a situation you decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this "
-"any more; I'm going to keep some of it and use it.” So if you were "
-"giving up a freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you can exercise it, "
-"you probably want to start retaining the right to exercise it at least "
-"partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there are many "
-"alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the freedom and keep "
-"other parts. So, precisely what you want to do requires thought, but in any "
-"case you want to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably want to sell "
-"less of what you sold in the past."
+"So if this were still in the age of the printing press, I don't think I'd be "
+"complaining about copyright law. But the age of the printing press is "
+"gradually giving way to the age of the computer networks—another "
+"advance in copying technology that makes copying more efficient, and once "
+"again not uniformly so."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the "
-"time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it, "
-"the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You see "
-"copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the uses of a "
-"copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in recent times the "
-"publishers have been pushing to extend it further and further. Ending up "
-"most recently with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the "
-"US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World "
-"Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an organisation "
-"representing the owners of copyrights and patents and which works to try to "
-"increase their power, and pretends to be doing so in the name of humanity "
-"rather than in the name of these particular companies."
+"Here's what we had in the age of the printing press: mass production very "
+"efficient, one at a time copying still just as slow as the ancient world. "
+"Digital technology gets us here: they've both benefited, but one-off copying "
+"has benefited the most."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting activities "
-"that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no longer an "
-"industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. For another, "
-"because of this, you find the public's starting to object to it You know, "
-"when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that are natural in "
-"their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. Which means that "
-"copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why you see harsher and "
-"harsher punishments being adopted by governments that are basically serving "
-"the publishers rather than the public."
+"We get to a situation much more like the ancient world, where one at a time "
+"copying is not so much worse [i.e., harder] than mass production copying. "
+"It's a little bit less efficient, a little bit less good, but it's perfectly "
+"cheap enough that hundreds of millions of people do it. Consider how many "
+"people write CDs once in a while, even in poor countries. You may not have "
+"a CD-writer yourself, so you go to a store where you can do it."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still "
-"beneficial. Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable "
-"for us. Maybe the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made "
-"technology fit in well with the technology of the printing press make it fit "
-"badly with digital information technology. So, instead of like, charging the "
-"fee to cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a fee to cross a "
-"street. It's a big nuisance, because people cross the street all along the "
-"street, and making them pay is a pain in the neck."
+"This means that copyright no longer fits in with the technology as it used "
+"to. Even if the words of copyright law had not changed, they wouldn't have "
+"the same effect. Instead of an industrial regulation on publishers "
+"controlled by authors, with the benefits set up to go to the public, it is "
+"now a restriction on the general public, controlled mainly by the "
+"publishers, in the name of the authors."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "New kinds of copyright"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In other words, it's tyranny. It's intolerable and we can't allow it to "
+"continue this way."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law in "
-"order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? Well the "
-"extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't the only "
-"possible choice. There are various situations in which we could reduce the "
-"power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because there are various "
-"different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various "
-"situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent "
-"question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a "
-"question of “How long?”. Copyright used to be much shorter in "
-"its period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the "
-"past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of "
-"copyrights are planning to keep on extending copyrights so that they will "
-"never expire again. The US constitution says that “copyright must "
-"exist for a limited time” but the publishers have found a way around "
-"this: every twenty years they make copyright twenty years longer, and this "
-"way, no copyright will ever expire again. Now a thousand years from now, "
-"copyright might last for 1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright "
-"on Mickey Mouse can not expire."
+"As a result of this change, [copyright] is no longer easy to enforce, no "
+"longer uncontroversial, and no longer beneficial."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to extend "
-"copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the President "
-"too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if they just "
-"gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly to campaigns "
-"is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So they passed the "
-"Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sunny Bono was a "
-"congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which uses copyrights "
-"to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have their pet congressman "
-"and they pushed very hard for increased copyright powers."
+"It's no longer easy to enforce because now the publishers want to enforce it "
+"against each and every person, and to do this requires cruel measures, "
+"draconian punishments, invasions of privacy, abolition of our basic ideas of "
+"justice. There's almost no limit to how far they will propose to go to "
+"prosecute the War on Sharing."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they passed "
-"the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being challenged by "
-"the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that people hope to go "
-"to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old copyrights tossed out. In "
-"any case, there are all these different situations and questions where we "
-"could reduce the scope of copyright."
+"It's no longer uncontroversial. There are political parties in several "
+"countries whose basic platform is 'freedom to share'."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different "
-"contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at "
-"one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your "
-"friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, there's "
-"broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the website, there's "
-"handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and some of these "
-"things could be done either commercially or non-commercially. You know, you "
-"could imagine a company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine "
-"a school doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing "
-"it. Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same. So "
-"one way in we could reclaim the… in general though, the activities "
-"that are the most private are those that are most crucial to our freedom and "
-"our way of life, whereas the most public and commercial are those that are "
-"most useful for providing some sort of income for authors so it's a natural "
-"situation for a compromise in which the limits of copyright are put "
-"somewhere in the middle so that a substantial part of the activity still is "
-"covered and provides an income for authors, while the activities that are "
-"most directly relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And this "
-"is the sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things such as "
-"novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on. That at the very "
-"minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy with a "
-"friend. It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity that "
-"they have to start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh "
-"punishments. The only way basically to stop people in their private lives "
-"from sharing is with a police state, but public commercial activities can be "
-"regulated much more easily and much more painlessly."
+"It's no longer beneficial because the freedoms that we conceptually traded "
+"away (because we couldn't exercise them), we now can exercise. They're "
+"tremendously useful, and we want to exercise them."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of "
-"work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until today "
-"we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly alike "
-"except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. But there's "
-"no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the practical "
-"consequences. We can treat different kinds of works differently. I propose a "
-"classification broadly into three kinds of works: functional works, works "
-"that express personal position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "What would a democratic government do in this situation?"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; "
-"dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs "
-"done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, "
-"including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am going "
-"to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of functional "
-"works in the same way. So, this criterion of free… because it "
-"necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version this means we "
-"have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free software "
-"movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is supposedly "
-"the justification for society having copyright can happen in other ways. We "
-"don't have to give up these important freedoms to have progress. Now the "
-"publishers are always asking us to presuppose that their there is no way to "
-"get progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and the most important "
-"thing I think about the free software movement is to show them that their "
-"pre-supposition is unjustified."
+"It would reduce copyright power. It would say: “The trade we made on "
+"behalf of our citizens, trading away some of their freedom which now they "
+"need, is intolerable. We have to change this; we can't trade away the "
+"freedom that is important.” We can measure the sickness of democracy "
+"by the tendency of governments to do the exact opposite around the world, "
+"extending copyright power when they should reduce it."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress "
-"without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is that "
-"we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be "
-"dismissed. The public should not suppose that the only way to get progress "
-"is to have copyright but even for these kinds of works there can be some "
-"kinds of compromise copyright systems that are consistent with giving people "
-"the freedom to publish modified versions. Look, for example, at the GNU "
-"free documentation license, which is used to make a book free. It allows "
-"anyone to make and sell copies of a modified version, but it requires giving "
-"credit in certain ways to the original authors and publishers in a way that "
-"can give them a commercial advantage and thus I believe make it possible to "
-"have commercial publishing of free textbooks, and if this works people are "
-"just beginning to try it commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been "
-"selling lots of copies of various free books for almost fifteen years now "
-"and it's been successful for us. At this point though, commercial publishers "
-"are just beginning to try this particular approach, but I think that even "
-"for functional works where the freedom to publish modified works is "
-"essential, some kind of compromise copyright system can be worked out, which "
-"permits everyone that freedom."
+"One example is in the dimension of time. Around the world we see pressure "
+"to make copyright last longer and longer and longer."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, because "
-"the works are used differently. The second category of works is works that "
-"express someone's positions or views or experiences. For example, essays, "
-"offers to do business with people, statements of one's legal position, "
-"memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what you think or you "
-"want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant reviews are also in this "
-"category: it's expressing a personal opinion or position. Now for these "
-"kinds of works, making a modified version is not a useful thing to do. So I "
-"see no reason why people should need to have the freedom to publish modified "
-"versions of these works. Verbatim copying is the only thing that people need "
-"to have the freedom to do and because of this we can consider the idea that "
-"the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in some situations, for "
-"example if it were limited to non-commercial distribution that would be OK I "
-"think. Ordinary citizen's lives would no longer be restricted but publishers "
-"would still be covered by copyright for these things."
+"A wave of this started in the US in 1998. Copyright was extended by 20 "
+"years on both past and future works. I do not understand how they hope to "
+"convince the now dead or senile writers of the 20s and 30s to write more "
+"back then by extending copyright on their works now. If they have a time "
+"machine with which to inform them, they haven't used it. Our history books "
+"don't say that there was a burst of vigor in the arts in the 20s when all "
+"the artists found out that their copyrights would be extended in 1998."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[drinks water]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's theoretically conceivable that 20 years more copyright on future works "
+"would convince people to make more effort in producing those works. But not "
+"anyone rational, because the discounted present value of 20 more years of "
+"copyright starting 75 years in the future—if it's a work made for "
+"hire—and probably even longer if it's a work with an individual "
+"copyright holder, is so small it couldn't persuade any rational person to do "
+"anything different. Any business that wants to claim otherwise ought to "
+"present its projected balance sheets for 75 years in the future, which of "
+"course they can't do because none of them really looks that far ahead."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people to "
-"privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe it "
-"would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by copyright "
-"for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced me that that's "
-"not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots of people both "
-"want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not commercially "
-"redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then it's "
-"wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be acceptable I "
-"think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this work, because that "
-"would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't block the useful "
-"activities that people should be doing with these works."
+"The real reason for this law, the desire that prompted various companies to "
+"purchase this law in the US Congress, which is how laws are decided on for "
+"the most part, was they had lucrative monopolies and they wanted those "
+"monopolies to continue."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into this "
-"category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good thing to "
-"do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be distributed verbatim, "
-"so scientific papers should be freely redistributable by anyone because we "
-"should be encouraging their redistribution, and I hope you will never agree "
-"to publish a scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim "
-"redistribution on the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that."
+"For instance, Disney was aware that the first film in which Mickey Mouse "
+"appeared would go into the public domain in a few years, and then anybody "
+"would be free to draw that same character as part of other works. Disney "
+"didn't want that to happen. Disney borrows a lot from the public domain, "
+"but is determined never to give the slightest thing back. So Disney paid "
+"for this law, which we refer to as the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination of "
-"scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they are "
-"nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access and "
-"restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the "
-"enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of science, "
-"and this practice must come to an end."
+"The movie companies say they want perpetual copyright, but the US "
+"Constitution won't let them get that officially. So they came up with a way "
+"to get the same result unofficially: “perpetual copyright on the "
+"installment plan”. Every 20 years they extend copyright for 20 more "
+"years. So that at any given time, any given work has a date when it will "
+"supposedly fall into the public domain. But that date is like tomorrow, it "
+"never comes. By the time you get there they will have postponed it, unless "
+"we stop them next time."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose main "
-"use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many cases, "
-"typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. Now, "
-"they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and improve "
-"them, the way people have the need to do that with functional works. So it's "
-"a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the freedom to publish "
-"modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one hand you have authors "
-"with a lot of ego attachment saying"
+"That's one dimension, the dimension of duration. But even more important is "
+"the dimension of breadth: which uses of the work does copyright cover?"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the age of the printing press, copyright wasn't supposed to cover all "
+"uses of a copyrighted work, because copyright regulated certain uses that "
+"were the exceptions in a broader space of unregulated uses. There were "
+"certain things you were simply allowed to do with your copy of a book."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "“Oh this is my creation.”"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now the publishers have got the idea that they can turn our computers "
+"against us, and use them to seize total power over all use of published "
+"works. They want to set up a pay-per-view universe. They're doing it with "
+"DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)—the intentional features of "
+"software that's designed to restrict the user. And often the computer "
+"itself is designed to restrict the user."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[Back to Boston]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The first way in which the general public saw this was in DVDs. A movie on "
+"a DVD was usually encrypted, and the format was secret. The DVD conspiracy "
+"kept this secret because they said anyone that wants to make DVD players has "
+"to join the conspiracy, promise to keep the format secret, and promise to "
+"design the DVD players to restrict the users according to the rules, which "
+"say it has to stop the user from doing this, from doing that, from doing "
+"that—a precise set of requirements, all of which are malicious towards "
+"us."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand you "
-"have the folk process which shows that a series of people sequentially "
-"modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then comparing versions can "
-"produce something tremendously rich, and not only beautiful songs and short "
-"poems, but even long epics have been produced in this way, and there was a "
-"time back before the mystique of the artist as creator, semi-divine figure "
-"was so powerful when even great writers reworked stories that had been "
-"written by others. Some of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that "
-"were taken from other plays written often a few decades before. If today's "
-"copyright laws had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote "
-"pirate unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would "
-"have had the other authors saying"
+"It worked for a while, but then some people figured out the secret format, "
+"and published free software capable of reading the movie on a DVD and "
+"playing it. Then the publishers said “since we can't actually stop "
+"them, we have to make it a crime”. And they started that in the US in "
+"1998 with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which imposed censorship on "
+"software capable of doing such jobs."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So that particular piece of free software was the subject of a court case. "
+"Its distribution in the US is forbidden; the US practices censorship of "
+"software."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly make "
-"it better.“"
+"The movie companies are well aware that they can't really make that program "
+"disappear—it's easy enough to find it. So they designed another "
+"encryption system, which they hoped would be harder to break, and it's "
+"called AACS, or the axe."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The AACS conspiracy makes precise rules about all players. For instance, in "
+"2011 it's going to be forbidden to make analog video outputs. So all video "
+"outputs will have to be digital, and they will carry the signal encrypted "
+"into a monitor specially designed to keep secrets from the user. That is "
+"malicious hardware. They say that the purpose of this is to “close "
+"the analog hole”. I'll show you a couple of analog holes (Stallman "
+"takes off his glasses): here's one and here's another, that they'd like to "
+"poke out permanently."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I am "
-"not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these "
-"aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in "
-"music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, "
-"but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask permission "
-"to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these works, either "
-"modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might have to pay some "
-"money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about "
-"publishing modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an "
-"answer that I'm fully satisfied with."
+"How do I know about these conspiracies? The reason is they're not "
+"secret—they have websites. The AACS website proudly describes the "
+"contracts that manufacturers have to sign, which is how I know about this "
+"requirement. It proudly states the names of the companies that have "
+"established this conspiracy, which include Microsoft and Apple, and Intel, "
+"and Sony, and Disney, and IBM."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A conspiracy of companies designed to restrict the public's access to "
+"technology ought to be prosecuted as a serious crime, like a conspiracy to "
+"fix prices, except it's worse, so the prison sentences for this should be "
+"longer. But these companies are quite confident that our governments are on "
+"their side against us. They have no fear against being prosecuted for these "
+"conspiracies, which is why they don't bother to hide them."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so fast "
-"you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind of "
-"category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that the game "
-"engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic."
+"In general DRM is set up by a conspiracy of companies. Once in a while a "
+"single company can do it, but generally it requires a conspiracy between "
+"technology companies and publishers, so [it's] almost always a conspiracy."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"They thought that nobody would ever be able to break the AACS, but about "
+"three and a half years ago someone released a free program capable of "
+"decrypting that format. However, it was totally useless, because in order "
+"to run it you need to know the key."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The specific "
-"pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas the software "
-"for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that if they combine "
-"the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing then the software "
-"should be treated as functional, but if they're willing to separate the "
-"engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to say, well the engine "
-"is functional but the scenario is aesthetic."
+"And then, six months later, I saw a photo of two adorable puppies, with 32 "
+"hex digits above them, and I wondered: “Why put those two things "
+"together? I wonder if those numbers are some important key, and someone "
+"could have put the numbers together with the puppies, figuring people would "
+"copy the photo of the puppies because they were so cute. This would protect "
+"the key from being wiped out.”"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Copyright: possible solutions"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And that's what it was—that was the key to break the axe. People "
+"posted it, and editors deleted it, because laws in many countries now "
+"conscript them to censor this information. It was posted again, they "
+"deleted it; eventually they gave up, and in two weeks this number was posted "
+"in over 700,000 web sites."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in "
-"publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today in "
-"the US most books that are published are out of print within three "
-"years. They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that there's "
-"not real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's ridiculous. In "
-"fact, it's clear that ten year copyright would be sufficient to keep the "
-"activity of publishing going. But it should be ten years from date of "
-"publication, but it would make sense to allow an additional period before "
-"publication which could even be longer than ten years which as you see, as "
-"long as the book has not been published the copyright on it is not "
-"restricting the public. It's basically just giving the author to have it "
-"published eventually but I think that once the book is published copyright "
-"should run for some ten years or so, then that's it."
+"That's a big outpouring of public disgust with DRM. But it didn't win the "
+"war, because the publishers changed the key. Not only that: with HD DVD, "
+"this was adequate to break the DRM, but not with Blu-ray. Blu-ray has an "
+"additional level of DRM and so far there is no free software that can break "
+"it, which means that you must regard Blu-ray disks as something incompatible "
+"with your own freedom. They are an enemy with which no accommodation is "
+"possible, at least not with our present level of knowledge."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all "
-"writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's "
-"ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was an "
-"awardwinning science fiction writer who was complaining about the difficulty "
-"of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words are leaking into "
-"my English, of, of regaining the rights from the publisher who'd let his "
-"books go out of print for practical purposes but was dragging his heels "
-"about obeying the contract, which says that when the book is out of print "
-"the rights revert to the author."
+"Never accept any product designed to attack your freedom. If you don't have "
+"the free software to play a DVD, you mustn't buy or rent any DVDs, or accept "
+"them even as gifts, except for the rare non-encrypted DVDs, which there are "
+"a few of. I actually have a few [of these]—I don't have any encrypted "
+"DVDs, I won't take them."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always "
-"demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along a "
-"few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that they can "
-"get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that the power is "
-"really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not famous and are not "
-"rich and have no particular clout are being treated horribly by the "
-"publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I recommend all of you to "
-"read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon magazine right?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "So this is how things stand in video, but we've also seen DRM in music."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, about ten years ago we started to see things that looked like "
+"compact disks, but they weren't written quite like compact disks. They "
+"didn't follow the standard. We called them 'corrupt disks', and the idea of "
+"them was that they would play in an audio player, but it was impossible to "
+"read them on a computer. These different methods had various problems."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies quote "
-"pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In any case we "
-"can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various lengths, we could "
-"see, we could find out empirically what length of copyright is needed to "
-"keep publication vigourous. I would say that since almost books are out of "
-"print by ten years, clearly ten years should be long enough. But it doesn't "
-"have to be the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some aspects "
-"of copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to sell all "
-"the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You know, that's "
-"so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is limited to one company in "
-"most cases. Maybe the copyright on the movies themselves, maybe that's "
-"legitimate for that to last twenty years. Meanwhile for software, I suspect "
-"that a three year copyright would be enough. you see if each version of the "
-"programme remains copyrighted for three years after its release well, unless "
-"the company is in real bad trouble they should have a new version before "
-"those three years are up and there will be a lot of people who will want to "
-"use the newer version, so if older versions are all becoming free software "
-"automatically, the company would still have a business with the newer "
-"version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, because it is a system in "
-"which not all software is free, but it might be an acceptable compromise, "
-"after all, if we had to wait three years in some cases for programs to "
-"become free… well, that's no disaster. To be using three years old "
-"software is not a disaster."
