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www/philosophy free-sw.af.html free-sw.bg.html ...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.af.html free-sw.bg.html ... |
|
Date: |
Thu, 26 Nov 2009 09:26:19 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/11/26 09:26:19
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.af.html free-sw.bg.html free-sw.fr.html
free-sw.sk.html free-sw.sr.html free-sw.tr.html
pragmatic.ca.html pragmatic.fa.html
pragmatic.fr.html pragmatic.ml.html
right-to-read.fa.html right-to-read.fr.html
right-to-read.sr.html why-free.ca.html
why-free.es.html why-free.fr.html
why-free.ml.html why-free.tr.html
words-to-avoid.es.html words-to-avoid.fr.html
words-to-avoid.sr.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.af.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.55&r2=1.56
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
Patches:
Index: free-sw.af.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.af.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- free-sw.af.html 12 Oct 2009 20:26:05 -0000 1.13
+++ free-sw.af.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:09 -0000 1.14
@@ -104,7 +104,9 @@
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient.
+practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
+are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -424,7 +426,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Opgedateer:
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:26:05 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-sw.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- free-sw.bg.html 12 Oct 2009 20:26:05 -0000 1.22
+++ free-sw.bg.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.23
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient.
+practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
+are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -449,7 +451,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:26:05 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-sw.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.55
retrieving revision 1.56
diff -u -b -r1.55 -r1.56
--- free-sw.fr.html 12 Oct 2009 20:26:06 -0000 1.55
+++ free-sw.fr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.56
@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient.
+practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
+are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -472,7 +474,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:26:06 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-sw.sk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- free-sw.sk.html 27 Sep 2009 20:25:41 -0000 1.6
+++ free-sw.sk.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.7
@@ -101,12 +101,14 @@
</p>
<p>
-Sloboda 1 zahÅÅa slobodu použÃvaÅ¥ vaÅ¡u zmenenú verziu namiesto
pôvodnej. Ak
-je program doruÄený v produkte prispôsobenom na spúšťanie verzie
upravenej
-niekým iným ale odmieta spúšťaÅ¥ vaÅ¡u verziu — praktika známa ako
-“tivoizácia” alebo (pomocou blacklistov) ako “secure
-boot” — sloboda 1 sa stáva skôr teoretickou fikciou ako
-skutoÄnou slobodou v praxi. To je nedostaÄujúce.
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
+original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
+else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
+“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
+practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
+are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -436,7 +438,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizované:
-$Date: 2009/09/27 20:25:41 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-sw.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- free-sw.sr.html 12 Oct 2009 20:26:06 -0000 1.21
+++ free-sw.sr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.22
@@ -103,7 +103,9 @@
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient.
+practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
+are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -425,7 +427,7 @@
гÑеÑака</a> <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sr/";>пÑоÑекÑа
пÑевода <tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки</a>. Ðа
допÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑпÑком
пÑеводÑ, коÑиÑно Ñе да погледаÑе и
-докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
+докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.rs/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
пÑeводим ÐÐУ-ов веб</a>, коÑи ÑадÑжи ÑмеÑниÑе
коÑиÑ
Ñе ÑÑеба
пÑидÑжаваÑи пÑи пÑевоÑеÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑа
<tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки
Ñезик.</p>
@@ -433,7 +435,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:26:06 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-sw.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- free-sw.tr.html 17 Sep 2009 20:26:09 -0000 1.22
+++ free-sw.tr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.23
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@
</p>
<p>
-1 numaralı özgürlük özgün sürümün yerine kendi deÄiÅiklik
yaptıÄınız sürümü
-kullanabilmenizi de içerir. EÄer program bir baÅkasının deÄiÅiklik
yapılmıÅ
-sürümlerini çalıÅtıracak, ancak sizinkileri reddedecek Åekilde
tasarlanmıÅ
-bir ürün ile birlikte geliyorsa — bu iÅlem
-“tivolaÅtırma”<sup><a id="RefTransNote2"
-href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup> ya da (kara liste aracılıÄıyla)
-“güvenli açılıŔ olarak bilinir — 1 numaralı
özgürlük
-uygulamada bir özgürlük olacaÄı yerde teorik bir düŠolacaktır.
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
+original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
+else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
+“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
+practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
+are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2009/09/17 20:26:09 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: pragmatic.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- pragmatic.ca.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000 1.11
+++ pragmatic.ca.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.12
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@
per <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-Tota decisió que pren una persona és resultat dels seus valors i
-objectius. La gent pot tenir objectius i valors molt diferents: la fama, els
-diners, l'amor, la supervivència, la diversió i la llibertat només són
-alguns dels objectius que una bona persona pot tenir. Quan l'objectiu és
-ajudar els altres i a un mateix, ho anomenem idealisme.</p>
+Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.
+People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love,
+survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person
+might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism.</p>
<p>
La feina que faig pel programari lliure està motivada per un objectiu
@@ -26,33 +25,30 @@
lliure</a>, substituint el programari privatiu que prohibeix la cooperació,
i millorar d'aquesta manera la nostra societat.</p>
<p>
-Aquesta és la raó fonamental per la qual la Llicència Pública General de
GNU
-(GPL GNU) està escrita com a una llicència copyleft. Tot el codi afegit als
-programes protegits per la GPL ha de ser programari lliure, fins i tot si
-s'inclou en un fitxer separat. Faig que el meu codi estigui disponible per
-fer-lo servir en programari lliure, i no en programari privatiu, amb la idea
-d'animar altres programadors que facin el mateix. Entenc que, ja que els
-desenvolupadors de programari privatiu fan servir el copyright per impedir
-que el compartim, els que cooperem podem fer servir el copyright per donar
-als altres usuaris que cooperen un avantatge: que puguin fer servir el
-nostre codi.</p>
-<p>
-No tothom que fa servir la Llicència Pública General de GNU té aquest
-objectiu. Fa molts anys, a un amic meu li van demanar que tornés a publicar
-amb copyleft un programa les condicions del qual no s'ajustaven al copyleft,
-i va respondre més o menys aixÃ:</p>
-
+That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the
+way it is—as a <a href="/copyleft"> copyleft</a>. All code added to a
+GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate
+file. I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in
+proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software
+to make it free as well. I figure that since proprietary software
+developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use
+copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use
+our code.</p>
+<p>
+Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal. Many years ago, a friend
+of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms,
+and he responded more or less like this:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-De vegades treballo en programari lliure i de vegades en programari
-privatiu, però, quan treballo en programari privatiu, espero que em paguin.
+“Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on
+proprietary software—but when I work on proprietary software, I expect
+to get <em>paid</em>.”
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Per tant estava disposat a compartir la seva feina amb una comunitat que
-compartÃs programari, però no veia cap raó per donar un cop de mà a una
-empresa fent productes que quedarien fora de l'abast de la nostra
-comunitat. El seu objectiu era diferent del meu, però va decidir que la
-Llicència Pública General de GNU també era útil per al seu objectiu.</p>
+He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but
+saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be
+off-limits to our community. His goal was different from mine, but he
+decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too.</p>
<p>
Si voleu aconseguir alguna cosa en aquest món, no n'hi ha prou amb
l'idealisme: cal triar un mètode que serveixi per arribar a l'objectiu. Dit
@@ -80,15 +76,13 @@
Aquests exemples van tenir lloc fa anys, però la Llicència GPL de GNU ens
continua aportant més programari lliure.</p>
<p>
-Moltes biblioteques GNU estan protegides per la Llicència Pública General
-per a Biblioteques del GNU (la LGPL), però no totes. Una biblioteca GNU que
-està protegida per la Llicència GPL ordinà ria del GNU és la Readline, que
-permet editar lÃnies d'ordres. Una vegada vaig saber que hi havia un
-programa no lliure que estava dissenyat per fer servir la biblioteca
-Readline i li vaig dir al desenvolupador que això no estava permès. Hauria
-pogut eliminar del programa l'edició de lÃnies d'ordres, però el que va fer
-va ser tornar-lo a publicar amb la Llicència GPL. Avui dia és programari
-lliure.</p>
+Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but
+not all. One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is
+Readline, which implements command-line editing. I once found out about a
+nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer
+this was not allowed. He could have taken command-line editing out of the
+program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL. Now it is
+free software.</p>
<p>
Els programadors que escriuen millores per al GCC (o l'Emacs, el Bash, el
Linux o qualsevol programa protegit per la GPL) acostumen a treballar per a
@@ -129,32 +123,31 @@
faran servir milers de persones!" La temptació pot ser poderosa, però a la
llarga tots en sortim més ben parats si ens hi resistim. </p>
<p>
-La temptació i la pressió resulten més difÃcils de reconèixer si arriben
-d'una manera indirecta, a través d'organitzacions de programari lliure que
-han adoptat una polÃtica de fer costat al programari privatiu. L'X
-Consortium (i el seu successor, l'Open Group) en són un exemple: finançats
-per empreses que feien programari privatiu, fa una dècada que volen
-convèncer els programadors que no facin servir el copyleft. Ara que l'Open
-Group ha <a href="/philosophy/x.html"> convertit l'X11R6.4 en programari no
-lliure</a>, els que ens vam resistir a aquella pressió estem orgullosos
-d'haver-ho fet.</p>
-<p>
-[El setembre de 1998, uns mesos després que l'X11R6.4 es publiqués sota
-condicions de distribució no lliures, l'Open Group va canviar de parer i el
-va tornar a publicar amb la mateixa llicència de programari lliure (no
-ajustada al copyleft) que es va fer servir per al X11R6.3. Grà cies, Open
-Group, però aquest canvi de parer no invalida les conclusions que traiem del
-fet que fos <em>possible</em> afegir-hi les restriccions.]</p>
-<p>
-Des del punt de vista pragmà tic, pensar en objectius més grans a llarg
-termini reforçarà la voluntat de resistir aquesta pressió. Si us centreu en
-la llibertat i la comunitat que podeu construir si us manteniu ferms,
-trobareu la força per fer-ho. "Defenseu alguna cosa o us ensorrareu per
-no-res."</p>
-<p>
-I si els cÃnics ridiculitzen la llibertat, la comunitat... si els "realistes
-implacables" diuen que el benefici econòmic és l'únic ideal... senzillament
-ignoreu-los i continueu fent servir el copyleft.</p>
+The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come
+indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy
+of catering to proprietary software. The X Consortium (and its successor,
+the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary
+software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use
+copyleft. When the Open Group tried to <a href="/philosophy/x.html">make
+X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure
+were glad that we did.</p>
+<p>
+In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree
+distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it
+under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.
+Thank you, Open Group—but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate
+the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was
+<em>possible</em>.</p>
+<p>
+Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will
+strengthen your will to resist this pressure. If you focus your mind on the
+freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the
+strength to do it. “Stand for something, or you will fall for
+anything.”</p>
+<p>
+And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if
+“hard-nosed realists” say that profit is the only
+ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p>
<hr />
<h4>Aquest assaig s'ha publicat a <a
@@ -172,12 +165,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -189,8 +181,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
</p>
@@ -205,7 +196,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -219,19 +210,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: pragmatic.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- pragmatic.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000 1.3
+++ pragmatic.fa.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.4
@@ -13,40 +13,40 @@
استاÙÙ
Ù</strong></a></p>
<p>
-Ùر تصÙ
ÛÙ
Û Ú©Ù Ø´Ø®Øµ Ù
ÛâÚ¯Ûرد رÛش٠در ارزشâÙا Ù
اÙدا٠ÙÛ Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯. Ù
ردÙ
Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÙد
-ارزشâÙا ٠اÙدا٠بسÛار Ù
تÙاÙØªÛ Ø¯Ø§Ø´ØªÙ
باشÙØ¯Ø Ø´ÙØ±ØªØ Ø³ÙØ¯Ø Ø¹Ø´ÙØ Ø¨ÙØ§Ø Ø³Ø±Ú¯Ø±Ù
ÛØ Ù
-Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ØªÙÙا تعداد Ú©Ù
Û Ø§Ø² اÙداÙÛ ÙستÙد Ú©Ù ÛÚ©
شخص Ù
Ù
ک٠است داشت٠باشد. ÙÙگاÙ
Û
-Ú©Ù Ùد٠کÙ
Ú© ب٠دÛگرا٠ب٠Ù
اÙÙد Ú©Ù
Ú© ب٠خÙد
Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¢Ø±Ù
اÙâگراÛÛ ÙاÙ
Ûد٠Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد.</p>
+Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.
+People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love,
+survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person
+might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism.</p>
<p>
عÙ
Ùکرد Ù
٠در رابط٠با ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد داراÛ
اÙÚ¯Ûزش آرÙ
اÙâگراÛÛ Ø§Ø³Øª: اÙتشار
Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ù ØªØ¹Ø§ÙÙ. Ùصد دارÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد را
ÙدرتÙ
Ùد سازÙ
تا Ù
Ùتشر Ø´ÙØ¯Ø Ø¬Ø§ÛگزÛÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ú©Ù ØªØ¹Ø§Ù٠را Ù
Ùع Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد
Ø´ÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø¬Ø§Ù
عÙÙ Ù
ا را بÙتر سازد.</p>
<p>
-٠اÛ٠اساسÛâترÛ٠دÙÛÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù Úرا
اجازÙâÙاÙ
Ù٠جاÙ
ع ٠عÙ
ÙÙ
Û Ú¯ÙÙ (GPL) ب٠اÛÙ
-Ø´Ú©Ù Ùگاشت٠شد٠است—ب٠عÙÙا٠کپÛâÙÙت. تÙ
اÙ
کدÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-تØت Ù¾Ùشش GPL اضاÙÙ Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙد باÛد آزاد باشÙدØ
ØØªÛ Ø§Ú¯Ø± در ÙاÛ٠جداگاÙÙâØ§Û Ùرار
-Ú¯ÛرÙد. Ù
٠کد Ø®ÙدÙ
را ب٠عÙÙا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد Ù
Ùتشر کردÙâاÙ
Ø Ù Ù٠ب٠صÙرت
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اختصاصÛØ Ø¨Ù Ø§ÛÙ Ù
ÙظÙر ک٠دÛگر
اÙراد را تشÙÛÙ Ú©ÙÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد
-را آزاد سازÙد. Ù
تÙج٠شدÙâاÙ
ÙÙ
اÙØ·Ùر Ú©Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø§Ø² Ú©Ù¾ÛâراÛت براÛ
-Ù
تÙÙ٠ساخت٠اشتراکâÚ¯Ø°Ø§Ø±Û Ø§Ø³ØªÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙدØ
Ù
ا Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛÙ
از Ú©Ù¾ÛâراÛت Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø¹Ø·Ø§Û
-اÙ
تÛØ§Ø²Û Ø¨Ù Ø¯Ûگر ÙÙ
کارا٠استÙاد٠کÙÛÙ
: Ø¢ÙÙا
Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÙد از کد Ù
ا استÙاد٠کÙÙد.</p>
-<p>
-تÙ
اÙ
Ø¢ÙÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø§Ø² GPL استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد ÚÙÛÙ
ÙدÙÛ ÙدارÙد. ÚÙدÛ٠سا٠پÛØ´Ø Ø§Ø²
-ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² دÙستا٠Ù
Ù Ø®Ùاست٠شد Ú©Ù ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
Ú©Ù¾ÛâÙÙت را تØت ÙÙاÙÛ٠غÛر Ú©Ù¾ÛâÙÙت
-Ù
Ùتشر Ú©Ùد. پاسخ ا٠ÚÛØ²Û ÙÙ
اÙÙد اÛ٠بÙد:</p>
-
+That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the
+way it is—as a <a href="/copyleft"> copyleft</a>. All code added to a
+GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate
+file. I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in
+proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software
+to make it free as well. I figure that since proprietary software
+developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use
+copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use
+our code.</p>
+<p>
+Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal. Many years ago, a friend
+of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms,
+and he responded more or less like this:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ù
ÙاÙع Ù
٠رÙÛ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد کار Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ù
ÙاÙع رÙÛ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ú©Ø§Ø± Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙ
.—اÙ
ا ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ú©Ù Ø±ÙÛ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ú©Ø§Ø± Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙ
Ø
-اÙتظار درÛاÙت <em>دستÙ
زد</em> دارÙ
.
+“Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on
+proprietary software—but when I work on proprietary software, I expect
+to get <em>paid</em>.”
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-ا٠Ùصد داشت کار Ø®Ùد را با جاÙ
عÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار را ب٠اشتراک Ù
ÛâگذارÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ù
-اشتراک Ú¯Ø°Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا دÙÛÙÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ù
Ú© ب٠کسب Ù
کارÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ù
ØصÙÙØ§ØªÛ Ø±Ø§ تÙÙÛد
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد ک٠باعث Ù
ØدÙدÛت جاÙ
عÙÙ Ù
ا Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâدÛد. Ùد٠ا٠با Ù
Ù Ù
تÙاÙت بÙدØ
-اÙ
ا Ù
تÙج٠شد٠بÙد Ú©Ù GPL Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ùد٠ا٠ÙÛز Ù
ÙÛد
است.</p>
+He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but
+saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be
+off-limits to our community. His goal was different from mine, but he
+decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too.</p>
<p>
اگر Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÛد Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ø±Ø§ در دÙÛا ب٠اÙجاÙ
رساÙÛØ¯Ø Ø¢Ø±Ù
اÙâگراÛÛ Ú©Ø§ÙÛ
ÙÛست—رÙØ´Û Ø§ØتÛاج دارÛد Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا را بÙ
ÙدÙتا٠Ùائ٠کÙد. ب٠عبارت دÛگرØ
@@ -74,14 +74,13 @@
اÛÙ Ù
ثاÙâÙا ÚÙد سا٠پÛØ´ اتÙا٠اÙتادÙâاÙدØ
اÙ
ا GNU GPL ب٠ÙراÙÙ
Ø¢ÙردÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد بÛشتر Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ا اداÙ
Ù Ù
ÛâدÙد.</p>
<p>
-بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø² کتابخاÙÙâÙØ§Û Ú¯Ù٠تØت Ù¾Ùشش
اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙÙ Ú©ÙÚکتر جاÙ
ع ٠عÙ
ÙÙ
Û Ú¯ÙÙ
-(LGPL) Ùرار دارÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا Ù٠تÙ
اÙ
Û Ø¢ÙÙا. ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø²
کتابخاÙÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù ØªØت Ù¾Ùشش GPL
-Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Û Ùرار دارد Readline Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ú©Ù ÙÛراÛØ´ در خط ÙرÙ
ا٠را Ù¾ÛادÙâسازÛ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. زÙ
اÙÛ Ù
تÙج٠شدÙ
Ú©Ù ÛÚ© برÙاÙ
Ù٠غÛر
آزاد ب٠گÙÙÙâØ§Û Ø·Ø±Ø§ØÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù
-از کتابخاÙÙâÙØ§Û Readline استÙاد٠کÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø¨Ù
تÙسعÙâدÙÙدÙ٠آ٠گÙتÙ
ک٠اÛ٠کار
-Ù
جاز ÙÛست. ا٠Ù
ÛâتÙاÙست ÙÛراÛØ´ خط ÙرÙ
ا٠را
از برÙاÙ
Ù ØØ°Ù Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ø§Ù
-در ØÙÛÙت اÙجاÙ
داد اÛ٠بÙد ک٠برÙاÙ
٠را تØت
ÙÙاÙÛÙ GPL Ù
Ùتشر سازد. Øا٠آÙ
-برÙاÙ
Ù ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد است.</p>
+Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but
+not all. One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is
+Readline, which implements command-line editing. I once found out about a
+nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer
+this was not allowed. He could have taken command-line editing out of the
+program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL. Now it is
+free software.</p>
<p>
برÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛساÙÛ Ú©Ù Ø§ØµÙاØÛÙâÙاÛÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û GCC
(Ûا EmacsØ Ûا BashØ Ûا ÙÛÙÙکس Ù Ûا
Ùر برÙاÙ
Ù٠تØت GPL) Ù
ÛâÙÙÛسÙØ¯Ø Ù
عÙ
ÙÙا تÙسط
شرکتâÙا Ù Ûا داÙشگاÙâÙا استخداÙ
@@ -122,30 +121,31 @@
Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد بسÛار اغÙا Ú©ÙÙد٠باشد. اÛÙ ÙسÙس٠Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد بسÛار ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا
اگر بتÙاÙÛÙ
در Ù
Ùاب٠آ٠Ù
ÙاÙÙ
ت Ú©ÙÛÙ
Ø Ø¯Ø±
Ø·ÙÙاÙÛ Ù
دت ÙاÛدÙ٠بÛØ´ØªØ±Û Ø®ÙاÙÛÙ
برد.</p>
<p>
-تشخÛص ÙسÙس٠٠Ùشار ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù ØµÙرت غÛر Ù
ستÙÛÙ
تÙسط سازÙ
اÙâÙØ§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ù Ø³Ûاست Ú©Ù
Ú© ب٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙاÛ
Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø±Ø§ پذÛرÙتÙâاÙØ¯Ø Ø³Ø®Øªâتر Ø®ÙاÙد
-بÙد. ÛÚ© Ù
ثا٠آ٠کÙسرسÛÙÙ
Ù X (٠جاÙØ´Û٠آÙØ Open
Group) است: Ø¢ÙÙا از شرکتâÙاÛÛ
-تشکÛ٠شد٠بÙدÙد Ú©Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اختصاصÛ
تÙÙÛد Ù
ÛâکردÙØ¯Ø Ø¢ÙÙا ÛÚ© دÙ٠را صر٠اÛÙ
-کردÙد ک٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛسا٠را Ù
تÙاعد Ú©ÙÙد از
Ú©Ù¾ÛâÙÙت استÙاد٠ÙÚ©ÙÙد. Øا٠ک٠Open
-Group ÙرÙ
âاÙزار <a href="/philosophy/x.html">X11R6.4 را ب٠ÛÚ©
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار غÛر
-آزاد تبدÛ٠کرد٠است</a>Ø Ø¢ÙÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¯Ø± Ù
ÙابÙ
Ùشار Ù
ÙاÙÙ
ت کردÙâاÙØ¯Ø Ø®Ø±Ø³ÙدÙد.</p>
-<p>
-[در سپتاÙ
بر Û±Û¹Û¹Û¸Ø ÚÙدÛÙ Ù
ا٠پس از اÛÙÚ©Ù X11R6.4
تØت ÙÙاÙÛ٠غÛر آزاد تÙزÛع
-Ø´Ø¯Ø Open Group از تصÙ
ÛÙ
Ø®Ùد بازگشت Ù X11R6.4 را تØت
ÙÙ
ا٠ÙÙاÙÛÙ Ú©Ù¾ÛâÙÙت Ú©Ù
-ÙبÙا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ù Ø¨Ù Ú©Ø§Ø± گرÙت٠شد٠بÙØ¯Ø ØªÙزÛع
کرد. Ù
تشکرÛÙ
Open Group—اÙ
ا
-اÛ٠بازگشت از تصÙ
ÛÙ
Ø ÙتÛجÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù Ù
ا از اÛÙ
ØÙÛÙت ک٠اÙ
کا٠اضاÙ٠کردÙ
-Ù
ØدÙدÛتâÙا ÙجÙد داشت گرÙتÙâاÛÙ
را
بÛâاعتبار ÙÙ
Ûâسازد.]</p>
-<p>
-اگر ÙاÙعâبÛ٠باشÛÙ
Ø Ø§ÙدÛØ´Ûد٠دربارÙÙ
اÙداÙ٠بزرگتر٠طÙÙاÙÛ Ù
Ø¯ØªØ Ø§Ø±Ø§Ø¯ÙÙ Ø´Ù
ا
-را Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ÙاÙÙ
ت در برابر اÛÙ Ùشار تÙÙÛت Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. اگر Ø°ÙÙ Ø®Ùد را بر رÙÛ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ù
-جاÙ
عÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد با Ù
ØÚ©Ù
اÛستادÙ
بسازÛØ¯Ø Ù
تÙ
رکز Ú©ÙÛØ¯Ø Ùدرت اÙجاÙ
اÛÙ
-کار را Ø®ÙاÙÛد ÛاÙت. ”ب٠خاطر ÚÛزÛ
اÛØ³ØªØ§Ø¯Ú¯Û Ú©ÙÛØ¯Ø Ø¯Ø± غÛر اÛÙصÙرت بÙ
-خاطر ÙÛÚ Ø³ÙÙØ· Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛد.“</p>
-<p>
-٠اگر بدبÛÙâÙا Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø±Ø§ ب٠تÙ
سخر Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÛرÙØ¯Ø Ø¬Ø§Ù
ع٠را ب٠تÙ
سخر
-Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÛرÙد…”اگر ÙاÙعâبÛÙا٠Ù
تعصب“
Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛÙد ک٠سÙØ¯Ø ØªÙÙا
-آرÙ
ا٠است…Ø¢ÙÙا را ÙدÛد٠بگÛرÛØ¯Ø Ù Ø¯Ø± تÙ
اÙ
Ù
دت از Ú©Ù¾ÛâÙÙت استÙادÙ
-Ú©ÙÛد.</p>
+The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come
+indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy
+of catering to proprietary software. The X Consortium (and its successor,
+the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary
+software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use
+copyleft. When the Open Group tried to <a href="/philosophy/x.html">make
+X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure
+were glad that we did.</p>
+<p>
+In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree
+distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it
+under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.