+"Eventually Sony came up with a clever idea. They put a program on the disk, "
+"so that if you stuck the disk into a computer, the disk would install the "
+"program. This program was designed like a virus to take control of the "
+"system. It's called a 'root kit', meaning that it has things in it to break "
+"the security of the system so that it can install the software deep inside "
+"the system, and modify various parts of the system."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour "
-"feature creep?"
+"For instance, it modified the command you could use to examine the system to "
+"see if the software was present, so as to disguise itself. It modified the "
+"command you could use to delete some of these files, so that it wouldn't "
+"really delete them. Now all of this is a serious crime, but it's not the "
+"only one Sony committed, because the software also included free software "
+"code—code that had been released under the GNU General Public License."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side "
-"issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system "
-"encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present "
-"system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in "
-"activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also encourages "
-"a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I would say."
+"Now the GNU GPL is a copyleft license, and that means it says “Yes, "
+"you're free to put this code into other things, but when you do, the entire "
+"program that you put things into you must release as free software under the "
+"same license. And you must make the source code available to users, and to "
+"inform them of their rights you must give them a copy of this license when "
+"they get the software.”"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws for "
-"three would be that you wouldn't get the sources."
+"Sony didn't comply with all that. That's commercial copyright infringement, "
+"which is a felony. They're both felonies, but Sony wasn't prosecuted "
+"because the government understands that the purpose of the government and "
+"the law is to maintain the power of those companies over us, not to help "
+"defend our freedom in any way."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a law "
-"that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code must be "
-"deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. So it "
-"could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and I think "
-"other countries have similar institutions where copies of published books "
-"get placed, and they could also received the source code and after three "
-"years, publish it. And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to "
-"the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds "
-"then they ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is "
-"published initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there "
-"says alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if "
-"produces the same executables and uh."
+"People got angry and they sued Sony. However, they made a mistake. They "
+"focused their condemnation not on the evil purpose of this scheme, but only "
+"on the secondary evils of the various methods that Sony used. So Sony "
+"settled the lawsuits and promised that in the future, when it attacks our "
+"freedom, it will not do those other things."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software
free."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, that particular corrupt disk scheme was not so bad, because if you "
+"were not using Windows it would not affect you at all. Even if you were "
+"using Windows, there's a key on the keyboard—if you remembered every "
+"time to hold it down, then the disk wouldn't install the software. But of "
+"course it's hard to remember that every time; you're going to slip up some "
+"day. This shows the kind of thing we've had to deal with."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately music DRM is receding. Even the main record companies sell "
+"downloads without DRM. But we see a renewed effort to impose DRM on books."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It "
-"wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they "
-"might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making software "
-"free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a more complex "
-"situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply abolished from "
-"software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft to protect the free "
-"status of a program but meanwhile the software privateers could use other "
-"methods—contracts or withholding the source to make software "
-"proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release a free program some greedy "
-"bastard could make a modified version and publish just the binaries and make "
-"people sign non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer have a "
-"way to stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all software that "
-"was published had to be free we would have to do it in some more complex "
-"way, not just by turning copyright for software."
+"You see, the publishers want to take away the traditional freedoms of book "
+"readers—freedom to do things such as borrow a book from the public "
+"library, or lend it to a friend; to sell a book to a used book store, or buy "
+"it anonymously paying cash (which is the only way I buy books—we've "
+"got to resist the temptations to let Big Brother know everything that we're "
+"doing.)"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and the "
-"various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw the "
-"line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for making use "
-"of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some kind of fairly "
-"painless kind of copyright for general public that is still of benefit to "
-"authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright system to the circumstances "
-"where we find it we find ourselves and have a system that doesn't require "
-"putting people in prison for years because they shared with their friends, "
-"but still does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also I "
-"believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of "
-"facilitating authors making money. For example, suppose that verbatim "
-"redistribution of a work is permitted and suppose that the work comes with "
-"something, so that when you are playing with it or reading it, there is a "
-"box on the side that says “click here to send one dollar to the "
-"authors or the musicians or whatever” I think that in the wealthier "
-"parts of the world a lot of people will send it because people often really "
-"love the authors and musicians that made the things that they like to read "
-"and listen to. And the interesting thing is that the royalty that they get "
-"now is such a small fraction that if you pay twenty dollars for something "
-"they're probably not getting more than one anyway."
+"Even the freedom to keep the book as long as you wish, and read it as many "
+"times as you wish, they plan to get rid of."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing will "
-"be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping the "
-"author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons to send "
-"them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people don't just "
-"send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck to do "
-"it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you going to mail "
-"the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which might not be "
-"easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which makes it efficient "
-"to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into all the copies, and "
-"then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to work well. It may take "
-"five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a cultural "
-"thing, you know, at first people might find it a little surprising but once "
-"it gets normal people would become accustomed to sending the money, and it "
-"wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what it costs to buy books today."
+"The way they do it is with DRM. They knew that so many people read books "
+"and would get angry if these freedoms were taken away that they didn't "
+"believe they could buy a law specifically to abolish these "
+"freedoms—there would be too much opposition. Democracy is sick, but "
+"once in a while people manage to demand something. So they came up with a "
+"two-stage plan."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First, take away these freedoms from ebooks, and second, convince people to "
+"switch from paper books to ebooks. They've succeeded with stage 1."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe "
-"aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work for "
-"the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person after "
-"another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the boxes "
-"point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's easy to do "
-"this when the work was published just once, by a certain author, or certain "
-"group of authors, and they can just agree together what they're going to do "
-"and click on the box, if no-one is publishing modified versions then every "
-"copy will contain the same box with the same URL directing money to the same "
-"people but when you have different version which have been worked on by "
-"different people there's no simple automatic way of working out who ought to "
-"get what fraction of what users donate for this version or that "
-"version. It's philosophically hard to decide how important each contribution "
-"is, and all the obvious ways of trying to measure it are <em>[emphasis]</em> "
-"obviously <em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases, they're obviously "
-"closing their eyes to some important part of the facts so I think that this "
-"kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody is free to publish "
-"modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it is not crucial to "
-"have the freedom to publish modified versions then this solution can be "
-"applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment system to "
-"base it on."
+"In the US they did it with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and in New "
+"Zealand, that was part of the year-ago Copyright Act; censorship on software "
+"that can break DRM was part of that law. That's an unjust provision; it's "
+"got to be repealed."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who "
-"commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a modified "
-"version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with the "
-"original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to those "
-"works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be some "
-"standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I think in "
-"some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in some way "
-"publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be possible still "
-"to have this kind of voluntary payment system."
+"The second stage is convince people to switch from printed books to ebooks; "
+"that didn't go so well."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary payment "
-"systems. I heard of something called the street performer's protocol. I "
-"don't know the details of it. And I believe there is something called "
-"GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</em> I believe the "
-"people there are trying to set up something more or less like this. I think "
-"that what they are hoping to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make "
-"to various different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it "
-"gets to be big enough so that it's efficient. Whether those kind of systems "
-"work smoothly enough in practice that they'll get going is not clear, and "
-"whether they will become adopted widely enough for them to become a normal "
-"cultural practice is not clear. It may be that in order for these voluntary "
-"payments to truly catch on we need to have some kind of… you need to "
-"see the idea everywhere in order to… “Yeah, I outta pay“ "
-"once in a while. We'll see."
+"One publisher in 2001 had the idea they would make their line of ebooks "
+"really popular if they started it with my biography. So they found an "
+"author and the author asked me if I'd cooperate, and I said “Only if "
+"this ebook is published without encryption, without DRM”. The "
+"publisher wouldn't go along with that, and I just stuck to it—I said "
+"no. Eventually we found another publisher who was willing to do "
+"this—in fact willing to publish the book under a free license giving "
+"you the four freedoms—so the book was then published, and sold a lot "
+"of copies on paper."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at for "
-"example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by donations from "
-"listeners, you have I believe, millions of people donating, I'm not sure how "
-"many exactly but there are many public radio stations which are supported by "
-"their listeners and they seem to be finding it easier to get donations as "
-"time goes on. Ten years ago they would have maybe six weeks of the year "
-"when they were spending most of their time asking people “Please send "
-"some money, don't you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours "
-"a day, and now a lot of them have found that they can raise the "
-"contributions by sending people mail who sent them donations in the past, "
-"and they don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations."
+"But in any case, ebooks failed at the beginning of this decade. People just "
+"didn't want to read them very much. And I said, “they will try "
+"again”. We saw an amazing number of news articles about electronic "
+"ink (or is it electronic paper, I can never remember which), and it occurred "
+"to me probably the reason there's so many is the publishers want us to think "
+"about this. They want us to be eager for the next generation of ebook "
+"readers."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is a "
-"worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it that "
-"are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works whose "
-"developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital technology is "
-"providing us with solutions to the problem as well as creating a context "
-"where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end of this talk, and are "
-"there questions?"
+"Now they're upon us. Things like the Sony Shreader (its official name is "
+"the Sony Reader, but if you put on 'sh' it explains what it's designed to do "
+"to your books), and the Amazon Swindle, designed to swindle you out of your "
+"traditional freedoms without your noticing. Of course, they call it the "
+"Kindle which is what it's going to do to your books."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Questions and discussion"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The Kindle is an extremely malicious product, almost as malicious as "
+"Microsoft Windows. They both have spy features, they both have Digital "
+"Restrictions Management, and they both have back doors."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the case of the Kindle, the only way you can buy a book is to buy it from "
+"Amazon, and Amazon requires you to identify yourself, so they know "
+"everything that you've bought."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Then there is Digital Restrictions Management, so you can't lend the book or "
+"sell it to a used bookstore, and the library can't lend it either."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie "
-"will permit me to accept a few questions."
+"And then there's the back door, which we found out about about three months "
+"ago, because Amazon used it. Amazon sent a command to all the Kindles to "
+"erase a particular book, namely 1984 by George Orwell. Yes, they couldn't "
+"have picked a more ironic book to erase. So that's how we know that Amazon "
+"has a back door with which it can erase books remotely."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of your "
-"three categories will a work fit?"
+"What else it can do, who knows? Maybe it's like Microsoft Windows. Maybe "
+"Amazon can remotely upgrade the software, which means that whatever "
+"malicious things are not in it now, they could put them in it tomorrow."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of "
-"deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect judges "
-"can tell a novel when they see one too."
+"This is intolerable—any one of these restrictions is intolerable. "
+"They want to create a world where nobody lends books to anybody anymore."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of "
-"encryption devices with copyrighted materials?"
+"Imagine that you visit a friend and there are no books on the shelf. It's "
+"not that your friend doesn't read, but his books are all inside a device, "
+"and of course he can't lend you those books. The only way he could lend you "
+"any one of those books is to lend you his whole library, which is obviously "
+"a ridiculous thing to ask anybody to do. So there goes friendship for "
+"people who love books."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of "
-"controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various "
-"encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from "
-"copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really they "
-"all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and without those "
-"laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so they are all "
-"based on direct government intervention to stop people from copying and I "
-"object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those media. If as a "
-"practical matter the means to copy something are not available to me I won't "
-"buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either."
+"Make sure that you inform people what this device implies. It means other "
+"readers will no longer be your friends, because you will be acting like a "
+"jerk toward them. Spread the word preemptively. This device is your "
+"enemy. It's the enemy of everyone who reads. The people who don't "
+"recognize that are the people who are thinking so short-term that they don't "
+"see it. It's our job to help them see beyond the momentary convenience to "
+"the implications of this device."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the "
-"media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup purpose"
+"I have nothing against distributing books in digital form, if they are not "
+"designed to take away our freedom. Strictly speaking, it is possible to "
+"have an ebook reader:"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "that is not designed to attack you,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which runs free software and not proprietary software,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't have DRM,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't make people identify yourself to get a book,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't have a back door, [and]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid "which doesn't restrict what you can do with the files on your machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well until 2 "
-"years ago."
+"It's possible, but the big companies really pushing ebooks are doing it to "
+"attack our freedom, and we mustn't stand for that. This is what governments "
+"are doing in cahoots with big business to attack our freedom, by making "
+"copyright harsher and nastier, more restrictive than ever before."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in "
-"France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a mouse…"
+"But what should they do? Governments should make copyright power less. Here "
+"are my specific proposals."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First of all, there is the dimension of time. I propose copyright should "
+"last ten years, starting from the date of publication of a work."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Why from the date of publication? Because before that, we don't have "
+"copies. It doesn't matter to us whether we would have been allowed to copy "
+"our copies that we don't have, so I figure we might as well let the authors "
+"have as much time as it takes to arrange publication, and then start the "
+"clock."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to "
-"challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how "
-"would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, "
-"“They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it is "
-"an invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the distributor is "
-"in the US. French law about what is a valid contract couldn't be used to "
-"stop them in the US. On the other hand you could also say “I signed "
-"this contract but it's not valid in France so I am publicly disobeying, and "
-"I challenge them to sue me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if "
-"you're right and the laws are not valid in France then the case would get "
-"thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know "
-"whether, what its effects politically would be. I know that there was just a "
-"couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe to prohibit some kind of "
-"private copying of music, and the record companies trotted out some famous "
-"very popular musicians to push for this law and they got it, so it's clear "
-"that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's possible that they will "
-"get more, just pass another law to change this. We have to think about the "
-"political strategy for building the constituency to resist such changes and "
-"the actions we take should be designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no "
-"expert on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's what people should "
-"think about."
+"But why ten years? I don't know about in this country, but in the US, the "
+"publication cycle has got shorter and shorter. Nowadays almost all books "
+"are remaindered within two years and out-of-print within three. So ten "
+"years is more than three times the usual publication cycle—that should "
+"be plenty comfortable."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private correspondence?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But not everybody agrees. I once proposed this in a panel discussion with "
+"fiction writers, and the award-winning fantasy writer next to me said "
+"“Ten years? No way. Anything more than five years is "
+"intolerable.” You see, he had a legal dispute with his publisher. His "
+"books seemed to be out of print, but the publisher wouldn't admit it. The "
+"publisher was using the copyright on his own book to stop him from "
+"distributing copies himself, which he wanted to do so people could read it."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em> publishing "
-"<em>[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different issue."
+"This is what every artist starts out wanting—wanting to distribute her "
+"work so it will get read and appreciated. Very few make a lot of money. "
+"That tiny fraction face the danger of being morally corrupted, like "
+"J.K. Rowling."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody, that's "
-"automatically under my copyright."
+"J.K. Rowling, in Canada, got an injunction against people who had bought her "
+"book in a bookstore, ordering them not to read it. So in response I call "
+"for a boycott of Harry Potter books. But I don't say you shouldn't read "
+"them; I leave that to the author and the publisher. I just say you "
+"shouldn't buy them."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely irrelevant "
-"actually."
+"It's few authors that make enough money that they can be corrupted in this "
+"way. Most of them don't get anywhere near that, and continue wanting the "
+"same thing they wanted at the outset: they want their work to be "
+"appreciated."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to publish "
-"it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright."
+"He wanted to distribute his own book, and copyright was stopping him. He "
+"realized that more than five years of copyright was unlikely to ever do him "
+"any good."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents and "
-"I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice in "
-"that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue him "
-"and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my threat is "
-"copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it would even be "
-"upheld."
+"If people would rather have copyright last five years, I won't be against "
+"it. I propose ten as a first stab at the problem. Let's reduce it to ten "
+"years and then take stock for a while, and we could adjust it after that. I "
+"don't say I think ten years is the exact right number—I don't know."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to "
-"correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private."
+"What about the dimension of breadth? Which activities should copyright "
+"cover? I distinguish three broad categories of works."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then "
-"that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be "
-"linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's another "
-"talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake for "
-"copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations are "
-"completely different from the ethics of published works and so they should "
-"be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different."
+"First of all, there are the functional works that you use to do a practical "
+"job in your life. This includes software, recipes, educational works, "
+"reference works, text fonts, and other things you can think of. These works "
+"should be free."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the only redress "
-"one has is copyright…"
+"If you use the work to do a job in your life, then if you can't change the "
+"work to suit you, you don't control your life. Once you have changed the "
+"work to suit you, then you've got to be free to publish it—publish "
+"your version—because there will be others who will want the changes "
+"you've made."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people have "
-"agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In Europe "
-"there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a right to "
-"force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force him to "
-"paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did."
+"This leads quickly to the conclusion that users have to have the same four "
+"freedoms [for all functional works], not just for software. And you'll "
+"notice that for recipes, practically speaking, cooks are always sharing and "
+"changing recipes just as if the recipes were free. Imagine how people would "
+"react if the government tried to stamp out so-called 'recipe piracy'."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at either end "
-"are both in reasonable agreement."
+"The term 'pirate' is pure propaganda. When people ask me what I think of "
+"music piracy, I say “As far as I know, when pirates attack they don't "
+"do it by playing instruments badly, they do it with arms. So it's not music "
+"'piracy', because piracy is attacking ships, and sharing is as far as you "
+"get from being the moral equivalent of attacking ships”. Attacking "
+"ships is bad, sharing with other people is good, so we should firmly "
+"denounce that propaganda term 'piracy' whenever we hear it."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only "
-"recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper is "
-"he?"
+"People might have objected twenty years ago: “If we don't give up our "
+"freedom, if we don't let the publishers of these works control us, the works "
+"won't get made and that will be a horrible disaster.” Now, looking at "
+"the free software community, and all the recipes that circulate, and "
+"reference works like Wikipedia—we are even starting to see free "
+"textbooks being published—we know that that fear is misguided."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about "
-"interception."
+"There is no need to despair and give up our freedom thinking that otherwise "
+"the works won't get made. There are lots of ways to encourage them to get "
+"made if we want more—lots of ways that are consistent with and respect "
+"our freedom. In this category, they should all be free."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… "
-"<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the first "
-"time you mentioned interception…"
+"But what about the second category, of works that say what certain people "
+"thought, like memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific papers, and various "
+"other things? To publish a modified version of somebody else's statement of "
+"what he thought is misrepresenting [that] somebody. That's not particularly "
+"a contribution to society."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore it is workable and acceptable to have a somewhat reduced copyright "
+"system where all commercial use is covered by copyright, all modification is "
+"covered by copyright, but everyone is free to non-commercially redistribute "
+"exact copies."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That freedom is the minimum freedom we must establish for all published "
+"works, because the denial of that freedom is what creates the War on "
+"Sharing—what creates the vicious propaganda that sharing is theft, "
+"that sharing is like being a pirate and attacking ships. Absurdities, but "
+"absurdities backed by a lot of money that has corrupted our governments. We "
+"need to end the War on Sharing; we need to legalize sharing exact copies of "
+"any published work."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you "
-"before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh how "
-"can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a waffle "
-"iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other."
+"In the second category of works, that's all we need; we don't need to make "
+"them free. Therefore I think it's OK to have a reduced copyright system "
+"which covers commercial use and all modifications. And this will provide a "
+"revenue stream to the authors in more or less the same (usually inadequate) "
+"way as the present system. You've got to keep in mind [that] the present "
+"system, except for superstars, is usually totally inadequate."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What about works of art and entertainment? Here it took me a while to decide "
+"what to think about modifications."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in "
-"trade secrets?]</em>"
+"You see, on one hand, a work of art can have an artistic integrity and "
+"modifying it could destroy that. Of course, copyright doesn't necessarily "
+"stop works from being butchered that way. Hollywood does it all the time. "
+"On the other hand, modifying the work can be a contribution to art. It "
+"makes possible the folk process which leads to things which are beautiful "
+"and rich."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very ominous "
-"and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant that you "
-"wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and later on it "
-"was something that was done within a business telling just a few people "
-"something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, it's turning into "
-"something where the public in general is becoming conscripted into keeping "
-"secrets for business even if they have never agreed in any way to keep these "
-"secrets and that's a pressure. So those who pretend that trade secrecy is "
-"just carrying out some natural right of theirs; that's just not true any "
-"more. They're getting explicit government help in forcing other people to "
-"keep their secrets. And we might want to consider whether non-disclosure "
-"agreements should in general be considered legitimate contracts because of "
-"the anti-social nature of trade secrecy it shouldn't be considered automatic "
-"that just because somebody has promised to keep a secret that that means "
-"it's binding."
+"Even if we look at named authors only: consider Shakespeare, who borrowed "
+"stories from other works only a few decades old, and did them in different "
+"ways, and made important works of literature. If today's copyright law had "
+"existed then, that would have been forbidden and those plays wouldn't have "
+"been written."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be. If "
-"there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should "
-"invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed with "
-"customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business supplies "
-"secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its customers, "
-"no."
+"But eventually I realized that modifying a work of art can be a contribution "
+"to art, but it's not desperately urgent in most cases. If you had to wait "
+"ten years for the copyright to expire, you could wait that long. Not like "
+"the present-day copyright that makes you wait maybe 75 years, or 95 years. "
+"In Mexico you might have to wait almost 200 years in some cases, because "
+"copyright in Mexico expires a hundred years after the author dies. This is "
+"insane, but ten years, as I've proposed copyright should last, that people "
+"can wait."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start "
-"anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be "
-"bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe it "
-"still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure."
+"So I propose the same partly reduced copyright that covers commercial use "
+"and modification, but everyone's got to be free to non-commercially "
+"redistribute exact copies. After ten years it goes into the public domain, "
+"and people can contribute to art by publishing their modified versions."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"One other thing: if you're going to take little pieces out of a bunch of "
+"works and rearrange them into something totally different, that should just "
+"be legal, because the purpose of copyright is to promote art, not to "
+"obstruct art. It's stupid to apply copyright to using snippets like "
+"that—it's self-defeating. It's a kind of distortion that you'd only "
+"get when the government is under the control of the publishers of the "
+"existing successful works, and has totally lost sight of its intended "
+"purpose."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's what I propose, and in particular, this means that sharing copies on "
+"the Internet must be legal. Sharing is good. Sharing builds the bonds of "
+"society. To attack sharing is to attack society."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So any time the government proposes some new means to attack people who "
+"share, to stop them from sharing, we have to recognize that this is evil, "
+"not just because the means proposed almost invariably offend basic ideas of "
+"justice (but that's not a coincidence). The reason is because the purpose "
+"is evil. Sharing is good and the government should encourage sharing."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But copyright did after all have a useful purpose. Copyright as a means to "
+"carry out that purpose has a problem now, because it doesn't fit in with the "
+"technology we use. It interferes with all the vital freedoms for all the "
+"readers, listeners, viewers, and whatever, but the goal of promoting the "
+"arts is still desirable. So in addition to the partly reduced copyright "
+"system, which would continue to be a copyright system, I propose two other "
+"methods."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another "
-"supplier?"
+"One is taxes—distribute tax money directly to artists. This could be "
+"a special tax, perhaps on Internet connectivity, or it could come from "
+"general revenue, because it won't be that much money in total, not if it's "
+"distributed in an efficient way. To distribute it efficiently to promote "
+"the arts means not in linear proportion to popularity. It should be based "
+"on popularity, because we don't want bureaucrats to have the discretion to "
+"decide which artists to support and which to ignore, but based on popularity "
+"does not imply linear proportion."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What I propose is measure the popularity of the various artists, which you "
+"could do through polling (samples) in which nobody is required to "
+"participate, and then take the cube root. The cube root looks like this: it "
+"means basically that [the payment] tapers off after a while."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If superstar A is a thousand times as popular as successful artist B, with "
+"this system A would get ten times as much money as B, not a thousand times."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the "
-"scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one "
-"official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain "
-"copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have "
-"internet access."
+"Linearly would give A a thousand times as much as B, which means that if we "
+"wanted B to get enough to live on we're going to have to make A tremendously "
+"rich. This is wasteful use of the tax money—it shouldn't be done."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals where "
-"it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access unless "
-"you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should all start "
-"opening up access on the web."
+"But if we make it taper off, then yes, each superstar will get handsomely "
+"more than an ordinary successful artist, but the total of all the superstars "
+"will be a small fraction of the [total] money. Most of the money will go to "
+"support a large number of fairly successful artists, fairly appreciated "
+"artists, fairly popular artists. Thus the system will use money a lot more "
+"efficiently than the existing system."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance of "
-"copyright on the public when you basically don't interfere with providing "
-"free access on the web."
+"The existing system is regressive. It actually gives far, far more per "
+"record, for instance, to a superstar than to anybody else. The money is "
+"extremely badly used. The result is we'd actually be paying a lot less this "
+"way. I hope that's enough to mollify some of these people who have a "
+"knee-jerk hostile reaction to taxes—one that I don't share, because I "
+"believe in a welfare state."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are "
-"essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should "
-"also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim copies "
-"of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get lost. "
-"Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, natural "
-"disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic disasters, "
-"fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that one site to "
-"disappear. So really what the scholarly community should logically be doing "
-"is carefully arranging to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure "
-"that every paper is available on every continent, from places near the ocean "
-"to places that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing "
-"that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not being "
-"stopped."
+"I have another suggestion which is voluntary payments. Suppose every player "
+"had a button you could push to send a dollar to the artist who made the work "
+"you're currently playing or the last one you played. This money would be "
+"delivered anonymously to those artists. I think a lot of people would push "
+"that button fairly often."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step "
-"further. In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should be "
-"saying, everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have to do "
-"the whole publication of this journal, together with our advertisements, now "
-"that would still at least do the job of making the availability redundant so "
-"that it's not in danger, and other institutions would set up mirror sites, "
-"and I predict that you would find ten years down the road, a very well "
-"organised unofficial system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that "
-"nothing was getting left out. At this point the amount that it costs to set "
-"up the mirror site for years of a journal is so little that it doesn't "
-"require any special funding; nobody has to work very hard: just let "
-"librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was some other thing that this raised and "
-"I can't remember what it is. Oh well, I'll just have to let it go."
+"For instance, all of us could afford to push that button once every day, and "
+"we wouldn't miss that much money. It's not that much money for us, I'm "
+"pretty sure. Of course, there are poor people who couldn't afford to push "
+"it ever, and it's OK if they don't. We don't need to squeeze money out of "
+"poor people to support the artists. There are enough people who are not "
+"poor to do the job just fine. I'm sure you're aware that a lot of people "
+"really love certain art and are really happy to support the artists."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical "
-"works… do you think the dynamics could be… "
-"<em>[inaudible]</em> although I understand the problems of… I mean "
-"who's contributing? and who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free "
-"software <em>[inaudible]</em>"
+"An idea just came to me. The player could also give you a certificate of "
+"having supported so-and-so, and it could even count up how many times you "
+"had done it and give you a certificate that says “I sent so much to "
+"these artists”. There are various ways we could encourage people who "
+"want to do it."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to "
-"people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to get "
-"there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know how we "
-"can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get governments to do "
-"their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of world where the "
-"public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I think the first "
-"thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and the views that "
-"go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and say this is "
-"propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published works with "
-"each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing with your "
-"friend is more important than how much money these companies get. The "
-"society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies. We have to keep "
-"on… because you see the idea that they've spread—that anything "
-"that reduces their income is immoral and therefore people must be restricted "
-"in any way it takes to guarantee for them to be paid for everything… "
-"that is the fundamental thing that we have to start attacking "
-"directly. People have mostly tried tactics of concentrating on secondary "
-"issues, you know, to when people, you know when the publishers demand "
-"increased power usually people saying it will cause some secondary kind of "
-"harm and arguing based on that but you rarely find anybody (except me) "
-"saying that the whole point of the change is wrong, that it's wrong to "
-"restrict it in that way, that it's legitimate for people to want to change "
-"copies and that they should be allowed to. We have to have more of this. We "
-"have to start cutting the root of their dominion not just hacking away at a "
-"few leaves."
+"For instance, we could have a PR campaign which is friendly and kind: "
+"“Have you sent a dollar to some artists today? Why not? It's only a "
+"dollar—you'll never miss it and don't you love what they're doing? "
+"Push the button!” It will make people feel good, and they'll think "
+"“Yeah, I love what I just watched. I'll send a dollar.”"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to "
-"concentrate on the donations system for music."
+"This is already starting to work to some extent. There's a Canadian singer "
+"who used to be called Jane Siberry. She put her music on her website and "
+"invited people to download it and pay whatever amount they wished. She "
+"reported getting an average of more than a dollar per copy, which is "
+"interesting because the major record companies charge just under a dollar "
+"per copy. By letting people decide whether and how much to pay, she got "
+"more—she got even more per visitor who was actually downloading "
+"something. But this might not even count whether there was an effect of "
+"bringing more people to come, and [thus] increasing the total number that "
+"this average was against."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents covering "
-"the technique that seems most likely to be usable."
+"So it can work, but it's a pain in the neck under present circumstances. "
+"You've got to have a credit card to do it, and that means you can't do it "
+"anonymously. And you've got to go find where you're going to pay, and the "
+"payment systems for small amounts, they're not very efficient, so the "
+"artists are only getting half of it. If we set up a good system for this, "
+"it would work far, far better."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "So these are my two suggestions."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it."
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And in mecenatglobal.org, you can find another scheme that combines aspects "
+"of the two, which was invented by Francis Muguet and designed to fit in with "
+"existing legal systems better to make it easier to enact."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws"
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Be careful of proposals to “compensate the rights holders”, "
+"because when they say 'compensate', they're trying to presume that if you "
+"have appreciated a work, you now have a specific debt to somebody, and that "
+"you have to “compensate” that somebody. When they say 'rights "
+"holders', it's supposed to make you think it's supporting artists while in "
+"fact it's going to the publishers—the same publishers who basically "
+"exploit all the artists (except the few that you've all heard of, who are so "
+"popular that they have clout)."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <p>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"We don't owe a debt; we have nobody that we have to "
+"“compensate”. [But] supporting the arts is still a useful thing "
+"to do. That was the motivation for copyright back when copyright fit in "
+"with the technology of the day. Today copyright is a bad way to do it, but "
+"it's still good to do it other ways that respect our freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor over "
-"to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. and uh so"
+"Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright "
+"Act. They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment, because sharing "
+"is good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to "
+"break DRM. Beware of ACTA—they're trying to negotiate a treaty "
+"between various countries, for all of these countries to attack their "
+"citizens, and we don't know how because they won't tell us."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. RMS "
-"turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead projector "
-"at the beginning of the talk."
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html\">Click here</a> "
+"for an older version of this talk from 2000."
msgstr ""
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
Index: philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.pot 13 Nov 2009 09:27:05
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.pot 1 Dec 2009 21:26:45
-0000 1.2
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-11-13 04:27-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
"Software Patents”. Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures that he "
"offers, and after discussion with Brenda, I chose this topic precisely "
"because for the first real time in New Zealand history, we have a somewhat "
-"prolonged, but important debate about patent law reform, and many of you in "
+"prolonged, but important, debate about patent law reform, and many of you in "
"the room are responsible for the debate relating to software patents. So it "
"seemed very topical, very timely. So thank you, Richard, for making that "
"offer."
@@ -84,12 +84,14 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"Good point. I only recommend it for the point that I thought do you say G N "
-"U or GNU?"
+"Good point. I only recommend it for the point that I thought do you say "
+"G N U or GNU?"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "Wikipedia says that."
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia says that. [The answer is, pronounce it as a one syllable, wit a "
+"hard G.]"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -105,12 +107,13 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"First of all, I'd like to mention one of the reasons why I'm drinking this "
-"is there's a worldwide boycott of Coca-Cola Company for murdering union "
-"organizers in Colombia. Look at the site <a "
-"href=\"http://killercoke.org\";>killercoke.org</a>, and they're not talking "
-"about the effects of drinking the product, after the same might be true of "
-"many other products. It's murder. So before you buy any drink product, "
-"look at the fine print and see if it's made by Coca-Cola Company."
+"[a can or bottle of a cola which is not coke] is there's a worldwide boycott "
+"of Coca-Cola Company for murdering union organizers in Colombia. Look at "
+"the site <a href=\"http://killercoke.org\";>killercoke.org</a>. And they're "
+"not talking about the effects of drinking the product—after all, the "
+"same might be true of many other products—it's murder. So before you "
+"buy any drink product, look at the fine print and see if it's made by "
+"Coca-Cola Company."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -120,48 +123,62 @@
"the system mistakenly believe it's Linux and think it was started by "
"somebody else a decade later. But I'm not going to be speaking about any of "
"that today. I'm here to talk about a legal danger to all software "
-"developers, distributors, and users, the danger of patents on computational "
-"ideas, computational techniques, an idea for something you can do on a "
-"computer."
+"developers, distributors, and users, the danger of patents—on "
+"computational ideas, computational techniques, an idea for something you can "
+"do on a computer."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Now, to understand this issue, the first thing you need to realize is that "
-"patent law has nothing to do with copyright law. They're totally "
+"patent law has nothing to do with copyright law—they're totally "
"different. Whatever you learn about one of them, you can be sure it doesn't "
-"apply to the other. So, for example, any time a person makes a statement "
-"about “intellectual property” that's spreading confusion, "
-"because it's lumping together not only these two laws, but also at least a "
-"dozen others, and they're all different, and the result is any statement "
-"which purports to be about “intellectual property” is pure "
-"confusion. Either the person making the statement is confused, or the "
-"person is trying to confuse others. But either way, whether it's accidental "
-"or malicious, it's confusion. Protect yourself from this confusion by "
-"rejecting any statement which makes use of that term. The only way to make "
-"thoughtful comments and think clear thoughts about any one of these laws is "
-"to distinguish it first from all the others, and talk or think about one "
-"particular law, so that we can understand what it actually does and then "
-"form conclusions about it. So I'll be talking about patent law, and what "
-"happens in those countries which have allowed patent law to restrict "
-"software."
+"apply to the other."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, for example, any time a person makes a statement about "
+"“intellectual property” that's spreading confusion, because it's "
+"lumping together not only these two laws, but also at least a dozen others. "
+"They're all different, and the result is any statement which purports to be "
+"about “intellectual property” is pure confusion—either the "
+"person making the statement is confused, or the person is trying to confuse "
+"others. But either way, whether it's accidental or malicious, it's "
+"confusion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Protect yourself from this confusion by rejecting any statement which makes "
+"use of that term. The only way to make thoughtful comments and think clear "
+"thoughts about any one of these laws is to distinguish it first from all the "
+"others, and talk or think about one particular law, so that we can "
+"understand what it actually does and then form conclusions about it. So "
+"I'll be talking about patent law, and what happens in those countries which "
+"have allowed patent law to restrict software."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"So, what does a patent do? A patent is an explicit, government-issued "
-"monopoly on using a certain idea, and in the patent there's a part called "
-"the claims, which describe exactly what you're not allowed to do, although "
+"monopoly on using a certain idea. In the patent there's a part called the "
+"claims, which describe exactly what you're not allowed to do, although "
"they're written in a way you probably can't understand. It's a struggle to "
"figure out what those prohibitions actually mean, and they may go on for "
-"many pages of fine print. So the patent typically lasts for 20 years, which "
-"is a fairly long time in our field. Twenty years ago there was no World "
-"Wide Web, a tremendous amount of the use of computers goes on in an area "
-"which wasn't even possible to propose 20 years ago. So of course everything "
-"that people do on it is something that's new since 20 years ago. It may be, "
-"it's at least in some aspect is new. So if patents had been applied for "
-"we'd be prohibited from doing all of it, and we may be prohibited from doing "
-"all of it in countries that have been foolish enough to have such a policy."
+"many pages of fine print."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So the patent typically lasts for 20 years, which is a fairly long time in "
+"our field. Twenty years ago there was no World Wide Web—a tremendous "
+"amount of the use of computers goes on in an area which wasn't even possible "
+"to propose 20 years ago. So of course everything that people do on it is "
+"something that's new since 20 years ago—at least in some aspect it is "
+"new. So if patents had been applied for we'd be prohibited from doing all "
+"of it, and we may be prohibited from doing all of it in countries that have "
+"been foolish enough to have such a policy."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -169,42 +186,63 @@
"Most of the time, when people describe the function of the patent system, "
"they have a vested interest in the system. They may be patent lawyers, or "
"they may work in the Patent Office, or they may be in the patent office of a "
-"megacorporation, so they want you to like the system. The Economist once "
-"referred to the patent system as “a time-consuming lottery”. "
-"And if you've ever seen publicity for a lottery, you understand how it "
-"works. They dwell on the very unlikely probability of winning, and they "
-"don't talk about the overwhelming likelihood of losing. And in this way, "
+"megacorporation, so they want you to like the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The Economist once referred to the patent system as “a time-consuming "
+"lottery.” If you've ever seen publicity for a lottery, you understand "
+"how it works: they dwell on the very unlikely probability of winning, and "
+"they don't talk about the overwhelming likelihood of losing. In this way, "
"they intentionally and systematically present a biased picture of what's "
-"likely to happen to you, without actually lying about any particular fact. "
-"And it's the same way for the publicity for the patent system. They talk "
-"about what it's like to walk down the street with a patent in your pocket, "
-"or first of all, what it's like to get a patent, then what it's like to have "
-"a patent in your pocket, and every so often you can pull it out and point it "
-"at somebody and say “give me your money”. To compensate for "
-"their bias, I'm going to describe it from the other side, the victim side. "
-"What it's like for people who want to develop or distribute or run "
-"software. You have to worry that any day someone might walk up to you and "
-"point a patent at you and say give me your money. If you want to develop "
-"software in a country that allows software patents, and you want to work "
-"with patent law, what will you have to do?"
+"likely to happen to you, without actually lying about any particular fact."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's the same way for the publicity for the patent system. They talk about "
+"what it's like to walk down the street with a patent in your pocket—or "
+"first of all, what it's like to get a patent, then what it's like to have a "
+"patent in your pocket, and every so often you can pull it out and point it "
+"at somebody and say, “Give me your money.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To compensate for their bias, I'm going to describe it from the other side, "
+"the victim side—what it's like for people who want to develop or "
+"distribute or run software. You have to worry that any day someone might "
+"walk up to you and point a patent at you and say, “Give me your "
+"money.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to develop software in a country that allows software patents, "
+"and you want to work with patent law, what will you have to do?"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"You could try to make a list of all the ideas that one might be able to find "
"in the program that you're about to write, aside from the fact that you "
-"don't know that when you start writing the program. Even after you finish "
-"writing the program you wouldn't be able to make such a list, and the reason "
-"is, even after you designed the program, and in the process you conceived of "
-"it in one particular way, you've got a mental structure to apply to your "
-"design, and because of that, it will block you from seeing other structures "
-"that somebody might use to understand the same program, because you're not "
-"coming to it “fresh”. You already designed it with one "
-"structure in mind. Someone else who sees it for the first time might see a "
-"different structure, which involves different ideas, and it would be hard "
-"for you to see what those other ideas are. But nonetheless they're "
-"implemented in your program, and those patents could prohibit your program, "
-"if those ideas are patented."