+Thank you, Open Group—but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate
+the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was
+<em>possible</em>.</p>
+<p>
+Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will
+strengthen your will to resist this pressure. If you focus your mind on the
+freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the
+strength to do it. “Stand for something, or you will fall for
+anything.”</p>
+<p>
+And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if
+“hard-nosed realists” say that profit is the only
+ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p>
<hr />
<h4>اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در <a
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fa.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -176,8 +176,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -206,19 +205,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ûگر اÛ٠صÙØÙ</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: pragmatic.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- pragmatic.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000 1.22
+++ pragmatic.fr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.23
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@
par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-Toute décision prise par une personne découle de ses valeurs
-et buts. Les gens peuvent avoir beaucoup de buts et valeurs
-différents ; la gloire, le profit, l'amour, la survivance,
-l'amusement, ou la liberté, ne sont qu'une partie des buts qu'une
-personne normale peut avoir. Quand ce but est d'aider les autres aussi bien
-que soi même, cela s'appelle de l'idéalisme.</p>
+Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.
+People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love,
+survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person
+might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism.</p>
<p>
C'est un but idéaliste qui motive mon travail pour le logiciel
@@ -28,36 +26,30 @@
qui empêchent la coopération, et rendre ainsi notre
société meilleure.</p>
<p>
-C'est pour cette raison fondamentale que la GNU General Public License est
-écrite de cette manière — comme un copyleft. Tout code
-ajouté à un programme couvert par la GPL doit être un
-programme libre, même s'il est placé dans un fichier
-séparé. Je mets mon code à disposition pour une
-utilisation dans des logiciels libres, et pas pour un usage avec des
-logiciels propriétaires, afin d'encourager ceux qui programment des
-logiciels à les rendre libres également. Je suppose que, comme
-les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires utilisent le
-copyright pour nous empêcher de partager, nous, coopérateurs,
-pouvons utiliser le copyright pour donner aux autres coopérateurs un
-avantage bien à eux : ils peuvent utiliser notre code.</p>
-<p>
-Ceux qui utilisent la GNU GPL n'ont pas tous ce but. Il y a plusieurs
-années, on a demandé à un de mes amis de
-rééditer un programme copylefté sous des termes non
-copyleftés, et il a plus ou moins répondu ainsi :</p>
-
+That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the
+way it is—as a <a href="/copyleft"> copyleft</a>. All code added to a
+GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate
+file. I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in
+proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software
+to make it free as well. I figure that since proprietary software
+developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use
+copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use
+our code.</p>
+<p>
+Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal. Many years ago, a friend
+of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms,
+and he responded more or less like this:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Parfois je travaille sur des logiciels libres et parfois sur des logiciels
-propriétaires ; mais quand je travaille sur des logiciels
-propriétaires, j'exige d'être <em>payé</em>.
+“Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on
+proprietary software—but when I work on proprietary software, I expect
+to get <em>paid</em>.”
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Il voulait bien partager son travail avec une communauté qui
-partageait les logiciels mais ne voyait aucune raison d'aider un entreprise
-commerciale dont les produits seraient interdits à notre
-communauté. Son but était différent du mien mais il a
-décidé que la GNU GPL le satisfaisait également.</p>
+He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but
+saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be
+off-limits to our community. His goal was different from mine, but he
+decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too.</p>
<p>
Si vous voulez accomplir quelque chose dans le monde, l'idéalisme ne
suffit pas ; le choix d'une méthode qui mène à
@@ -88,15 +80,13 @@
Ces exemples datent de plusieurs années, mais la GNU GPL continue
à nous apporter toujours plus de logiciels libres.</p>
<p>
-Beaucoup de bibliothèques GNU sont couvertes par la GNU Lesser
-Library General Public License, mais pas toutes. Readline, qui met en
-œuvre l'édition de ligne de commande, est une des
-bibliothèques GNU couvertes par la GNU GPL classique. Un jour, j'ai
-découvert un programme propriétaire conçu pour utiliser
-Readline, et j'ai dit au développeur que cela était
-interdit. Il aurait pu sortir du programme l'édition de ligne de
-commande, mais ce qu'il fit en fait, fut de le rééditer sous
-la GPL. Maintenant, c'est un logiciel libre.</p>
+Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but
+not all. One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is
+Readline, which implements command-line editing. I once found out about a
+nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer
+this was not allowed. He could have taken command-line editing out of the
+program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL. Now it is
+free software.</p>
<p>
Les programmeurs qui conçoivent des améliorations pour GCC (
ou Emacs, Bash, Linux ou tout programme couvert par la GPL ) sont souvent
@@ -149,37 +139,31 @@
long terme, nous nous sentons tous mieux si nous y avons
résisté.</p>
<p>
-Il est plus difficile de reconnaître les pressions et tentations quand
-elles viennent indirectement, au travers d'organisations pour les logiciels
-libres qui ont adopté une politique satisfaisant aux logiciels
-propriétaires. Le Consortium X (et son successeur l'Open Group) en
-sont un exemple : fondé par des sociétés qui font
-des logiciels propriétaires, ils se sont efforcés de persuader
-les programmeurs de ne pas utiliser de copyleft pendant des
-décennies. Maintenant que l'Open Group a <a
-href="/philosophy/x.fr.html">fait de X11R6.4 un logiciel
-propriétaire</a>, ceux d'entre nous qui ont résisté
-à cette pression sont heureux de l'avoir fait.</p>
-<p>
-[En septembre 1998, plusieurs mois après que X11R6.4 ait
-été distribué sous une licence non-libre, l'Open Group
-a revu sa décision et l'a redistribué sous la même
-licence de logiciel libre non-copylefté que X11R6.3. Merci, l'Open
-Group ; mais ce revirement ultérieur n'infirme pas les
-conclusions que nous avions tirées du fait que l'ajout de
-restrictions était <em>possible</em>.]</p>
-<p>
-Pour parler pragmatiquement, avoir une vision à plus long terme
-affermira votre volonté de résister à cette
-pression. Si vous concentrez votre attention sur la liberté et la
-communauté que vous pouvez bâtir en restant ferme, vous
-trouverez la force de le faire. « Restez debout pour quelque
-chose ou vous tomberez pour rien ».</p>
-<p>
-Et si des personnes cyniques ridiculisent la liberté, la
-communauté… si des « réalistes
-forcenés » disent que le profit est le seul
-idéal… ignorez-les et utilisez le copyleft tout de
même.</p>
+The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come
+indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy
+of catering to proprietary software. The X Consortium (and its successor,
+the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary
+software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use
+copyleft. When the Open Group tried to <a href="/philosophy/x.html">make
+X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure
+were glad that we did.</p>
+<p>
+In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree
+distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it
+under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.
+Thank you, Open Group—but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate
+the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was
+<em>possible</em>.</p>
+<p>
+Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will
+strengthen your will to resist this pressure. If you focus your mind on the
+freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the
+strength to do it. “Stand for something, or you will fall for
+anything.”</p>
+<p>
+And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if
+“hard-nosed realists” say that profit is the only
+ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p>
<hr />
<h4>Cet article est publié dans le livre <a
@@ -197,12 +181,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -213,8 +196,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
préservée.
@@ -230,7 +212,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -244,19 +226,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
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+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
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Index: pragmatic.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- pragmatic.ml.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000 1.5
+++ pragmatic.ml.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.6
@@ -14,12 +14,10 @@
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ</strong></a></p>
<p>
-à´à´°àµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¤à´°àµà´àµà´¯àµà´
à´¤àµà´°àµà´®à´¾à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´à´²àµà´àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´
വരവരàµà´àµ
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´¯àµà´
-à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´³àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ വിവിധ
തരതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
-à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´à´¾à´; à´ªàµà´°à´¶à´¸àµà´¤à´¿, ലാà´à´,
à´¸àµà´¨àµà´¹à´, നിലനിലàµâà´ªàµàµ,
-സനàµà´¤àµà´·à´, à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´,
à´à´µà´¯àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ à´à´°àµ നലàµà´²
മനàµà´·àµà´¯à´¨àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´¿à´²à´¤àµàµ
മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´
മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµà´¯àµà´ à´¸àµà´µà´¯à´µàµà´
-സഹായിയàµà´àµà´àµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ നാമതിനàµ
à´à´¦à´°àµâശനിഷàµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
+Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.
+People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love,
+survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person
+might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism.</p>
<p>
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµâ à´à´¦à´°àµâà´¶àµà´¶à´ªà´°à´®à´¾à´¯
à´à´°àµ
@@ -29,37 +27,30 @@
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à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´</a>
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´,à´
à´¤àµà´µà´´à´¿
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à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´.</p>
<p>
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à´àµà´¨àµ à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµ സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´ à´
-à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ—à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´à´²àµà´²à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´°àµ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
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à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´,à´
à´¤àµàµ à´µàµà´±àµà´¾à´°àµ ഫയലിലാà´àµà´à´¿
à´¸àµà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´²àµà´. à´à´¨àµà´±àµ à´àµà´¡àµ
-à´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
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-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´²àµà´², à´
à´¤àµàµ
മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµà´´àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¦à´¨à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¾à´°àµâ
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´
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à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ ,
നമàµà´®à´³àµâ
-സഹà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâ,
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³
-സഹà´à´°à´£à´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´¨à´
à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ:à´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµàµ
-നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´àµà´¡àµ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´.</p>
-<p>
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à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´µà´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´ à´
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´®à´¿à´²àµà´².
വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
-à´®àµà´¨àµâà´ªàµàµ à´à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´¸àµà´¨àµà´¹à´¿à´¤à´¨àµà´àµàµ,à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ à´ªàµà´¨à´ªàµà´°à´à´¾à´¶à´¨à´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ
-à´à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´à´¿à´¤àµà´ªàµà´²àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ:</p>
-
+That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the
+way it is—as a <a href="/copyleft"> copyleft</a>. All code added to a
+GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate
+file. I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in
+proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software
+to make it free as well. I figure that since proprietary software
+developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use
+copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use
+our code.</p>
+<p>
+Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal. Many years ago, a friend
+of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms,
+and he responded more or less like this:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-à´à´¿à´²à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ,à´à´¿à´²à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµà´—à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
à´à´¾à´¨àµâ <em>പണà´</em>
-à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´àµà´·à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
+“Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on
+proprietary software—but when I work on proprietary software, I expect
+to get <em>paid</em>.”
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´ªà´àµà´àµà´µà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ
സമàµà´¹à´µàµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ തനàµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¯à´¤àµà´¨à´
-à´ªà´àµà´àµà´µà´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
യാളàµâ
തയàµà´¯à´¾à´±à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
സമàµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
വിലà´àµà´àµà´¤à´à´¿à´¯à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´à´¤àµà´ªà´¨àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´°àµ à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´µàµà´±àµà´¤àµ
സഹായിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
യാളàµâ
-തയàµà´¯à´¾à´±à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´². à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´
à´à´¨àµà´±àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµà´
-à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ,
à´àµà´¨àµ à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´²àµâ à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´
-à´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´
à´¤àµà´°àµà´®à´¾à´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµ.</p>
+He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but
+saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be
+off-limits to our community. His goal was different from mine, but he
+decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too.</p>
<p>
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
സാധിയàµà´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´¦à´°àµâശനിഷàµà´ à´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ
മാതàµà´°à´ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´®à´¿à´²àµà´²—à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´
സാധàµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´¤à´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ
വഴി നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
@@ -93,15 +84,13 @@
à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´à´²àµâ à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´ നമàµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ
തനàµà´¨àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
<p>
-à´àµà´±àµ à´àµà´¨àµ à´²àµà´¬àµà´°à´±à´¿à´à´³àµâ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´²àµà´¸àµà´¸à´°àµâ à´àµà´¨à´±à´²àµâ പബàµà´²à´¿à´àµ
à´²àµà´¸à´¨àµâസാണàµàµ
-à´¸àµà´µàµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ,
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´®à´²àµà´².
à´±àµà´¡àµà´²àµà´¨àµâ,സാധാരണ à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´²àµâ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ
à´²àµà´¬àµà´°à´±à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´à´®à´¾à´¨àµâà´¡àµ
à´²àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´´àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ
-സഹായിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´³àµà´³à´¤à´¾à´£à´¤àµàµ.
à´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´²àµâ à´±àµà´¡àµà´²àµà´¨àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨,à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´ à´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´à´¾à´£à´¾à´¨à´¿à´à´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿. à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¾à´°à´¨àµà´àµàµ,
à´à´¤à´¨à´µàµà´¦à´¨àµà´¯à´®à´²àµà´²àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
പറയàµà´à´¯àµà´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¤àµ. à´
യാളàµâà´àµà´àµ
à´µàµà´£à´®àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´®à´¾à´¨àµâà´¡àµ
à´²àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´´àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´
-à´
തിലàµâനിനàµà´¨àµà´
à´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
യാളതàµàµ à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´à´²àµà´²à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´¨à´ªàµà´°à´à´¾à´¶à´¨à´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¤àµàµ.
à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´à´¤àµàµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
+Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but
+not all. One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is
+Readline, which implements command-line editing. I once found out about a
+nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer
+this was not allowed. He could have taken command-line editing out of the
+program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL. Now it is
+free software.</p>
<p>
à´à´¿à´¸à´¿à´¸à´¿(à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´®à´¾à´àµà´¸àµ,à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ ബാഷàµ,à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ,
à´
à´¤àµà´ªàµà´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´à´²àµâ à´¸àµà´µàµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´)
à´®àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
@@ -154,33 +143,31 @@
à´ªàµà´°à´²àµà´à´¨à´ വളരൠശà´àµà´¤à´¿à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´à´¾à´
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´¦àµà´°àµâà´à´à´¾à´²à´¤àµà´¤àµ
നനàµà´®à´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ നമàµà´®à´³àµâ
à´
à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
നലàµà´²à´¤àµàµ.</p>
<p>
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµ
സഹായിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ നയഠà´à´³àµà´³
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±âà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´¸à´à´à´à´¨à´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´àµ പരàµà´àµà´·à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´
à´ªàµà´°à´²àµà´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ വരàµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµàµ തിരിà´àµà´à´±à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ തനàµà´¨àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¯à´¾à´¸à´®à´¾à´àµà´. à´à´àµà´¸àµ
à´à´£àµâà´¸àµà´°àµâà´·àµà´¯à´(à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
പിനàµâà´à´¾à´®à´¿ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´àµà´°àµà´ªàµà´ªàµà´)à´à´°àµ
-à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ: à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµ
à´®àµà´¤à´²àµâà´®àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
-à´à´µà´°àµâ, à´à´°àµ ദശാബàµà´¦à´àµà´à´¾à´²à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´°àµâമാരàµà´àµàµ
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
-à´àµà´°àµà´ªàµà´ªàµ <a href="/philosophy/x.html">X11R6.4
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¾à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ</a>,
à´à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ ഠസമàµà´®à´°àµâà´¦àµà´¦à´¤àµà´¤àµ
-à´
തിà´àµà´µà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´à´µà´°àµâ, à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´à´¤à´¿à´²àµâ സനàµà´¤àµà´·àµà´à´°à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-<p>
-[1998,à´¸àµà´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´®àµà´ªà´±à´¿à´²àµâ, X11R6.4
à´ªàµà´±à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´±à´àµà´à´¿ മാസà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´¶àµà´·à´, X11R6.3
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨,
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤,à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ തനàµà´¨àµ à´
à´¤àµàµ
à´ªàµà´¨à´ªàµà´°à´à´¾à´¶à´¨à´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´àµ.
നനàµà´¦à´¿ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
-à´àµà´°àµà´ªàµà´ªàµ— à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´àµà´±à´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¾à´²à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´¶àµà´·à´
തിരിà´àµà´à´¿à´±à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
-à´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ, നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´£à´àµà´³àµâ
à´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <em>സാധിയàµà´àµà´àµà´</em>
à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
-നിà´à´®à´¨à´,
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²</p>
-<p>
-à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
പറà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ,à´¦àµà´°àµâà´
à´à´¾à´²à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ പറàµà´±à´¿
-à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ, à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´
സമàµà´®à´°àµâà´¦àµà´¦à´àµà´à´³àµ à´¨àµà´°à´¿à´à´¾à´¨àµâ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´¶à´àµà´¤à´¿
-à´ªà´à´°àµà´. à´à´±à´àµà´àµ നിനàµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨
à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯àµà´¯àµà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´
à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´à´¾à´àµà´°à´®à´¾à´µàµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ,à´
à´¤àµàµ
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ à´¶à´àµà´¤à´¿ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´£àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´.
“à´à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿
-നിലà´àµà´¾à´³àµà´³àµà´ à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´¨àµà´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´µàµà´´àµà´”</p>
-<p>
-à´¦àµà´·àµà´à´¦àµà´àµà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
പരിഹസിà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ,à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯àµ
പരിഹസിà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ,
-“à´à´àµà´¤àµà´¤ യാഥാരàµâà´¤àµà´¥àµà´¯
വാദിà´à´³àµâ” ലാà´à´ മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´¤àµà´àµà´·àµà´à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
-പറà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ,…à´
à´¤àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´
തളàµà´³à´¿à´à´³à´¯àµ,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµ.</p>
+The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come
+indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy
+of catering to proprietary software. The X Consortium (and its successor,
+the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary
+software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use
+copyleft. When the Open Group tried to <a href="/philosophy/x.html">make
+X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure
+were glad that we did.</p>
+<p>
+In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree
+distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it
+under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.
+Thank you, Open Group—but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate
+the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was
+<em>possible</em>.</p>
+<p>
+Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will
+strengthen your will to resist this pressure. If you focus your mind on the
+freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the
+strength to do it. “Stand for something, or you will fall for
+anything.”</p>
+<p>
+And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if
+“hard-nosed realists” say that profit is the only
+ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p>
<hr />
<h4>à´ à´²àµà´à´¨à´ <a
@@ -198,12 +185,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -212,8 +198,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1998,2003 à´«àµà´°àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ,à´à´¨àµâà´àµ.</p>
-<address>51 à´«àµà´°à´¾à´àµà´àµà´²à´¿à´¨àµâ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´°àµà´±àµà´±àµ, à´
à´àµà´à´¾à´ നില,
à´¬àµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´£àµâ, à´à´ à´ 02110, യൠà´à´¸àµ à´</address>
+Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
@@ -229,7 +214,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -243,19 +228,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ഠതാളിനàµà´±àµ തരàµâà´àµà´à´®à´à´³àµâ</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
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-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
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+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
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<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
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+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: right-to-read.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- right-to-read.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:41 -0000 1.4
+++ right-to-read.fa.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.5
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
ACM</strong> (Ø³Ø§Ù Û´Û°Ø Ø´Ù
ارÙÙ Û²) ب٠Úاپ رسÛدÙ
است.</em></p>
<blockquote><p>
- (برگرÙت٠از ”جادÙâØ§Û Ø¨Ù
تاÛÚ©Ù“Ø Ù
جÙ
ÙعÙâØ§Û Ø§Ø² Ù
ÙاÙات دربارÙÙ
-اÙÙÙاب ساب٠Ù
اÙâÙØ´ÛÙاÙØ Ø§Ùتشار ÛاÙت٠در
Ø´Ùر اÙÙÙ Ù
اÙØ Ø³Ø§Ù Û²Û°Û¹Û¶)
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles
about the
+antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@
داشت—Úرا ک٠رÙج٠جÙÙÚ¯ÛØ±Û Ø§Ø² ÙÙÙع اÛÙ
جÙاÛت را پذÛرا Ùشد٠بÙد.</p>
<p>
-Ù
سÙÙ
ا ÙÛزا Ùصد Ùداشت ØتÙ
ا کتابâÙاÛØ´ را
بخÙاÙد. Ù
Ù
ک٠بÙد تÙÙا از کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙتر
-Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ù
تØا٠Ù
ÛاÙâترÙ
Ø®Ùد استÙاد٠کÙد. اÙ
ا
د٠Ù
ÛâداÙست Ú©Ù ÙÛزا از ÛÚ© خاÙÙادÙÙ
-Ù
تÙسط است ٠استطاعت پرداخت Ø´ÙرÛ٠را ÙÛز
ÙØ¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ø ÙزÛÙÙâÙØ§Û Ù
طاÙØ¹Ù Ú©Ù Ø¬Ø§Û Ø®Ùد
-داشت. Ù
Ù
ک٠است Ø®ÙاÙد٠کتابâÙØ§Û Ø§Ù ØªÙÙا
راÙÛ Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯ Ú©Ù ÙÛزا بتÙاÙد ÙارغâاÙتØصÛÙ
-Ø´Ùد. اÛÙ Ù
ÙÙعÛت را درک Ù
ÛâÚ©Ø±Ø¯Ø Ø®Ùد ا٠ÙÛز Ù
جبÙر بÙد Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù¾Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø®Øª ÙزÛÙÙÙ
-Ø®ÙاÙد٠Ù
ÙاÙÙâÙØ§Û ØªØÙÛÙØ§ØªÛ Ù¾ÙÙ Ùرض Ú©Ùد. (دÙ
درصد از Ù
بÙغ Ù¾Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø®ØªÛ Ø¨Ù Ù
ØÙÙÛÙÛ
-Ú©Ù Ù
ÙاÙات را ÙÙشت٠بÙدÙد پرداخت Ù
ÛâØ´Ø¯Ø Ø§Ø²
Ø¢ÙجاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¯Ù Ø´ØºÙÛ Ø¯Ø§ÙشگاÙÛ Ø±Ø§
-Ù
دÙظر Ø¯Ø§Ø´ØªØ Ø§Ù
ÛدÙار بÙد ک٠ب٠Ù
ÙاÙات
تØÙÛÙاتÛâاش ب٠اÙدازÙ٠کاÙÛ Ø§Ø±Ø¬Ø§Ø¹ Ø´Ùد
-تا بتÙاÙد ÙرضâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد را پرداخت Ú©Ùد.)</p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might
+want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a
+middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her
+reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate.