+"don't know that when you start writing the program. [But] even after you "
+"finish writing the program you wouldn't be able to make such a list."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The reason is… in the process you conceived of it in one particular "
+"way—you've got a mental structure to apply to your design. And "
+"because of that, it will block you from seeing other structures that "
+"somebody might use to understand the same program, because you're not coming "
+"to it “fresh”; you already designed it with one structure in "
+"mind. Someone else who sees it for the first time might see a different "
+"structure, which involves different ideas, and it would be hard for you to "
+"see what those other ideas are. But nonetheless they're implemented in your "
+"program, and those patents could prohibit your program, if those ideas are "
+"patented."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -215,14 +253,23 @@
"edge” on the list of all ideas implemented in your drawing. But you "
"might not realize that somebody else with a patent on bottom corners could "
"sue you easily also, because he could take you drawing and turn it by 45 "
-"degrees and now your square is like this, and it has a bottom corner. So "
-"you couldn't make a list of all the ideas which, if patented, could prohibit "
-"your program. So what you might try to do is find out all the ideas that "
-"are patented that might be in your program. Now you can't do that actually, "
-"because patent applications are kept secret for at least eighteen months, "
-"and the result is the Patent Office could be considering now whether to "
-"issue a patent, and they won't tell you. And this is not just an academic, "
-"theoretical possibility, that could happen."
+"degrees. And now your square is like this, and it has a bottom corner."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So you couldn't make a list of all the ideas which, if patented, could "
+"prohibit your program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What you might try to do is find out all the ideas that are patented that "
+"might be in your program. Now you can't do that actually, because patent "
+"applications are kept secret for at least eighteen months; and the result is "
+"the Patent Office could be considering now whether to issue a patent, and "
+"they won't tell you. And this is not just an academic, theoretical "
+"possibility."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -230,29 +277,44 @@
"For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was written, a program for "
"compressing files using the <acronym title=\"Lempel-Ziv-Welch\"> "
"LZW</acronym> data compression algorithm, and at that time there was no "
-"patent on that algorithm for compressing files. The author found, got the "
+"patent on that algorithm for compressing files. The author got the "
"algorithm from an article in a journal. That was when we thought that the "
"purpose of computer science journals was to publish algorithms so people "
-"could use them. He wrote this program, he released it, and in 1985 a patent "
-"was issued on that algorithm. But the patent holder was cunning and didn't "
-"immediately go around telling people to stop using it. The patent holder "
-"figured “let's let everybody dig their grave deeper”. But a few "
-"years later they started threatening people; it became clear we couldn't use "
-"Compress, so I asked for people to suggest other algorithms we could use for "
-"compressing files, and somebody wrote and said I developed another data "
-"compression algorithm that works better, I've written a program, I'd like to "
-"give it to you. So we got ready to release it, and a week before it was "
-"ready to be released, I read in the New York Times weekly patent column, "
-"which I rarely saw, it's a couple of times a year I might see it, but just "
-"by luck I saw that someone had gotten a patent for “inventing a new "
-"method of compressing data”, and so I said we had better look at this, "
+"could use them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"He wrote this program, he released it, and in 1985 a patent was issued on "
+"that algorithm. But the patent holder was cunning and didn't immediately go "
+"around telling people to stop using it. The patent holder figured "
+"“let's let everybody dig their grave deeper.” A few years later "
+"they started threatening people; it became clear we couldn't use Compress, "
+"so I asked for people to suggest other algorithms we could use for "
+"compressing files."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And somebody wrote and said, \"I developed another data compression "
+"algorithm that works better, I've written a program, I'd like to give it to "
+"you.\" So we got ready to release it, and a week before it was ready to be "
+"released, I read in the New York Times weekly patent column, which I rarely "
+"saw—it's a couple of times a year I might see it—but just by "
+"luck I saw that someone had gotten a patent for “inventing a new "
+"method of compressing data.” And so I said we had better look at this, "
"and sure enough it covered the program we were about to release. But it "
-"could have been worse, the patent could have been issued a year later, or "
-"two years later, or three years later, or five years later. Anyway, someone "
-"else came up with another, even better compression algorithm, which was used "
-"in the program <tt>gzip</tt>, and just about everybody who wanted to "
-"compress files switched to <tt>gzip</tt>, so it sounds like a happy ending. "
-"But you'll hear more later. It's not entirely so happy."
+"could have been worse: the patent could have been issued a year later, or "
+"two years later, or three years later, or five years later."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, someone else came up with another, even better compression "
+"algorithm, which was used in the program <tt>gzip</tt>, and just about "
+"everybody who wanted to compress files switched to <tt>gzip</tt>, so it "
+"sounds like a happy ending. But you'll hear more later. It's not entirely "
+"so happy."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -261,78 +323,106 @@
"though they may prohibit your work once they come out, but you can find out "
"about the already issued patents. They're all published by the Patent "
"Office. The problem is you can't read them all, because there are too many "
-"of them. In the US I believe there are hundreds of thousands of thousands "
-"of software patents. Keeping track of them would be a tremendous job. So "
-"you're going to have to search for relevant patents. And you'll find a lot "
-"of relevant patents, but you won't necessarily find them all."
+"of them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the US I believe there are hundreds of thousands of thousands of software "
+"patents; keeping track of them would be a tremendous job. So you're going "
+"to have to search for relevant patents. And you'll find a lot of relevant "
+"patents, but you won't necessarily find them all."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"For instance, in the 80s and 90s, there was a patent on “natural order "
"recalculation” in spreadsheets. Somebody once asked me for a copy of "
-"it, so I looked in our computer file which lists the patent numbers, and "
+"it, so I looked in our computer file which lists the patent numbers. And "
"then I pulled out the drawer to get the paper copy of this patent and "
-"Xeroxed it and sent it to him. And when he got it, he said “I think "
+"xeroxed it and sent it to him. And when he got it, he said, “I think "
"you sent me the wrong patent. This is something about compilers.” So "
"I thought maybe our file has the wrong number in it. I looked in it again, "
-"and sure enough it's a method for compiling formulas into object code. So I "
-"started to read it to see if it was indeed the wrong patent. I read the "
-"claims, and sure enough it was the natural order recalculation patent, but "
-"it didn't use those terms, it didn't use the term spreadsheet. In fact, "
-"what the patent prohibited was dozens of different ways of implementing "
-"topological sort. All the ways they could think of. But I don't think it "
-"used the term “topological sort”."
+"and sure enough it said “A method for compiling formulas into object "
+"code.” So I started to read it to see if it was indeed the wrong "
+"patent. I read the claims, and sure enough it was the natural order "
+"recalculation patent, but it didn't use those terms. It didn't use the term "
+"“spreadsheet”. In fact, what the patent prohibited was dozens "
+"of different ways of implementing topological sort—all the ways they "
+"could think of. But I don't think it used the term “topological "
+"sort”."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So if you had tried to find, if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried "
-"to find relevant patents by searching, you might have found a lot of "
-"patents, but you wouldn't have found this one until somebody, you told "
-"somebody “Oh, I'm working on a spreadsheet” and he said "
-"“Oh, did you know those other companies that are making spreadsheets "
-"are getting sued?”. Then you would have found out. Well, you can't "
-"find all the patents by searching, but you can find a lot of them and then "
-"you've got to figure out what they mean, which is hard, because patents are "
-"written in tortuous legal language which is very hard to understand the real "
-"meaning of, so you're going to have to spend a lot of time talking with an "
-"expensive lawyer explaining what you want to do in order to find out from "
-"the lawyer whether you're allowed to do it. Now, even the patent holders "
-"often can't recognize just what their patents mean."
+"So if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried to find relevant patents "
+"by searching, you might have found a lot of patents. But you wouldn't have "
+"found this one until you told somebody, “Oh, I'm working on a "
+"spreadsheet,” and he said, “Oh, did you know those other "
+"companies that are making spreadsheets are getting sued?” Then you "
+"would have found out."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
+"Well, you can't find all the patents by searching, but you can find a lot of "
+"them. And then you've got to figure out what they mean, which is hard, "
+"because patents are written in tortuous legal language which is very hard to "
+"understand the real meaning of. So you're going to have to spend a lot of "
+"time talking with an expensive lawyer explaining what you want to do in "
+"order to find out from the lawyer whether you're allowed to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even the patent holders often can't recognize just what their patents mean. "
"For instance, there's somebody named Paul Heckel who released a program for "
-"displaying a lot of data on a small screen. And based on a couple of the "
-"ideas in that program he got a couple of patents. Now I once tried to find "
-"a simple way to describe what claim 1 of one of those patents covered. I "
-"found that I couldn't find any simpler way of saying it than what was in the "
-"patent itself, and that sentence, I couldn't manage to keep it all in my "
-"mind at once, no matter how hard I tried. And Heckel couldn't follow it "
-"either, because when he saw HyperCard, all he noticed was it was nothing "
-"like his program, it didn't occur to him that the way his patent was written "
-"it might prohibit HyperCard, but his lawyer had that idea, so he threatened "
-"Apple, and then he threatened Apple's customers, and eventually Apple made a "
-"settlement with him which is secret, so we don't know who really won. And "
-"this is just an illustration of how hard it is for anybody to understand "
-"what a patent does or doesn't prohibit. In fact, I once gave this speech "
-"and Heckel was in the audience, and at this point he jumped up and said "
-"“That's not true, I just didn't know the scope of my "
-"protection.” And I said “Yeah, that's what I said,” at "
-"which point he sat down and that was the end of my experience being heckled "
-"by Heckel. If I had said no, he probably would have found a way to argue "
-"with me. Anyway, so, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, "
-"the lawyer will give you an answer like this:"
+"displaying a lot of data on a small screen, and based on a couple of the "
+"ideas in that program he got a couple of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I once tried to find a simple way to describe what claim 1 of one of those "
+"patents covered. I found that I couldn't find any simpler way of saying it "
+"than what was in the patent itself; and that sentence, I couldn't manage to "
+"keep it all in my mind at once, no matter how hard I tried."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And Heckel couldn't follow it either, because when he saw HyperCard, all he "
+"noticed was it was nothing like his program. It didn't occur to him that "
+"the way his patent was written it might prohibit Hypercard; but his lawyer "
+"had that idea, so he threatened Apple. And then he threatened Apple's "
+"customers, and eventually Apple made a settlement with him which is secret, "
+"so we don't know who really won. And this is just an illustration of how "
+"hard it is for anybody to understand what a patent does or doesn't prohibit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In fact, I once gave this speech and Heckel was in the audience. And at "
+"this point he jumped up and said “That's not true, I just didn't know "
+"the scope of my protection.” And I said “Yeah, that's what I "
+"said,” at which point he sat down and that was the end of my "
+"experience being heckled by Heckel. If I had said no, he probably would "
+"have found a way to argue with me."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, the lawyer will "
+"give you an answer like this:"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
msgid ""
-"If you do something in this area you're almost certain to lose a lawsuit. "
-"If you do something in this area there's a considerable chance of losing a "
-"lawsuit, and if you really want to be safe you've got to stay out of this "
-"area, but there's a sizable element of chance in the outcome of any lawsuit."
+"“If you do something in this area you're almost certain to lose a "
+"lawsuit. If you do something in this area there's a considerable chance of "
+"losing a lawsuit, and if you really want to be safe you've got to stay out "
+"of this area, but there's a sizeable element of chance in the outcome of any "
+"lawsuit.”"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -346,17 +436,26 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"First, there's the possibility of avoiding the patent, which means don't "
+"First, there's the possibility of avoiding the patent, which means, don't "
"implement what it prohibits. Of course, if it's hard to tell what it "
-"prohibits, it might be hard to tell what would suffice to avoid it. A "
-"couple of years ago Kodak sued Sun using a patent for something having to do "
-"with object-oriented programming. And Sun didn't think it was infringing "
-"that patent. But the court decided it was, and when other people look at "
+"prohibits, it might be hard to tell what would suffice to avoid it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A couple of years ago Kodak sued Sun using a patent for something having to "
+"do with object-oriented programming, and Sun didn't think it was infringing "
+"that patent. But the court decided it was; and when other people look at "
"that patent they haven't the faintest idea whether that decision was right "
-"or not. No one can tell what that patent does or doesn't cover. But Sun "
-"had to pay hundreds of millions of dollars because of violating a completely "
-"incomprehensible law. But sometimes you can tell what you need to avoid, "
-"and sometimes what you need to avoid is an algorithm."
+"or not. No one can tell what that patent does or doesn't cover, but Sun had "
+"to pay hundreds of millions of dollars because of violating a completely "
+"incomprehensible law."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes you can tell what you need to avoid, and sometimes what you need "
+"to avoid is an algorithm."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -366,94 +465,132 @@
"application then that's an easy way to avoid this other one. And most of "
"the time that would work. Once in a while you might be trying to do "
"something where it runs doing FFT all the time, and it's just barely fast "
-"enough using the faster algorithm, and then you can't avoid it, although "
+"enough using the faster algorithm. And then you can't avoid it, although "
"maybe you could wait a couple of years for a faster computer. But that's "
-"going to be rare. Most of the time that patent will be easy to avoid. On "
-"the other hand, a patent on an algorithm may be impossible to avoid. "
+"going to be rare. Most of the time that patent will to be easy to avoid."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"On the other hand, a patent on an algorithm may be impossible to avoid. "
"Consider the LZW data compression algorithm. Well, as I explained we found "
"a better data compression algorithm, and everybody who wanted to compress "
"files switched to the program <tt>gzip</tt> which used the better "
"algorithm. And the reason is, if you just want to compress the file and "
"uncompress it later, you can tell people to use this program to uncompress "
-"it, then you can use any program with any algorithm, and you only care how "
-"well it works. But LZW is used for other things too, for instance the "
-"PostScript language specifies operators for LZW compression and LZW "
-"uncompression. It's no use having another, better algorithm, because it "
-"makes a different format of data. They're not interoperable. If you "
-"compress it with the <tt>gzip</tt> algorithm, you won't be able to "
-"uncompress it using LZW. So no matter how good your other algorithm is, and "
-"no matter what it is, it just doesn't enable you to implement PostScript "
-"according to the specs. But I noticed that users rarely ask their printers "
-"to compress things. Generally the only thing they want their printers to do "
-"is to uncompress, and I also noticed that both of the patents on the LZW "
-"algorithm were written in such a way that if your system can only uncompress "
-"it's not covered, it's not forbidden. These patents were written so that "
-"they covered compression, and they had other claims covering both "
-"compression and uncompression, but there was no claim covering only "
-"uncompression. So I realized that if we implement only the uncompression "
-"for LZW, we would be safe, and although it would not satisfy the "
-"specification, it would please the users sufficiently. It would do what "
-"they actually needed. So that's how we barely squeaked by avoiding that "
-"patent, the two patents."
+"it; then you can use any program with any algorithm, and you only care how "
+"well it works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But LZW is used for other things too; for instance the PostScript language "
+"specifies operators for LZW compression and LZW uncompression. It's no use "
+"having another, better algorithm, because it makes a different format of "
+"data. They're not interoperable. If you compress it with the gzip "
+"algorithm, you won't be able to uncompress it using LZW. So no matter how "
+"good your other algorithm is, and no matter what it is, it just doesn't "
+"enable you to implement PostScript according to the specs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But I noticed that users rarely ask their printers to compress things. "
+"Generally the only thing they want their printers to do is to uncompress; "
+"and I also noticed that both of the patents on the LZW algorithm were "
+"written in such a way that if your system can only uncompress, it's not "
+"forbidden. These patents were written so that they covered compression, and "
+"they had other claims covering both compression and uncompression; but there "
+"was no claim covering only uncompression. So I realized that if we "
+"implement only the uncompression for LZW, we would be safe. And although it "
+"would not satisfy the specification, it would please the users sufficiently; "
+"it would do what they actually needed. So that's how we barely squeaked by "
+"avoiding the two patents."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Now there is <tt>gif</tt> format, for images. That uses the LZW algorithm "
"also. It didn't take long for people to define another image format, called "
-"<tt>png</tt>, which stands for “<tt>png</tt>'s not "
-"<tt>gif</tt>”, and I think it uses the <tt>gzip</tt> algorithm, and I "
-"think we started saying to people don't use <tt>gif</tt> format, it's "
-"dangerous, switch to <tt>png</tt>, and the users said well, maybe some day, "
-"but the browsers don't implement it yet, and the browser may implement it "
-"someday, but there's not much demand from users. Well, it's pretty obvious "
-"what's going on. <tt>gif</tt> was a de facto standard. In effect, asking "
-"people to switch to a different format, instead of their de facto standard, "
-"is like asking everyone in New Zealand to speak Hungarian. People will say "
-"“Well, yeah, I'll learn to speak it after everyone else does”. "
-"And so we never succeeded in asking people to stop using <tt>gif</tt>, even "
-"though one of those patent holders at least was going around to operators of "
-"web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could prove that all of the "
-"<tt>gif</tt> on the site were made with authorized, licensed software. So "
-"<tt>gif</tt> was a dangerous trap for a large part of our community. Now we "
+"<tt>png</tt>, which stands for “Png's Not Gif”. I think it uses "
+"the <tt>gzip</tt> algorithm. And we started saying to people, “Don't "
+"use <tt>gif</tt> format, it's dangerous; switch to <tt>png</tt>.” And "
+"the users said “Well, maybe some day, but the browsers don't implement "
+"it yet,” and the browser developers said, “We may implement it "
+"someday, but there's not much demand from users.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, it's pretty obvious what's going on—<tt>gif</tt> was a de facto "
+"standard. In effect, asking people to switch to a different format, instead "
+"of their de facto standard, is like asking everyone in New Zealand to speak "
+"Hungarian. People will say “Well, yeah, I'll learn to speak it after "
+"everyone else does.” And so we never succeeded in asking people to "
+"stop using <tt>gif</tt>, even though one of those patent holders was going "
+"around to operators of web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could "
+"prove that all of the <tt>gif</tt>s on the site were made with authorized, "
+"licensed software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So <tt>gif</tt> was a dangerous trap for a large part of our community. We "
"thought we had an alternative to <tt>gif</tt> format, namely <tt>jpeg</tt>, "
-"but then somebody said “I was just looking through my portfolio of "
-"patents,” I think it was somebody that just bought patents and used "
-"them to threaten people, and he said “and I found that one of them "
-"covers <tt>jpeg</tt> format”. Well, <tt>jpeg</tt> was not a de facto "
-"standard, it's an official standard, issued by a standards committee, and "
-"the committee had a lawyer too. Their lawyer said he didn't think that this "
-"patent actually covered <tt>jpeg</tt> format. So who's right? Well, this "
-"patent holder sued a bunch of companies, and if there was a decision, it "
-"would have said who was right, but I haven't heard about a decision, I'm not "
-"sure if there ever was one. I think they settled, and the settlement is "
-"almost certainly secret, which means that it didn't tell us anything about "
-"who's right."
+"but then somebody said, \"I was just looking through my portfolio of "
+"patents\"—I think it was somebody that just bought patents and used "
+"them to threaten people—and he said \"and I found that one of them "
+"covers <tt>jpeg</tt> format.\""
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, <tt>jpeg</tt> was not a de facto standard, it's an official standard, "
+"issued by a standards committee; and the committee had a lawyer too. Their "
+"lawyer said he didn't think that this patent actually covered <tt>jpeg</tt> "
+"format."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So who's right? Well, this patent holder sued a bunch of companies, and if "
+"there was a decision, it would have said who was right. But I haven't heard "
+"about a decision; I'm not sure if there ever was one. I think they settled, "
+"and the settlement is almost certainly secret, which means that it didn't "
+"tell us anything about who's right."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"These are fairly lightweight cases: one patent on <tt>jpeg</tt>, two patents "
+"on the LZW algorithm used in <tt>gif</tt>. Now you might wonder how come "
+"there are two patents on the same algorithm? It's not supposed to happen, "
+"but it did. And the reason is that the patent examiners can't possibly take "
+"the time to study every pair of things they might need to study and compare, "
+"because they're not allowed to take that much time. And because algorithms "
+"are just mathematics, there's no way you can narrow down which applications "
+"and patents you need to compare."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So these are fairly lightweight cases, one patent on <tt>jpeg</tt>, two "
-"patents on the LZW algorithm used in <tt>gif</tt>. Now you might wonder how "
-"come there are two patents on the same algorithm? It's not supposed to "
-"happen, but it did, and the reason is that the patent examiners can't "
-"possibly take the time to study every pair of things they might need to "
-"study and compare, because they're not allowed to take that much time. And "
-"because algorithms are just mathematics, there's no way you can narrow down "
-"which ones, which applications and patents you need to compare. You see, in "
-"physical engineering fields, they can use the physical nature of what's "
-"going on to narrow things down. For instance, in chemical engineering, they "
-"can say what are the substances going in, what are the substances coming "
-"out, and if two different applications are different in that way, then "
-"they're not the same process so you don't need to worry. But math can be "
-"represented, the same math can be represented in ways that can look very "
+"You see, in physical engineering fields, they can use the physical nature of "
+"what's going on to narrow things down. For instance, in chemical "
+"engineering, they can say “What are the substances going in? What are "
+"the substances coming out?” If two different [patent] applications are "
+"different in that way, then they're not the same process so you don't need "
+"to worry. But the same math can be represented in ways that can look very "
"different, and until you study them both together, you don't realize they're "
"talking about the same thing. And, because of this, it's quite common to "
-"see the same thing get patented multiple times. Remember that program that "
-"was killed by a patent before we released it, well, that algorithm got "
-"patented twice also. In one little field we've seen it happen in two cases "
-"that we ran into, the same algorithm being patented twice. Well, I think my "
-"explanation tells you why that happens."
+"see the same thing get patented multiple times [in software]."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Remember that program that was killed by a patent before we released it? "
+"Well, that algorithm got patented twice also. In one little field we've "
+"seen it happen in two cases that we ran into—the same algorithm being "
+"patented twice. Well, I think my explanation tells you why that happens."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -462,8 +599,8 @@
"the video format? I saw a list of over 70 patents covering that, and the "
"negotiations to arrange a way for somebody to license all those patents took "
"longer than developing the standard itself. The <tt>jpeg</tt> committee "
-"wanted to develop a follow on standard, and they gave up. They said there "
-"were too many patents, there was no way to do it."
+"wanted to develop a follow-on standard, and they gave up. They said there "
+"were too many patents; there was no way to do it."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -471,146 +608,214 @@
"Sometimes it's a feature that's patented, and the only to avoid that patent "
"is not to implement that feature. For instance, the users of the word "
"processor Xywrite once got a downgrade in the mail, which removed a "
-"feature. The feature was that you could define a list of abbreviations, for "
-"instance, if you define <tt>exp</tt> as an abbreviation for experiment, then "
-"if you type exp-space or exp-comma, the <tt>exp</tt> would change "
-"automatically to experiment. Then somebody who had a patent on this feature "
-"threatened them and they concluded that the only thing they could do was to "
-"take the feature out. And so they sent all the users a downgrade. But they "
-"also contacted me, because my Emacs editor had a feature like that starting "
-"from the late 70s, and it was described in the Emacs manual, so they thought "
-"I might be able to help them invalidate that patent. Well, I'm happy to "
-"know I've had at least one patentable idea in my life, but I'm unhappy that "
-"someone else patented it. Fortunately in fact that patent was eventually "
-"invalidated, and partly on the strength of the fact that I had published "
-"using it earlier. But in the meantime they had had to remove this feature. "
+"feature. The feature was that you could define a list of abbreviations. "
+"For instance, if you define <tt>exp</tt> as an abbreviation for "
+"“experiment”, then if you type exp-space or exp-comma, the "
+"<tt>exp</tt> would change automatically to “experiment”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Then somebody who had a patent on this feature threatened them, and they "
+"concluded that the only thing they could do was to take the feature out. "
+"And so they sent all the users a downgrade."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But they also contacted me, because my Emacs editor had a feature like that "
+"starting from the late 70s. And it was described in the Emacs manual, so "
+"they thought I might be able to help them invalidate that patent. Well, I'm "
+"happy to know I've had at least one patentable idea in my life, but I'm "
+"unhappy that someone else patented it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately, in fact, that patent was eventually invalidated, and partly on "
+"the strength of the fact that I had published using it earlier. But in the "
+"meantime they had had to remove this feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
"Now, to remove one or two features may not be a disaster. But when you have "
-"to remove 50 features, you could do it, but people are likely to say this "
-"program's no good, it's missing all the features I want, so it may not be a "
-"solution. And sometimes a patent is so broad that it wipes out an entire "
-"field, like the patent on public key encryption, which in fact put public "
-"key encryption basically off limits for about ten years. So that's the "
-"option of avoiding the patent, often possible, but sometimes not, and "
-"there's a limit to how many patents you can avoid."
+"to remove 50 features, you could do it, but people are likely to say "
+"“This program's no good; it's missing all the features I want.” "
+"So it may not be a solution. And sometimes a patent is so broad that it "
+"wipes out an entire field, like the patent on public key encryption, which "
+"in fact put public key encryption basically off limits for about ten years."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So that's the option of avoiding the patent—often possible, but "
+"sometimes not, and there's a limit to how many patents you can avoid."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the patent?"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the patent? Well "
-"the patent holder may not offer you a license. It's entirely up to him. He "
-"could say, “I just want to shut you down.” I once got a letter "
-"from somebody whose family business was making casino games, which were of "
-"course computerized, and he had been threatened by a patent holder who said, "
-"who wanted to make his business shut down. He sent me the patent. Claim 1 "
-"was something like “a network with a multiplicity of computers, in "
-"which each computer supports a multiplicity of games, and allows a "
-"multiplicity of game sessions at the same time”. Now, if, suppose, "
-"I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a room with a "
+"Well, the patent holder may not offer you a license. It's entirely up to "
+"him. He could say, “I just want to shut you down.” I once got a "
+"letter from somebody whose family business was making casino games, which "
+"which were of course computerized, and he had been threatened by a patent "
+"holder who wanted to make his business shut down. He sent me the patent. "
+"Claim 1 was something like “a network with a multiplicity of "
+"computers, in which each computer supports a multiplicity of games, and "
+"allows a multiplicity of game sessions at the same time”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a room with a "
"network of workstations, and each workstation had some kind of windowing "
-"facility, all they had to do was to install multiple games and it would be "
+"facility. All they had to do was to install multiple games and it would be "
"possible to display multiple game sessions at once. This is so trivial and "
"uninteresting that nobody would have bothered to publish an article about "
-"doing it, no one would have been interested in publishing an article about "
+"doing it. No one would have been interested in publishing an article about "
"doing it, but it was worth patenting it. If it had occurred to you that you "
-"could get a monopoly on this trivial thing, and then you could shut down "
-"your competitors with it, but why does the Patent Office issue so many "
-"patents that seem absurd and trivial to us?"
+"could get a monopoly on this trivial thing, then you could shut down your "
+"competitors with it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But why does the Patent Office issue so many patents that seem absurd and "
+"trivial to us?"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"It's not because the patent examiners are stupid, it's because they're "
"following a system, and the system has rules, and the rules lead to this "
-"result. You see, if somebody has made a machine that does something once, "
-"and somebody else designs a machine that will do the same thing, but "
-"<tt>n</tt> times, for us that's a <code>for</code> loop, but for the Patent "
-"Office that's an invention. If there are machines that can do <tt>a</tt>, "
-"and there are machines that can do <tt>b</tt>, and somebody designs a "
-"machine that can do <tt>a</tt> or <tt>b</tt>, for us that's an <code>if, "
-"then, else</code> statement, but for the Patent Office that's an invention. "
-"So they have very low standards, and they follow those standards, and the "
-"result is patents that look absurd and trivial to us. Whether they're "
-"legally valid I can't say. But every programmer who sees them laughs. In "
-"any case, I was unable to suggest anything he could do to help himself, and "
-"he had to shut down his business. But most patent holders will offer you a "
-"license. It's likely to be rather expensive. But there are some software "
-"developers that find it particularly easy to get licenses, most of the "
-"time. Those are the megacorporations. In any field the megacorporations "
-"generally own about half the patents, and they cross-license each other, and "
-"they can make anybody else cross-license if he's really producing anything. "
-"The result is that they end up painlessly with licenses for almost all the "
-"patents."
+"result."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, if somebody has made a machine that does something once, and "
+"somebody else designs a machine that will do the same thing, but <tt>N</tt> "
+"times, for us that's a <tt>for</tt>-loop, but for the Patent Office that's "
+"an invention. If there are machines that can do <tt>A</tt>, and there are "
+"machines that can do <tt>B</tt>, and somebody designs a machine that can do "
+"<tt>A</tt> or <tt>B</tt>, for us that's an <tt>if-then-else</tt> statement, "
+"but for the Patent Office that's an invention. So they have very low "
+"standards, and they follow those standards; and the result is patents that "
+"look absurd and trivial to us. Whether they're legally valid I can't say. "
+"But every programmer who sees them laughs."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"IBM wrote an article in its house magazine, Think Magazine, and I think it's "
-"issue 5 1990, and it's about the benefit IBM got from the almost 9,000 US "
-"patents at the time, now it's up to 45,000 or more. They said that one of "
+"In any case, I was unable to suggest anything he could do to help himself, "
+"and he had to shut down his business. But most patent holders will offer "
+"you a license. It's likely to be rather expensive."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there are some software developers that find it particularly easy to get "
+"licenses, most of the time. Those are the megacorporations. In any field "
+"the megacorporations generally own about half the patents, and they "
+"cross-license each other, and they can make anybody else cross-license if "
+"he's really producing anything. The result is that they end up painlessly "
+"with licences for almost all the patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"IBM wrote an article in its house magazine, Think Magazine—I think "
+"it's issue 5, 1990—about the benefit IBM got from its almost 9,000 US "
+"patents at the time (now it's up to 45,000 or more). They said that one of "
"the benefits was that they collected money, but the main benefit, which they "
-"said was perhaps an order of magnitude greater, was getting access to the "
-"patents of others, namely cross-licensing. What this means is since IBM, "
-"with so many patents, can make almost everybody give them a cross-license, "
-"IBM avoids almost all the grief that the patent system would have inflicted "
-"on anybody else. So that's why IBM wants software patents. That's why the "
-"megacorporations in general want software patents, because they know that by "
-"cross-licensing, they will for a sort-of exclusive club on top of a mountain "
-"peak, and all the rest of us will be down here, and there's no way we can "
-"get up there. You know, if you're a genius, you might start up a small "
-"company and get some patents, but you'll never get into IBM's league, no "
-"matter what you do."
+"said was perhaps an order of magnitude greater, was “getting access to "
+"the patents of others,” namely cross-licensing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What this means is since IBM, with so many patents, can make almost "
+"everybody give them a cross-license, IBM avoids almost all the grief that "
+"the patent system would have inflicted on anybody else. So that's why IBM "
+"wants software patents. That's why the megacorporations in general want "
+"software patents, because they know that by cross-licensing, they will have "
+"a sort of exclusive club on top of a mountain peak. And all the rest of us "
+"will be down here, and there's no way we can get up there. You know, if "
+"you're a genius, you might start up a small company and get some patents, "
+"but you'll never get into IBM's league, no matter what you do."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now a lot of companies tell their employees “get us patents so we can "
+"Now a lot of companies tell their employees, “Get us patents so we can "
"defend ourselves” and they mean use them to try to get "
"cross-licensing, but it just doesn't work well. It's not an effective "
-"strategy if you've got a small number of patents. Suppose you've got three "
-"patents. One points there, one points there, and one points there, and "
-"somebody over there points a patent at you. Well, your three patents don't "
-"help you at all, because none of them points at him. On the other hand, "
-"sooner or later, somebody in the company is going to notice that this patent "
-"is actually pointing at some people, and they could threaten them and "
-"squeeze money out of them, never mind that those people didn't attack this "
-"company. So if your employer says to you “we need some patents to "
-"defend ourselves, so help us get patents”, I recommend this response:"
+"strategy if you've got a small number of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Suppose you've got three patents. One points there, one points there, and "
+"one points there, and somebody over there points a patent at you. Well, "
+"your three patents don't help you at all, because none of them points at "
+"him. On the other hand, sooner or later, somebody in the company is going "
+"to notice that this patent is actually pointing at some people, and [the "
+"company] could threaten them and squeeze money out of them, never mind that "
+"those people didn't attack this company."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if your employer says to you “we need some patents to defend "
+"ourselves”, so help us get patents, I recommend this response."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
msgid ""
-"Boss, I trust you and I'm sure you would only use those patents to defend "
-"the company if it's attacked. But I don't know who's going to be the CEO of "
-"this company in five years, for all I know it might get acquired by "
-"Microsoft, so I really can't trust the company's word to only use these "
+"“Boss, I trust you and I'm sure you would only use those patents to "
+"defend the company if it's attacked. But I don't know who's going to be the "
+"CEO of this company in five years. For all I know, it might get acquired by "
+"Microsoft. So I really can't trust the company's word to only use these "
"patents for defense unless I get it in writing. Please put it in writing "
"that any patents I provide for the company will only be used for "
"self-defense and collective security, and not for repression, and then I'll "
-"be able to get patents for the company with a clean conscience."
+"be able to get patents for the company with a clean conscience.”"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"It would be most interesting to raise this not just in private with your "
-"boss, but also on the company's discussion list. The other thing that could "
-"happen is that the company could fail and its assets could be auctioned off, "
-"including the patents, and the patents will be bought by someone who means "
-"to use them to do something nasty. This cross-licensing practice is very "
-"important to understand, because this is what punctures the argument of the "
-"software patent advocates who say that software patents are needed to "
-"protect the starving genius. They give you a scenario which is a series of "
-"unlikelihoods."
+"boss, but also on the company's discussion list."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The other thing that could happen is that the company could fail and its "
+"assets could be auctioned off, including the patents; and the patents will "
+"be bought by someone who means to use them to do something nasty."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This cross-licensing practice is very important to understand, because this "
+"is what punctures the argument of the software patent advocates who say that "
+"software patents are needed to protect the starving genius. They give you a "
+"scenario which is a series of unlikelihoods."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"So let's look at it. According to this scenario, there's a brilliant "
"designer of whatever, who's been working for years by himself in his attic "
-"coming up with a better way to do whatever it is, and now that it's ready he "
-"wants to start a business and mass-produce this thing, and because his idea "
-"is so good his company will inevitably succeed, except for one thing. The "
-"big companies will compete with him and take all the market away, and "
-"because of this his business will almost certainly fail and then he will "
+"coming up with a better way to do whatever it is. And now that it's ready "
+"he wants to start a business and mass-produce this thing; and because his "
+"idea is so good his company will inevitably succeed, except for one thing: "
+"the big companies will compete with him and take all his market the away. "
+"And because of this his business will almost certainly fail and then he will "
"starve. Well, let's look at all the unlikely assumptions here."
msgstr ""
@@ -619,111 +824,159 @@
"First of all, that he comes up with this idea working by himself. That's "
"not very likely. In a high-tech field, most progress is made by people "
"working in a field, doing things and talking with people in the field. But "
-"I wouldn't say it's impossible, not that one thing by itself, but anyway the "
-"next supposition is that he's going to start a business and that it's going "
-"to succeed. Well, just because he's a brilliant engineer doesn't mean that "
-"he's any good at running a business. Most new businesses fail. Like more "
-"than 95% of them, I think, fail within a few years. So that's probably "
-"what's going to happen to him, no matter what. OK, let's assume that in "
-"addition to being a brilliant engineer who came up with something great by "
-"himself, he's also talented at running businesses. If he has a knack for "
-"running businesses, then maybe his business won't fail. After all, not all "
-"new businesses fail, there are a certain few that succeed. Well, if he "
-"understands business, then instead of trying to go head to head with large "
-"companies, he might try to do things that small companies are better at and "
-"have a better chance of succeeding, he might succeed. But let's suppose it "
-"fails anyway. If he's so brilliant and has a knack for running businesses, "
-"I'm sure he won't starve, because somebody will want to give him a job."
+"I wouldn't say it's impossible, not that one thing by itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But anyway the next supposition is that he's going to start a business and "
+"that it's going to succeed. Well, just because he's a brilliant engineer "
+"doesn't mean that he's any good at running a business. Most new businesses "
+"fail; more than 95% of them, I think, fail within a few years. So that's "
+"probably what's going to happen to him, no matter what."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"OK, let's assume that in addition to being a brilliant engineer who came up "
+"with something great by himself, he's also talented at running businesses. "
+"If he has a knack for running businesses, then maybe his business won't "
+"fail. After all, not all new businesses fail, there are a certain few that "
+"succeed. Well, if he understands business, then instead of trying to go "
+"head to head with large companies, he might try to do things that small "
+"companies are better at and have a better chance of succeeding. He might "
+"succeed. But let's suppose it fails anyway. If he's so brilliant and has a "
+"knack for running businesses, I'm sure he won't starve, because somebody "
+"will want to give him a job."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So a series of unlikelihoods—it's not a very plausible scenario. But "
+"let's look at it anyway."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So a series of unlikelihoods it's not a very plausible scenario. But let's "
-"look at it anyway. Because where they go from there is to say the patent "
-"system will “protect” our starving genius, because he can get a "
-"patent on this technique, and then when IBM wants to compete with him, he "
-"says “IBM, you can't compete with me because I've got this "
-"patent”, and IBM says “Oh, no, not again”. Well, here's "
-"what really happens. IBM says “Oh, how nice, you have a patent. "
-"Well, we have this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and this "
-"patent, and this patent, all of which cover other ideas implemented in your "
-"product, and if you think you can fight us on all those, we'll pull out some "
-"more. So let's sign a cross-license agreement, and that way nobody will get "
-"hurt.” Now since we've assumed that our genius understands business, "
-"he's going to realize that he has no choice. He's going to sign the "
-"cross-license agreement, as just about everybody does when IBM demands it, "
-"and then, this means that IBM will get access to his patent, meaning IBM "
-"would be free to compete with him just as if there were no patents, which "
-"means that the supposed benefit that they claim he would get by having this "
-"patent is not real. He won't get this benefit."
+"Because where they go from there is to say the patent system will "
+"“protect” our starving genius, because he can get a patent on "
+"this technique. And then when IBM wants to compete with him, he says, "
+"“IBM, you can't compete with me, because I've got this patent,” "
+"and IBM says, “Oh, no, not again!”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "Well, here's what really happens."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"The patent might protect him from competition from you or me, but not from "
-"IBM, not from the very megacorporations which are supposed to be the "
-"scenario says are the threat to him. You know in advance that there's got "
-"to be a flaw in this reasoning when people who are lobbyists for "
-"megacorporations recommend a policy supposedly because it's going to protect "
-"their small competitors from them. If it really were going to do that, they "
-"wouldn't be in favor of it. But this explains why they won't do it."