+He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all
+the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the
+researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he
+could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would
+bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
<p>
بعدÙا د٠Ù
تÙج٠شد ک٠زÙ
اÙÛ Ù
ردÙ
Ù
ÛâتÙاÙستÙد ب٠کتابخاÙÙâÙا برÙÙد Ù Ù
ÙاÙات
@@ -151,15 +151,15 @@
<p>اÛÙ Ûادداشت در سا٠۲۰۰۷ ب٠رÙز شد٠است.</p>
<p>
-ØÙ Ù
طاÙع٠Ù
بارزÙâØ§Û Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠اÙ
رÙز در ØاÙ
اÙجاÙ
است. اگرÚ٠شاÛد ÛµÛ° سا٠طÙÙ
-بکشد تا Ù
سÛر Ú©ÙÙÙÛ٠زÙØ¯Ú¯Û Ø¨Ù Ø¯Ø±Ù٠تارÛÚ©Û
Ùر٠رÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا بÛشتر ÙÙاÙÛÙÛ Ú©Ù Ø¯Ø±
-اÛ٠داستا٠تÙضÛØ Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ù Ø´Ø¯Ø ÙÙ
âاکÙÙÙ
Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙاد شدÙâاÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ø³ÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø² Ø¢Ùا٠ÙÙ
âاکÙÙÙ
-در ÙاÙÙ٠اÙ
رÛکا Ù Ûا Ú©Ø´ÙرÙØ§Û Ø¯Ûگر ب٠تصÙÛب
رسÛدÙâاÙد. در سا٠۱۹۹۸ Digital
-Millenium Copyright Act ÙÙاÙÛÙ Ø§Ø³Ø§Ø³Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ØدÙد کردÙ
Ø®ÙاÙد٠٠اÙ
اÙت دادÙÙ
-کتابâÙØ§Û Ø§ÙکترÙÙÛÚ©Û (٠دÛگر آثار) را بÙا
ÙÙاد. اتØادÛÙ٠ارÙپا Ø·Û Ø¯Ø³ØªÙراÙعÙ
ÙÙ
-Ú©Ù¾ÛâراÛت٠ساÙÙ Û²Û°Û°Û± Ù
ØدÙدÛتâÙØ§Û Ù
شابÙÛ
را تØÙ
Û٠کرد. در ÙراÙسÙØ Ù
طاب٠ÙاÙÙÙ
-DADVSI ک٠در سا٠۲۰۰۶ تصÙÛب Ø´Ø¯Ø ØªÙÙا در اختÛار
داشت٠DeCSSØ ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-آزاد Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø¯Ú¯Ø´Ø§ÛÛÙ ÙÛÙÙ
âÙØ§Û DVDØ Ø¬Ø±Ù
Ù
ØسÙب Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد.</p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take 50
+years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of the
+specific laws and practices described above have already been proposed; many
+have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the US, the 1998
+Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal basis to
+restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and other works as
+well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright
+directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted in 2006, mere possession
+of a copy of DeCSS, the free program to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
<p>
در Ø³Ø§Ù Û²Û°Û°Û±Ø Senator HollingsØ Ø¨ÙÛاÙگذار٠دÛزÙÛ
ÙاÛØÙâØ§Û Ø¨Ù ÙاÙ
SSSCA
@@ -179,21 +179,21 @@
دÙ
ÙکراتâÙا اÙتادÙØ Ø®Ø·Ø± بار دÛگر اÙزاÛØ´
ÛاÙت٠است.</p>
<p>
-در سا٠۲۰۰۱ اÙ
رÛکا با استÙاد٠از Ù
عاÙدÙÙ Ù
ÙØ·ÙÙ٠آزاد٠تجارÛ٠اÙ
رÛکاÛÛâÙاØ
-Ø³Ø¹Û Ú©Ø±Ø¯ ÙÙاÙÛÙ Ù
شابÙÛ Ø±Ø§ ب٠ÙÛÙ
âکرÙ٠غربÛ
تØÙ
ÛÙ Ú©Ùد. Ù
ÙØ·ÙÙ٠آزاد٠تجارÛÙ
-اÙ
رÛکاÛÛâÙا ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² Ø¢Ù Ù
عاÙدÙâÙاÛÛ Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù
”تجارت آزاد“ ÙاÙ
ÛدÙ
-Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙØ¯Ø Ú©Ù Ø¯Ø± ØÙÛÙت بدÛÙ Ù
ÙظÙر طراØÛ
شدÙâاÙد تا ب٠تجارت Ùدرت بÛØ´ØªØ±Û Ø¯Ø±
-Ù
Ùاب٠ØÚ©ÙÙ
تâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ù
Ùکرات بدÙÙØ¯Ø ÙÙاÙÛÙÛ ÙÙ
ÚÙÙ DMCA در اÛ٠زÙ
ÛÙ٠بسÛار Ù
عÙ
ÙÙ
-ÙستÙد. Ù
ÙØ·ÙÙ٠آزاد٠تجارÛ٠اÙ
رÛکاÛÛâÙا بÙ
طرز Ù
ÙØ«Ø±Û ØªÙسط LulaØ Ø±Ø¦Ûس جÙ
ÙÙر
-برزÛÙØ Ù
تÙÙ٠شد. ا٠اÙتزاÙ
ات٠DMCA ٠دÛگر
ÙÙاÙÛ٠را ÙپذÛرÙت.</p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
+Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free
+trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is
+typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President
+of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others.</p>
<p>
-از آ٠پس اÛاÙات Ù
تØد٠اÙتزاÙ
ات Ù
شابÙÛ Ø±Ø§ بر
Ú©Ø´ÙرÙاÛÛ ÙÙ
ÚÙ٠استراÙÛا Ù Ù
کزÛÚ©
-با استÙاد٠از Ù
ÙاÙÙتâÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û ”تجارت
آزادٓ د٠طرÙ٠تØÙ
ÛÙ ÙÙ
ÙدØ
-٠در Ú©Ø´ÙرÙاÛÛ ÙÙ
اÙÙد کاستارÛکا ب٠ÙاسطÙÙ
CAFTA اÛ٠کار را اÙجاÙ
داد. CorreaØ
-رئÛس جÙ
ÙÙر٠اکÙادÙØ±Ø Ø§Ø² اÙ
Ø¶Ø§Û ØªÙاÙÙâÙاÙ
ÙÙ
”تجارت آزاد“ Ø®ÙددارÛ
-ÙÙ
ÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا اکÙادÙر در سا٠۲۰۰۳ ÚÛØ²Û ÙÙ
اÙÙد
DMCA را پذÛرÙت. ÙاÙÙ٠اساسÛ٠جدÛدÙ
-اکÙادÙر Ù
Ù
ک٠است ÙØ±ØµØªÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø®ÙØ§ØµÛ Ø§Ø² آ٠را
ÙراÙÙ
Ø¢Ùرد.</p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as
+Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade” agreements,
+and on countries such as Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA.
+Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a “free trade”
+agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador had adopted something like the
+DMCA in 2003.</p>
<p>
ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² تصÙØ±Ø§ØªÛ Ú©Ù Ø¯Ø± داستا٠Ù
Ø·Ø±Ø Ø´Ø¯Ø ØªØ§ ساÙ
Û²Û°Û°Û± در دÙÛØ§Û ÙاÙØ¹Û Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙاد
@@ -201,15 +201,15 @@
از Ø´Ù
ا Ù
Ø®ÙÛ Ú©ÙÙد.</p>
<p>
-طرÙدارا٠اÛÙ Ø·Ø±Ø Ø´ÛطاÙÛ ÙاÙ
”Ù
Øاسبات
Ùاب٠اعتÙ
اد“ Ù
-”پاÙادÛÙÙ
“ را بر Ø¢Ù ÙÙادÙâاÙد. Ù
ا Ø¢Ù
را <a
-href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fa.html">”Ù
Øاسبات
-Ø®ÛاÙتâکاراÙÙ“</a> Ù
ÛâÙاÙ
ÛÙ
Ø Úرا ک٠باعث
Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙØªØ±ØªØ§Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¬Ø§Û Ø´Ù
ا
-از شرکتâÙا اطاعت Ú©Ùد. اÛÙ Ø·Ø±Ø Ø¯Ø± سا٠۲۰۰۷
ب٠عÙÙØ§Ù Ø¨Ø®Ø´Û Ø§Ø² <a
-href="http://badvista.org/";>ÙÛÙدÙز ÙÛستا</a> Ù¾Ûاد٠سازÛ
شد. اÙتظار دارÛÙ
Ú©Ù
-اپ٠ÙÛز اÙداÙ
Ù
شابÙÛ Ø§ÙجاÙ
دÙد. در اÛ٠طرØ
Ø´ÛطاÙÛØ Ø³Ø§Ø²ÙدÙ٠کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙتر است Ú©Ù
-کد٠سرÙÛ Ø±Ø§ Ù
ØاÙظت Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا <abbr>FBI</abbr>
ÙÛز Ù
Ø´Ú©ÙÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¯Ø±ÛاÙت Ø¢Ù
-ÙØ®ÙاÙد داشت.</p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as “trusted
+computing” and “Palladium”. We call it <a
+href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme, it is
+the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would
+have little trouble getting it.</p>
<p>
Ø¢ÙÚÙ Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت از Ø¢Ù ØÙاظت Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد دÙÛÙا
ÛÚ© رÙ
ز عبÙØ±Ø Ø§Ø² دÛدگا٠سÙØªÛ ÙÛستØ
@@ -220,34 +220,34 @@
Ù
ÛâدÙد اعÙ
ا٠کÙÙد.</p>
<p>
-ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ ÙÛستا ب٠Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت Ùدرت بÛشترÛ
اعطا Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø¹ÙÙا٠Ù
ثا٠Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت
-Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد Ùصب بÙâرÙزرساÙâÙا را تØÙ
ÛÙ Ú©ÙدØ
Ù Ûا ب٠تÙ
اÙ
سÛستÙ
âÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø§Û
-ÙÛستا ÙستÙد دستÙر دÙد تا از Ø§Ø¬Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û
راÙâاÙدازÙØ§Û Ø³Ø®ØªâاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ø³Ø± باز زÙÙد.</p>
-
-<p>
-SPA ک٠در ØÙÛÙت Ù
Ø®ÙÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙÙ ÙاشراÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø¯Ø± اÛÙ ÙÙØ´Ù Ù¾ÙÛس-Ù
اÙÙد
-با BSA Ûا اتØادÛÙ٠کسب ٠کار ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
جاÛگزÛ٠شد٠است. اÙ
رÙز٠BSA ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø²
-ÙÛرÙÙØ§Û Ù¾ÙÛس ÙÛØ³ØªØ Ø§Ù
ا ب٠صÙرت غÛر رسÙ
Û ÙÙ
اÙÙد ÙÛرÙÛ Ù¾ÙÛس عÙ
Ù Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. اÛÙ
-رÙØ´ ÛادآÙر اتØاد جÙ
اÙÛر Ø´ÙرÛÙ Ø³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ú©Ù
Ù
ردÙ
را تشÙÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد تا دÙستا٠Ù
-ÙÙ
کارا٠خÙد را بÙرÙØ´Ùد. ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² اÙداÙ
ات
ÙØشتÙاک٠BSA در سا٠۲۰۰۱ در آرÚاÙتÛÙ
-اÛ٠بÙد ک٠تÙرÛبا ب٠طÙر ÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ù
ردÙ
را تÙدÛد
کرد ک٠اگر ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙا را بÙ
-اشتراک بگذارÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ø§Ø²Ø¯Ø§Ø´Øª Ø®ÙاÙÙد شد.</p>
-
-<p>
-ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ú©Ù Ø§ÛÙ Ø¯Ø§Ø³ØªØ§Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§ÙÙÛ٠بار ÙÙشتÙ
Ø´Ø¯Ø SPA تÙÙا گرÙÙ Ú©ÙÚÚ©Û Ø§Ø²
-ارائÙâدÙÙدگا٠خدÙ
ات اÛÙترÙت را تÙدÛد Ù
ÛâÚ©Ø±Ø¯Ø Ù Ø¢ÙÙا را Ù
جبÙر Ù
Ûâساخت تا بÙ
-SPA اجاز٠دÙÙد تا تÙ
اÙ
کاربرا٠را زÛر Ùظر
داشت٠باشد. بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø²
-ارائÙâدÙÙدگا٠خدÙ
ات اÛÙترÙت ÙÙگاÙ
Ù
ÙاجÙ
با اÛ٠تÙدÛد تسÙÛÙ
شدÙØ¯Ø Úرا Ú©Ù
-تÙاÙاÛÛ Ù¾Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø®Øª ÙزÛÙÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ú¯Ø§Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
بارز٠با آ٠را ÙداشتÙد. (Atlanta
-Journal-ConstitutionØ Ø§Ù٠اکتبر Û±Û¹Û¹Û¶) دست Ú©Ù
ÛÚ©
ارائÙâدÙÙدÙ٠خدÙ
ات اÛÙترÙت
-ب٠ÙاÙ
Community ConneXion در OaklandØ Ø§ÛاÙت کاÙÛÙرÙÛاØ
از پذÛرÙت٠اÛÙ
-درخÙاست سر باز زد Ù ØÙÛÙتا اÙاÙ
Ù٠دعÙÛ ÙÙ
Ùد. بعدÙا SPA از اÛ٠اÙداÙ
Ø®Ùد دست
-Ú©Ø´ÛØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا DMCA را ب٠دست Ø¢Ùرد ک٠آÙÚ٠را بÙ
دÙباÙØ´ بÙد ÙراÙÙ
Ù
ÛâØ¢Ùرد.</p>
-
-<p>
-سÛاستâÙØ§Û Ø§Ù
ÙÛتÛ٠داÙشگا٠ک٠در داستاÙ
Ø´Ø±Ø Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ù Ø´Ø¯ Ø®ÛاÙÛ ÙبÙدÙد. Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ثاÙØ
-کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙترÙØ§Û Ø¯Ø§Ùشگا٠شÛگاگ٠ÙÙگاÙ
ÙرÙد بÙ
سÛستÙ
ÚÙÛÙ Ù¾ÛغاÙ
Û Ø±Ø§ ÙÙ
اÛØ´ Ù
ÛâدÙÙد
-(Ù¾ÛغاÙ
بدÙ٠تغÛÛر ÙÙ٠شد٠است):</p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can
+forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to
+refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
+restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
+can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet
+service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most
+ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot afford to fight back
+in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the
+demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained
+the DMCA, which gave them the power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, has
+been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance.
+The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like
+one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites
+people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
+would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For
+example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message
+upon login:</p>
<blockquote><p>
اÛ٠سÛستÙ
تÙÙا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø³ØªÙادÙ٠کاربراÙÙ
تاÛÛدشد٠است. استÙادÙ٠دÛگرا٠بدÙ٠کسب
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:41 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
<!-- Hungarian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italian</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -418,6 +418,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
</ul>
Index: right-to-read.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- right-to-read.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:41 -0000 1.30
+++ right-to-read.fr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.31
@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@
2).</em></p>
<blockquote><p>
- (extrait de « The Road to Tycho », une
collection
-d'articles sur les antécédents de la Révolution
-lunaire, publiée à Luna City en 2096)
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles
about the
+antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
@@ -53,18 +52,15 @@
éviter le délit.</p>
<p>
-Bien sûr, Lissa n'avait pas nécessairement l'intention de lire
-ses livres. Elle pourrait ne vouloir l'ordinateur que pour écrire son
-projet. Mais Dan savait qu'elle venait d'une famille de classe moyenne et
-qu'elle arrivait difficilement à payer ses frais de scolarité,
-sans compter ses frais de lecture. Lire les livres de Dan pourrait
-être sa seule façon d'obtenir son diplôme. Il comprenait
-cette situation; lui-même avait eu à emprunter pour payer pour
-tous les articles scientifiques qu'il avait eu à lire. (10% de ces
-frais allaient aux chercheurs qui écrivaient ces articles; puisque
-Dan visait une carrière académique, il pouvait espérer
-que si ses propres articles scientiques étaient souvent lus, il
-gagnerait un revenu suffisant pour rembourser sa dette).</p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might
+want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a
+middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her
+reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate.
+He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all
+the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the
+researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he
+could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would
+bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
<p>
Par la suite, Dan apprendrait qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui
@@ -183,22 +179,15 @@
<p>Cette note a été mise à jour en 2007.</p>
<p>
-C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de lire. Même
-si cela pourrait prendre 50 ans pour que notre façon de vivre
-actuelle s'efface dans l'obscurité, la plupart des lois et pratiques
-décrites précédemment ont déjà
-été proposées ; plusieurs ont été
-décrétées légalement aux USA et ailleurs. Aux
-USA, le <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>
-(ndt : Loi sur le droit d'auteur du millénaire numérique)
-de 1998 a établi la base légale pour restreindre la lecture et
-le prêt de livres numérisés (et d'autres données
-également). L'Union Européenne a imposé des
-restrictions similaires dans une directive de 2001 concernant le
-copyright. En France, avec la loi <acronym title="Droit d'auteur et droits
-voisins dans la société de l'information">DADVSI</acronym>, la
-simple possession d'une copie de DeCSS, le programme libre permettant de
-déchiffrer une vidéo sur un DVD, est un délit.</p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take 50
+years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of the
+specific laws and practices described above have already been proposed; many
+have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the US, the 1998
+Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal basis to
+restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and other works as
+well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright
+directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted in 2006, mere possession
+of a copy of DeCSS, the free program to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
<p>
En 2001, le sénateur Hollings (disposant de fonds Disney) a
@@ -224,32 +213,21 @@
retour aux commandes, le danger est encore une fois plus grand.</p>
<p>
-En 2001, les USA ont commencé à tenter d'utiliser la
-proposition de traité « Free Trade Area of the Americas
-(FTAA) » pour imposer les mêmes règles à tous
-les pays de l'hémisphère Ouest. Le FTTA est l'un de ces
-traités de soi-disant « libre commerce », mais
-réellement conçu pour donner aux monde du business un pouvoir
-croissant sur les gouvernements démocratiques. L'imposition de lois
-du genre <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> est
-typique de cet esprit. Le FTAA a été effectivement tué
-par Lula, président du Brésil, qui a rejeté la
-condition du <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>
-et d'autres.</p>
-
-<p>
-Depuis lors, les États-Unis ont imposé des conditions
-similaires à des pays comme l'Australie ou le Mexique, par le biais
-d'accords de « libre échange »
-bilatéraux, et à des pays tel que le Costa Rica par le biais
-du <acronym title="Central American Free Trade Agreement">CAFTA</acronym>
-(N.d.T. : Accord de libre échange d'Amérique
-Centrale). Le président Correa de l'Équateur a refusé
-de signer l'accord de « libre échange », mais
-l'Équateur a adopté quelque chose de similaire au <acronym
-title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> en 2003. La nouvelle
-constitution de l'Équateur peut fournir une opportunité de
-s'en débarrasser.</p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
+Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free
+trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is
+typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President
+of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as
+Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade” agreements,
+and on countries such as Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA.
+Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a “free trade”
+agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador had adopted something like the
+DMCA in 2003.</p>
<p>
Une des idées dans cette histoire n'avait en fait pas
@@ -259,18 +237,15 @@
vous autoriseraient pas à l'obtenir.</p>
<p>
-Les instigateurs de ce dessein lui ont donné des noms tels que
-« informatique de confiance » et
-« Palladium ». Nous l'appelons <a
-href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">« informatique
-déloyale »</a>, car le résultat est de faire
-obéir votre ordinateur à des sociétés
-plutôt qu'à vous. Ceci a été mis en œuvre
-en 2007 dans <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> ; nous
-nous attendons à ce que Apple fasse quelque chose de semblable. Dans
-cette construction, c'est le fabriquant qui conserve le code secret, mais le
-<acronym title="Federal Bureau of Investigations">FBI</acronym> aurait peu
-de peine à l'obtenir.</p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as “trusted
+computing” and “Palladium”. We call it <a
+href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme, it is
+the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would
+have little trouble getting it.</p>
<p>
Ce que conserve Microsoft n'est pas exactement un mot de passe au sens
@@ -283,45 +258,34 @@
ordinateur.</p>
<p>
-Vista donne aussi à Microsoft des pouvoirs
-supplémentaires ; par exemple, Microsoft peut forcer
-l'installation de mises à jour et il peut ordonner à toutes
-les machines fonctionnant avec Vista de refuser d'exécuter un pilote
-de périphérique. Le but principal de toutes ces restrictions
-dans Vista est de faire des <acronym title="Digital Rights
-Management">DRM</acronym> que les utilisateurs ne peuvent pas outrepasser.</p>
-
-<p>
-La SPA, qui veut en fait dire Software Publisher's Association, a
-été remplacée dans ce rôle de police par la BSA
-(Business Software Alliance). Ce n'est pas aujourd'hui une force
-policière officielle. De façon officieuse, elle se comporte
-ainsi. Utilisant des méthodes rappelant celles de l'ex-Union
-Soviétique, elle invite les gens à faire de la délation
-à l'endroit de leurs collègues et amis; une campagne de
-terreur orchestrée par la BSA en 2001 en Argentine a
-dévoilé des menaces selon lesquelles les gens partageant du
-logiciel pourraient être jetés en prison.</p>
-
-<p>
-À l'époque où cette histoire a été
-écrite, la SPA menaçait de petits fournisseurs d'accès
-à Internet, en exigeant qu'ils lui permettent de surveiller tous les
-usagers. La plupart des fournisseurs capitulèrent lorsqu'ils furent
-menacés, parce qu'ils n'avaient pas les moyens decontre-attaquer en
-cour. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1er octobre 1996, page D3.) Au moins
-un fournisseur, Community ConneXion à Oakland en Californie, a
-refusé la demande et a été réellement
-poursuivi. Plus tard, la SPA a laissé tomber la plainte, mais elle a
-obtenu le <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>,
-qui lui donne le pouvoir qu'ils recherchaient.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les politiques universitaires de sécurité décrites
-précédemment ne sont pas imaginaires. Par exemple, un
-ordinateur dans une université de la région de Chicago affiche
-le message suivant quand on s'y branche (les guillemets sont dans l'original
-— ce qui suit est une traduction) :</p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can
+forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to
+refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
+restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
+can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet
+service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most
+ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot afford to fight back
+in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the
+demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained
+the DMCA, which gave them the power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, has
+been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance.
+The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like
+one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites
+people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
+would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For
+example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message
+upon login:</p>
<blockquote><p>
« Ce système est réservé aux usagers
@@ -446,7 +410,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:41 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -491,7 +455,7 @@
<!-- Hungarian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italian</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -506,6 +470,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
</ul>
Index: right-to-read.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- right-to-read.sr.html 20 Oct 2009 08:26:33 -0000 1.1
+++ right-to-read.sr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.2
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
издаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´ ÑебÑÑаÑа 1997. (Ñом 40, бÑÐ¾Ñ 2).</em></p>
<blockquote><p>
- (Ðз âÐÑÑа за ТиÑ
оâ, збиÑке Ñланака о
пÑеÑÑ
одниÑима ÐÑнаÑне ÑеволÑÑиÑе,
-обÑавÑене Ñ ÐÑна СиÑиÑÑ 2096.)
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles
about the
+antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@
добио наÑÑÐµÐ¶Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð½Ñ — због
непÑедÑзимаÑа ниÑега да ÑпÑеÑи злоÑин.</p>
<p>
-ÐаÑавно, Ðиза можда и ниÑе намеÑавала да
пÑоÑиÑа Ñегове кÑиге. Ðожда ÑÐ¾Ñ Ñе
-ÑÑебао ÑаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ñамо да би напиÑала ÑвоÑ
ÑеминаÑÑки. Ðли Ñе Ðан знао да Ñе
-она доÑла из поÑодиÑе ÑÑедÑе клаÑе коÑа
ÑеÑко да Ñе могла да пÑиÑÑÑи и
-ÑколаÑинÑ, а камоли да плаÑи за ÑиÑаÑе. Ðн
Ñе ÑазÑмео Ñено ÑÑаÑе; и Ñам Ñе
-моÑао да позаÑми Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° би плаÑио за Ñве
наÑÑне Ñадове коÑе Ñе
-пÑоÑиÑао. (10% од ÑиÑ
Ñ
оноÑаÑа Ñе иÑло
иÑÑÑаживаÑима коÑи ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали
-Ñадове; поÑÑо Ñе Ðан намеÑавао да поÑÑане
наÑÑник, надао Ñе да Ñе Ñегови
-Ñадови, ако довоÑно ÑеÑÑо бÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ñени,
донеÑи довоÑно да би могао да
-оÑплаÑи Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ñг.)</p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might
+want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a
+middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her
+reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate.
+He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all
+the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the
+researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he
+could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would
+bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
<p>
ÐаÑниÑе, Ðан Ñе ÑазнаÑи да Ñе некада било
вÑеме када Ñе Ñвако могао да оде Ñ
@@ -147,18 +147,15 @@
<p>Ðва белеÑка Ñе оÑвежена 2007.</p>
<p>
-ÐÑаво на ÑиÑаÑе Ñе биÑка коÑа Ñе биÑе
данаÑ. Ðада може да поÑÑаÑе и 50
-година да Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑадаÑÑи наÑин живоÑа иÑÑезне
Ñ ÑамÑ, веÑина конкÑеÑниÑ
закона
-и поÑÑÑпака коÑи ÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñе опиÑани ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑ
пÑедложени; многи ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑопиÑани Ñ
-закон, Ñ Ð¡ÐРи дÑÑгде. У СÐÐ, ÐигиÑални
милениÑÑмÑки закон о аÑÑоÑÑким
-пÑавима [<em>Digital Millenium Copyright Act</em> —
<em>DMCA</em>] Ñе
-ÑÑÑановио пÑавни оÑнов за огÑаниÑаваÑе
ÑиÑаÑа и позаÑмÑиваÑа
-компÑÑÑеÑизованиÑ
кÑига (као и дÑÑгиÑ
Ñадова). ÐвÑопÑка ÑниÑа Ñе намеÑнÑла
-ÑлиÑна огÑаниÑеÑа Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑиви о аÑÑоÑÑким
пÑавима из 2001. У ФÑанÑÑÑкоÑ, под
-<em>DADVSI</em> законом ÑÑвоÑеним 2006. и ÑаÌмо
поÑедоваÑе <em>DeCSS</em>-а,
-Ñлободног пÑогÑама коÑи може да деÑиÑÑÑÑе
видео на ÐÐÐ-Ñ Ñе злоÑин. [У
-СÑбиÑи и ЦÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÐоÑи, ово Ñе обезбеÑено
Ñлановима 180 и 187 Ðакона о
-аÑÑоÑÑком и ÑÑодним пÑавима из 2004. —
пÑев.]</p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take 50
+years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of the
+specific laws and practices described above have already been proposed; many
+have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the US, the 1998
+Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal basis to
+restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and other works as
+well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright
+directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted in 2006, mere possession
+of a copy of DeCSS, the free program to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
<p>
2001. ÑенаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð³Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð° Ñе ÑинанÑиÑао
Ðизни пÑедложио Ñе закон зван
@@ -179,23 +176,21 @@
повеÑала.</p>
<p>
-2001. СÐÐ ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñеле покÑÑаÑе да иÑкоÑиÑÑе
пÑедложени ÑпоÑазÑм о СлободноÑ
-ÑÑговинÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑи Ñ ÐмеÑикама [<em>Free Trade
Area of the Americas</em>
-— <em>FTAA</em>] да би намеÑнÑле иÑÑа пÑавила
на Ñве земÑе западне
-полÑлопÑе. <em>FTAA</em> Ñе Ñедан од ÑакозваниÑ
ÑпоÑазÑма о âÑлободноÑ
-ÑÑговиниâ, коÑи ÑÑ ÑÑÑваÑи напÑавÑени
Ñако да даÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñама Ñве веÑÑ Ð¸
-веÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ демокÑаÑÑким владама;
намеÑаÑе закона као ÑÑо Ñе
-<em>DMCA</em> Ñе ÑипиÑан пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð°. <em>FTAA</em> Ñе
деÑÑÑвено Ñбио ÐÑла,
-пÑедÑедник ÐÑазила, коÑи Ñе одбаÑио заÑ
Ñеве <em>DMCA</em> као и дÑÑге.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ðд Ñада ÑÑ Ð¡ÐРнамеÑнÑле ÑлиÑне заÑ
Ñеве
земÑама као ÑÑо ÑÑ ÐÑÑÑÑалиÑа и
-ÐекÑико кÑоз двоÑÑÑане ÑговоÑе о
âÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑговиниâ, и на земÑе као ÑÑо Ñе
-ÐоÑÑаÑика кÑоз ЦенÑÑалноамеÑиÑки
ÑпоÑазÑм о ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑговини
-[<em>CAFTA</em>]. ÐÑедÑедник ÐквадоÑа ÐоÑеа одбио
Ñе да поÑпиÑе ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾
-âÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑговиниâ, али Ñе и ÐквадоÑ
ÑÑвоÑио неÑÑо ÑлиÑно <em>DMCA</em> Ñ
-2003. Ðови ÑÑÑав ÐквадоÑа можда Ñе
обезбедиÑи Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑноÑÑ Ð´Ð° га Ñе
-оÑаÑаÑи.</p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
+Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free
+trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is
+typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President
+of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as
+Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade” agreements,
+and on countries such as Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA.
+Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a “free trade”
+agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador had adopted something like the
+DMCA in 2003.</p>
<p>
Ðедна од идеÑа Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑи ниÑе била
пÑедложена Ñ ÑÑваÑноÑÑи до 2002. То Ñе
@@ -203,13 +198,15 @@
лиÑни ÑаÑÑнаÑ, и неÑе вам дозволиÑи да иÑ
имаÑе.</p>
<p>
-ÐаговоÑниÑи овог плана ÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñли
имена као âÑаÑÑнаÑе од повеÑеÑаâ
-[<em>trusted computing</em>] или âпаладиÑÑмâ. Ðи га
зовемо âиздаÑниÑко
-ÑаÑÑнаÑеâ [<em>treacherous computing</em>] ÑÐµÑ ÑÑ Ñегове
поÑледиÑе да
-наÑеÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑлÑÑа Ñазне
компаниÑе а не ваÑ. Ðво Ñе Ñведено
-2007. као део ÐиндоÑза ÐиÑÑа; оÑекÑÑемо да Ñе
и Ðпл ÑÑадиÑи неÑÑо
-ÑлиÑно. ÐÑема Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑи, ÑаÑни коÌд Ñе
ÑÑваÑи пÑоизвоÑаÑ, али ни ФÐРнеÑе
-имаÑи поÑеÑкоÑа да до Ñега доÑе.</p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as “trusted
+computing” and “Palladium”. We call it <a
+href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme, it is
+the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would
+have little trouble getting it.</p>
<p>
Ðно ÑÑо ÐаÑкÑоÑоÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð° ниÑе Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð·Ð¸Ð½ÐºÐ° Ñ
ÑÑадиÑионалном знаÑеÑÑ; нико Ñе
@@ -220,36 +217,34 @@
ÑаÑÑнаÑÑ.</p>
<p>
-ÐиÑÑа Ñе ÑакоÑе дала ÐаÑкÑоÑоÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñне
моÑи; на пÑимеÑ, ÐаÑкÑоÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да
-наÑилно инÑÑалиÑа Ñене надогÑадÑе и може
да наÑеди Ñвим ÑаÑÑнаÑима коÑи
-имаÑÑ ÐиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð° одбиÑÑ Ð´Ð° ÑÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´ÑеÑени
дÑаÑвеÑ. ÐÑновна ÑвÑÑ
а ÐиÑÑиниÑ
-многобÑоÑниÑ
огÑаниÑеÑа Ñе пÑавÑеÑе
<em>DRM</em>-а [<em>Digital Rights
-Management</em> - ÑпÑавÑаÑе дигиÑалним пÑавима]
коÑег коÑиÑниÑи не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð´Ð°
-заобиÑÑ.</p>
-
-<p>
-СÐÐ, ÑÑо Ñе ÑÑÑваÑи ÑкÑаÑениÑа за
СоÑÑвеÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑоÑекÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð°ÑоÑиÑаÑиÑÑ, Ñе Ñ
-Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñлози полиÑиÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ñлози заменила ÐСÐ
Ñо ÑеÑÑ ÐÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑвеÑ
-алиÑанÑа. Ðна ниÑе, данаÑ, званиÑна
полиÑиÑа; незваниÑно, понаÑа Ñе као да
-ÑеÑÑе. ÐоÑиÑÑеÑи ÑÑедÑÑва коÑа подÑеÑаÑÑ
на бивÑи СовÑеÑÑки Ñавез, она
-позива ÑÑде да ÑпиÑÑниÑаÑÑ ÑвоÑе колеге и
пÑиÑаÑеÑе. ÐСРкампаÑа ÑеÑоÑа Ñ
-ÐÑгенÑини 2001. ÑадÑжала Ñе Ñедва
замаÑкиÑане пÑеÑÑе да Ñе ÑÑди коÑи деле
-ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¸Ñи Ñиловани.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ðад Ñе ова пÑиÑа била иÑпÑва напиÑана, СÐÐ
Ñе пÑеÑила малим ÐнÑеÑнеÑ
-пÑоваÑдеÑима, заÑ
ÑеваÑÑÑи од ÑиÑ
да ÑоÑ
дозволе да надгледа Ñве ÑиÑ
ове
-коÑиÑнике. ÐеÑина пÑоваÑдеÑа Ñе попÑÑÑила
пÑед пÑеÑÑама, ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ да
-пÑиÑÑÑе одбÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑдÑ. (<em>Atlanta
Journal-Constitution</em>, 1. окÑобаÑ
-'96, <em>D3</em>.) ÐÐ°Ñ Ñедан пÑоваÑдеÑ, ÐомÑÑниÑи
конеÐШн [<em>Community
-ConneXion</em>] из Ðкленда Ñ ÐалиÑоÑниÑи, одбио Ñе
Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
Ñев и ÑÑваÑно Ñе
-био ÑÑжен. СÐÐ Ñе каÑниÑе повÑкла
опÑÑжниÑÑ, али Ñе добавила <em>DMCA</em>
-ÑÑо им Ñе дало Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ñи ÑÑ ÑÑажили.</p>
-
-<p>
-УнивеÑзиÑеÑÑка безбедоноÑна полиÑика
каква Ñе опиÑана гоÑе ниÑе
-измиÑÑена. Ðа пÑимеÑ, Ñедан од ÑаÑÑнаÑа Ñ
Ñедном ÑикаÑком ÑнивеÑзиÑеÑÑ
-иÑпиÑÑÑе Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð´Ð° Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпиÑе
(наводниÑи ÑÑ Ñ Ð¾ÑигиналÑ):</p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can
+forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to
+refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
+restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
+can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet
+service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most
+ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot afford to fight back
+in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the
+demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained
+the DMCA, which gave them the power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, has
+been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance.
+The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like
+one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites
+people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
+would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For
+example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message
+upon login:</p>
<blockquote><p>
ÐÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑем Ñе за ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ñедино од
ÑÑÑане овлаÑÑениÑ
коÑиÑника. ÐоÑединÑи
@@ -368,7 +363,7 @@
гÑеÑака</a> <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sr/";>пÑоÑекÑа
пÑевода <tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки</a>. Ðа
допÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑпÑком
пÑеводÑ, коÑиÑно Ñе да погледаÑе и
-докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
+докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.rs/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
пÑeводим ÐÐУ-ов веб</a>, коÑи ÑадÑжи ÑмеÑниÑе
коÑиÑ
Ñе ÑÑеба
пÑидÑжаваÑи пÑи пÑевоÑеÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑа
<tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки
Ñезик.</p>
@@ -376,7 +371,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/10/20 08:26:33 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -421,7 +416,7 @@
<!-- Hungarian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italian</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -436,6 +431,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
</ul>
Index: why-free.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- why-free.ca.html 6 Oct 2009 08:26:11 -0000 1.10
+++ why-free.ca.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.11
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@
programari que utilitzen.</p>
<p>
-El sistema de copyright va néixer i créixer a l'època de la impressió, una
-tecnologia que permetia la còpia massiva. El copyright encaixava bé amb
-aquella tecnologia perquè només restringia als productors massius de
-còpies. No treia cap llibertat als lectors. Un lector ordinari que no fos
-propietari d'una impremta només podia copiar llibres amb una ploma i tinta,
-i pocs lectors van ser encausats per aquestes prà ctiques.</p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because
+it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom
+away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing
+press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for
+that.</p>
<p>
La tecnologia digital és més flexible que la impressió: si la informació
és
@@ -147,12 +147,11 @@
drets naturals a partir de dues raons.</p>
<p>
-Una raó és una analogia forçada amb els objectes materials. Quan faig un
-arròs, em queixaré si una altra persona se'l menja, perquè me'n deixarÃ
-sense. La seva acció em fa mal en la mateixa mesura que el beneficia: només
-un de nosaltres podrà menjar l'arròs. La pregunta llavors és, qui? Qualsevol
-petita diferència entre nosaltres serà suficient per inclinar la balança
-ètica.</p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I cook
+spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I cannot eat
+it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits him; only one of us
+can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one? The smallest
+distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance.</p>
<p>
El fet que executis o modifiquis un programa que jo he escrit t'afecta de
@@ -196,20 +195,20 @@
produirà més si està ben pagada per a fer-ho.</p>
<p>
-Però també aquest argument economicista té un punt feble: està basat en el
-supòsit que la diferència només és un assumpte de quants diners s'han de
-pagar. Pressuposa que la "producció de programari" és el que volem,
-independentment de què el programari tingui propietaris o no.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <i>production of software</i> is what we want, whether the software has
+owners or not.</p>
<p>
-La gent accepta rà pidament aquest supòsit perquè s'adiu amb les nostres
-experiències amb els objectes materials. Considereu un entrepà , per
-exemple. Potser us agradaria obtenir un entrepà equivalent, bé de franc o bé
-pagant una quantitat. En aquest cas, la quantitat que pagueu és l'única
-diferència. Independentment de si el pagueu o no, l'entrepà és el mateix:
té
-el mateix valor nutricional i només us el podeu menjar una vegada. El que
-l'obtingueu o no d'un propietari no pot afectar de manera directa en res més
-que en la quantitat de diners que tindràs després de menjar-te'l.</p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance. You
+might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or for a
+price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference. Whether or not
+you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste, the same nutritional
+value, and in either case you can only eat it once. Whether you get the
+sandwich from an owner or not cannot directly affect anything but the amount
+of money you have afterwards.</p>
<p>
Això és cert per qualsevol classe d'objecte material. Que tingui o no un
@@ -237,10 +236,10 @@
els usuaris perden llibertat de controlar part de les seves pròpies vides.</p>
<p>
-I sobre tot la societat necessita encoratjar l'esperit de cooperació
-voluntà ria en els seus ciutadans. Quan els propietaris de programari ens
-expliquen que ajudar als nostres veïns de manera natural és "pirateria",
-estan embrutant l'esperit cÃvic de la nostra societat.</p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that helping our
+neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.</p>
<p>
Ãs per això que diem que el <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">programari
@@ -253,11 +252,10 @@
necessitem cercar fons per a finançar-lo.</p>
<p>
-Durant els darrers deu anys els desenvolupadors de programari lliure han
-intentat diversos mètodes de trobar finançament amb un cert èxit. No hi ha
-cap necessitat de fer-se ric: la renda mediana d'una familia nordamericana,
-al voltant de 35.000 dòlars, demostra que hi ha prou incentius per a moltes
-feines que donen menors satisfaccions que programar.</p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods of
+finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; a
+typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less
+satisfying than programming.</p>
<p>
Durant molts anys, fins que el mecenatge ho va fer innecessari, vaig viure
@@ -268,51 +266,31 @@
prioritat.</p>
<p>
-La <a href="/fsf/fsf.ca.html">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, una
-entitat no lucrativa exempta d'impostos dedicada al desenvolupament de
-programari lliure, obté els seus fons de la <a
-href="/order/order.html">venda</a> de <a
-href="/software/software.ca.html">CD-ROM</a>, <a
-href="/order/t-shirts.html">samarretes</a>, <a
-href="/doc/doc.ca.html">manuals</a>, i <a
-href="/order/deluxe.html">distribucions de luxe</a> GNU, (que els usuaris
-tenen plena llibertat de copiar i modificar), aixà com de <a
-href="/help/donate.html">donacions</a>. Actualment compta amb una plantilla
-de cinc programadors, a més de tres treballadors que atenen les comandes per
-via postal.</p>
-
-<p>
-Alguns desenvolupadors de programari lliure fan diners mitjançant la venda
-de serveis de suport. Cygnus Support, que comptava amb 50 empleats quan
-aquest article fou escrit, estima que al voltant del 15% de la seva
-activitat empresarial és el desenvolupament de programari lliure, una xifra
-respectable per a una empresa de programari.</p>
-
-<p>
-Empreses com Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments o Analog Devices s'han
-agrupat per col·laborar amb el finançament del desenvolupament del
-compilador GNU per a C. De manera anà loga el desenvolupament del compilador
-GNU per al llenguatge Ada fou finançat per la Força Aèria dels Estats Units,
-que considerava que era la manera més eficient d'obtenir un compilador de
-gran qualitat. [El finançament provinent de la Força Aèria es va acabar
-temps enrere. El compilador GNU per a Ada ja és disponible i el seu
-manteniment és finançat per via comercial.]</p>
-
-<p>
-Tots aquests exemples són només una petita mostra. El moviment per al
-programari lliure és encara petit i jove. Però l'exemple de la rà dio
-mantinguda pels oients en aquest paÃs [els Estats Units] mostra que és
-possible donar suport a una activitat de força grandà ria sense haver de
-forçar a pagar a cap usuari.</p>
-
-<p>
-Com a usuari informà tic avui en dia, et pots trobar utilitzant un <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html#ProprietarySoftware">programa
-propietari</a>. Si un amic et demana de fer una còpia, no estaria bé refusar
-fer-la. La cooperació és més important que el copyright. Però la
cooperació
-clandestina no contribueix a millorar la societat. Una persona hauria
-d'aspirar a viure una vida honrada amb orgull, i això significa dir "No" al
-programari propietari.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 per
+cent of its staff activity was free software development—a respectable
+percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and
+Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a large
+activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to refuse.
+Cooperation is more important than copyright. But underground, closet
+cooperation does not make for a good society. A person should aspire to
+live an upright life openly with pride, and this means saying no to
+proprietary software.</p>
<p>
Us mereixeu poder cooperar obertament i de manera lliure amb altra gent que
@@ -362,9 +340,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994 Richard Stallman <br /> Es permet realitzar i
-distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en qualsevol medi sense pagament
-de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without
+royalty provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -377,7 +355,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2009/10/06 08:26:11 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: why-free.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- why-free.es.html 9 Sep 2009 20:25:54 -0000 1.12
+++ why-free.es.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.13
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@
puedan copiar y modificar el software que usamos.</p>
<p>
-El sistema de derechos de autor creció con la imprenta, una tecnologÃa usada
-para la producción masiva de copias. Los derechos de autor se ajustaban bien
-a esta tecnologÃa, puesto que restringÃa sólo a los productores de copias en
-masa. No privaba de libertad a los lectores de libros. Un lector cualquiera,
-que no poseyera una imprenta, sólo podÃa copiar libros con pluma y tinta, y
-a pocos lectores se les ponÃa un pleito por ello. </p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because
+it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom
+away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing
+press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for
+that.</p>
<p>
Las tecnologÃas digitales son más flexibles que la imprenta: cuando la
@@ -150,13 +150,11 @@
derechos naturales por dos razones. </p>
<p>
-Una razón es una analogÃa forzada entre el software y los objetos
-materiales. Cuando yo cocino espaguetis, me quejo si otra persona se los
-come, porque entonces yo ya no me los puedo comer. Su acción me duele
-exactamente tanto como lo que le beneficia a él; sólo uno de nosotros se
-puede comer los espaguetis, asà que la pregunta es, ¿quién?. La más mÃnima
-distinción entre alguno de nosotros es suficiente para inclinar la balanza
-ética. </p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I cook
+spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I cannot eat
+it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits him; only one of us
+can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one? The smallest
+distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance.</p>
<p>
Pero el hecho de que usted ejecute o modifique un programa que yo he escrito
@@ -200,21 +198,20 @@
más de algo si se le paga bien por ello. </p>
<p>
-Pero el argumento económico tiene un fallo: se basa en la presunción de que
-la diferencia es sólo cuestión de cuánto dinero debemos pagar. Asume que la
-«producción de software» es lo que queremos, tenga el software propietarios
-o no. </p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <i>production of software</i> is what we want, whether the software has
+owners or not.</p>
<p>
-La gente acepta gustosamente esta presunción porque está de acuerdo con
-nuestra experiencia acerca de los objetos materiales. Considere un
-bocadillo, por ejemplo. Es posible que pueda conseguir un bocadillo
-equivalente bien gratis o por un precio. Si es asÃ, la cantidad que paga es
-la única diferencia. Tanto si lo tiene que comprar como si no, el bocadillo
-tiene el mismo sabor, el mismo valor nutricional, y en ambos casos se lo
-puede comer sólo una vez. El hecho de si el bocadillo lo obtiene de un
-propietario o no, no puede afectar directamente a nada más que a la cantidad
-de dinero que le queda después. </p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance. You
+might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or for a
+price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference. Whether or not
+you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste, the same nutritional
+value, and in either case you can only eat it once. Whether you get the
+sandwich from an owner or not cannot directly affect anything but the amount
+of money you have afterwards.</p>
<p>
Esto es cierto para cualquier objeto material, el hecho de que tenga o no
@@ -244,10 +241,10 @@
propias vidas. </p>
<p>
-Y sobre todo la sociedad necesita incentivar el espÃritu de cooperación
-entre sus ciudadanos. Cuando los propietarios de software nos dicen que
-ayudar a nuestros vecinos de una manera natural es «piraterÃa», están
-contaminando el espÃritu cÃvico de nuestra sociedad. </p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that helping our
+neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.</p>
<p>
Por esto es por lo que decimos que el <a
@@ -261,11 +258,10 @@
software del que esas personas escriben, necesitamos conseguir fondos.</p>
<p>
-Desde hace ya diez años, los desarrolladores de software libre han probado
-varios métodos para encontrar fondos, con algo de éxito. No hay necesidad de
-hacer rico a nadie; los ingresos medios de una familia media, alrededor de
-35.000$, prueba ser incentivo suficiente para muchos trabajos que son menos
-satisfactorios que programar.</p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods of
+finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; a
+typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less
+satisfying than programming.</p>
<p>
Durante años, hasta que una beca lo hizo innecesario, yo me ganaba la vida
@@ -276,49 +272,31 @@
caracterÃsticas que yo habrÃa considerado la máxima prioridad.</p>
<p>
-La <a href="/fsf/fsf.es.html">Fundación para el Software Libre </a>(Free
-Software Foundation o FSF, por sus siglas en inglés), una entidad sin ánimo
-de lucro exenta de impuestos para el desarrollo de software libre, consigue
-fondos mediante la <a href="http://order.fsf.org/";>venta</a> de <a
-href="/softwaref/software.es.html">CD-ROMs</a> de GNU, <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>camisetas</a>, <a
-href="/doc/doc.es.html">manuales</a> y <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>distribuciones «deluxe»</a>, (los usuarios son
-libres de copiar y modificar todo esto), asà como mediante <a
-href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>donaciones</a>. En la actualidad cuenta con un
-equipo de cinco programadores, y tres empleados que se encargan de los
-pedidos por correo.</p>
-
-<p>
-Algunos programadores de software libre ganan dinero mediante la venta de
-servicios de asistencia. Cygnus Support, que cuenta con alrededor de
-cincuenta empleados [cuando se escribió este artÃculo], estima que en torno
-al quince por ciento de la actividad de su equipo es programación de
-software libre, un porcentaje respetable para una compañÃa de software. </p>
-
-<p>
-Algunas compañÃas, incluyendo Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments y Analog
-Devices, han unido esfuerzos para financiar el desarrollo continuado del
-compilador de GNU para el lenguaje C. Mientras que el compilador GNU para el
-lenguaje Ada está siendo financiado por la Fuerza Aérea de los EE.UU., que
-cree que ésta es la manera más efectiva de conseguir un compilador de alta
-calidad. [La financiación de la Fuerza Aérea se acabó hace algún tiempo; el
-compilador GNU de Ada está ahora en servicio, y su mantenimiento se financia
-comercialmente.]</p>
-
-<p>
-Todos estos ejemplos son pequeños; el movimiento de software libre es aún
-pequeño y aún joven. Pero el ejemplo de la radio «mantenida por la
-audiencia» en este paÃs [los EE.UU.] muestra que es posible mantener una
-actividad grande sin forzar a cada usuario a pagar. </p>
-
-<p>
-Como usuario de informática de hoy en dÃa, se puede encontrar usando un
-programa privativo. Si su amigo le pide hacer una copia, estarÃa mal negarse
-a ello. La cooperación es más importante que los derechos de autor. Pero una
-cooperación clandestina, no contribuye a mejorar la sociedad. Una persona
-deberÃa aspirar a vivir una vida honrada abiertamente con orgullo, y esto
-significa decir «No» al software privativo.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 per
+cent of its staff activity was free software development—a respectable
+percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and
+Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a large
+activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to refuse.