+"IBM says “Oh, how nice, you have a patent. Well, we have this patent, "
+"and this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and this patent, all of "
+"which cover other ideas implemented in your product, and if you think you "
+"can fight us on all those, we'll pull out some more. So let's sign a "
+"cross-license agreement, and that way nobody will get hurt.” Now since "
+"we've assumed that our genius understands business, he's going to realize "
+"that he has no choice. He's going to sign the cross-license agreement, as "
+"just about everybody does when IBM demands it. And then this means that IBM "
+"will get “access” to his patent, meaning IBM would be free to "
+"compete with him just as if there were no patents, which means that the "
+"supposed benefit that they claim he would get by having this patent is not "
+"real. He won't get this benefit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The patent might “protect” him from competition from you or me, "
+"but not from IBM—not from the very megacorporations which the scenario "
+"says are the threat to him. You know in advance that there's got to be a "
+"flaw in this reasoning when people who are lobbyists for megacorporations "
+"recommend a policy supposedly because it's going to protect their small "
+"competitors from them. If it really were going to do that, they wouldn't be "
+"in favor of it. But this explains why [software patents] won't do it."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Even IBM can't always do this, because there are companies that we refer to "
"as patent trolls or patent parasites, and their only business is using "
-"patents to squeeze money out of people who really make something. Patent "
-"lawyers tell us that it's really wonderful to have patents in your field, "
-"but they don't have patents in their field. There are no patents on how to "
-"send or write a threatening letter, no patents on how to file a lawsuit, and "
-"no patents on how to persuade a judge or jury, so even IBM can't make the "
-"patent trolls cross-license. But IBM figures our competition will have to "
-"pay them too, this is just part of the cost of doing business, and we can "
-"live with it. IBM and the other megacorporations figure that the general "
-"dominion over all activity that they get from their patents is good for "
-"them, and paying off the trolls they can live with. So that's why they want "
-"software patents."
+"patents to squeeze money out of people who really make something."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Patent lawyers tell us that it's really wonderful to have patents in your "
+"field, but they don't have patents in their field. There are no patents on "
+"how to send or write a threatening letter, no patents on how to file a "
+"lawsuit, and no patents on how to persuade a judge or jury, so even IBM "
+"can't make the patent trolls cross-license. But IBM figures “Our "
+"competition will have to pay them too; this is just part of the cost of "
+"doing business, and we can live with it.” IBM and the other "
+"megacorporations figure that the general dominion over all activity that "
+"they get from their patents is good for them, and paying off the trolls they "
+"can live with. So that's why they want software patents."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"There are also certain software developers who find it particularly "
"difficult to get a patent license, and those are the developers of free "
-"software. The reason is that the usual patent license we can't possibly "
-"fulfill, because usual patent licenses demand a payment per copy. But when "
-"software gives users the freedom to distribute and make more copies, we have "
-"no way to count the copies that exist. If someone offered me a patent "
-"license for a payment of one-millionth of a dollar per copy, the total "
-"amount of money I'd have to pay maybe is in my pocket now, maybe it's 50 "
-"dollars, but I don't know if it's 50 dollars, or 49, or what, because "
-"there's no way I can count the copies that people have made. A patent "
-"holder doesn't have to demand a payment per copy; a patent holder could "
-"offer you a license for a single lump sum, but those lump sums tend to be "
-"big, like US$100,000, and the reason that we've been able to develop so much "
-"freedom-respecting software is we can develop software without money, but we "
-"can't pay a lot of money without money. If we're forced to pay for the "
-"privilege of writing software for the public, we won't be able to do it very "
-"much. That's the possibility of getting a license for the patent."
+"software. The reason is that the usual patent license has conditions we "
+"can't possibly fulfil, because usual patent licenses demand a payment per "
+"copy. But when software gives users the freedom to distribute and make more "
+"copies, we have no way to count the copies that exist."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"The other possibility is to invalidate the patent. If the country considers "
-"software patents to be basically valid, and allowed, the only question is "
-"whether that particular patent meets the criteria. The only way you can "
-"prove it doesn't, it's only useful to go to court if you've got an argument "
-"to make that might prevail. What would that argument be? You have to find "
-"evidence that, years ago, before the patent was applied for, people knew "
-"about the same idea, and you'd have to find things today that demonstrate "
-"that they knew about it publicly at that time. So the dice were cast years "
-"ago, and if they came up favorably for you and if you can prove that fact "
-"today, then you have an argument to use to try to invalidate the patent, and "
-"it might work. It might cost you a lot of money to go through this case, "
-"and as a result, a probably invalid patent is a very frightening weapon to "
-"be threatened with if you don't have a lot of money. There are people who "
-"can't afford to defend their rights. Lots of them. The ones who can afford "
-"it are the exception."
+"If someone offered me a patent license for a payment of one-millionth of a "
+"dollar per copy, the total amount of money I'd have to pay maybe is in my "
+"pocket now. Maybe it's 50 dollars, but I don't know if it's 50 dollars, or "
+"49, or what, because there's no way I can count the copies that people have "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A patent holder doesn't have to demand a payment per copy; a patent holder "
+"could offer you a license for a single lump sum, but those lump sums tend to "
+"be big, like US$100,000."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And the reason that we've been able to develop so much freedom-respecting "
+"software is [that] we can develop software without money, but we can't pay a "
+"lot of money without money. If we're forced to pay for the privilege of "
+"writing software for the public, we won't be able to do it very much."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's the possibility of getting a license for the patent. The other "
+"possibility is to invalidate the patent. If the country considers software "
+"patents to be basically valid, and allowed, the only question is whether "
+"that particular patent meets the criteria. It's only useful to go to court "
+"if you've got an argument to make that might prevail."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What would that argument be? You have to find evidence that, years ago, "
+"before the patent was applied for, people knew about the same idea. And "
+"you'd have to find things today that demonstrate that they knew about it "
+"publicly at that time. So the dice were cast years ago, and if they came up "
+"favorably for you, and if you can prove that fact today, then you have an "
+"argument to use to try to invalidate the patent. And it might work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It might cost you a lot of money to go through this case, and as a result, a "
+"probably invalid patent is a very frightening weapon to be threatened with "
+"if you don't have a lot of money. There are people who can't afford to "
+"defend their rights—lots of them. The ones who can afford it are the "
+"exception."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -731,181 +984,298 @@
"These are the three things that you might be able to do about each patent "
"that prohibits something in your program. The thing is, whether each one is "
"possible depends on different details of the circumstances, so some of the "
-"time, none of them is possible, and when that happens, your project is "
-"dead. But lawyers in most countries tell us “don't try to find the "
-"patents in advance” and the reason is that the penalty for "
-"infringement is bigger if you knew about the patent. So what they tell you "
-"is “Keep your eyes shut. Don't try to find out about the patents, "
-"just go blindly taking your design decisions, and hope.” And of "
-"course, with each single design decision, you probably don't step on a "
-"patent. Probably nothing happens to you. But there's so many steps you "
+"time, none of them is possible; and when that happens, your project is dead."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But lawyers in most countries tell us “don't try to find the patents "
+"in advance”, and the reason is that the penalty for infringement is "
+"bigger if you knew about the patent. So what they tell you is “Keep "
+"your eyes shut. Don't try to find out about the patents, just go blindly "
+"taking your design decisions, and hope.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And of course, with each single design decision, you probably don't step on "
+"a patent. Probably nothing happens to you. But there's so many steps you "
"have to take to get across the minefield it's very unlikely you will get "
"through safely. And of course, the patent holders don't all show up at the "
-"same time, so you don't know how many there are going to be. The patent "
-"holder of the natural order recalculation patent was demanding 5% of the "
-"gross sales of every spreadsheet. You could imagine paying for a few such "
-"licenses, but what happens when patent holder number 20 comes along, and "
-"wants you to pay out the last remaining 5%, and then what happens when "
-"patent holder number 21 comes along? People in business say that this "
-"scenario is amusing but absurd because your business would fail long before "
-"you got there. They told me that two or three such licenses would make your "
-"business fail. So you'd never get to 20. They show up one by one, so you "
-"never know how many more there are going to be."
+"same time, so you don't know how many there are going to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The patent holder of the natural order recalculation patent was demanding 5% "
+"of the gross sales of every spreadsheet. You could imagine paying for a few "
+"such licenses, but what happens when patent holder number 20 comes along, "
+"and wants you to pay out the last remaining 5%? And then what happens when "
+"patent holder number 21 comes along?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People in business say that this scenario is amusing but absurd, because "
+"your business would fail long before you got there. They told me that two "
+"or three such licenses would make your business fail. So you'd never get to "
+"20. They show up one by one, so you never know how many more there are "
+"going to be."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Software patents are a mess. They're a mess for software developers, but in "
"addition they're a restriction on every computer user because software "
-"patents restrict what you can do on your computer. This is very different "
-"from patents, for instance, on automobile engines. These only restrict "
-"companies that make cars, they don't restrict you and me, but software "
-"patents do restrict you and me, and everybody who uses computers. So we "
-"can't think of them in purely economic terms, we can't judge this issue "
-"purely in economic terms, there's something more important at stake. But "
-"even in economic terms, the system is self-defeating, because its purpose is "
-"supposed to be to promote progress, supposedly by creating this artificial "
-"incentive for people to publish ideas, it's going to help the field "
-"progress, but all it does is the exact opposite, because the big job in "
-"software is not coming up with ideas, it's implementing thousands of ideas "
-"together in one program. And software patents obstruct that, so they're "
-"economically self-defeating, and there's even economic research showing that "
-"this is so, showing how in a field with a lot of incremental innovation, a "
-"patent system can actually reduce investment in R & D. And of course, "
-"it also obstructs development in other ways. So even if we ignore the "
-"injustice of software patents, even if we were to look at it in the narrow "
-"economic terms that are usually proposed, it's still harmful. People "
-"sometimes respond by saying that people in other fields have been living "
-"with patents for decades, and they've gotten used to it, so why should you "
-"be an exception? Now that question has an absurd assumption. It's like "
-"saying “other people get cancer, why shouldn't you?”. I think "
-"every time someone doesn't get cancer, that's good, regardless of what "
-"happened to the others. That question is absurd because of its "
-"presupposition that somehow we all have a duty to suffer the harm done by "
-"patents. But there is a sensible question buried inside it, and that "
-"sensible question is what differences are there between various fields that "
-"might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those fields?"
+"patents restrict what you can do on your computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This is very different from patents, for instance, on automobile engines. "
+"These only restrict companies that make cars; they don't restrict you and "
+"me. But software patents do restrict you and me, and everybody who uses "
+"computers. So we can't think of them in purely economic terms; we can't "
+"judge this issue purely in economic terms. There's something more important "
+"at stake."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But even in economic terms, the system is self-defeating, because its "
+"purpose is supposed to be to promote progress. Supposedly by creating this "
+"artificial incentive for people to publish ideas, it's going to help the "
+"field progress. But all it does is the exact opposite, because the big job "
+"in software is not coming up with ideas, it's implementing thousands of "
+"ideas together in one program. And software patents obstruct that, so "
+"they're economically self-defeating."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And there's even economic research showing that this is so—showing how "
+"in a field with a lot of incremental innovation, a patent system can "
+"actually reduce investment in R & D. And of course, it also obstructs "
+"development in other ways. So even if we ignore the injustice of software "
+"patents, even if we were to look at it in the narrow economic terms that are "
+"usually proposed, it's still harmful."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People sometimes respond by saying that “People in other fields have "
+"been living with patents for decades, and they've gotten used to it, so why "
+"should you be an exception?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, that question has an absurd assumption. It's like saying, “Other "
+"people get cancer, why shouldn't you?” I think every time someone "
+"doesn't get cancer, that's good, regardless of what happened to the others. "
+"That question is absurd because of its presupposition that somehow we all "
+"have a duty to suffer the harm done by patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a sensible question buried inside it, and that sensible "
+"question is, “What differences are there between various fields that "
+"might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those fields?”"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"There is an important basic difference between fields in regard to how many "
-"patents are likely to prohibit or cover parts of any one product. Now we "
-"have a naive idea in our minds which I'm trying to get rid of, because it's "
-"not true, and it's that in any one product there is one patent, and that "
-"patent covers the overall design of that product, so if you design a new "
-"product, it can't be patented already, and you will have an opportunity to "
-"get “the patent” on that product. That's not how things work."
+"patents are likely to prohibit or cover parts of any one product."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now we have a naive idea in our minds which I'm trying to get rid of, "
+"because it's not true. And it's that on any one product there is one "
+"patent, and that patent covers the overall design of that product. So if "
+"you design a new product, it can't be patented already, and you will have an "
+"opportunity to get “the patent” on that product."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's not how things work. In the 1800s, maybe they did, but not now. In "
+"fact, fields fall on a spectrum of how many patents [there are] per "
+"product. The beginning of the spectrum is one, but no field is like that "
+"today; but fields are at various places on this spectrum."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"In the 1800s, maybe they did, but not now. In fact, fields fall on a "
-"spectrum of how many patents per product. The beginning of the spectrum is "
-"one, but no field is like that today, but fields are at various places on "
-"this spectrum. The field that's closest to that is pharmaceuticals. A few "
-"decades ago, there really was one patent per pharmaceutical, at least at any "
-"time, because the patent covered the entire chemical formula of that one "
+"The field that's closest to that is pharmaceuticals. A few decades ago, "
+"there really was one patent per pharmaceutical, at least at any time, "
+"because the patent covered the entire chemical formula of that one "
"particular substance. Back then, if you developed a new drug, you could be "
"sure it wasn't already patented by somebody else and you could get the one "
-"patent on that drug. But that's not how it works now."
+"patent on that drug."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now there are broader patents, so now you could develop a new drug, and "
-"you're not allowed to make it because somebody has a broader patent which "
-"covers it already. And there might even be a few such patents covering your "
-"new drug simultaneously, but there wont' be hundreds. And the reason is our "
-"ability to do biochemical engineering is so limited that nobody knows how to "
-"combine so many ideas to make something that's useful in medicine. If you "
-"can combine a couple of them you're doing pretty well at our level of "
-"knowledge. But other fields involve combining more ideas to make one "
-"thing. At the other end of the spectrum is software, where we can combine "
-"more ideas into one usable design than anybody else, because our field is "
+"But that's not how it works now. Now there are broader patents, so now you "
+"could develop a new drug, and you're not allowed to make it because somebody "
+"has a broader patent which covers it already."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And there might even be a few such patents covering your new drug "
+"simultaneously, but there won't be hundreds. The reason is, our ability to "
+"do biochemical engineering is so limited that nobody knows how to combine so "
+"many ideas to make something that's useful in medicine. If you can combine "
+"a couple of them you're doing pretty well at our level of knowledge. But "
+"other fields involve combining more ideas to make one thing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"At the other end of the spectrum is software, where we can combine more "
+"ideas into one usable design than anybody else, because our field is "
"basically easier than all other fields. I'm presuming that the intelligence "
"of people in our field is the same as that of people in physical "
"engineering. It's not that we're fundamentally better than they are, it's "
"that our field is fundamentally easier, because we're working with "
-"mathematics. A program is made out of mathematical components, which have a "
-"definition, whereas physical objects don't have a definition. The matter "
-"does what it does, so through the perversity of matter, your design may not "
-"work the way it should have worked. And that's just tough. You can't say "
-"that the matter has a bug in it, and the physical universe should get "
-"fixed. So we can make a castle that rests on a mathematically thin line, "
-"and it stays up because nothing weighs anything."
+"mathematics."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A program is made out of mathematical components, which have a definition, "
+"whereas physical objects don't have a definition. The matter does what it "
+"does, so through the perversity of matter, your design may not work the way "
+"it \"should\" have worked. And that's just tough. You can't say that the "
+"matter has a bug in it, and the physical universe should get fixed. "
+"[Whereas] we [programmers] can make a castle that rests on a mathematically "
+"thin line, and it stays up because nothing weighs anything."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There're so many complications you have to cope with in physical engineering "
+"that we don't have to worry about."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, when I put an <code>if</code>-statement inside of a "
+"<code>while</code>-loop,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that if this <code>while</code>-loop repeats at the "
+"wrong rate, the <code>if</code>-statement might start to vibrate and it "
+"might resonate and crack;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that if it resonates much faster, you know, millions "
+"of times per second, that it might generate radio frequency signals that "
+"might induce wrong values in other parts of the program;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that corrosive fluids from the environment might seep "
+"in between the <code>if</code>-statement and the "
+"<code>while</code>-statement and start eating away at them until the signals "
+"don't pass anymore;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry about how the heat generated by my "
+"<code>if</code>-statement is going to get out through the "
+"<code>while</code>-statement so that it doesn't make the "
+"<code>if</code>-statement burn out; and"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry about how I would take out the broken "
+"<code>if</code>-statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and replace it "
+"with another <code>if</code>-statement to make the program run again."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For that matter, I don't have to worry about how I'm going to insert the "
+"<code>if</code>-statement inside the <code>while</code>-statement every time "
+"I produce a copy of the program. I don't have to design a factory to make "
+"copies of my program, because there are various general commands that will "
+"make copies of anything."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"There's so many complications you have to cope with in physical engineering "
-"that we don't have to worry about. For instance, when I put an "
-"<code>if</code> statement inside of a <code>while</code> loop, I don't have "
-"to worry that if this <code>while</code> loop repeats at the wrong rate, the "
-"<code>if</code> statement might start to vibrate and it might resonate and "
-"crack. I don't have to worry that if it resonates much faster, you know, "
-"millions of times per second, that it might induce radio frequency signals, "
-"generate radio frequency signals that might induce wrong values in other "
-"parts of the program. I don't have to worry that corrosive fluids from the "
-"environment might seep in between the <code>if</code> statement and the "
-"<code>while</code> statement and start eating away at them until the signals "
-"don't pass anymore. I don't have to worry about how the heat generated by "
-"my <code>if</code> statement is going to get out through the "
-"<code>while</code> statement so that it doesn't make the <code>if</code> "
-"statement burn out. And I don't have to worry about how I would take out "
-"the broken <code>if</code> statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and "
-"replace it with another <code>if</code> statement to make the program run "
-"again. For that matter, I don't have to worry about how I'm going to insert "
-"the <code>if</code> statement inside the <code>while</code> statement every "
-"time I produce a copy of the program. I don't have to design a factory to "
-"make copies of my program, because there are various general commands that "
-"will make copies of anything. If I want to make copies on CD I just have to "
-"write a master, and there's one program, I can make a master out of "
-"anything, write any data I want, I can make a master CD and write it and "
-"send it off to a factory and they'll duplicate whatever I send them. I "
-"don't have to design a different factory for each thing I want to "
-"duplicate. Very often with physical engineering you have to do that, you "
-"have to design products for manufacturability. Designing the factory may "
-"even be a bigger job than designing the product, and then you may have to "
-"spend millions of dollars to build the factory. So with all of this "
-"trouble, you're not going to be able to put together so many different ideas "
-"in one product and have it work. A physical design with a million "
-"non-repeating different design elements is a gigantic project. A program "
-"with a million different design elements, that's nothing. It's a few "
-"hundred thousand lines of code, and a few people will write that in a few "
-"years, so it's not a big deal. So the result is that the patent system "
-"weighs proportionately heavier on us than it does on people in any other "
-"field who are being held back by the perversity of matter."