+Cooperation is more important than copyright. But underground, closet
+cooperation does not make for a good society. A person should aspire to
+live an upright life openly with pride, and this means saying no to
+proprietary software.</p>
<p>
Usted se merece poder cooperar abierta y libremente con otras personas que
@@ -367,7 +345,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without
royalty provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -391,7 +369,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2009/09/09 20:25:54 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: why-free.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- why-free.fr.html 6 Oct 2009 08:26:11 -0000 1.25
+++ why-free.fr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.26
@@ -29,15 +29,12 @@
et modifier les logiciels que nous utilisons.</p>
<p>
-Le système du droit de copie s'est développé en
-même temps que l'imprimerie, une technique de copie à grande
-échelle. Le droit de copie était adapté à cette
-technologie parce qu'il ne limitait que la copie à grande
-échelle. Il ne privait pas les lecteurs de livres de leurs
-libertés : le lecteur moyen ne possédait pas de presse
-à imprimer, et il lui arrivait de recopier des livres avec sa plume
-et son encrier. Les lecteurs ne se voyaient pas traînés devant
-les tribunaux parce qu'ils avaient ainsi recopié des livres.</p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because
+it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom
+away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing
+press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for
+that.</p>
<p>
Les techniques numériques sont plus souples que la presse
@@ -176,14 +173,11 @@
généralement pour l'une des deux raisons suivantes.</p>
<p>
-La première de ces raisons repose sur une analogie abusive avec les
-objets matériels. Si je prépare un plat de spaghetti, cela ne
-me va pas me convenir que quelqu'un d'autre que moi les mange, parce
-qu'alors je ne pourrai plus les manger moi-même. En mangeant mes
-spaghetti, l'autre personne me cause un dommage dans l'exacte mesure de son
-bénéfice à elle. D'elle ou de moi, une seule personne
-peut avoir les spaghetti, la question est de savoir qui. La plus petite
-distinction entre nous deux suffit à faire pencher la balance
morale.</p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I cook
+spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I cannot eat
+it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits him; only one of us
+can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one? The smallest
+distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance.</p>
<p>
Mais le cas d'un programme que j'ai écrit est très
@@ -230,23 +224,20 @@
produiront plus de logiciels s'ils sont mieux payés pour le faire.</p>
<p>
-Mais cet argument économique a le défaut d'être
-basé sur l'hypothèse discutable que la différence se
-fera en fonction de l'argent que nous voulons bien donner. On tient pour
-acquis que ce que nous voulons c'est de la « production de
-logiciels », avec ou sans propriétaire.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le public accepte facilement cette hypothèse parce qu'elle correspond
-à son expérience des objets matériels. Si nous prenons
-l'exemple du sandwich, on peut sans doute réussir à en trouver
-deux qui soient identiques, l'un gratuit, l'autre payant. Si c'est le cas la
-somme payée ou non est la seule différence entre les deux. Que
-vous deviez ou non le payer, le sandwich aura le même goût, la
-même valeur nutritive et en tous cas vous ne pourrez le manger qu'une
-seule fois. Le fait le sandwich vous ait été fourni, ou non,
-par un propriétaire n'a d'influence directe que sur la somme d'argent
-dont vous disposez par la suite.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <i>production of software</i> is what we want, whether the software has
+owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance. You
+might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or for a
+price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference. Whether or not
+you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste, the same nutritional
+value, and in either case you can only eat it once. Whether you get the
+sandwich from an owner or not cannot directly affect anything but the amount
+of money you have afterwards.</p>
<p>
Ceci est vrai pour tout type d'objet matériel. Le fait qu'ils aient
@@ -278,12 +269,10 @@
liberté de contrôler un des aspects de leur vie.</p>
<p>
-Surtout, la société a besoin d'encourager l'esprit de
-coopération volontaire de ses citoyens. Quand les
-propriétaires de logiciels qualifient de
-« pillage » le fait d'aider notre voisin d'une
-façon simple et naturelle, ils polluent l'esprit civique de notre
-société.</p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that helping our
+neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.</p>
<p>
C'est pourquoi nous disons que le <a
@@ -299,13 +288,10 @@
écrivent il nous faut récolter des fonds.</p>
<p>
-Depuis maintenant dix ans, les développeurs de logiciels libres
-essaient, avec un certain succès, diverses méthodes pour
-trouver des financements. Il n'est pas indispensable pour cela d'enrichir
-quelqu'un. Le revenu d'une famille américaine moyenne, autour de 35
-mille dollars, a fait la preuve de sa capacité suffisante comme
-stimulant pour beaucoup de métiers moins satisfaisants que la
-programmation.</p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods of
+finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; a
+typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less
+satisfying than programming.</p>
<p>
Pendant des années, jusqu'à ce que la création d'une
@@ -319,57 +305,31 @@
considérées comme prioritaires.</p>
<p>
-La <a href="/fsf/fsf.fr.html">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, une
-association exemptée d'impôt pour le développement du
-logiciel libre, récolte des fonds par la <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>vente</a> de <a
-href="/software/software.fr.html">CD-ROMs</a> GNU, de <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>T-shirts</a>, de <a
-href="/doc/doc.html">manuels</a> et de <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>distributions de luxe</a> — que
-chaqueutilisateur a la possibilité de copier ou de modifier
-librement, ainsi que par les <a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>dons</a>. Nous
-avons maintenant cinq programmeurs et l'équipe compte aussi trois
-employés pour traiter les commandes par courrier.</p>
-
-<p>
-Certains développeurs de logiciels libres gagnent leur vie en vendant
-des services de support technique. Cygnus Support, avec 50 employés
-[au moment de la rédaction de cet article], estime que 15 pourcent de
-l'activité de ses équipes est consacrée au
-développement de logiciels libres—pourcentage fort respectable
-pour une société de logiciels.</p>
-
-<p>
-D'autres sociétés, parmi lesquelles Intel, Motorola, Texas
-Instruments et Analog Devices, se sont regroupées pour financer le
-développement du compilateur libre GNU pour le langage C. Dans le
-même temps, le compilateur libre GNU pour le langage Ada est soutenu
-financièrement par la US Air Force, car celle-ci pense que c'est le
-moyen le plus économique d'obtenir un compilateur de haute
-qualité. [Les subventions de US Air Force ont cessé il y a
-quelque temps; le compilateur GNU pour Ada est maintenant en service et sa
-maintenance est subventionnée par des sociétés
-commerciales.]</p>
-
-<p>
-Tous ces exemples sont à petite échelle. Le mouvement du
-logiciel libre est encore petit et encore jeune. Mais l'exemple de la radio
-financée par les auditeurs dans ce pays [les États-Unis]
-montre qu'il est possible de soutenir une activité importante sans
-forcer chaque utilisateur à payer.</p>
-
-<p>
-En tant qu'utilisateur d'ordinateur aujourd'hui, vous utilisez
-peut-être un <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">programme
-propriétaire</a>. Si votre ami vous en demande une copie, ce serait
-mal de refuser. La coopération est plus importante que le droit de
-copie. Cependant, dans le fond, la coopération en circuit
-fermé ne permettra pas de bâtir une bonne
-société. Chacun devrait aspirer à une vie honnête
-menée ouvertement et avec fierté, et pour cela il faut dire
-« non ! » au logiciel propriétaire.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 per
+cent of its staff activity was free software development—a respectable
+percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and
+Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a large
+activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to refuse.
+Cooperation is more important than copyright. But underground, closet
+cooperation does not make for a good society. A person should aspire to
+live an upright life openly with pride, and this means saying no to
+proprietary software.</p>
<p>
Vous méritez de pouvoir coopérer ouvertement et librement avec
@@ -419,9 +379,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without
+royalty provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -434,7 +394,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/10/06 08:26:11 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: why-free.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- why-free.ml.html 6 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.5
+++ why-free.ml.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.6
@@ -29,14 +29,12 @@
à´
വരàµà´àµ à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´</p>
<p>
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à´àµà´à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¾à´ªàµà´ªà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ(--ബഹàµà´à´¨à´¾à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
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à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸àµà´¥à´¯àµà´àµ à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´.à´
à´àµà´à´à´¿
à´à´¨àµà´¨ സാà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´
-വിദàµà´¯à´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
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വലിയതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
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-നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ.à´
à´¤àµàµ
വായനà´àµà´à´¾à´°à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
-ഹനിà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´². à´
à´àµà´à´à´¿à´¯à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®àµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµà´
à´àµà´µà´¶à´®à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ à´à´°àµ സാധാരണ
വായനà´àµà´à´¾à´°à´¨àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´¨à´¯àµà´ മഷിയàµà´ à´µà´àµà´àµàµ
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´à´°àµ
à´¤à´à´¸àµà´¸à´µàµà´®àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²,à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµ
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´µà´°àµà´¯à´¾à´°àµà´¯àµà´
ശിà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´².</p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because
+it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom
+away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing
+press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for
+that.</p>
<p>
à´
à´àµà´à´à´¿à´¯à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµà´
à´à´±àµ മിà´à´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ
à´¡à´¿à´à´¿à´±àµà´±à´²àµâ സാà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´
@@ -162,12 +160,11 @@
à´
തൠരണàµà´àµàµ à´à´¾à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´²àµâ
മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´.</p>
<p>
-à´
തിലàµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ,
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµ à´àµà´¤à´¿à´
വസàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´³àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´à´°à´³à´µà´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´µà´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
-താരതമàµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¾à´¨àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´à´¿à´¯ പരിപàµà´ªàµà´µà´
à´µàµà´±à´¾à´°àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
-à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´à´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
സമàµà´®à´¤à´®à´²àµà´² à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ à´
à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´à´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¤àµàµ
-à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ പറàµà´±à´¿à´²àµà´². à´
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿ à´
യാളàµâà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´°
à´àµà´£à´à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ à´
à´¤àµà´°à´¯àµà´ à´¦àµà´·à´
-à´
à´¤àµà´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
തമàµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´àµà´±à´¿à´¯ à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´
à´ªàµà´²àµà´
-സനàµà´®à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¤à´¯àµà´àµ
സനàµà´¤àµà´²à´¿à´¤à´¾à´µà´¸àµà´¥à´¯àµ à´¤à´à´¿à´à´
മറിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I cook
+spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I cannot eat
+it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits him; only one of us
+can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one? The smallest
+distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance.</p>
<p>
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´à´¾à´¨àµà´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯ à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµ മാറàµà´±à´
വരàµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµ
@@ -214,22 +211,20 @@
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ നലàµà´² സാധനà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
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à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
<p>
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à´¤àµà´±àµà´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´à´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤àµà´³à´ പണà´
à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´£àµà´à´¿ വരàµà´®àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´ മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ ഠവാദà´
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à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¾à´²àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
,à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
-“à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´¤àµà´ªà´¾à´¦à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ à´
-വാദഠസാധàµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´àµà´¤à´¿à´ വസàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´³àµà´®à´¾à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµà´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´
à´¨àµà´à´µà´ à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´¯à´¤àµ à´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´à´¤àµàµ à´
à´à´àµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.à´à´°àµ
à´à´´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µà´à´¯àµà´àµ
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´®àµà´àµà´àµà´àµ.à´à´°àµ
-തരതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µà´
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ വിലയàµà´àµà´àµà´
à´µàµà´±àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´
-à´à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´.à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ പണà´
മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´.നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµàµ
-വാà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¾à´²àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´
à´°à´£àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µà´ തമàµà´®à´¿à´²àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¦à´¿à´²àµ,à´ªàµà´·à´à´¾à´à´¶à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ,
-à´à´°àµ à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´µàµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´². à´à´°àµ
à´à´´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µà´à´¯àµà´ à´à´°àµ തവണയàµ
à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-പറàµà´±àµà´à´¯àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³àµ. à´µàµà´±àµà´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµ
വിലയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´£àµ à´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´à´°àµ തരതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´
ബാധിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²;à´
തിനàµà´
à´¶àµà´·à´ നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
-പണതàµà´¤àµ à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <i>production of software</i> is what we want, whether the software has
+owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance. You
+might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or for a
+price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference. Whether or not
+you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste, the same nutritional
+value, and in either case you can only eat it once. Whether you get the
+sandwich from an owner or not cannot directly affect anything but the amount
+of money you have afterwards.</p>
<p>
à´à´¤àµàµ തരതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´àµà´¤à´¿à´
വസàµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´
à´à´¤àµàµ സതàµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ .à´
തിനàµàµ à´à´à´®
@@ -262,10 +257,10 @@
à´à´¯à´±àµà´±à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
<p>
-സരàµâà´µàµà´µàµà´ªà´°à´¿ സമàµà´¹à´
à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´
തിലàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¨àµà´®à´¾à´°àµà´àµ പരസàµà´ªà´°
-സഹà´à´°à´£à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´
യലàµâà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´à´µà´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
സഹായിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ നിയമ
-വിരàµà´¦àµà´§à´®à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´à´®à´à´³àµâ
പറയàµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´
തൠനമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´°
-à´¬àµà´§à´¤àµà´¤àµ മലàµà´®à´¸à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that helping our
+neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.</p>
<p>
à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ <a
href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html";>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
@@ -279,11 +274,10 @@
à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµ.à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
തിലàµà´ªà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ നാഠപണà´
à´à´£àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´£à´.</p>
<p>
-à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´ à´àµà´±à´àµà´àµ വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ പണà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´°àµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ വിവിധ
മാരàµâà´àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-പരàµà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ
à´àµà´±à´µàµ à´¸à´à´¤àµà´ªàµà´¤à´¿ തരàµà´¨àµà´¨ മറàµà´±àµ
പല
-à´àµà´²à´¿à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´ à´
à´®àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´à´àµà´à´¾à´°àµà´àµ ശരാശരി
വരàµà´®à´¾à´¨à´®à´¾à´¯ $35k à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´«à´²à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´àµà´¾à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´²àµâ മതിയാà´àµà´.</p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods of
+finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; a
+typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less
+satisfying than programming.</p>
<p>
à´à´°àµ à´«àµà´²àµà´·à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµ à´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
വരàµ,à´à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´ªà´àµà´µà´¨à´®à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´à´,
à´à´¾à´¨àµà´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
@@ -296,53 +290,31 @@
à´à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¤à´²àµà´².</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://www.fsf.org";>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ
</a><a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/software/software.html";>à´àµà´¨àµ
à´¸àµà´¡à´¿à´à´³àµâ </a>,<a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>à´àµà´àµ-à´·à´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´à´³àµâ
</a>, <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/doc/doc.html";>à´àµà´¨àµ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
-à´àµà´°à´¨àµà´¥à´àµà´à´³àµâ </a>,à´à´²àµà´²à´¾ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´¯àµà´ <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´
വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ </a>(à´à´µà´¯àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ മാറàµà´±à´
വരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´®àµà´³àµà´³à´µ
-തനàµà´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ),à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´µ <a
href="http://order.fsf.org/";>വിലàµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¨</a>
-à´¨à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´ <a
href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>à´¸à´à´à´¾à´µà´¨à´à´³àµâ
</a>à´¸àµà´µàµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ പണà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´°àµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
à´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµ à´àµà´´à´¿à´²àµâ à´
à´àµà´àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´°àµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´°àµà´,à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´àµ
സാധനà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´àµà´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ à´ªàµà´°àµà´
à´àµà´²à´¿ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´¿à´² à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ സാà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´
സഹായà´
-നലàµâà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´«à´²à´
പറàµà´±àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. 50-à´à´³à´
à´¤àµà´¾à´´à´¿à´²à´¾à´³à´¿à´à´³àµà´³àµà´³ (à´ à´²àµà´à´¨à´
-à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ) സിà´àµà´¨à´¸àµ (Cygnus)
സപàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´àµà´àµ-à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´à´£à´àµà´à´¨àµà´¸à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ 15%
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¨à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´£à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ- à´à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿à´¯àµ
à´¸à´à´¬à´¨àµà´§à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´³à´
à´à´¦à´°à´£àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ ശതമാനമാണതàµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´¨àµà´±à´²àµâ, à´®àµà´àµà´àµà´±àµà´³, à´àµà´àµà´¸à´¾à´¸àµ
à´à´¨àµâà´¸àµà´àµà´°àµà´®àµà´¨àµà´±àµ ,à´
നലàµà´àµ
à´¡à´¿à´µàµà´¸àµà´¸àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´µà´°àµà´àµ
-à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´® à´àµà´¨àµ വിനàµà´±àµ സി
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¾à´·à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯à´²à´±à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
പണà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´°àµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´¤àµà´ªàµà´²àµ à´
à´¡ à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
-à´à´¾à´·à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´²à´°àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
à´®àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¨àµâ à´µàµà´¯àµà´® à´¸àµà´¨ പണà´
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´àµ. à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ
à´à´±àµà´±à´µàµà´ à´à´¿à´²à´µàµàµ à´àµà´±à´àµà´
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ നലàµà´² നിലവാരമàµà´³àµà´³
-à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´²à´°àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´±àµà´±à´µàµà´ നലàµà´² മാരàµâà´àµà´à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâ
-വിശàµà´µà´¸à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. (à´µàµà´¯àµà´®
à´¸àµà´¨à´¯àµà´àµ
à´®àµà´²à´§à´¨à´,à´àµà´±à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´²à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´®àµà´¨àµâà´ªàµàµ
-നിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´µà´àµà´àµ.à´
à´¡
à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´°àµâ à´à´¾à´· à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´£àµà´àµ,à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
പരിà´à´°à´£à´
-à´µàµà´¯à´¾à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´¿à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ à´
ധിഷàµà´
ിതവàµà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ)</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´¤àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ à´àµà´±à´¿à´¯ à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµâ
മാതàµà´°à´.à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´
-à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´ à´¶àµà´¶à´µ ദശയിലാണàµàµ.
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´à´°àµ à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´µà´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´ªà´à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµà´ നിശàµà´à´¯à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-പണഠവാà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ à´à´°àµ വലിയ
à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´ നിലനിലàµâà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
പറàµà´±àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ,
-à´
à´®àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³,
à´¶àµà´°àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ സഹായതàµà´¤àµà´àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´±àµà´¡à´¿à´¯àµ
-à´¤àµà´³à´¿à´µà´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´°àµ à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨ നിലയിലàµâ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware";>à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
</a>à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´à´¾à´.
à´¸àµà´¹àµà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ à´à´°àµ
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ
നിഷàµà´§à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ ശരിയലàµà´².
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´§à´¾à´¨àµà´¯à´
പരസàµà´ªà´°à´¸à´¹à´à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ. നിയമ
വിധàµà´¯à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ രഹസàµà´¯
ധാരണയിലàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
-സഹà´à´°à´£à´®à´²àµà´² à´à´°àµ നലàµà´²
സമàµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´.à´à´°àµ
മനàµà´·àµà´¯à´¨àµâ നിവരàµâà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ നിനàµà´¨àµ
-à´
à´à´¿à´®à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµ à´
à´¨àµà´¤à´¸àµà´¸àµà´àµ
à´àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-നിരാà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 per
+cent of its staff activity was free software development—a respectable
+percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and
+Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a large
+activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to refuse.
+Cooperation is more important than copyright. But underground, closet
+cooperation does not make for a good society. A person should aspire to
+live an upright life openly with pride, and this means saying no to
+proprietary software.</p>
<p>
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´¯à´¾à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµ
@@ -403,10 +375,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2007 റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´¡àµ
-à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ <br />à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµàµ
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
-സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പദാനàµà´ªà´¦ à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´,
à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without
+royalty provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -419,7 +390,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2009/10/06 08:26:12 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: why-free.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- why-free.tr.html 10 Sep 2009 20:25:55 -0000 1.23
+++ why-free.tr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.24
@@ -27,13 +27,12 @@
istemektedirler.</p>
<p>
-Telif hakları sistemi matbaa ile eÅzamanlı geliÅmiÅtir— kopyalamaya
-seri üretimi getiren teknoloji. Telif hakları sistemi bu teknoloji ile uyum
-içindeydi çünkü burada söz konusu olan sadece seri ve yüksek hacimli
üretim
-yapabilecek kopyalayıcıların kısıtlanmasıydı. Bu sistem, kitap
okurlarının
-özgürlüÄünü kısıtlamıyordu. Baskı makinasına sahip olmayan sıradan
birf
-okur, kitabını ancak kalem ve mürekkep kullanarak kopyalabilirdi ve bunun
-için çok az okur suçlanmıÅtı.</p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because
+it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom
+away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing
+press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for
+that.</p>
<p>
Sayısal teknoloji matbaaya göre çok daha esnektir: bilgi bir kez sayısal
@@ -150,11 +149,11 @@
bulmaya eÄilimlidir.</p>
<p>
-Birinci sebep fiziksel nesnelere benzetme eÄilimidir. Ben makarna makarna
-piÅirdiÄimde bunu bir baÅkası yerse itiraz ederim çünkü öyle bir
durumda ben
-yiyemem. KarÅımdakinin eylemi ona fayda saÄladıÄı ölçüde bana zarar
verir;
-içimizden sadece biri makarna yiyebilir, o halde soru Åudur: kim? Aramızdaki
-en küçük bir ayrım dahi etik dengenin deÄiÅmesini getirir.</p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I cook
+spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I cannot eat
+it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits him; only one of us
+can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one? The smallest
+distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance.</p>
<p>
Yukarıdaki durumdan farklı olarak benim yazdıÄım bir programı
çalıÅtırmanız
@@ -199,20 +198,20 @@
gözlemlenebilir.</p>
<p>
-Ancak ekonomik görüÅün bir kusuru vardır: farkın sadece ne kadar para
-ödendiÄi ile ilgili olduÄu varsayımına dayanır. Bu varsayıma göre bizim
-istediÄimiz “yazılım üretimi”dir, yazılımın sahibi olsun ya
da
-olmasın.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <i>production of software</i> is what we want, whether the software has
+owners or not.</p>
<p>
-Ä°nsanlar bu varsayımı olduÄu gibi kabul ederler çünkü fiziksel nesnelere
-dair deneyimlerimizle uyumludur. Bir sandviçi ele alalım. EÅdeÄer bir
-sandvici bedava ya da fiyatını ödeyerek alabilirsiniz. EÄer böyle ise iki
-eylem arasındaki tek fark ödediÄiniz paradır. Satın almak zorunda
olmanız ya
-da olmamanız sandvicin tadını, besleyici deÄerini deÄiÅtirmez ve her
-halükarda o sandvici sadece bir kez yiyebilirsiniz. Sandivici bir sahipten
-satın alıp almamanız bu eylemin ardından cebinizde kalan para dıÅında
baÅka
-hiçbir Åeyi doÄrudan etkileyemez.</p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance. You
+might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or for a
+price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference. Whether or not
+you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste, the same nutritional
+value, and in either case you can only eat it once. Whether you get the
+sandwich from an owner or not cannot directly affect anything but the amount
+of money you have afterwards.</p>
<p>
Bu düÅünce her fiziksel nesne için geçerlidir—bir sahibinin olup
@@ -242,11 +241,10 @@
olurlar.</p>
<p>
-Tüm bunların ötesinde toplumun ihtiyacı olan Åey vatandaÅlar arasındaki
-gönüllü iÅbirliÄi ruhunun pekiÅtirilmesidir. Yazılım sahipleri, bizler
-komÅularımıza doÄal olarak yardım ederken bu yaptıÄımız Åeyin
-“korsanlık” olduÄunu söylediklerinde toplumumuzun ruhunu
-kirletmiÅ olurlar.</p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that helping our
+neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.</p>
<p>
Bu yüzden <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">özgür yazılımdan</a>
@@ -260,11 +258,10 @@
bulmamız gerektiÄi doÄrudur.</p>
<p>
-10 yıldır özgür yazılım geliÅtiricileri para bulmak için bazı
yöntemleri
-denemiÅ ve bazen baÅarılı olmuÅlardır. Kimsenin çok zengin olması Åart
-deÄildir; ortalama bir Amerikan ailesinin geliri yıllık olarak yaklaÅık
-35.000$'dır ve bu miktarın programlamadan çok daha zevksiz iÅler için bile
-yeterli motivasyonu saÄladıÄı görülmüÅtür.</p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods of
+finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone rich; a
+typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less
+satisfying than programming.</p>
<p>
Yıllar boyunca, ta ki bir üniversite vakfı bunu gereksiz kılana dek,
@@ -276,49 +273,31 @@
ödediler.</p>
<p>
-Vergiden muaf, özgür yazılımların geliÅtirilmesine adanmıŠve kamu
yararına
-çalıÅan <a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı (FSF)</a>, GNU <a
-href="/software/software.html">CD-ROM'ları</a>, <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>T-shirt'leri</a>, <a
-href="/doc/doc.html">belgeleri</a> ve <a href="http://order.fsf.org/";>lüks
-daÄıtımlar</a> <a href="http://order.fsf.org/";>satarak</a> (bunların
hepsine
-kullanıcılar para ödemeden de eriÅebilir, bunları kopyalayabilir ya da
-deÄiÅtirebilirler) ve <a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>baÄıÅlar</a> ile
para
-toplar. Bünyesinde beÅ programcıdan oluÅan bir kadro ve posta sipariÅleri
-ile ilgilenen üç çalıÅana sahiptir.</p>
-
-<p>
-Bazı özgür yazılım geliÅtiricileri teknik destek hizmeti satarak para
-kazanmaktadır. 50 kiÅiyi istihdam eden Cygnus Support [bu yazı yazıldıÄı
-esnada], yaptıÄı hesaplara dayanarak personelinin vaktinin %15'inin özgür
-yazılım geliÅtirmeye gittiÄini belirtmektedir --- bir yazılım firması
için
-kayda deÄer bir oran.</p>
-
-<p>
-Aralarında Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments ve Analog Devices'ında
-bulunduÄu bazı Åirketler bir araya gelerek C dili için özgür GNU
-derleyicisinin geliÅtirilmesi amacı ile finansal destek vermiÅlerdir. Bu
-arada Ada dili için GNU derleyicisi ABD Hava Kuvvetleri tarafından parasal
-olarak desteklenmektedir çünkü bu kurum kaliteli bir derleyiciye sahip
-olmanın en düÅük maliyetli yolu olarak bunu görmektedir. [Hava Kuvvetleri
-parasal desteÄi bir süre önce bitmiÅtir, Åu anda GNU Ada derleyicisi
-çalıÅmaktadır ve bununla ilgili bakım ve geliÅtirmeler ticari olarak
-desteklenmektedir.]</p>
-
-<p>
-Bunlar küçük örneklerdir, özgür yazılım hareketi henüz yolun
-baÅındadır. Ancak ABD'deki dinleyici tarafından desteklenen radyo
örneÄinde
-de görüldüÄü gibi kullanıcıları para ödemeye zorlamadan da büyük
eylemleri
-baÅarmak mümkündür.</p>
-
-<p>
-Günümüzde yaÅayan bir bilgisayar kullanıcısı olarak bir <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">mülk</a> program
-kullanıyor olabilirsiniz. EÄer arkadaÅınız sizden bir kopya isterse onu
-reddetmek doÄru olmaz. Ä°ÅbirliÄi telif hakkından daha önemlidir. Ancak
-yeraltı olarak da tabir edebileceÄimiz gizli kapaklı iÅbirliÄi iyi bir
-topluma yol açmaz. KiÅi hayatı dürüstçe, açık bir Åekilde ve gururla
-yaÅamalıdır; bu da mülk yazılımlara “Hayır” demektir.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 per
+cent of its staff activity was free software development—a respectable
+percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and
+Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a large
+activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to refuse.