+"If I want to make copies on CD I just have to write a master; and there's "
+"one program I can [use to] make a master out of anything, write any data I "
+"want. I can make a master CD and write it and send it off to a factory, and "
+"they'll duplicate whatever I send them. I don't have to design a different "
+"factory for each thing I want to duplicate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Very often with physical engineering you have to do that; you have to design "
+"products for manufacturability. Designing the factory may even be a bigger "
+"job than designing the product, and then you may have to spend millions of "
+"dollars to build the factory. So with all of this trouble, you're not going "
+"to be able to put together so many different ideas in one product and have "
+"it work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A physical design with a million non-repeating different design elements is "
+"a gigantic project. A program with a million different design elements, "
+"that's nothing. It's a few hundred thousand lines of code, and a few people "
+"will write that in a few years, so it's not a big deal. So the result is "
+"that the patent system weighs proportionately heavier on us than it does on "
+"people in any other field who are being held back by the perversity of "
+"matter."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"A lawyer did a study of one particular large program, namely the kernel "
-"Linux, which is used together with the GNU operating system that I launched, "
-"and, this was like five years ago now, he found 283 different US patents, "
+"Linux, which is used together with the GNU operating system that I "
+"launched. This was five years ago now; he found 283 different US patents, "
"each of which appeared to prohibit some computation done somewhere in the "
"code of Linux. At the time I saw an article saying that Linux was 0.25% of "
"the whole system. So by multiplying 300 by 400 we can estimate the number "
"of patents that would prohibit something in the whole system as being around "
"100,000. This is a very rough estimate only, and no more accurate "
"information is available, since trying to figure it out would be a gigantic "
-"task. Now this lawyer did not publish the list of patents, because that "
-"would have endangered the developers of Linux the kernel, putting them in a "
-"position where the penalties if they were sued would be greater. He didn't "
-"want to hurt them, he wanted to demonstrate how bad this problem is, of "
-"patent gridlock."
+"task."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now this lawyer did not publish the list of patents, because that would have "
+"endangered the developers of Linux the kernel, putting them in a position "
+"where the penalties if they were sued would be greater. He didn't want to "
+"hurt them; he wanted to demonstrate how bad this problem is, of patent "
+"gridlock."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"To explain this—programmers can understand this immediately, but "
-"politicians usually don't know much about programming—they can't "
-"appreciate this, they usually imagine that patents are basically much like "
-"copyrights, only somehow stronger. They imagine that since software "
-"developers are not endangered by the copyrights on their work, that they "
-"won't be endangered by the patents on their work either. They imagine that, "
-"since when you write a program, you have the copyright, OK, well if you "
-"write a program, so you have the patents also. This is false, so how do we "
+"Programmers can understand this immediately, but politicians usually don't "
+"know much about programming; they usually imagine that patents are basically "
+"much like copyrights, only somehow stronger. They imagine that since "
+"software developers are not endangered by the copyrights on their work, that "
+"they won't be endangered by the patents on their work either. They imagine "
+"that, since when you write a program you have the copyright, [that] if you "
+"write a program so you have the patents also. This is false, so how do we "
"give them a clue what patents would really do? What they really do in "
"countries like the US?"
msgstr ""
@@ -913,57 +1283,81 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"I find it's useful to make an analogy between software and symphonies. "
-"Here's why it's a good analogy. A program or symphony combines many ideas. "
-"A symphony combines many musical ideas. But you can't just pick a bunch of "
-"ideas and say here's my combination of ideas, do you like it? Because in "
-"order to make them work you have to implement them all. You can't just pick "
-"musical ideas and list them and say “Hey, how do you like this "
-"combination?”. You can't hear that. You have to write notes which "
-"implement all these ideas together. The hard task, the thing most of us "
-"wouldn't be any good at, is writing all these notes to make the whole thing "
-"sound good. Sure, lots of us could pick musical ideas out of a list, but we "
-"wouldn't know how to write a good sounding symphony to implement those "
-"ideas. Only some of us have that talent. That's the thing that limits "
-"you. I could probably invent a few musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how "
-"to use them to any effect."
+"Here's why it's a good analogy."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So imagine that it's the 1700s and the governments of Europe decide that "
+"A program or symphony combines many ideas. A symphony combines many musical "
+"ideas. But you can't just pick a bunch of ideas and say “Here's my "
+"combination of ideas, do you like it?” Because in order to make them "
+"work you have to implement them all. You can't just pick musical ideas and "
+"list them and say “Hey, how do you like this combination?” You "
+"can't hear that [list]. You have to write notes which implement all these "
+"ideas together."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The hard task, the thing most of us wouldn't be any good at, is writing all "
+"these notes to make the whole thing sound good. Sure, lots of us could pick "
+"musical ideas out of a list, but we wouldn't know how to write a "
+"good-sounding symphony to implement those ideas. Only some of us have that "
+"talent. That's the thing that limits you. I could probably invent a few "
+"musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how to use them to any effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So imagine that it's the 1700s, and the governments of Europe decide that "
"they want to promote the progress of symphonic music by establishing a "
"system of musical idea patents, so that any musical idea described in words "
-"could be patented. For instance, using a particular sequence of notes as a "
-"motif could be patented, or a chord progression could be patented, or a "
-"rhythmic pattern could be patented, or using certain instruments by "
-"themselves could be patented, or a format of repetitions in a movement could "
-"be patented, any sort of musical idea that could be described in words would "
-"have been patentable. Now imagine that it's 1800 and you're Beethoven, and "
-"you want to write a symphony. You're going to find it's much harder to "
-"write a symphony you don't get sued for than to write one that sounds good, "
-"because you have to thread your way around all the patents that existed. If "
-"you complained about this, the patent holders would say, “Oh, "
-"Beethoven, you're just jealous because we had these ideas first. Why don't "
-"you go and think of some ideas of your own?”."
+"could be patented."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, using a particular sequence of notes as a motif could be "
+"patented, or a chord progression could be patented, or a rhythmic pattern "
+"could be patented, or using certain instruments by themselves could be "
+"patented, or a format of repetitions in a movement could be patented. Any "
+"sort of musical idea that could be described in words would have been "
+"patentable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now imagine that it's 1800 and you're Beethoven, and you want to write a "
+"symphony. You're going to find it's much harder to write a symphony you "
+"don't get sued for than to write one that sounds good, because you have to "
+"thread your way around all the patents that exist. If you complained about "
+"this, the patent holders would say “Oh, Beethoven, you're just jealous "
+"because we had these ideas first. Why don't you go and think of some ideas "
+"of your own?”"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Now Beethoven had ideas of his own. The reason he's considered a great "
"composer is because of all of the new ideas that he had, and he actually "
-"used, and he knew how to use them in such a way that they would work, which "
+"used. And he knew how to use them in such a way that they would work, which "
"was to combine them with lots of well-known ideas. He could put a few new "
"ideas into a composition together with a lot of old and uncontroversial "
-"ideas, and the result was a piece that was controversial, but not so much so "
-"that people couldn't get used to it. To us, Beethoven's music doesn't sound "
-"controversial, I'm told it was, when it was new. But because he combined "
-"his new ideas with a lot of known ideas, he was able to give people a chance "
-"to stretch a certain amount, and they could, which is why to us those ideas "
-"sound just fine. But nobody, not even a Beethoven, is such a genius that he "
-"could reinvent music from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas and "
-"make something that people would want to listen to. And nobody is such a "
-"genius he could reinvent computing from zero, not using any of the "
-"well-known ideas, and make something that people want to use."
+"ideas. And the result was a piece that was controversial, but not so much "
+"so that people couldn't get used to it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To us, Beethoven's music doesn't sound controversial; I'm told it was, when "
+"it was new. But because he combined his new ideas with a lot of known "
+"ideas, he was able to give people a chance to stretch a certain amount. And "
+"they could, which is why to us those ideas sound just fine. But nobody, not "
+"even a Beethoven, is such a genius that he could reinvent music from zero, "
+"not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that people would "
+"want to listen to. And nobody is such a genius he could reinvent computing "
+"from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that "
+"people want to use."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -972,22 +1366,27 @@
"situation where what was done 20 years ago is totally inadequate. Twenty "
"years ago there was no World Wide Web. So sure, people did a lot of things "
"with computers back then, but what they want to do today are things that "
-"work with the World Wide Web, and you can't do that using only the ideas "
+"work with the World Wide Web. And you can't do that using only the ideas "
"that were known 20 years ago. And I presume that the technological context "
"will continue to change, creating fresh opportunities for somebody to get "
-"patents that give the shaft to the whole field. Big companies can even do "
-"this themselves. For instance, a few years ago Microsoft decided to make a "
-"phony open standard for documents and to get it approved as a standard by "
-"corrupting the International Standards Organization, which they did. But "
-"they designed using something that Microsoft had patented. Microsoft is big "
-"enough that it can start with a patent, design a format or protocol to use "
-"that patented idea, whether it's helpful or not, in such a way that there's "
-"no way to be compatible unless you use that same idea too. And then "
-"Microsoft can make that a de facto standard with or without help from "
-"corrupted standards bodies. Just by its weight it can push people into "
-"using that format, and that basically means that they get a stranglehold "
-"over the whole world. So we need to show the politicians what's really "
-"going on here. We need to show them why this is bad."
+"patents that give the shaft to the whole field."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Big companies can even do this themselves. For instance, a few years ago "
+"Microsoft decided to make a phony open standard for documents and to get it "
+"approved as a standard by corrupting the International Standards "
+"Organisation, which they did. But they designed it using something that "
+"Microsoft had patented. Microsoft is big enough that it can start with a "
+"patent, design a format or protocol to use that patented idea (whether it's "
+"helpful or not), in such a way that there's no way to be compatible unless "
+"you use that same idea too. And then Microsoft can make that a de facto "
+"standard with or without help from corrupted standards bodies. Just by its "
+"weight it can push people into using that format, and that basically means "
+"that they get a stranglehold over the whole world. So we need to show the "
+"politicians what's really going on here. We need to show them why this is "
+"bad."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
@@ -1019,7 +1418,7 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
"No software patents. I know that that works fine. I was in the field when "
-"there were no software patents, and that meant people developed software, "
+"there were no software patents. And that meant people developed software, "
"and they distributed that software in various ways, and they didn't have to "
"worry about getting sued by patent holders for doing it, so they were safe. "
"Software patents don't solve a real problem, so we don't need to ask what "
@@ -1030,56 +1429,88 @@
msgid "How do the developers get rewarded?"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Many ways. Software patents have nothing to do with that. Remember if "
"you're a software developer, software patents don't help you get whatever "
-"you want to get, different software developers want different things. I "
-"developed some important software in the 1980s, and the reward I wanted was "
-"to see people using computers in freedom. And I got that reward, although "
-"not totally. Not everybody has freedom. But software patents would only "
-"have stopped me. Other people developed programs because they wanted "
-"money. Software patents threaten them, too, and still threaten them, "
-"because you're not going to make any money if patent holders demand that you "
-"give it all to them, or if they make you shut down."
+"you want to get."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Different software developers want different things. I developed some "
+"important software in the 1980s, and the reward I wanted was to see people "
+"using computers in freedom. And I got that reward, although not totally, "
+"not everybody has freedom. But software patents would only have stopped me."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Other people developed programs because they wanted money. Software patents "
+"threaten them, too, and still threaten them, because you're not going to "
+"make any money if patent holders demand that you give it all to them, or if "
+"they make you shut down."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid "How do you prevent plagiarism and still…"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Plagiarism has nothing to do with this issue. It has absolutely nothing to "
-"do with this issue. Plagiarism means copying the text of a work and "
-"claiming to have written it yourself. But patents are not concerned with "
-"the text of any particular work. They simply have nothing to do with this. "
+"do with this issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Plagiarism means copying the text of a work and claiming to have written it "
+"yourself. But patents are not concerned with the text of any particular "
+"work. They simply have nothing to do with this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
"If you write a work and this work embodies some ideas, which it always does, "
"there's no reason to think that the patents covering those ideas would "
"belong to you. They're more likely to belong to lots of others, and half of "
"them to the megacorporations, and they can then all sue you. So you don't "
-"even have to worry, long before you get to the point where somebody else "
-"might copy it, you're going to be getting the shaft. You are confusing "
-"patents with copyrights, I'm afraid. They have nothing in common. I've "
-"explained to you what the patent system does to software, but I think you "
-"don't believe me because you've heard what copyrights do and you're "
-"confusing the two, so these impressions you've got about what copyrights do, "
-"you're just assuming that patents do them also, and they don't. If you "
-"write some code, the copyright on that code would belong to you, but if your "
-"code implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, those patents "
-"belong to others who could then sue you. You don't have to be afraid with "
-"copyright that when you write code yourself, that somebody else already has "
-"a copyright on it and can sue you, because copyright only restricts "
-"copying. In fact, even if you write something which is identical to what "
-"somebody else wrote, if you can prove you didn't copy it, that's a defense "
-"under copyright law, because copyright law is only concerned with copying. "
-"But copyright law is only concerned with the details of authorship of a "
-"work, so it has nothing in common with patent law in terms of what it deals "
-"with, and the effects are totally different. Now I'm not in favor "
-"personally of all the things that people do with copyright law, I've "
-"criticized it, but it's a totally different, unrelated issue. If you think "
-"that patent law helps somebody who is developing software, it means that you "
-"have got a completely wrong picture of what patent law actually does."
+"even have to worry [about plagiarsm]; long before you get to the point where "
+"somebody else might copy it, you're going to be getting the shaft."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You are confusing patents with copyrights, I'm afraid. They have nothing in "
+"common. I've explained to you what the patent system does to software, but "
+"I think you don't believe me because you've heard what copyrights do and "
+"you're confusing the two, so these impressions you've got about what "
+"copyrights do, you're just assuming that patents do them also—and they "
+"don't. If you write some code, the copyright on that code would belong to "
+"you; but if your code implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, "
+"those patents belong to others who could then sue you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You don't have to be afraid, with copyright, that when you write code "
+"yourself, that somebody else already has a copyright on it and can sue you, "
+"because copyright only restricts copying. In fact, even if you write "
+"something which is identical to what somebody else wrote, if you can prove "
+"you didn't copy it, that's a defense under copyright law, because copyright "
+"law is only concerned with copying. But copyright law is only concerned "
+"with the details of authorship of a work [i.e., not th ideas it embodies], "
+"so it has nothing in common with patent law in terms of what it deals with, "
+"and the effects are totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now I'm not in favor personally of all the things that people do with "
+"copyright law, I've criticized it. But it's a totally different, unrelated "
+"issue. If you think that patent law helps somebody who is developing "
+"software, it means that you have got a completely wrong picture of what "
+"patent law actually does."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1129,7 +1560,7 @@
"patentable ever by anyone. But what you are seeing there, more generally, "
"is an example of the general corruption of our society by putting commercial "
"aims above all others. Now I'm not a communist and I don't want to abolish "
-"business, but when it becomes business above all, every aspect of life, "
+"business, but when it becomes business above all, every aspect of life "
"oriented towards business, that is dangerous."
msgstr ""
@@ -1155,7 +1586,7 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
"Sorry, when you say “which” I don't know what you are referring "
-"to. Software patents will make it difficult for anyone, if New Zealand "
+"to. Software patents will make it difficult for anyone. If New Zealand "
"allows software patents, that will make it difficult in New Zealand for "
"anybody to develop programs and distribute them, because you'll be in danger "
"of getting sued. Software patents have nothing to do with developing a "
@@ -1168,17 +1599,21 @@
"protected by having no software patents."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Yes. You see, each country has its own patent system, and they work "
-"independently except that countries have signed up to a treaty that says "
-"“if you have got a patent in that country, you can basically bring "
-"your application over here, and we'll judge it based on the year you applied "
-"for it over there”. But other than that, each country has its own "
-"criteria for what can be patented and has its own set of patents. So the "
-"result is if the US allows software patents and New Zealand does not, that "
-"means that everybody in the world, including New Zealanders, can get US "
-"software patents and sue us poor Americans at home. But, if New Zealand "
+"independently, except that countries have signed up to a treaty that says "
+"\"if you have got a patent in that country, you can basically bring your "
+"application over here, and we'll judge it based on the year you applied for "
+"it over there\". But other than that, each country has its own criteria for "
+"what can be patented and has its own set of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So the result is if the US allows software patents and New Zealand does not, "
+"that means that everybody in the world, including New Zealanders, can get US "
+"software patents and sue us poor Americans at home. But if New Zealand "
"doesn't allow software patents that means that neither you nor we can get "
"New Zealand software patents to sue you New Zealanders at home. You can be "
"sure that almost all the software patents will belong to foreigners who will "
@@ -1187,7 +1622,7 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s."
+msgid "Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1200,40 +1635,56 @@
"into a field where we don't already have them, we do."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"I don't know, but I'm told that there's a decision being made now at the "
"legislative level of whether to allow them. But Patent Offices often "
-"respond to lobbying from megacorporations through WIPO. WIPO, as you can "
-"tell from its name, which is the World Intellectual Property Organization, "
-"is up to no good, because any use of that term is spreading confusion. WIPO "
-"gets a lot of its funds from megacorporations, and uses those funds to bring "
-"officials from Patent Offices to idyllic resort destinations for training. "
-"What they train them to do is twist the law to allow patents in areas where "
-"they're not supposed to be allowed. You've seen, in many countries there "
-"are laws and court decisions which say that software as such can't be "
-"patented, algorithms can't be patented, or “mathematical” "
-"algorithms can't be patented, no one's quite sure what it means for an "
-"algorithm to be mathematical or not, and various other criteria which if "
-"interpreted naturally would rule out software patents, but the patent "
-"offices twist the law to allow them anyway. For instance, a lot of things "
-"which practically speaking are software patents, have the form where they "
-"describe a system involving a central processing unit, a memory, "
-"input/output facilities, instruction-fetching facilities, and means to "
-"perform this particular computation. In effect what they've done is, "
+"respond to lobbying from megacorporations through WIPO."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"WIPO, as you can tell from its name, which is the World Intellectual "
+"Property Organisation, is up to no good, because any use of that term is "
+"spreading confusion. WIPO gets a lot of its funds from megacorporations, "
+"and uses those funds to bring officials from Patent Offices to idyllic "
+"resort destinations for training. What they train them to do is twist the "
+"law to allow patents in areas where they're not supposed to be allowed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In many countries there are laws and court decisions which say that software "
+"as such can't be patented, algorithms can't be patented, or "
+"“mathematical” algorithms can't be patented (no one's quite sure "
+"what it means for an algorithm to be mathematical or not), and various other "
+"criteria which if interpreted naturally would rule out software patents, but "
+"the patent offices twist the law to allow them anyway."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, a lot of things which practically speaking are software "
+"patents have the form where they describe a system involving a central "
+"processing unit, a memory, input/output facilities, instruction-fetching "
+"facilities, and means to perform this particular computation. In effect "
"they've written explicitly into the patent all the parts of an ordinary "
-"computer, and then they say “well, this is a physical system which we "
+"computer, and then they say “Well, this is a physical system which we "
"would like to patent”, but really it's just patenting certain software "
-"on a computer. There are many subterfuges that they've used. Patent "
-"Offices will generally try to twist the law into allowing more patents. In "
-"the US software patents were created by a court decision in 1982, in the "
-"Appeals Court that deals with all patent cases, which misunderstood a "
-"Supreme Court decision from the previous year, and misapplied it. Now it "
-"looks like that Appeals Court has finally changed its mind, and its come to "
-"the conclusion that it was mistaken all along, and it looks like this "
-"decision will get rid of all software patents, unless the Supreme Court "
-"reverses it. The Supreme Court is now considering it, and within less than "
-"a year we should find out whether we've won or lost."
+"on a computer. There are many subterfuges that they've used."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Patent Offices will generally try to twist the law into allowing more "
+"patents. In the US software patents were created by a court decision in "
+"1982, in the Appeals Court that deals with all patent cases, which "
+"misunderstood a Supreme Court decision from the previous year, and "
+"misapplied it. Now it looks like that Appeals Court has finally changed its "
+"mind, and it's come to the conclusion that it was mistaken all along; and it "
+"looks like this decision will get rid of all software patents, unless the "
+"Supreme Court reverses it. The Supreme Court is now considering it, and "
+"within less than a year we should find out whether we've won or lost."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1283,14 +1734,14 @@
msgid ""
"No, it's a mistake to look for partial solutions, because we have a much "
"better chance of establishing a full solution. Everybody involved in "
-"software development and distribution and use, when they see, except the "
-"ones in the megacorporations, when they see how dangerous software patents "
-"are, they will get behind total rejection of software patents, whereas an "
-"exception for some special case will only win support from the people in "
-"that special case. These partial solutions are essentially distractions. "
-"People start by saying, “Oh, I'm sure we can't really solve the "
-"problem, so I give up on that. Let me propose a partial solution.” "
-"But these partial solutions don't make it safe to develop software."
+"software development and distribution and use, except the ones in the "
+"megacorporations, when they see how dangerous software patents are, they "
+"will get behind total rejection of software patents. Whereas an exception "
+"for some special case will only win support from the people in that special "
+"case. These partial solutions are essentially distractions. People start "
+"by saying “Oh, I'm sure we can't really solve the problem, so I give "
+"up on that. Let me propose a partial solution.” But these partial "
+"solutions don't make it safe to develop software."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1312,10 +1763,11 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"Something that says only a few of us, or only certain activities, or gets "
-"rid of half the software patents, that's analogous to say “well, maybe "
-"we could clear part of the minefield, or maybe we could destroy half the "
-"mines in the minefield,” but that doesn't make it safe."
+"Something that saves only a few of us, or only certain activities, or gets "
+"rid of half the software patents, that's analogous to saying “Well, "
+"maybe we could clear part of the minefield, or maybe we could destroy half "
+"the mines in the minefield.” [That's an improvement] but that doesn't "
+"make it safe."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1330,11 +1782,11 @@
"Some have. In India a few years ago, there was an attempt to change patent "
"law to explicitly allow software patents and it was dropped. A few years "
"ago the US proposed a trade treaty, a free exploitation treaty, with Latin "
-"America, and it was blocked by the president of Brazil, who said no to "
+"America. And it was blocked by the president of Brazil, who said no to "
"software patents and another nasty thing relating to computers, and that "
"killed the whole treaty. That's apparently the whole thing that the US "
"wanted to impose on the rest of the continent. But these things don't stay "
-"dead. There are companies that have full-time staff looking for some way "
+"dead; there are companies that have full-time staff looking for some way "
"they can subvert some country or other."
msgstr ""
@@ -1345,21 +1797,31 @@
"patents?"
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"There isn't any. It's almost impossible to measure these things. Actually, "
"I shouldn't say there isn't any. There is a little. It's very hard to "
"measure the effect of the patent system, because you're comparing the real "
"world with a counterfactual world, and there's no way to be sure what would "
-"happen. What I can say is before there were software patents, there was "
-"lots of software development, not as much as there is now, because of course "
-"there were nowhere near as many computer users. How many computer users "
-"were there in 1982, even in the US? It was a small fraction of the public. "
-"But there were software developers, they weren't saying we desperately want "
-"patents. They weren't getting sued for patent infringement after they "
-"developed their programs. But there is a bit of research that I saw that "
-"apparently software patents did not, essentially, resulted not in an "
-"increase in research, but a shift of funds from research into patenting."
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What I can say is before there were software patents, there was lots of "
+"software development; not as much as there is now, because of course there "
+"were nowhere near as many computer users."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"How many computer users were there in 1982, even in the US? It was a small "
+"fraction of the public. But there were software developers. They weren't "
+"saying “We desperately want patents”. They weren't getting sued "
+"for patent infringement after they developed their programs. But there is a "
+"bit of [economic] research that I saw that apparently software patents "
+"resulted not in an increase in research, but [in] a shift of funds from "
+"research into patenting."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1369,15 +1831,15 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
"No. Before there were software patents, a lot of software developers kept "
-"the details of their programs secret, but they usually wouldn't keep any of "
+"the details of their programs secret. But they usually wouldn't keep any of "
"the general ideas secret, because that they realized that the big job in "
"developing good software was not picking your general ideas, it was "
-"implementing a lot of ideas together. So they would publish, they would let "
-"their employees publish in scholarly journals any interesting new ideas that "
-"they'd had. So now, they'll patent those new ideas. It has very little to "
-"do with developing a useful program, and just letting people know some ideas "
-"doesn't give them a program. Besides, most of the ideas, the thousands of "
-"idea you've combined in your program, are known anyway."
+"implementing a lot of ideas together. So they would publish, [or] they "
+"would let their employees publish, in scholarly journals any interesting new "
+"ideas that they'd had. So now, they'll patent those new ideas. It has very "
+"little to do with developing a useful program, and just letting people know "
+"some ideas doesn't give them a program. Besides, most of the ideas, the "
+"thousands of ideas you've combined in your program, are known anyway."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
@@ -1393,16 +1855,16 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "Excellent. Richard has here stickers which I believe are free."
+msgid "Excellent. Richard has here stickers which I believe are free"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "Gratis, and these are for sale."
+msgid "Gratis. And these [other items] are for sale."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"So you're welcome to come down. It's been a great debate—thank you "
+"so you're welcome to come down. It's been a great debate - thank you "
"Richard."
msgstr ""
Index: software/devel.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/devel.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- software/devel.es.html 2 Aug 2009 20:30:40 -0000 1.6
+++ software/devel.es.html 1 Dec 2009 21:26:50 -0000 1.7
@@ -41,48 +41,28 @@
</p>
<p>
- Por ese motivo, la Free Software Foundation recomienda a los proyectos de
-software de GNU usar las máquinas en <code>gnu.org</code> como una base
-central. Usar estas máquinas también beneficia indirectamente al Proyecto
-GNU, al incrementar la percepción pública sobre GNU y al esparcir la idea de
-trabajar juntos para el beneficio de todos.
+ Por ese motivo, la Free Software Foundation recomienda enérgicamente a los
+proyectos de software de GNU usar las máquinas en <code>gnu.org</code> como
+una base central. Usar estas máquinas también beneficia indirectamente al
+Proyecto GNU, al incrementar la percepción pública sobre GNU y al esparcir
+la idea de trabajar juntos para el beneficio de todos.
</p>
-<h3 id="CVS">CVS y Savannah</h3>
-
-<p>
- Proveemos acceso remoto a CVS para varios paquetes de GNU. Si está
-desarrollando un paquete de GNU y quisiera tener el repositorio en las
-máquinas de <em>gnu.org</em>, <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>Savannah</a> le ofrece una manera fácil para
-crearlo y administrarlo. Primero, <a
+<h3 id="CVS">Savannah y el control de versiones</h3>
+
+<p>Si está desarrollando un paquete oficial de GNU, recomendamos sólidamente
+que cree y maneje un repositorio de código público en <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>Savannah</a>, el repositorio de software de
+GNU. En primer lugar, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/account/register.php"; >crease una cuenta</a>
y luego <a href= "http://savannah.gnu.org/register/";>registre su paquete de
-GNU</a>. Al cabo de unas pocas horas se creará el repositorio CVS. Podrá
-escribir en él y administrar usted mismo la lista de personas que tienen
-permisos de escritura.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Varios proyectos <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/search/index.php?type_of_search=soft&words=%%%";>ya
-están usando</a> Savannah para este propósito.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="LoginAccounts">Cuentas de acceso</h3>
+GNU</a>. Después de crearse, usted mismo podrá elegir un sistema de control
+de versiones y manejar la lista de personas que tienen acceso de escritura,
+entre otras caracterÃsticas.</p>
-<p>
- Brindamos acceso identificado a las máquinas de GNU a las personas que las
-necesitan para trabajar en software de GNU. Tener una cuenta de acceso
-personal es un privilegio y una responsabilidad a la vez, y debiera usarse
-solamente para su trabajo en GNU. Por favor, lea <a
-href="README.accounts.html">métodos de acceso para máquinas de GNU</a> para
-obtener una cuenta.
-</p>
<h3 id="MailLists">Listas de correo</h3>
-
<p>
Operamos listas de correo para paquetes de software de GNU cuando se
necesiten, incluyendo listas administradas a mano y listas autoadministradas
@@ -96,19 +76,11 @@
</p>
<p>
- Si, por alguna razón, no es posible o deseable registrar un paquete de GNU
-en Savannah, pida a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-que cree listas por usted, o créelas usted mismo si está seguro que sabe
-cómo hacerlo.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- En general, cada paquete de software de GNU deberÃa tener una lista para
-reportar errores con el nombre canónico
-<code>bug-<em>nombre</em>@gnu.org</code>, más cualquier otro alias que pueda
-ser útil. Al usar Savannah, puede crear listas para su paquete con nombres
-como <code><em>nombre</em>-bug</code>. Esto es bueno, pero haga un alias
+ Cada paquete de software de GNU deberÃa tener una lista para informar sobre
+errores con el nombre canónico <code>bug-<em>nombre</em>@gnu.org</code>, más
+cualquier otro alias que pueda ser útil. Al usar Savannah, puede crear
+listas para su paquete con nombres como
+<code><em>nombre</em>-bug</code>. Esto es bueno, pero haga un alias
<code>bug-<em>nombre</em></code> o pida que lo hagan, por favor. Algunos
paquetes comparten la lista address@hidden, pero ahora incentivamos a
que los paquetes comiencen sus propias listas individuales.
@@ -135,6 +107,7 @@
enlace mutuo a la lista de correo.
</p>
+
<h3 id="WebServer">Servidor web</h3>
<p>
@@ -145,14 +118,15 @@
los paquetes de software de GNU.
</p>
-<p>
- La máquina que aloja las páginas web de <code>www.gnu.org</code> está
-separada del resto de las máquinas de GNU. Las páginas web están almacenadas
-en un repositorio CVS en Savannah. Entonces, se le entregan permisos de
-escritura a cada mantenedor de paquetes de GNU registrado en <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>Savannah</a> para el directorio
-<code>/software/package</code>.
-</p>
+<p>La máquina que sirve las páginas web de <code>www.gnu.org</code> está
+separada respecto al resto de las máquinas. Los paquetes de GNU deben usar
+<tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/</tt><i>package</i> como su página
+principal. En Savannah, los encargados de mantenimiento pueden crear páginas
+en esa dirección web mediante un «repositorio web» CVS, separado del
+repositorio principal de código del paquete. <a
+href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Web-Pages">Más información sobre páginas
+web</a>.</p>
+
<h3 id="FTP">FTP</h3>
@@ -175,12 +149,24 @@
por FTP.
</p>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<h3 id="LoginAccounts">Cuentas de acceso</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Brindamos acceso identificado a las máquinas de GNU a las personas que las
+necesitan para trabajar en software de GNU. Tener una cuenta de acceso
+personal es un privilegio y una responsabilidad a la vez, y debiera usarse
+solamente para su trabajo en GNU. Por favor, lea <a
+href="README.accounts.html">métodos de acceso para máquinas de GNU</a> para
+obtener una cuenta.
+</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -191,20 +177,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la â©<acronym title="Free
+<p>Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la â©<acronym
title="Free
Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNUâ©a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. También puede <a
href="/contact/">contactar con la FSF por otros medios</a>. <br />â©Por
favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a â©<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Por favor, vea el <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">LÃEME
+<p>Por favor, vea el <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">LÃEME
de las traducciones</a> para obtener información de cómo coordinar y enviar
-traducciones de este artÃculo.
-</p>
+traducciones de este artÃculo.</p>
<p>
Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -229,7 +211,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:30:40 $
+$Date: 2009/12/01 21:26:50 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/po/devel.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/devel.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- software/po/devel.es.po 30 Nov 2009 22:40:58 -0000 1.4
+++ software/po/devel.es.po 1 Dec 2009 21:26:55 -0000 1.5
@@ -72,12 +72,6 @@
"accesibles a los demás."
# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "For that reason, the Free Software Foundation encourages GNU software "
-#| "projects to use the machines at <code>gnu.org</code> as a home base. "
-#| "Using these machines also benefits the GNU Project indirectly, by "
-#| "increasing public awareness of GNU, and spreading the idea of working "
-#| "together for the benefit of everyone."
msgid ""
"For that reason, the Free Software Foundation strongly encourages GNU "
"software projects to use the machines at <code>gnu.org</code> as a home "
@@ -85,28 +79,17 @@
"increasing public awareness of GNU, and spreading the idea of working "
"together for the benefit of everyone."
msgstr ""
-"Por ese motivo, la Free Software Foundation recomienda enérgicamente a "
-"los proyectos de software de GNU usar las máquinas en <code>gnu.org"
-"</code> como una base central. Usar estas máquinas también beneficia "
-"indirectamente al Proyecto GNU, al incrementar la percepción pública "
-"sobre GNU y al esparcir la idea de trabajar juntos para el beneficio de "
-"todos."
+"Por ese motivo, la Free Software Foundation recomienda enérgicamente a los "
+"proyectos de software de GNU usar las máquinas en <code>gnu.org</code> como "
+"una base central. Usar estas máquinas también beneficia indirectamente al "
+"Proyecto GNU, al incrementar la percepción pública sobre GNU y al esparcir "
+"la idea de trabajar juntos para el beneficio de todos."
# type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Savannah and version control"
msgstr "Savannah y el control de versiones"
# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "We provide remote CVS access for many GNU packages; if you are developing "
-#| "a GNU package and would like to keep the repository on the <em>gnu.org</"
-#| "em> machines, <a href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/\"; >Savannah</a> offers "
-#| "an easy way to create and manage it. First, <a href=\"https://savannah.";
-#| "gnu.org/account/register.php\" >create yourself an account</a> and then "
-#| "<a href= \"http://savannah.gnu.org/register/\";>register your GNU package</"
-#| "a>. Within a few hours the CVS repository will be created. You will be "
-#| "able to write into it and manage the list of people who have write access "
-#| "to it by yourself."
msgid ""
"If you are developing an official GNU package, we strongly encourage you to "
"create and manage a public source repository on <a href=\"http://savannah.";
@@ -118,14 +101,13 @@
"to it by yourself, among other features."
msgstr ""
"Si está desarrollando un paquete oficial de GNU, recomendamos sólidamente "
-"que cree y maneje un repositorio de código público en <a "
-"href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/\";>Savannah</a>, el repositorio de software "
-"de GNU. En primer lugar, <a "
-"href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/account/register.php\"; >crease una cuenta"
-"</a> y luego <a href= \"http://savannah.gnu.org/register/\";>registre su
paquete "
-"de GNU</a>. Después de crearse, usted mismo podrá elegir un sistema de "
-"control de versiones y manejar la lista de personas que tienen acceso de "
-"escritura, entre otras caracterÃsticas."
+"que cree y maneje un repositorio de código público en <a href=\"http://";
+"savannah.gnu.org/\">Savannah</a>, el repositorio de software de GNU. En "
+"primer lugar, <a href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/account/register.php\"; "
+">crease una cuenta</a> y luego <a href= \"http://savannah.gnu.org/register/";
+"\">registre su paquete de GNU</a>. Después de crearse, usted mismo podrá "
+"elegir un sistema de control de versiones y manejar la lista de personas que "
+"tienen acceso de escritura, entre otras caracterÃsticas."
# type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Mailing Lists"
@@ -151,14 +133,6 @@
"administrar las listas de correo dedicadas a este paquete."
# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In general, each GNU software package ought to have a bug-reporting list "
-#| "with the canonical name <code>bug-<em>name</em>@gnu.org</code>, plus "
-#| "whatever other aliases may be useful. Using Savannah, you can create "
-#| "lists for your package with names like <code><em>name</em>-bug</code>; "
-#| "this is good, but please make <code>bug-<em>name</em></code> an alias, or "
-#| "ask for it to be done. Some packages share the list address@hidden"
-#| "org but we now encourage packages to set up their own individual lists."
msgid ""
"Each GNU software package ought to have at least a bug-reporting list with "
"the canonical name <code>bug-<em>name</em>@gnu.org</code>, plus whatever "
@@ -168,11 +142,11 @@
"lists."
msgstr ""
"Cada paquete de software de GNU deberÃa tener una lista para informar sobre "
-"errores con el nombre canónico <code>bug-<em>nombre</em>@gnu.org</"
-"code>, más cualquier otro alias que pueda ser útil. Al usar Savannah, puede
"
-"crear listas para su paquete con nombres como <code><em>nombre</em>-bug</"
-"code>. Esto es bueno, pero haga un alias <code>bug-<em>nombre</em></code> o "
-"pida que lo hagan, por favor. Algunos paquetes comparten la lista bug-gnu-"
+"errores con el nombre canónico <code>bug-<em>nombre</em>@gnu.org</code>,
más "
+"cualquier otro alias que pueda ser útil. Al usar Savannah, puede crear "
+"listas para su paquete con nombres como <code><em>nombre</em>-bug</code>. "
+"Esto es bueno, pero haga un alias <code>bug-<em>nombre</em></code> o pida "
+"que lo hagan, por favor. Algunos paquetes comparten la lista bug-gnu-"
"address@hidden, pero ahora incentivamos a que los paquetes comiencen sus "
"propias listas individuales."
@@ -237,11 +211,10 @@
"La máquina que sirve las páginas web de <code>www.gnu.org</code> está "
"separada respecto al resto de las máquinas. Los paquetes de GNU deben usar "
"<tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/</tt><i>package</i> como su página "
-"principal. En Savannah, los encargados de mantenimiento pueden crear "
-"páginas en esa dirección web mediante un «repositorio web» CVS, separado "
-"del repositorio principal de código del paquete. <a "
-"href=\"/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Web-Pages\">Más información sobre "
-"páginas web</a>."
+"principal. En Savannah, los encargados de mantenimiento pueden crear páginas
"
+"en esa dirección web mediante un «repositorio web» CVS, separado del "
+"repositorio principal de código del paquete. <a href=\"/prep/maintain/"
+"maintain.html#Web-Pages\">Más información sobre páginas web</a>."
# type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "FTP"
@@ -282,12 +255,6 @@
msgstr "Cuentas de acceso"
# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "We give out login access to GNU machines to people who need them for work "
-#| "on GNU software. Having a login account is both a privilege and a "
-#| "responsibility, and they should be used only for your work on GNU. "
-#| "Please read <a href=\"README.accounts.html\">access methods for GNU "
-#| "machines</a> in order to obtain an account."
msgid ""
"We give out shell login access to GNU machines to people who need them for "
"work on GNU software. Having a login account is both a privilege and a "
@@ -307,13 +274,6 @@
msgstr " "
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
-#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send comments on these web "
-#| "pages to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</"
-#| "em></a>, send other questions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
msgid ""
"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
"\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other
ways "
@@ -336,8 +296,6 @@
"y enviar traducciones de este artÃculo."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
msgid ""
"Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
msgstr ""
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