+Cooperation is more important than copyright. But underground, closet
+cooperation does not make for a good society. A person should aspire to
+live an upright life openly with pride, and this means saying no to
+proprietary software.</p>
<p>
Yazılım kullanan diÄer insanlarla açık açık ve özgür Åekilde
iÅbirliÄine
@@ -367,10 +346,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994 Richard Stallman <br /> Bu makalenin tamamının
-kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına, ücret talep
etmeksizin,
-herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı bildirisini korumak Åartıyla,
-dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without
+royalty provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -414,7 +392,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2009/09/10 20:25:55 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: words-to-avoid.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- words-to-avoid.es.html 8 Aug 2009 20:25:27 -0000 1.19
+++ words-to-avoid.es.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.20
@@ -3,17 +3,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Palabras y frases confusas que vale la pena evitar - Proyecto GNU - Free
+<title>Confusing Words and Phrases That Are Worth Avoiding - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
-<h2>Algunas palabras y frases confusas o injustas que vale la pena evitar (o
-utilizar con cuidado)</h2>
+<h2>Some Confusing or Loaded Words and Phrases to Avoid (or Use with Care)</h2>
<p>
-Existen varias palabras y frases que recomendamos evitar, o al menos en
-ciertos contextos y usos. La razón es que son ambiguas o quwe implican una
-opinión con la que esperamos no concuerde completamente.</p>
+There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or
+avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or misleading;
+others presuppose a viewpoint that we hope you disagree with.</p>
<div class="announcement">
Vea también <a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">categorÃas de software
@@ -68,11 +67,11 @@
<h4 id="BSD-style">«Tipo BSD»</h4>
<p>
-La expresión «licencia de tipo BSD» presta a confusión porque <a
-href="/philosophy/bsd.es.html">combina licencias que tienen diferencias
-importantes entre sÃ</a>. Por ejemplo, la licencia original BSD con la
-cláusula de advertencia es incompatible con la GPL de GNU, pero la licencia
-revisada de BSD es compatible con la GPL.</p>
+The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it
+<a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">lumps together licenses that have important
+differences</a>. For instance, the original BSD license with the
+advertising clause is incompatible with the GNU General Public License, but
+the revised BSD license is compatible with the GPL.</p>
<p>
Para evitar confusión, es mejor nombrar <a
href="/licenses/license-list.es.html">la licencia especÃfica en cuestión</a>
@@ -81,55 +80,53 @@
<h4 id="Closed">«Cerrado»</h4>
<p>
-Describir el software no-libre como «cerrado» refiere claramente al término
-«<span style="font-style:italic;">open source</span>» («código abierto»).
En
-el movimiento por el software libre, <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.es.html">queremos evitar que
-nos confundan con el más reciente movimiento <span
-style="font-style:italic;">open source</span></a>, por lo que somos
-cuidadosos para evitar los usos que puedan incitar a la gente a
-relacionarnos con ellos. Por consiguiente, evitamos definir al software que
-no es libre como «cerrado». Lo llamamos «no libre» o <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.es.html#ProprietarySoftware">«privativo»</a>.</p>
+Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to the
+term “open source”. In the free software movement, <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> we do not want to be
+confused with the open source camp</a>, so we are careful to avoid saying
+things that would encourage people to lump us in with them. For instance,
+we avoid describing nonfree software as “closed”. We call it
+“nonfree” or <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+“proprietary”</a>.</p>
<h4 id="CloudComputing">«Computación en nube»</h4>
<p>
-El término «computación en nube» es una sonora palabra de marketing sin un
-claro significado. Se usa para diversas actividades cuyo punto en común es
-que usan Internet para algo más que transmitir ficheros. AsÃ, el término es
-un punto de confusión. Si intenta usarla en sus argumentos, sus argumentos
-serán poco precisos.
+The term “cloud computing” is a marketing buzzword with no clear
+meaning. It is used for a range of different activities whose only common
+characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond
+transmitting files. Thus, the term is a nexus of confusion. If you base
+your thinking on it, your thinking will be vague.
</p>
<p>
-Cuando esté pensando en esta palabra o en cómo responder a una afirmación
-que otra persona ha realizado usando esta palabra, el primer paso es aclarar
-el asunto. ¿A qué tipo de actividad se refiere realmente la afirmación y
-cual es el término adecuado para esa actividad?. Si usted mismo se presiona,
-o presiona a la persona que hizo la afirmación, para aclarar el asunto,
-dirigirá la conversación hacia una conclusión útil.
+When thinking about or responding to a statement someone else has made using
+this term, the first step is to clarify the topic. Which kind of activity
+is the statement really about, and what is a good, clear term for that
+activity? Once the topic is clear, the discussion can head for a useful
+conclusion.
</p>
<p>
-Curiosamente, Larry Ellison, un programador de software privativo, también
-<a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html";>señaló la falta
-de sentido del término «computación en nube»</a>. Decidió usar la
expresión
-de todos modos porqué, como programador de software privativo, no está
-motivado por los mismos ideales que nosotros.
+Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer, also <a
+href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html";> noted the vacuity
+of the term “cloud computing.”</a> He decided to use the term
+anyway because, as a proprietary software developer, he isn't motivated by
+the same ideals as we are.
</p>
<h4 id="Commercial">«Comercial»</h4>
<p>
-No use «comercial» como un sinónimo de «no libre», por favor. Eso confunde
-dos asuntos completamente diferentes.</p>
+Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for
+“nonfree.” That confuses two entirely different issues.</p>
<p>
-Un programa es comercial si es desarrollado como una actividad económica. Un
-programa comercial puede ser libre o no, dependiendo de su licencia. Del
-mismo modo, un programa desarrollado por una escuela o un particular puede
-ser libre o no, dependiendo de su licencia. Las dos preguntas, qué tipo de
-entidad desarrolló el programa y qué libertades tienen sus usuarios, son
-independientes.</p>
+A program is commercial if it is developed as a business activity. A
+commercial program can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. Likewise, a program developed by a school or an individual
+can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of distribution. The two
+questions—what sort of entity developed the program and what freedom
+its users have—are independent.</p>
<p>
En la primera década del movimiento por el software libre, los paquetes de
software libre casi nunca eran comerciales; los componentes del sistema
@@ -137,11 +134,12 @@
ánimo de lucro, como la FSF y universidades. Más adelante, en los años 90,
empezó a aparecer software libre comercial.</p>
<p>
-El software libre comercial es una contribución a nuestra comunidad, por lo
-que deberÃamos impulsarlo. Pero las personas que crean que «comercial»
-significa «que no es libre», tenderán a pensar que la combinación «libre
-comercial» se contradice y descartarán esa posibilidad. Seamos cuidadosos de
-no usar la palabra «comercial» en ese sentido.</p>
+Free commercial software is a contribution to our community, so we should
+encourage it. But people who think that “commercial” means
+“nonfree” will tend to think that the “free
+commercial” combination is self-contradictory, and dismiss the
+possibility. Let's be careful not to use the word “commercial”
+in that way.</p>
<h4 id="Compensation">«Compensación»</h4>
@@ -156,87 +154,80 @@
<h4 id="Consumer">«Consumidor»</h4>
<p>
-El término «consumidor», cuando es usado para referirse a los usuarios de
-computadoras, conlleva asunciones poco afortunadas.</p>
+The term “consumer,” when used to refer to computer users, is
+loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a digital recording, or
+running a program, does not consume it.</p>
+<p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow prespective and misguided
+assumotions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
+<p>
+In addition, describing the users of software as “consumers”
+presumes a narrow role for them: it regards them as cattle that passively
+graze on what others make available to them.</p>
+<p>
+This kind of thinking leads to travesties like the CBDTPA “Consumer
+Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act” which would require
+copying restriction facilities in every digital device. If all the users do
+is “consume,” then why should they mind?</p>
+<p>
+The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends to
+go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere
+“content.”</p>
<p>
-La teorÃa económica usa los términos «productor» y «consumidor». En ese
-contexto, esas palabras resultan apropiadas. Pero describir los usuarios de
-software como «consumidores» presume un rol estrecho para ellos. Los trata
-como ganado que pasta pasivamente de lo que otros ponen a su disposición.</p>
-<p>
-Este modo de pensar da lugar a parodias como la CBDTPA «Consumer Broadband
-and Digital Television Promotion Act» («ley de promoción del ancho de banda
-y la televisión digital para consumidores), que pretende que sea obligatorio
-incluir mecanismos de restricción de copia en todo dispositivo digital. Si
-todo lo que hacen los usuarios es «consumir», entonces ¿por qué les iba a
-preocupar?</p>
-<p>
-La visión económica estrecha de los usuarios como «consumidores» tiende a
ir
-de la mano con la idea que los trabajos publicados son «contenido».</p>
-<p>
-Para describir a las personas que no se limitan al consumo pasivo con sus
-ordenadores, sugerimos términos tal como «particulares» y
«ciudadanos».</p>
+To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we suggest
+terms such as “individuals” and “citizens”.</p>
<h4 id="Content">«Contenido»</h4>
<p>
-Si quiere describir un sentimiento de comodidad y satisfacción, en todos los
-sentidos dirÃa que está «contento»; pero vale la pena evitar usarlo como un
-sustantivo para describir escritos y otros trabajos con autorÃa [Nota del
-traductor: en el documento original en inglés, el autor realiza un juego de
-palabras con «content», que puede significar tanto «contenido» como
-«contento», por lo tanto esta explicación no es aplicable a los
-hispanoparlantes]. Ese uso adopta una actitud especÃfica hacia esos
-trabajos: el ser un producto básico intercambiable cuyo propósito es llenar
-una caja y hacer dinero. En realidad, es una falta de respeto a los propios
-trabajos.</p>
-<p>
-Los que frecuentemente usan este término son los editores, que buscan
-incrementar el poder de los derechos de autor en nombre de los autores
-(«creadores», como los llaman ellos) de las obras. El término «contenido»
-revela lo que realmente sienten (vea <a
-href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html";>la
-carta abierta de Courtney Love a Steve Case</a> âtexto en inglésâ y busque
-por «content provider» en esa página [Nota del Traductor: en la versión
-inglesa se juega con los dos significados de «content»: «contento» o
-«contenidos»]. Desgraciadamente, la señorita Love no sabe que el término
-«propiedad intelectual» también es <a
-href="#IntellectualProperty">confuso</a>.).</p>
+If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all means
+say you are “content,” but using the word as a noun to describe
+written and other works of authorship adopts an attitude you might rather
+avoid. It regards these works as a commodity whose purpose is to fill a box
+and make money. In effect, it disparages the works themselves.</p>
+<p>
+Those who use this term are often the publishers that push for increased
+copyright power in the name of the authors (“creators,” as they
+say) of the works. The term “content” reveals their real
+attitude towards these works and their authors. (See <a
+href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html";>Courtney
+Love's open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content
+provider” in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term
+“intellectual property” is also <a href="#IntellectualProperty">
+biased and confusing</a>.)</p>
<p>
Sin embargo, mientras otras personas usen el término «proveedor de
contenidos», los disidentes polÃticos podrÃan bien llamarlos «proveedor de
malcontenidos».</p>
<p>
-El término «gestión de contenidos» se lleva el premio a la
-vaguedad. «Contenido» significa «algún tipo de información», y en este
-contexto «gestión» significa «hacer algo con ella». Entonces, un
«sistema de
-gestión de contenidos» es un sistema para hacerle algo a algún tipo de
-información. Esa descripción se ajusta a la mayorÃa de programas.</p>
+The term “content management” takes the prize for vacuity.
+“Content” means “some sort of information,” and
+“management” in this context means “doing something with
+it.” So a “content management system” is a system for
+doing something to some sort of information. Nearly all programs fit that
+description.</p>
<p>
-En muchos casos, este término en realidad se refiere a un sistema para
-actualizar páginas de una web. Por este motivo, recomendamos el término
-«sistema de revisión web» (SRW). [O «WRS» en inglés, de <span
-style="font-style:italic;">website revision system</span>]</p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a
+Web site. For that, we recommend the term “Web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
<h4 id="Creator">«Creador»</h4>
<p>
-El término «creador», aplicado a los autores, los compara implÃcitamente
con
-una deidad («el creador»). El término lo usa los editores para elevar la
-moral de los autores por encima las personas ordinarias, para justificar el
-mayor poder de los derechos de autor que los editores pueden ejercer en
-nombre de los autores. Recomendamos decir «autor» en su lugar. Sin embargo,
-en muchos casos lo que significa realmente es «titular de los derechos de
-autor».</p>
-
+The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly compares
+them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is used by publishers
+to elevate authors' moral standing above that of ordinary people in order to
+justify giving them increased copyright power, which the publishers can then
+exercise in their name. We recommend saying “author” instead.
+However, in many cases “copyright holder” is what you really
+mean.</p>
<h4 id="DigitalGoods">«Bienes Digitales»</h4>
<p>
-
-El término «bienes digitales», aplicado a las copias de trabajos con
-autorÃa, fuerza a incluir las copias en el molde de los bienes fÃsicos; que
-no pueden copiarse y, por consiguiente, tienen que ser producidos y
-vendidos.</p>
+The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of
+authorship, erroneously identifies them with physical goods—which
+cannot be copied, and which therefore have to be manufactured and sold.</p>
<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">«Gestión de Derechos Digitales»</h4>
<p>
@@ -249,26 +240,27 @@
ignorando que el público en general es sobre quién se imponen esas
restricciones.</p>
<p>
-Buenas alternativas son «Gestión Digital de Restricciones», «Malware
Digital
-de Restricciones» (ambos con siglas en inglés «DRM») y «esposas
digitales».</p>
+Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions Management,” and
+“digital handcuffs.”</p>
<h4 id="Ecosystem">«Ecosistema»</h4>
<p>
-Es un error describir nuestra comunidad (o cualquier comunidad) como un
-«ecosistema», porque esa palabra implica la ausencia de intención (1) y
-ética (2). En un ecosistema, las especies evolucionan de acuerdo a su
-aptitud. Si algo es débil, se extingue, y eso no está bien ni mal, es
-simplemente un fenómeno de la naturaleza. El término «ecosistema» sugiere
-implÃcitamente una actitud pasiva: «No pregunte cómo <em>deberÃan</em> ser
-las cosas, sólo mire lo que les pasa».</p>
+It is a mistake to describe the free software community, or any human
+community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies the
+absence of (1) intention and (2) ethics. In an ecosystem, species evolve
+according to their fitness: if a species is weak and goes extinct, that's
+neither right nor wrong, merely an ecological phenomenon. The term
+“ecosystem” implicitly suggests a attitude of passive
+observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em> happen, just study what does
+happen.</p>
<p>
-En contraste, los seres que adoptan una posición activa respecto a su
-entorno, y tienen ideas de responsabilidad ética; pueden decidir preservar
-algo que, librado a su suerte, tenderÃa a desvanecerse; como la sociedad
-civil, la democracia, los derechos humanos, la paz, la salud pública o la
-libertad de los usuarios de computadoras.
+By contrast, beings that adopt an active stance towards their surroundings,
+and have ideas of ethical responsibility, can decide to preserve things
+that, on their own, would tend to vanish—such as civil society,
+democracy, human rights, peace, public health, clean air and water,
+endangered species, traditional arts…and computer users' freedom.
</p>
@@ -290,13 +282,13 @@
software libre».</p>
-<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">«Disponible Libremente»</h4>
+<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h4>
<p>
-No use «disponlible libremente» como un sinónimo de «software libre.» No
son
-equivalentes entre sÃ. «Disponlible libremente» significa que cualquiera
-puede conseguir una copia fácilmente. El «software libre» se define en los
-términos de la libertad de los usuarios que tienen una copia. Son respuestas
-a diferentes preguntas.
+Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for
+“free software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is
+“freely available” if anyone can easily get a copy. “Free
+software” is defined in terms of the freedom of users that have a copy
+of it. These are answers to different questions.
</p>
@@ -308,10 +300,10 @@
programas liberados sólo como ejecutables, sin el código fuente
disponible. Hoy en dÃa no tiene una definición particular consensuada.</p>
<p>
-Además, si usa otros idiomas que no sean inglés, por favor trate de evitar
-tomar prestados términos ingleses, tal como «free software» o «freeware».
Es
-mejor traducir el término «free software» a <a
-href="/philosophy/fs-translations.es.html">su idioma</a>.</p>
+When using languages other than English, please avoid borrowing English
+terms such as “free software” or “freeware.” It is
+better to translate the term “free software” into <a
+href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your language</a>.</p>
<p>
Usando una palabra en <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.es.html">su
@@ -325,118 +317,118 @@
<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">«Regalar software»</h4>
<p>
-Es desorientador usar el término «regalar» para significar «distribuir un
-programa como software libre». Tiene el mismo problema que «gratis»: implica
-que el asunto es el precio, no la libertad. Un camino para evitar la
-confusión es decir «publicar como software libre».</p>
+It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean
+“distribute a program as free software.” This locution has the
+same problem as “for free”: it implies the issue is price, not
+freedom. One way to avoid the confusion is to say “release as free
+software.”</p>
<h4 id="Hacker">Hacker</h4>
<p>
-Un hacker es alguien que <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>disfruta de jucar con la
-inteligencia</a> (texto en inglés), no necesariamente con computadoras. Los
-programadores en la antigua comunidad de software libre del <abbr
-title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> de los años 60 y 70
-se hacÃan llamar hackers. Alrededor de 1980, los periodistas que
-descubrieron la comunidad hacker tomaron equivocadamente el término para
-decir «rompen la seguridad».</p>
+A hacker is someone who <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";> enjoys playful
+cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. The programmers in the
+old <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> free
+software community of the 60s and 70s referred to themselves as hackers.
+Around 1980, journalists who discovered the hacker community mistakenly took
+the term to mean “security breaker.”</p>
<p>
-Por favor no difunda este error. Las personas que rompen la seguridad son
-«crackers».</p>
+Please don't spread this mistake. People who break security are
+“crackers.”</p>
<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">«Propiedad intelectual»</h4>
<p>
-A los editores y abogados les gusta describir los derechos de autor como
-«propiedad intelectual»; un término que también incluye patentes, marcas
-registradas y otras áreas legales más oscuras. Estas leyes tienen tan poco
-en común, y difieren tanto, que es contraindicado generalizar sobre
-ellas. Es mejor hablar especÃficamente sobre «derechos de autor» o
-«patentes» o «marcas registradas».</p>
-<p>
-El término «propiedad intelectual» conlleva una asunción oculta; que la
-forma de pensar sobre todos estos asuntos dispares está basada en una
-analogÃa con los objetos fÃsicos, y nuestras ideas de propiedad fÃsica.</p>
+Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as “intellectual
+property”—a term also applied to patents, trademarks, and other
+more obscure areas of law. These laws have so little in common, and differ
+so much, that it is ill-advised to generalize about them. It is best to
+talk specifically about “copyright,” or about
+“patents,” or about “trademarks.”</p>
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” carries a hidden
+assumption—that the way to think about all these disparate issues is
+based on an analogy with physical objects, and our conception of them as
+physical property.</p>
<p>
Cuando se trata de copiar, esta analogÃa deja de lado la diferencia crucial
entre los objetos materiales y la información: la información puede ser
copiada y compartida casi sin esfuerzo, mientras que los objetos materiales
no se puede.</p>
<p>
-Para evitar el sesgo y la confusión de este término, es mejor tomar una
-decisión firme, <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">no hablar o siquiera
-pensar en términos de «propiedad intelectual»</a>.</p>
-<p>
-La hipocresÃa de llamar a estos poderes «derechos» está <a
-href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">compezando a
-avergonzar a la OMPI</a>.</p>
+To avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt a
+firm policy <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> not to speak or even think
+in terms of “intellectual property”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The hypocrisy of calling these powers “rights” is <a
+href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> starting to
+make the World “Intellectual Property” Organization
+embarrassed</a>.</p>
<h4 id="LAMP">«Sistema LAMP»</h4>
<p>
-«LAMP» significa «Linux, Apache, MySQL y PHP», una combinación frecuente
de
-software para usar en un servidor web; excepto que «Linux» se refiere en
-realidad al sistema GNU/Linux. Entonces, en lugar de «LAMP» deberÃa ser
-«GLAMP»: «GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL y PHP».
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a Web server,
+except that “Linux” in this context really refers to the
+GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should be
+“GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”
</p>
<h4 id="Linux">Sistema Linux</h4>
<p>
-Linux es el nombre del núcleo que empezó a programar en 1991 Linus
-Torvalds. Básicamente, el sistema operativo en que se usa Linux es el GNU
-con Linux agregado. Llamar al sistema entero «Linux» es tanto injusto como
-confuso. Llame al sistema completo <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">GNU/Linux</a> por favor, tanto para darle
-crédito al Proyecto GNU como para distinguir al sistema entero del núcleo
-por separado.
+Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting in
+1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU with
+Linux added. To call the whole system “Linux” is both unfair
+and confusing. Please call the complete system <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, both to give the GNU Project
+credit and to distinguish the whole system from the kernel alone.
</p>
<h4 id="Market">«Mercado»</h4>
<p>
-Es desorientador describir a los usuarios de software libre, o a los
-usuarios de software en general, como un «mercado».</p>
+It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the software
+users in general, as a “market.”</p>
<p>
-Esto no quiere decir que estemos en contra de los mercados. Si tiene un
-negocio de soporte para software libre, usted tiene clientes; e intercambia
-con ellos en un mercado. Mientras respete su libertad, le deseamos suerte en
-su mercado.</p>
-<p>
-Pero el movimiento por el software libre es un movimiento social, no un
-negocio, y el éxito al que apunta no es un éxito de mercado. Tratamos de
-servir al público dándole libertad, no compitiendo para alejarlos de un
-oponente. Igualar esta campaña por la libertad a una campaña de negocios
-para el mero éxito es disminuir la importancia de la libertad.</p>
+This is not to say there is no room for markets in the free software
+community. If you have a free software support business, then you have
+clients, and you trade with them in a market. As long as you respect their
+freedom, we wish you success in your market.</p>
+<p>
+But the free software movement is a social movement, not a business, and the
+success it aims for is not a market success. We are trying to serve the
+public by giving it freedom—not competing to draw business away from a
+rival. To equate this campaign for freedom to a business' efforts for mere
+success is to deny the importance of freedom and legitimize proprietary
+software.</p>
<h4 id="MP3Player">«Reproductor MP3»</h4>
<p>
-A finales de los 90 se hizo factible hacer reproductores de audio digital
-portátiles y sólidos. La mayorÃa soporta el codificador patentado MP3, pero
-no todos. Algunos soportan los codificadores de audio libres de patentes Ogg
-Vorbis y FLAC, e incluso pueden no soportar los archivos codificados con MP3
-en absoluto, precisamente para evitar las patentes. Llamar a dichos
-dispositivos «reproductores MP3» no es sólo confuso sino que además pone a
-MP3 en una posición de privilegio inmerecida, que ayuda a los dueños de las
-patentes a continuar atacando a nuestra comunidad. Sugerimos los términos
-«reproductor de audio digital», o simplemente «reproductor de audio» si el
-contexto lo permite.</p>
+In the late 1990's it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital
+audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some
+support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even
+support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call
+such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts
+MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to
+continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital
+audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context
+permits.</p>
<h4 id="Open">«Abierto»</h4>
<p>
-Por favor evite usar el término «abierto» o «código abierto» (del inglés
-<span style="font-style:italic;">open source</span>) como substitutos de
-«software libre». Se refieren a una <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.es.html">posición
-diferente</a> basada en valores diferentes. El software libre es un
-movimiento polÃtico, el código abierto es un modelo de desarrollo. Cuando se
-refiera a la posición del código abierto es apropiado usar su nombre; pero
-no nos relacione a nosotros o a nuestro trabajo con su insignia, por
-favor. Eso lleva a las personas a pensar que compartimos esa visión.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “open” or “open source”
+as a substitute for “free software”. Those terms refer to a <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> different position</a>
+based on different values. Free software is a political movement; open
+source is a development model. When referring to the open source position,
+using its name is appropriate; but please do not use it to label us or our
+work—that leads people to think we share those views.</p>
<h4 id="PC">«PC»</h4>
<p>
@@ -451,10 +443,10 @@
<h4 id="Photoshop">«Photoshop»</h4>
<p>
-Por favor evite usar el término «Photoshop» como un verbo, que signifique
-cualquier tipo de manipulación de fotografÃas o de edición de imágenes en
-general. Photoshop es sólo el nombre de un programa de edición de imágenes
-privativo especÃfico, y hay infinidad de alternativas libres, tales como <a
+Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning any
+kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just
+the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided
+since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free alternatives, such as <a
href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
@@ -479,11 +471,11 @@
<h4 id="PowerPoint">«PowerPoint»</h4>
<p>
-Por favor evite usar el término «PowerPoint» para referirse a cualquier tipo
-de presentación de diapositivas. PowerPoint es sólo el nombre de un programa
-privativo particular para realizar presentaciones, y hay infinidad de
-alternativas libres, tal como la clase <tt>beamer</tt> disponible en
-cualquier distribución (La)TeX.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of
+slide presentation. PowerPoint is just the name of one particular
+proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty of free
+alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and OpenOffice.org's
+Impress.</p>
<h4 id="Protection">«Protección»</h4>
@@ -494,25 +486,24 @@
identificarse con el dueño y editor, que se benefician de los derechos de
autor, más que con los usuarios a quienes restringe.</p>
<p>
-Resulta fácil evitar «protección» y usar términos neutrales en su lugar.
Por
-ejemplo, en lugar de «la protección de los derechos de autor permanece
-vigente durante un tiempo muy prolongado» puede decir «los derechos de autor
-permanecen vigente durante un tiempo muy prolongado».</p>
+It is easy to avoid “protection” and use neutral terms instead.
+For example, instead of saying, “Copyright protection lasts a very
+long time,” you can say, “Copyright lasts a very long
+time.”</p>
<p>
-Si quiere criticar a los derechos de autor en lugar de apoyarlos, puede usar
-el término «restricciones de los derechos de autor». De ese modo puede decir
-«las restricciones de los derechos de autor permanecen vigentes durante un
-tiempo muy prolongado».</p>
+If you want to criticize copyright instead of supporting it, you can use the
+term “copyright restrictions.” Thus, you can say,
+“Copyright restrictions last a very long time.”</p>
<p>
-El término «protección» también es usado para describir caracterÃsticas
-maliciosas; como en «protección de copia», una caracterÃstica que se
-interpone a la copia. Desde el punto de vista del usuario, esto es una
-obstrucción. Por eso, nosotros llamamos «obstrucción de copia» a esa
-caracterÃstica maliciosa.</p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that
+interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we can call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.”</p>
-<h4 id="RAND">«RAND (razonable y no discriminatorio)»</h4>
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (reasonable and nondiscriminatory)”</h4>
<p>
Los organismos de estandarización que promulgan estándares restringidos por
patentes que prohÃben el software libre, tÃpicamente tienen una polÃtica
@@ -522,19 +513,19 @@
discriminatorio» (del inglés «RAND», <span
style="font-style:italic;">reasonable and non-discriminatory</span>).</p>
<p>
-Este término es un lavado de cara para un tipo de licencia de patentes que
-normalmente no son ni razonables ni no son discriminatorias. Es cierto que
-estas licencias no discriminan a persona especÃfica, pero sà discriminan a
-la comunidad de software libre y eso no las hace razonables. Por ende, la
-mitad de «RAND» es engañosa y la otra mitad es prejuiciosa.</p>
-<p>
-Los organismos de estandarización deberÃan reconocer que esas licencias son
-discriminatorias, y dejar de usar el término «razonable y no
-discriminatorias» o «RAND» para describirlas. Hasta que lo hagan, los demás
-escritores que no quieran unirse al lavado de cara harÃan bien en rechazar
-ese término. Aceptándolo y usándolo solamente porque las compañÃas que
-poseen las patentes hicieron su uso generalizadom logra que esas compañÃas
-dicten su punto de vista.</p>
+That term whitewashes a class of patent licenses that are normally neither
+reasonable nor nondiscriminatory. It is true that these licenses do not
+discriminate against any specific person, but they do discriminate against
+the free software community, and that makes them unreasonable. Thus, half
+of the term “RAND” is deceptive and the other half is
+prejudiced.</p>
+<p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory,
+and drop the use of the term “reasonable and nondiscriminatory”
+or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do
+not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To
+accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it
+widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
<p>
Sugerimos el término «sólo tarifa uniforme», o «UFO» en inglés, como un
reemplazo [Nota del traductor: «UFO» en inglés también significa
@@ -544,34 +535,34 @@
<h4 id="SellSoftware">«Vender software»</h4>
<p>
-El término «vender software» es ambiguo. Estrictamente hablando,
-intercambiar una copia de un programa libre por una suma de dinero es
-«vender»; pero las personas suelen asociar el término «vender» con
-restricciones privativas en el uso subsiguiente del software. Puede ser más
-preciso y prevenir la confusión, diciendo «distribuir copias de un programa
-por un precio» o «imponer restricciones privativas en el uso de un
-programa», dependiendo de lo que quiera decir.</p>
+The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking,
+exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money is selling; but
+people usually associate the term “sell” with proprietary
+restrictions on the subsequent use of the software. You can be more
+precise, and prevent confusion, by saying either “distributing copies
+of a program for a fee” or “imposing proprietary restrictions on
+the use of a program,” depending on what you mean.</p>
<p>
-Vea <a href="/philosophy/selling.es.html">Vender Software Libre</a> para más
-argumentos acerca este asunto.</p>
+See <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> for further
+discussion of this issue.</p>
<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">«Industria del Software»</h4>
<p>
-El término «industria del software» incita a las personas a imaginar que el
-software siempre es programado por una especie de fábrica y luego entregado
-a los consumidores. La comunidad de software libre muestra que este no es el
-caso. Los negocios relacionados al software existen, y varios negocios
-programan software libre o software que no lo es; pero aquellos que
-desarrollan software libre no se parecen a las fábricas.</p>
-<p>
-El término «industria» está siendo usado como publicidad por defensores de
-las patentes de software. Ellos llaman «industria» a la programación de
-software y entonces tratan de fundamentar que eso significa que deberÃa
-estar sujeto a monopolios de patentes. <a
-href="http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";>El Parlamento Europeo,
-rechazando las patentes de software en 2003, votó por definir «industria»
-como «producción automatizada de bienes materiales».</a></p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that
+software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to
+consumers. The free software community shows this is not the case.
+Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or
+nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like
+factories.</p>
+<p>
+The term “industry” is being used as propaganda by advocates of
+software patents. They call software development “industry” and
+then try to argue that this means it should be subject to patent
+monopolies. <a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";> The
+European Parliament, rejecting software patents in 2003, voted to define
+“industry” as “automated production of material
+goods.”</a></p>
<h4 id="Theft">«Robo»</h4>
@@ -581,10 +572,10 @@
mismo tiempo, nos piden que tratemos al sistema legal como una autoridad
ética: si copiar está prohibido, debe ser malo.</p>
<p>
-AsÃ, es pertinente mencionar que el sistema legal âal menos en los EE.UU.â
-rechaza la idea que la infracción de los derechos de autor es «robo». Los
-partidarios de los derechos de autor están apelando a las autoridades y
-malinterpretando lo que la misma autoridad dice.</p>
+So it is pertinent to mention that the legal system—at least in the
+US—rejects the idea that copyright infringement is
+“theft.” Copyright apologists are making an appeal to
+authority…and misrepresenting what authority says.</p>
<p>
En general, la idea que las leyes decidan lo que está bien y mal es
esquivocada. Las leyes son, en el mejor de los casos, un intento de lograr
@@ -594,24 +585,23 @@
<h4 id="TrustedComputing">«Computación confiable»</h4>
<p>
-La <a href="can-you-trust.es.html">«computación confiable»</a> es el nombre
-propuesto para un esquema que rediseña las computadoras, de modo que los
-programadores de aplicaciones pueden confiar en que su computadora les
-obedecerá a ellos en vez de a usted. Desde su punto de vista el ordenador es
-«de confianza». Desde el suyo, es «traidora».
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a>
+is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you.
+For their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of
+view, it is “treacherous.”
</p>
<h4 id="Vendor">«Vendedor»</h4>
<p>
-No use el término «vendedor» para referirse generalmente a cualquiera que
-desarrolle o empaquete un paquete de software, por favor. Muchos programas
-se desarrollan para poder vender copias, y sus programadores son por
-consiguiente sus vendedores; incluyendo algunos paquetes de software
-libre. Sin embargo, muchos programas son programados por voluntarios u
-organizaciones que no pretenden vender copias. Estos programadores no
-resultan ser vendedores. Del mismo modo, sólo algunos de los empaquetadores
-de las distribuciones GNU/Linux son vendedores.
+Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to anyone
+that develops or packages software. Many programs are developed in order to
+sell copies, and their developers are therefore their vendors; this even
+includes some free software packages. However, many programs are developed
+by volunteers or organizations which do not intend to sell copies. These
+developers are not vendors. Likewise, only some of the packagers of
+GNU/Linux distributions are vendors.
</p>
<div class="announcement">
@@ -671,7 +661,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2009/08/08 20:25:27 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: words-to-avoid.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- words-to-avoid.fr.html 23 Aug 2009 20:26:12 -0000 1.46
+++ words-to-avoid.fr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.47
@@ -3,18 +3,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Termes prêtant à confusion, que vous devriez éviter
-
-GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Confusing Words and Phrases That Are Worth Avoiding - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Termes prêtant à confusion, que vous devriez éviter (ou
-utiliser avec précaution)</h2>
+<h2>Some Confusing or Loaded Words and Phrases to Avoid (or Use with Care)</h2>
<p>
-Nous vous recommandons d'éviter un certain nombre de mots et de
-phrases, soit parce qu'ils sont ambigus, soit parce qu'ils suggèrent
-des opinions avec lesquelles nous espérons que vous n'êtes pas
-entièrement d'accord.</p>
+There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or
+avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or misleading;
+others presuppose a viewpoint that we hope you disagree with.</p>
<div class="announcement">
Veuillez aussi consulter <a
@@ -76,12 +74,11 @@
<h4 id="BSD-style">« BSD-style »</h4>
<p>
-L'expression « BSD-style license » (n.d.t :
-licence de type BSD) prête à confusion car elle <a
-href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">mélange des licences qui ont des
-différences importantes</a>.Par exemple, la licence originale BSD
-avec sa clause publicitaire, est incompatible avec la GPL GNU, mais la
-licence BSD révisée est compatible avec la GPL.</p>
+The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it
+<a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">lumps together licenses that have important
+differences</a>. For instance, the original BSD license with the
+advertising clause is incompatible with the GNU General Public License, but
+the revised BSD license is compatible with the GPL.</p>
<p>
Pour éviter toute confusion, il est préférable de
nommer <a href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">la licence spécifique
@@ -91,61 +88,53 @@
<h4 id="Closed">« Fermé »</h4>
<p>
-En décrivant un logiciel non libre comme
-« fermé », cela se réfère
-clairement au terme « open source » (source
-ouvert). Au sein du Mouvement du logiciel libre, <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">nous voulons
-éviter d'être confondus avec le plus récent Mouvement
-open source</a>, aussi, nous éviter soigneusement une utilisation qui
-encouragerait les gens à nous confondre avec eux. Par
-conséquent, nous évitons de décrire un logiciel non
-libre comme « fermé ». Nous le qualifions de
-« non libre » ou <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">« propriétaire »</a>.</p>
+Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to the
+term “open source”. In the free software movement, <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> we do not want to be
+confused with the open source camp</a>, so we are careful to avoid saying
+things that would encourage people to lump us in with them. For instance,
+we avoid describing nonfree software as “closed”. We call it
+“nonfree” or <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+“proprietary”</a>.</p>
<h4 id="CloudComputing">« Cloud computing »</h4>
<p>
-Le terme « cloud computing » (informatique dans les nuages) est un
-terme de marketing sans signification claire. Il est utilisé pour un panel
-d'activités différentes dont la seule qualité commune est d'utiliser
-Internet pour quelque chose au-delà de la transmission de fichiers. Par
-conséquent, le terme est source à confusion. Si vous essayez de l'utiliser
-dans votre raisonnement, votre raisonnement sera vague.
+The term “cloud computing” is a marketing buzzword with no clear
+meaning. It is used for a range of different activities whose only common
+characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond
+transmitting files. Thus, the term is a nexus of confusion. If you base
+your thinking on it, your thinking will be vague.
</p>
<p>
-En réfléchissant ou en répondant à une déclaration que quelqu'un d'autre a
-fait en utilisant ce terme, la première étape est de clarifier le sujet. De
-quelle sorte d'activité parle la déclaration et quel est le bon terme pour
-cette activité ? Se forcer (ou forcer la personne qui a fait la
-déclaration) à clarifier le sujet dirigera la discussion vers une conclusion
-utile.
+When thinking about or responding to a statement someone else has made using
+this term, the first step is to clarify the topic. Which kind of activity
+is the statement really about, and what is a good, clear term for that
+activity? Once the topic is clear, the discussion can head for a useful
+conclusion.
</p>
<p>
-Curieusement, Larry Ellison, un développeur de logiciel propriétaire, a
-également <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html";>noté
-la vacuité du terme « cloud computing »</a>. Il a décidé
-d'utiliser quand même le terme, car en tant que développeur de logiciels
-propriétaires, il n'est pas motivé par les mêmes idéaux que nous.
+Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer, also <a
+href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html";> noted the vacuity
+of the term “cloud computing.”</a> He decided to use the term
+anyway because, as a proprietary software developer, he isn't motivated by
+the same ideals as we are.
</p>
<h4 id="Commercial">« Commercial »</h4>
<p>
-N'utilisez pas le mot « commercial » comme synonyme de
-« non libre ». Cela mélange deux
-problèmes totalementdifférents.</p>
-<p>
-Un programme est commercial s'il est développé en tant que
-partie d'une activité commerciale. Un programme commercial peut
-être libre ou non libre en fonction de sa licence. De la même
-manière, un programme développé par une école ou
-un individu peut être libre et non libre, en fonction de sa
-licence. Les deux questions, quel type d'entité a
-développé le programme et quelle liberté est
-laissée aux utilisateurs, sont indépendantes.</p>
+Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for
+“nonfree.” That confuses two entirely different issues.</p>
+<p>
+A program is commercial if it is developed as a business activity. A
+commercial program can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. Likewise, a program developed by a school or an individual
+can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of distribution. The two
+questions—what sort of entity developed the program and what freedom
+its users have—are independent.</p>
<p>
Dans la première décennie du mouvement du logiciel libre, les
logiciels libres étaient pratiquement tous non commerciaux ; les
@@ -155,13 +144,12 @@
années 1990, le logiciel commercial libre a commencé à
apparaître.</p>
<p>
-Le logiciel commercial libre est une contribution à notre
-communauté, donc nous l'encourageons. Mais ceux qui pensent que
-« commercial » signifie « non
-libre » sont tentés de penser que cette idée est
-contradictoire et la rejettent en se basant sur une
-incompréhension. Faites attention à ne pas utiliser le mot
-« commercial » de cette manière.</p>
+Free commercial software is a contribution to our community, so we should
+encourage it. But people who think that “commercial” means
+“nonfree” will tend to think that the “free
+commercial” combination is self-contradictory, and dismiss the
+possibility. Let's be careful not to use the word “commercial”
+in that way.</p>
<h4 id="Compensation">« Compensation »</h4>
@@ -177,60 +165,48 @@
<h4 id="Consumer">« Consommateur »</h4>
<p>
-Le terme « consommateur », quand il est utilisé
-pour parler des utilisateurs d'ordinateurs, apporte des assomptions
-malheureuses.</p>
-<p>
-La théorie économique utilise les termes
-« producteur » et
-« consommateur ». Dans ce contexte, ces mots sont
-appropriés. Mais en décrivant les utilisateurs de logiciels
-comme des « consommateurs », cela présuppose
-qu'ils ont un rôle accessoire. Ce terme les assimile à du
-bétail qui broute passivement ce que d'autres leur donnent.</p>
-<p>
-Cette façon de penser mène à des travestissements comme
-le CBDTPA « Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion
-Act » (Loi pour la promotion de la télévision
-numérique à large bande pour le consommateur) qui
-nécessiterait des systèmes de restriction de copie pour tout
-appareil numérique. Si tout ce que font les utilisateurs est
-« consommer », alors, pourquoi cela les
-dérangeraient-ils ?</p>
-<p>
-La vision économique obtuse des utilisateurs en tant que
-« consommateurs » va de pair avec l'idée que
-les Åuvres publiées sont des « contenus ».</p>
-<p>
-Pour décrire les gens qui ne sont pas limités à la
-consommation passive de leurs ordinateurs, nous suggérons des termes
-comme « particuliers » et
-« citoyens ».</p>
+The term “consumer,” when used to refer to computer users, is
+loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a digital recording, or
+running a program, does not consume it.</p>
+<p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow prespective and misguided
+assumotions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
+<p>
+In addition, describing the users of software as “consumers”
+presumes a narrow role for them: it regards them as cattle that passively
+graze on what others make available to them.</p>
+<p>
+This kind of thinking leads to travesties like the CBDTPA “Consumer
+Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act” which would require
+copying restriction facilities in every digital device. If all the users do
+is “consume,” then why should they mind?</p>
+<p>
+The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends to
+go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere
+“content.”</p>
+<p>
+To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we suggest
+terms such as “individuals” and “citizens”.</p>
<h4 id="Content">« Contenu »</h4>
<p>
-Si vous voulez décrire ce qui est à l'intérieur d'une
-tasse, vous parlez du « contenu » de cette tasse, mais
-utiliser ce mot pour décrire des Åuvres d'auteur écrites ou
-autres, vaut la peine d'être évité. Cette utilisation
-relève d'une attitude spécifique à l'encontre de ces
-Åuvres : elles sont interchangeables et leur but est de remplir des
-boîtes et de faire de l'argent. En effet, ce terme ne respecte pas les
-oeuvres elles-mêmes.</p>
-<p>
-Ceux qui utilisent ce terme sont souvent les éditeurs qui poussent
-à obtenir des pouvoirs de copyright accrus aux noms des auteurs
-(« créateurs », comme ils disent) des
-Åuvres. Le terme « contenu » révèle ce
-qu'ils pensent vraiment de ces Åuvres et des ces auteurs. (Consultez <a
+If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all means
+say you are “content,” but using the word as a noun to describe
+written and other works of authorship adopts an attitude you might rather
+avoid. It regards these works as a commodity whose purpose is to fill a box
+and make money. In effect, it disparages the works themselves.</p>
+<p>
+Those who use this term are often the publishers that push for increased
+copyright power in the name of the authors (“creators,” as they
+say) of the works. The term “content” reveals their real
+attitude towards these works and their authors. (See <a
href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html";>Courtney
-Love's open letter to Steve Case </a> — Lettre ouverte de
-Courtney Love à Steve Case — (recherchez
-« content provider » dans cette page. Hélas,
-Mlle Love n'est pas consciente que le terme
-« propriété intellectuelle » est aussi
-<a href="#IntellectualProperty">trompeur</a>).</p>
+Love's open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content
+provider” in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term
+“intellectual property” is also <a href="#IntellectualProperty">
+biased and confusing</a>.)</p>
<p>
Quoi qu'il en soit, aussi longtemps que d'autres personnes utiliseront le
terme « fournisseurs de contenu » (content providers),
@@ -238,41 +214,33 @@
« fournisseurs mécontents » (malcontent
providers).</p>
<p>
-Le terme de « gestion de contenu » remporte le prix de
-la vacuité. « Contenu » signifie
-« un type d'information » et
-« gestion » dans ce contexte « faire
-quelque chose avec cette information ». Donc un «
-système de gestion de contenu » est un système pour
-faire quelque chose avec un type d'information. Cette description correspond
-Ã la plupart des programmes.</p>
+The term “content management” takes the prize for vacuity.
+“Content” means “some sort of information,” and
+“management” in this context means “doing something with
+it.” So a “content management system” is a system for
+doing something to some sort of information. Nearly all programs fit that
+description.</p>
<p>
-Dans la plupart des cas, le terme réfère vraiment à un système pour mettre
Ã
-jour des pages sur un site Web. Pour cela, nous recommandons le terme
-« système de révision de site Web ».</p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a
+Web site. For that, we recommend the term “Web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
<h4 id="Creator">« Créateur »</h4>
<p>
-Le terme « créateur », appliqué aux
-auteurs, les compare implicitement à un dieu (« le
-Créateur »). Le terme est utilisé par les
-éditeurs pour élever le statut moral des auteurs au-dessus de
-celui des gens ordinaires, pour justifier des pouvoirs de droit d'auteur
-accrus que les éditeurs exercent au nom des auteurs. Nous
-recommandons de dire « auteur » à la
-place. Cependant, dans beaucoup de cas, « détenteurs de
-droits d'auteur » est ce que vous voulez réellement dire.</p>
-
+The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly compares
+them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is used by publishers
+to elevate authors' moral standing above that of ordinary people in order to
+justify giving them increased copyright power, which the publishers can then
+exercise in their name. We recommend saying “author” instead.
+However, in many cases “copyright holder” is what you really
+mean.</p>
<h4 id="DigitalGoods">« Biens numériques »</h4>
<p>
-
-Le terme « biens numériques » tel qu'il est
-appliqué aux copies d'œuvres d'auteur, les force à
-rentrer dans le schéma de pensée des biens physiques (qui ne
-peuvent être copiés, et qui par conséquent doivent
-être fabriqués et vendus.</p>
+The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of
+authorship, erroneously identifies them with physical goods—which
+cannot be copied, and which therefore have to be manufactured and sold.</p>
<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">« Gestion des droits
numériques »</h4>
<p>
@@ -285,35 +253,27 @@
imposent les restrictions, tout en ignorant le grand nombre de ceux à
qui sont imposées ces restrictions.</p>
<p>
-Parmi les bonnes alternatives : « Gestion des restrictions
-numériques » (Digital Restrictions Management),
-« Gestion des restrictions numériques »
-(Digital Restrictions Malware) et « Menotticiel »
-(handcuffware).</p>
+Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions Management,” and
+“digital handcuffs.”</p>
<h4 id="Ecosystem">« Ãcosystème »</h4>
<p>
-C'est une erreur de décrire notre communauté (ou toute
-communauté) comme un
-« écosystème », car ce mot implique
-l'absence (1) d'intentions et (2) d'éthique. Dans un
-écosystème, les espèces évoluent en fonction de
-leur forme. Si l'une est faible, elle s'éteint, et ce n'est ni bien,
-ni mal, seulement un phénomène écologique. Le terme
-« écosystème » suggère
-implicitement une attitude passive : « Ne demandez pas
-comment les choses <em>devraient</em> être, regardez seulement ce qui
-leur arrive ».</p>
-
-<p>
-Par contraste, les êtres vivants qui adoptent une attitude active sur
-leur environnement et qui ont une responsabilité éthique,
-peuvent décider de préserver quelque chose qui, seule,
-tendrait à s'éteindre : comme la société
-civile, la démocratie, les droits de l'Homme, la paix, la
-santé publique, … ou la liberté des utilisateurs
-d'ordinateurs.
+It is a mistake to describe the free software community, or any human
+community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies the
+absence of (1) intention and (2) ethics. In an ecosystem, species evolve
+according to their fitness: if a species is weak and goes extinct, that's
+neither right nor wrong, merely an ecological phenomenon. The term
+“ecosystem” implicitly suggests a attitude of passive
+observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em> happen, just study what does
+happen.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, beings that adopt an active stance towards their surroundings,
+and have ideas of ethical responsibility, can decide to preserve things
+that, on their own, would tend to vanish—such as civil society,
+democracy, human rights, peace, public health, clean air and water,
+endangered species, traditional arts…and computer users' freedom.
</p>
@@ -335,15 +295,13 @@
disponible « librement ».</p>
-<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">« Disponible gratuitement »</h4>
+<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h4>
<p>
-N'utilisez pas « disponible gratuitement » comme
-synonyme de « logiciel libre ». Ils ne sont pas
-équivalents. « Disponible gratuitement »
-signifie que tout le monde peut facilement obtenir une
-copie. « Logiciel libre » est défini en termes
-de la liberté des utilisateurs qui ont une copie. Ce sont des
-réponses à différentes questions.
+Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for
+“free software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is
+“freely available” if anyone can easily get a copy. “Free
+software” is defined in terms of the freedom of users that have a copy
+of it. These are answers to different questions.
</p>
@@ -356,12 +314,10 @@
leur forme exécutable, sans le code source. Aujourd'hui, ce terme n'a
pas vraiment de définition acceptée.</p>
<p>
-Si vous utilisez d'autres langues que l'anglais, essayez d'éviter
-également d'employer des mots empruntés à l'anglais
-tels que « free software » ou
-« freeware ». Essayez d'utiliser le terme le moins
-ambigu que <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">votre langue</a>
-offre, par exemple.</p>
+When using languages other than English, please avoid borrowing English
+terms such as “free software” or “freeware.” It is
+better to translate the term “free software” into <a
+href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your language</a>.</p>
<p>
En utilisant un mot de <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">votre
@@ -377,140 +333,118 @@
<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">« Donner des logiciels »</h4>
<p>
-Utiliser le terme « donner » au lieu de
-« distribuer un programme comme logiciel libre »
-induit en erreur. Le problème est le même qu'avec
-« gratuitement » : cela implique que le
-problème est le prix, pas la liberté. Une façon
-d'éviter la confusion est de dire « distribuer en tant que
-logiciel libre ».</p>
+It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean
+“distribute a program as free software.” This locution has the
+same problem as “for free”: it implies the issue is price, not
+freedom. One way to avoid the confusion is to say “release as free
+software.”</p>
<h4 id="Hacker">« Hacker »</h4>
<p>
-Un hacker est quelqu'un qui <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>apprécie
-l'intelligence enjouée</a>—pas nécessairement avec les
-ordinateurs. Les programmeurs de l'ancienne communauté du logiciel
-libre des années 60 et 70 du <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
-Technology">M.I.T.</abbr> s'identifiaient eux-mêmes comme des
-hackers. Aux environs de 1980, des journalistes qui découvraient la
-communauté des hackers, se sont mépris sur ce terme et l'ont
-assimilé à « casseurs de
-sécurité ».</p>
+A hacker is someone who <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";> enjoys playful
+cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. The programmers in the
+old <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> free
+software community of the 60s and 70s referred to themselves as hackers.
+Around 1980, journalists who discovered the hacker community mistakenly took
+the term to mean “security breaker.”</p>
<p>
-Veuillez ne pas répandre cette erreur. Les personnes qui cassent la
-sécurité sont des « crackers ».</p>
+Please don't spread this mistake. People who break security are
+“crackers.”</p>
<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">« Propriété
Intellectuelle »</h4>
<p>
-Les éditeurs et les juristes aiment assimiler le copyright à
-la « propriété intellectuelle »
-— un terme qui inclut aussi les brevets, les marques
-déposées et d'autres zones plus obscures de la loi. Ces lois
-ont si peu de choses en commun, et diffèrent tant, qu'il serait
-mal-avisé de faire des généralisations. Il est beaucoup
-mieux de parler spécifiquement de
-« copyright », de « brevets » ou
-de « marques déposées ».</p>
-<p>
-Le terme « propriété intellectuelle »
-contient un postulat caché : que la façon naturelle de
-penser à ces divers problèmes est basée sur une
-analogie avec les objets physiques, et la façon dont nous les
-envisageons comme étant notre propriété.</p>
+Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as “intellectual
+property”—a term also applied to patents, trademarks, and other
+more obscure areas of law. These laws have so little in common, and differ
+so much, that it is ill-advised to generalize about them. It is best to
+talk specifically about “copyright,” or about
+“patents,” or about “trademarks.”</p>
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” carries a hidden
+assumption—that the way to think about all these disparate issues is
+based on an analogy with physical objects, and our conception of them as
+physical property.</p>
<p>
Quand il s'agit de copie, cette analogie néglige la différence
cruciale entre des objets matériels et l'information :
l'information peut être copiée et partagée presque sans
effort, alors que ce n'est pas possible avec les objets matériels.</p>
<p>
-Même le système américain n'accepte pas
-complètement cette analogie, dans le sens où il ne traite pas
-les « copyrights » de la même façon que
-les droits de propriété sur un objet physique.</p>
-<p>
-Pour éviter la méprise et la confusion de ce terme, il est
-préférable <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">de ne pas
-parler ni même de penser en termes de
-« propriété intellectuelle »</a>.</p>
+To avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt a
+firm policy <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> not to speak or even think
+in terms of “intellectual property”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The hypocrisy of calling these powers “rights” is <a
+href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> starting to
+make the World “Intellectual Property” Organization
+embarrassed</a>.</p>
<h4 id="LAMP">« Système LAMP »</h4>
<p>
-« LAMP » signifie « Linux, Apache, MySQL et
-PHP » — une combinaison courante de logiciels à
-utiliser sur un serveur Web, sauf que « Linux » se
-réfère vraiment au système GNU/Linux. Donc, au lieu de
-« LAMP » ce devrait être
-« GLAMP » : « GNU, Linux, Apache,
-MySQL and PHP ».
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a Web server,
+except that “Linux” in this context really refers to the
+GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should be
+“GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”
</p>
<h4 id="Linux">« Système Linux »</h4>
<p>
-Linux est le nom du noyau que Linus Torvalds a développé à partir de
-1991. Le système d'exploitation dans lequel Linux est utiliséest basiquement
-GNU avec Linux ajouté. Appeler tout le système « Linux » est Ã
la
-fois injuste et mène à la confusion. Veuillez appeler le système complet <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">GNU/Linux</a>, pour donner à la le crédit
-au Projet GNU et pour distinguer le système complet du noyau seul.
+Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting in
+1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU with
+Linux added. To call the whole system “Linux” is both unfair
+and confusing. Please call the complete system <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, both to give the GNU Project
+credit and to distinguish the whole system from the kernel alone.
</p>
<h4 id="Market">« Marché »</h4>
<p>
-Il est trompeur de décrire les utilisateurs de logiciels libres ou
-les utilisateurs de logiciels en général en terme de
-« marché ».</p>
-<p>
-Cela ne veut pas dire que nous sommes contre les marchés. Si vous
-avez une société de services sur les logiciels libres, alors
-vous avez des clients et vous commercez avec eux dans un
-marché. Aussi longtemps que vous respectez leur liberté, nous
-vous souhaitons de réussir dans votre marché.</p>
-<p>
-Mais le mouvement du logiciel libre est un mouvement social, pas une
-entreprise, et la réussite à laquelle il se destine n'est pas
-celle d'un marché. Nous essayons de servir le public en lui donnant
-la liberté — pas en essayant de les éloigner d'un
-concurrent. Assimiler la campagne pour la liberté à une
-campagne commerciale est une diminution de la liberté.</p>
+It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the software
+users in general, as a “market.”</p>
+<p>
+This is not to say there is no room for markets in the free software
+community. If you have a free software support business, then you have
+clients, and you trade with them in a market. As long as you respect their
+freedom, we wish you success in your market.</p>
+<p>
+But the free software movement is a social movement, not a business, and the
+success it aims for is not a market success. We are trying to serve the
+public by giving it freedom—not competing to draw business away from a
+rival. To equate this campaign for freedom to a business' efforts for mere
+success is to deny the importance of freedom and legitimize proprietary
+software.</p>
<h4 id="MP3Player">« Lecteur MP3 »</h4>
<p>
-Vers la fin des années 90, il est devenu possible de fabriquer des
-lecteurs audio numériques, portables et compacts. La plupart
-supportent le codec breveté MP3, mais pas tous. Certains supportent
-les codecs audio libres de brevet Ogg Vorbis et FLAC, et ne peuvent
-même pas lire les fichiers encodés en MP3,
-précisément pour éviter les brevets. Appeler de tels
-lecteurs « lecteurs MP3 » ne prête pas seulement
-à confusion, mais cela met aussi MP3 dans une position
-privilégiée non méritée qui aide les
-détenteurs du brevet à continuer à attaquer notre
-communauté. Nous suggérons les termes « lecteur
-audio numérique », ou simplement « lecteur
-audio » si le contexte le permet.</p>
+In the late 1990's it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital
+audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some
+support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even
+support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call
+such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts
+MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to
+continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital
+audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context
+permits.</p>
<h4 id="Open">« Ouvert »</h4>
<p>
-Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme « open »
-(ouvert) ou « open source » comme synonyme de
-« logiciel libre ». Ils se réfèrent
-à une <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">position
-différente</a>, basée sur des valeurs différentes. Le
-logiciel libre est un mouvement politique ; l'open source, un
-modèle de développement. Si vous parlez de la position de
-l'open source, il est juste que vous utilisiez leur nom, mais veuillez ne
-pas nous affubler nous ou notre travail travail avec leur slogan (cela
-conduit les gens à penser que nous partageons leurs vues).</p>
+Please avoid using the term “open” or “open source”
+as a substitute for “free software”. Those terms refer to a <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> different position</a>
+based on different values. Free software is a political movement; open
+source is a development model. When referring to the open source position,
+using its name is appropriate; but please do not use it to label us or our
+work—that leads people to think we share those views.</p>
<h4 id="PC">« PC »</h4>
<p>
@@ -526,12 +460,11 @@
<h4 id="Photoshop">« Photoshop »</h4>
<p>
-Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme
-« Phtoshop » comme un verbe, en voulant parler de
-manipulation d'image ou d'édition d'image en
-général. Photoshop n'est que le nom d'un éditeur
-d'image propriétaire particulier, et il existe beaucoup d'autres
-alternatives libres, comme <a href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a> par exemple.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning any
+kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just
+the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided
+since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free alternatives, such as <a
+href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
<h4 id="Piracy">« Piratage »</h4>
@@ -554,12 +487,11 @@
<h4 id="PowerPoint">« PowerPoint »</h4>
<p>
-Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme
-« PowerPoint » pour parler de présentation par
-diapositives. PowerPoint n'est que le nom d'un programme propriétaire
-particulier pour faire des présentations, et il existe beaucoup
-d'autres alternatives libres, comme la classe <tt>beamer</tt> disponible
-dans toute distribution (La)TeX.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of
+slide presentation. PowerPoint is just the name of one particular
+proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty of free
+alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and OpenOffice.org's
+Impress.</p>
<h4 id="Protection">« Protection »</h4>
@@ -572,24 +504,24 @@
bénéficie du copyright, plutôt qu'aux utilisateurs qui
sont limités par lui.</p>
<p>
-Il est facile d'éviter le mot « protection » et
-d'utiliser des termes neutres à la place. Par exemple, au lieu de
-« La protection du copyright dure très
-longtemps », vous pouvez dire « Le copyright dure
-très longtemps ».</p>
+It is easy to avoid “protection” and use neutral terms instead.
+For example, instead of saying, “Copyright protection lasts a very
+long time,” you can say, “Copyright lasts a very long
+time.”</p>
<p>
-Si vous voulez critiquer le copyright au lieu de le soutenir, vous pouvez
-utiliser le terme « restrictions du copyright ».</p>
+If you want to criticize copyright instead of supporting it, you can use the
+term “copyright restrictions.” Thus, you can say,
+“Copyright restrictions last a very long time.”</p>
<p>
-Le terme « protection »est aussi utilisé pour décrire
-des fonctionnalités malicieuses, comme dans « protection contre la
-copie », une fonctionnalité qui interfère avec la copie. D'un point de
-vue utilisateur, c'est de l'obstruction. Nous appeleons donc cela
-« obstruction à la copie ».</p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that
+interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we can call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.”</p>
-<h4 id="RAND">« RAND (Reasonable And
Non-Discriminatory) »</h4>
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (reasonable and nondiscriminatory)”</h4>
<p>
Les organismes de standards qui promulguent des standards restreints par des
brevets, qui interdisent le logiciel libre, ont typiquement une politique de
@@ -598,24 +530,19 @@
« RAND », qui signifie « reasonable and
non-discriminatory » (raisonnable et non discriminatoire).</p>
<p>
-Ce terme blanchit une classe de licences de brevets qui ne sont normalement
-ni raisonnables, ni non-discriminatoires. Il est vrai que ces licences ne
-sont pas discriminatoires à l'encontre de personnes
-spécifiques, mais elles le sont à l'encontre de la
-communauté du logiciel libre, et cela les rend
-déraisonnables. Ainsi, une moitié de
-« RAND » est trompeuse, l'autre moitié est
-partiale.</p>
-<p>
-Les organismes de standards devraient reconnaître que ces licences
-sont discriminatoires, et laisser tomber l'utilisation du terme
-« raisonnable et non discriminatoire » ou
-« RAND » pour les décrire. Jusqu'à ce
-qu'ils le fassent, les autres écrivains qui ne veulent pas se joindre
-au blanchiment feraient bien de rejeter ce terme. L'accepter et l'utiliser
-simplement parce que les sociétés qui exercent leur pouvoir
-par les brevets l'ont répandu, laissent à ces
-sociétés le soin de dicter les vues que vous exprimez.</p>
+That term whitewashes a class of patent licenses that are normally neither
+reasonable nor nondiscriminatory. It is true that these licenses do not
+discriminate against any specific person, but they do discriminate against
+the free software community, and that makes them unreasonable. Thus, half
+of the term “RAND” is deceptive and the other half is
+prejudiced.</p>
+<p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory,
+and drop the use of the term “reasonable and nondiscriminatory”
+or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do
+not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To
+accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it
+widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
<p>
Nous suggérons le terme « uniform fee only »
(droit uniforme seulement) ou « UFO » en
@@ -625,40 +552,34 @@
<h4 id="SellSoftware">« Vendre des logiciels »</h4>
<p>
-Le terme « vendre des logiciels » est ambigu. à strictement
-parler, échanger une copie d'un programme libre pour une somme d'argent est
-de la « vente » : mais les gens ont l'habitude d'associer le
-terme « vendre » aux restrictions du logiciel propriétaire et Ã
-l'utilisation subséquente du logiciel. Vous pouvez être plus précis et
-éviter la confusion en parlant soit de « distribution de copie d'un
-programme gratuitement », soit d'« imposition de restrictions
-propriétaires sur l'utilisation d'un programme » en fonction de ce que
-vous voulez dire.</p>
+The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking,
+exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money is selling; but
+people usually associate the term “sell” with proprietary
+restrictions on the subsequent use of the software. You can be more
+precise, and prevent confusion, by saying either “distributing copies
+of a program for a fee” or “imposing proprietary restrictions on
+the use of a program,” depending on what you mean.</p>
<p>
-Consulter <a href="/philosophy/selling.fr.html">Vendre des logiciels
-libres</a> pour une discussion plsu détaillée sur le sujet.</p>
+See <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> for further
+discussion of this issue.</p>
<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">« Industrie logicielle »</h4>
<p>
-Le terme « industrie logicielle » encourage les gens
-à penser que le logiciel est toujours développé par une
-sorte d'usine et qu'il est délivré aux consommateurs. La
-communauté du logiciel libre montre que ce n'est pas le cas. Les
-sociétés de logiciels existent, et diverses
-sociétés développent des logiciels libres et/ou non
-libres, mais celles qui développent des logiciels libres ne sont pas
-comme des usines.</p>
-<p>
-Le terme « industrie » a été
-utilisé comme propagande par les avocats en brevets logiciels. Ils
-appellent le développement logiciel
-« industrie » et puis essaient d'argumenter que cela
-signifie qu'il doit être soumis aux monopoles des brevets. <a
-href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";>Le Parlement
-européen, en rejetant les brevets logiciels en 2003, a voté
-pour définir « industrie » comme
-« production automatisée de biens »</a>.</p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that
+software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to
+consumers. The free software community shows this is not the case.
+Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or
+nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like
+factories.</p>
+<p>
+The term “industry” is being used as propaganda by advocates of
+software patents. They call software development “industry” and
+then try to argue that this means it should be subject to patent
+monopolies. <a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";> The
+European Parliament, rejecting software patents in 2003, voted to define
+“industry” as “automated production of material
+goods.”</a></p>
<h4 id="Theft">« Vol »</h4>
@@ -671,11 +592,10 @@
l'éthique : si la copie est interdite, c'est qu'elle doit
être mauvaise.</p>
<p>
-Alors il est intéressant de signaler que la loi (du moins aux
-États-Unis) ne considère pas les infractions au copyright
-comme du « vol ». Les avocats du copyright qui
-utilisent des termes comme « voler » dénaturent
-l'autorité à laquelle ils font appel.</p>
+So it is pertinent to mention that the legal system—at least in the
+US—rejects the idea that copyright infringement is
+“theft.” Copyright apologists are making an appeal to
+authority…and misrepresenting what authority says.</p>
<p>
L'idée que les lois décident de ce qui est juste et de ce qui
est mal est en général fausse. Les lois sont une tentative
@@ -686,29 +606,23 @@
<h4 id="TrustedComputing">« Informatique de
confiance »</h4>
<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">« Informatique de
-confiance »</a> est le nom donné à un schéma
-de conception des ordinateurs qui permet aux développeurs
-d'applications d'avoir confiance en votre ordinateur pour leur obéir
-plutôt qu'à vous. De leur point de vue, il s'agit
-« d'informatique de confiance ». De votre point de
-vue, il s'agit « d'informatique déloyale ».
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a>
+is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you.
+For their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of
+view, it is “treacherous.”
</p>
<h4 id="Vendor">« Vendeur »</h4>
<p>
-Veuillez ne pas utiliser le terme « vendeur » pour
-vous référer de manière générale à
-quiconque développe ou distribue un paquetage logiciel. Beaucoup de
-programmes sont développés afin de vendre des copies, et leurs
-développeurs sont par conséquent des vendeurs; cela inclut
-même certains paquetages de logiciels libres. Cependant, beaucoup de
-programmes sont développés par des particuliers volontaires,
-ou par des organisations, qui n'ont pas l'intention de vendre des
-copies. Leurs développeurs ne sont pas des vendeurs. De même,
-seuls certains développeurs de distributions GNU/Linux sont des
-vendeurs.
+Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to anyone
+that develops or packages software. Many programs are developed in order to
+sell copies, and their developers are therefore their vendors; this even
+includes some free software packages. However, many programs are developed
+by volunteers or organizations which do not intend to sell copies. These
+developers are not vendors. Likewise, only some of the packagers of
+GNU/Linux distributions are vendors.
</p>
<div class="announcement">
@@ -764,7 +678,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/23 20:26:12 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: words-to-avoid.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- words-to-avoid.sr.html 20 Oct 2009 08:26:34 -0000 1.25
+++ words-to-avoid.sr.html 26 Nov 2009 09:26:11 -0000 1.26
@@ -149,29 +149,29 @@
<h4 id="Consumer">âÐоÑÑоÑаÑâ</h4>
<p>
-ÐзÑаз âпоÑÑоÑаÑâ ноÑи Ñа Ñобом гомилÑ
непожеÑниÑ
пÑеÑпоÑÑавки када Ñе
-ÑпоÑÑебÑава да ознаÑи коÑиÑнике
ÑаÑÑнаÑа.</p>
+The term “consumer,” when used to refer to computer users, is
+loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a digital recording, or
+running a program, does not consume it.</p>
+<p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow prespective and misguided
+assumotions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
+<p>
+In addition, describing the users of software as “consumers”
+presumes a narrow role for them: it regards them as cattle that passively
+graze on what others make available to them.</p>
+<p>
+This kind of thinking leads to travesties like the CBDTPA “Consumer
+Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act” which would require
+copying restriction facilities in every digital device. If all the users do
+is “consume,” then why should they mind?</p>
+<p>
+The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends to
+go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere
+“content.”</p>
<p>
-ÐзÑази âпÑоизвоÑаÑâ и âпоÑÑоÑаÑâ поÑиÑÑ
из економÑке ÑеоÑиÑе, и намеÑÑ
-пÑеÑпоÑÑавке и ÑÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÑ ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñке
ÑеоÑиÑе. То извÑÑе Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñин миÑÑеÑа.</p>
-<p>
-ÐÑим Ñога, називаÑе коÑиÑника ÑоÑÑвеÑа
âпоÑÑоÑаÑимаâ им пÑопиÑÑÑе вÑло
-огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑлогÑ. Ðни Ñе Ñиме ÑÑеÑиÑаÑÑ
као ÑÑока коÑа незаинÑеÑеÑовано паÑе
-Ñве ÑÑо ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑги обезбеде.</p>
-<p>
-ÐÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñин ÑазмиÑÑаÑа води до ÑÑавеÑÑиÑа
као ÑÑо Ñе УÐТШÐÐÐТ âУÑедба о
-коÑиÑниÑима ÑелевизиÑе ÑиÑоког пÑопÑÑног
опÑега и дигиÑалне ÑелевизиÑеâ
-(енгл. <em>CBDTPA â Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion
-Act</em>) коÑе би заÑ
Ñевале поÑÑоÑаÑе
ÑÑедÑÑава за огÑаниÑеÑе ÑмножаваÑа Ñ
-Ñваком дигиÑалном ÑÑеÑаÑÑ. Ðко коÑиÑниÑи
Ñамо âкоÑиÑÑеâ, заÑÑо би онда
-покÑеÑаÑи Ñе ÑÑедбе били забÑинÑÑи?</p>
-<p>
-УÑка економÑка визиÑа коÑиÑника као
âпоÑÑоÑаÑаâ води ка идеÑи да ÑÑ
-обÑавÑена дела âÑадÑжаÑâ.</p>
-<p>
-Ðако би Ñе опиÑали ÑÑди коÑи ниÑÑ
огÑаниÑени на паÑивно ÑживаÑе на ÑиÑ
овим
-ÑаÑÑнаÑима, пÑедлажемо да Ñе коÑиÑÑе
изÑази као ÑÑо ÑÑ âпоÑединÑиâ и
-âгÑаÑаниâ.</p>
+To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we suggest
+terms such as “individuals” and “citizens”.</p>
<h4 id="Content">âСадÑжаÑâ</h4>
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@
гÑеÑака</a> <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sr/";>пÑоÑекÑа
пÑевода <tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки</a>. Ðа
допÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑпÑком
пÑеводÑ, коÑиÑно Ñе да погледаÑе и
-докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
+докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.rs/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
пÑeводим ÐÐУ-ов веб</a>, коÑи ÑадÑжи ÑмеÑниÑе
коÑиÑ
Ñе ÑÑеба
пÑидÑжаваÑи пÑи пÑевоÑеÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑа
<tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки
Ñезик.</p>
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/10/20 08:26:34 $
+$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
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